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Li ZY, Hao EW, Cao R, Lin S, Chen SY, Huang XT, Xu WR, Hou XT, Deng JG. [Medication law and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases: based on traditional Chinese medicine theory of cold pestilence]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:4765-4777. [PMID: 36164884 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220528.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidemic diseases have caused huge harm to the society. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of them. It is of great reference value for fighting diseases and developing drugs to explore the medication law and mechanism of TCM under TCM theory. In this study, the relationship between the TCM theory of cold pestilence and modern epidemic diseases was investigated. Particularly, the the relationship of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS), and influenza A(H1 N1) with the cold pestilence was identified and analyzed. The roles of TCM theory of cold pestilence in preventing and treating modern epidemic diseases were discussed. Then, through data mining and textual research, prescriptions for the treatment of cold pestilence were collected from major databases and relevant ancient books, and their medication laws were examined through analysis of high-frequency medicinals and medicinal pairs, association rules analysis, and cluster analysis. For example, the prescriptions with high confidence levels were identified: "Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Bupleuri Radix-Paeoniae Radix Alba" "Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Pinelliae Rhizoma-Bupleuri Radix", and TCM treatment methods with them were analyzed by clustering analysis to yield the medicinal combinations: "Zingiberis Rhizoma-Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata-Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma" "Poria-Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma" "Cinnamomi Ramulus-Asari Radix et Rhizoma" "Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Perillae Folium" "Pinelliae Rhizoma-Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex-Atractylodis Rhizoma" "Paeoniae Radix Alba-Angelicae Sinensis Radix-Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Bupleuri Radix-Scutellariae Radix-Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens" "Ephedrae Herba-Armeniacae Semen Amarum-Gypsum Fibrosum" "Chuanxiong Rhizoma-Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix-Angelicae Dahuricae Radix-Platycodonis Radix-Saposhnikoviae Radix". Then, according to the medication law for cold pestilence, the antiviral active components of medium-frequency and high-frequency medicinals were retrieved. It was found that these components exerted the antiviral effect by inhibiting virus replication, regulating virus proteins and antiviral signals, and suppressing protease activity. Based on network pharmacology, the mechanisms of the medicinals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV), 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV), and H1 N1 virus were explored. It was determined that the key targets were tumor necrosis factor(TNF), endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA), serum creatinine(SRC), epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14(MAPK14), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2), which were involved the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) pathway, advanced glycation end-products(AGE)-receptor for AGE(RAGE) pathway, COVID-19 pathway, and mTOR pathway. This paper elucidated the medication law and mechanism of TCM for the prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases under the guidance of TCM theory of cold pestilence, in order to build a bridge between the theory and modern epidemic diseases and provide reference TCM methods for the prevention and treatment of modern epidemic diseases and ideas for the application of data mining to TCM treatment of modern diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Li
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Er-Wei Hao
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Rui Cao
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Si Lin
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Shu-Ying Chen
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xian-Ting Huang
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Wan-Ru Xu
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Hou
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jia-Gang Deng
- China-ASEAN Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Traditional Medicine Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions for Damp Diseases Nanning 530200, China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica Nanning 530200, China
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Le T, Sun C, Chang J, Zhang G, Yin X. mRNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Animal and Zoonotic Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:401. [PMID: 35215994 PMCID: PMC8877136 DOI: 10.3390/v14020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development cycles, and potential for low-cost manufacture. In past years, several mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials and have shown promise for offering solutions to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as rabies, Zika, and influenza. Recently, the successful application of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mRNA vaccine's potential in infectious disease prevention, especially in the veterinary field. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mRNA vaccines and the technologies used for mRNA vaccine development. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines developed for animal infectious diseases and discuss directions and challenges for the future applications of this promising vaccine platform in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Le
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Jitao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Guijie Zhang
- Departments of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
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Li X, Liu S, Yin P, Chen K. Enhanced Immune Responses by Virus-Mimetic Polymeric Nanostructures Against Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:804416. [PMID: 35126367 PMCID: PMC8807518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent outbreaks of global pandemic disease have spurred new sensors and medicines development for the prevention of disease spread. This perspective specifically covers recent advances, challenges, and future directions in virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures and their application in biological medicines with a special emphasis on subunit vaccine development. With tailorable compositions and properties, polymers facilitate the ingenious design of various polymeric nanostructures. As one type of polymeric nanostructures, virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures have been developed as an attractive platform for enhanced immune responses, since they combine the merits of polymer nanocores with the biomimetic characteristic of virus which displays multivalent epitopes on their surfaces. This perspective also provides an applicative approach to rationally design virus-mimetic polymeric platforms based on nanostructures that are self-assembled by using polymers as templates and the antigens and metal oxide clusters loaded on their surface to mimic viruses in size and surface antigenicity. Sub-200 nm virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures are in a relatively lower level of endotoxins and can promote the antigens to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogenic bacteria. The promising development of virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures will continue to protect human health from common pathogens and emerging infectious threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiu Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Chen, ; Panchao Yin,
| | - Kun Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Chen, ; Panchao Yin,
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Kumar M, Michael S, Alvarado-Valverde J, Mészáros B, Sámano‐Sánchez H, Zeke A, Dobson L, Lazar T, Örd M, Nagpal A, Farahi N, Käser M, Kraleti R, Davey N, Pancsa R, Chemes L, Gibson T. The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource: 2022 release. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D497-D508. [PMID: 34718738 PMCID: PMC8728146 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost twenty years after its initial release, the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource remains an invaluable source of information for the study of motif-mediated protein-protein interactions. ELM provides a comprehensive, regularly updated and well-organised repository of manually curated, experimentally validated short linear motifs (SLiMs). An increasing number of SLiM-mediated interactions are discovered each year and keeping the resource up-to-date continues to be a great challenge. In the current update, 30 novel motif classes have been added and five existing classes have undergone major revisions. The update includes 411 new motif instances mostly focused on cell-cycle regulation, control of the actin cytoskeleton, membrane remodelling and vesicle trafficking pathways, liquid-liquid phase separation and integrin signalling. Many of the newly annotated motif-mediated interactions are targets of pathogenic motif mimicry by viral, bacterial or eukaryotic pathogens, providing invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying infectious diseases. The current ELM release includes 317 motif classes incorporating 3934 individual motif instances manually curated from 3867 scientific publications. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kumar
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Sushama Michael
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Jesús Alvarado-Valverde
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences
| | - Bálint Mészáros
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Hugo Sámano‐Sánchez
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - András Zeke
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Dobson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Tamas Lazar
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Anurag Nagpal
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
| | - Nazanin Farahi
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Käser
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramya Kraleti
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Norman E Davey
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rita Pancsa
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Lucía B Chemes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde”, IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, CP1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Toby J Gibson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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Lee Y, Yi DY, Lee YM, Choi SY, Choi YJ, Lee KJ. A Multicenter Study of Real-world Practice for Management of Abnormal Liver Function Tests in Children with Acute Infectious Diseases. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e310. [PMID: 34873882 PMCID: PMC8648609 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) are commonly seen in pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases. Few studies and no definite clinical guidelines for these conditions are available. The present study aimed to elucidate the causes and factors associated with prolongation of liver enzyme elevation. We also investigated actual real-world practices in Korea. METHODS A retrospective study was performed on all patients younger than 18 years, who visited six tertiary teaching hospitals around Korea in 2018 for acute infectious diseases and showed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels above 60 IU/L without other specific conditions that could cause ALT elevation. We categorized the infections that cause LFT elevation into six groups: respiratory infection, gastrointestinal infection, urinary tract infection, other febrile disease, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. We collected data on the medical specialty of the attending physician who followed up the subject, follow-up duration, percentage of follow-up loss, and their investigation. RESULTS A total of 613 patients were enrolled in this study, half of whom (50.7%) were younger than 12 months. The mean initial aspartate aminotransferase and ALT values were 171.2 ± 274.1 and 194.9 ± 316.1 IU/L (range 23-2,881, 60-2,949 IU/L), respectively; however, other LFTs were within the normal range. Respiratory infection was the most common diagnosis (45.0%), and rhinovirus was the most commonly identified pathogen (9.8%). The follow-up rate was higher with pediatric gastroenterologists (90.5%) and non-gastroenterology pediatricians (76.4%) than with pediatric residents and emergency doctors. Older age was related to better ALT recovery (odds ratio [OR] of age for month = 1.003; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.004; P = 0.004), while the number of infection episodes (OR = 0.626; 95% CI, 0.505-0.777; P < 0.001) was associated with poor ALT recovery. Abdominal sonography was the most commonly used diagnostic tool (36.9%), followed by the hepatotropic virus workup. The modalities of hepatitis workup were significantly differently applied by physicians based on their specialties and institutions. CONCLUSION Abnormal liver function test after a systemic infection was common in respiratory infection and under the age of 1 year. Age, number of infections, and initial results of LFTs were related to ALT recovery time. Inter-physician, inter-institution, and inter-specialty variances were observed in real-world practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Medical Center Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Min Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - So Yoon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - You Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kyung Jae Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging novel infectious diseases and persistent pandemics with potential to destabilize normal life remain a public health concern for the whole world. The recent outbreak of pneumonia caused by Coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) resulted in high mortality due to a lack of effective drugs or vaccines. With a constantly increasing number of infections with mutated strains and deaths across the globe, rapid, affordable and specific detections with more accurate diagnosis and improved health treatments are needed to combat the spread of this novel pathogen COVID-19. AREAS COVERED Researchers have started to utilize the recently invented clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas)-based tools for the rapid detection of novel COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the potential of CRISPR/Cas system for the diagnosis and enablement of efficient control of COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Multiple groups have demonstrated the potential of utilizing CRISPR-based diagnosis tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. In coming months, we expect more novel and rapid CRISPR-based kits for mass detection of COVID-19-infected persons within a fraction of a second. Therefore, we believe science will conquer COVID-19 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Edwin Hillary
- Division of Biotechnology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - S. Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, India
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Launay T, Souty C, Vilcu AM, Turbelin C, Blanchon T, Guerrisi C, Hanslik T, Colizza V, Bardoulat I, Lemaître M, Boëlle PY. Common communicable diseases in the general population in France during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258391. [PMID: 34634090 PMCID: PMC8504745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In France, social distancing measures have been adopted to contain the spread of COVID-19, culminating in national Lockdowns. The use of hand washing, hydro-alcoholic rubs and mask-wearing also increased over time. As these measures are likely to impact the transmission of many communicable diseases, we studied the changes in common infectious diseases incidence in France during the first year of COVID-19 circulation. We examined the weekly incidence of acute gastroenteritis, chickenpox, acute respiratory infections and bronchiolitis reported in general practitioner networks since January 2016. We obtained search engine query volume for French terms related to these diseases and sales data for relevant drugs over the same period. A periodic regression model was fit to disease incidence, drug sales and search query volume before the COVID-19 period and extrapolated afterwards. We compared the expected values with observations made in 2020. During the first lockdown period, incidence dropped by 67% for gastroenteritis, by 79% for bronchiolitis, by 49% for acute respiratory infection and 90% for chickenpox compared to the past years. Reductions with respect to the expected incidence reflected the strength of implemented measures. Incidence in children was impacted the most. Reduction in primary care consultations dropped during a short period at the beginning of the first lockdown period but remained more than 95% of the expected value afterwards. In primary care, the large decrease in reported gastroenteritis, chickenpox or bronchiolitis observed during the period where many barrier measures were implemented imply that the circulation of common viruses was reduced and informs on the overall effect of these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Launay
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Souty
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Ana-Maria Vilcu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Clément Turbelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Guerrisi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Boëlle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Ait Belkacem I, Mossadegh‐keller N, Bourgoin P, Arnoux I, Loosveld M, Morange P, Markarian T, Michelet P, Busnel JM, Roulland S, Galland F, Malergue F. Cell Analysis from Dried Blood Spots: New Opportunities in Immunology, Hematology, and Infectious Diseases. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2100323. [PMID: 34278739 PMCID: PMC8456206 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood cell analysis is a major pillar of biomedical research and healthcare. These analyses are performed in central laboratories. Rapid shipment from collection site to the central laboratories is currently needed because cells and biomarkers degrade rapidly. The dried blood spot from a fingerstick allows the preservation of cellular molecules for months but entire cells are never recovered. Here leucocyte elution is optimized from dried blood spots. Flow cytometry and mRNA expression profiling are used to analyze the recovered cells. 50-70% of the leucocytes that are dried on a polyester solid support via elution after shaking the support with buffer are recovered. While red blood cells lyse upon drying, it is found that the majority of leucocytes are preserved. Leucocytes have an altered structure that is improved by adding fixative in the elution buffer. Leucocytes are permeabilized, allowing an easy staining of all cellular compartments. Common immunophenotyping and mRNAs are preserved. The ability of a new biomarker (CD169) to discriminate between patients with and without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome induced by Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is also preserved. Leucocytes from blood can be dried, shipped, and/or stored for at least 1 month, then recovered for a wide variety of analyses, potentially facilitating biomedical applications worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ait Belkacem
- Department of Research and DevelopmentBeckman Coulter Life Sciences‐Immunotech130 Avenue de Lattre de TassignyMarseille13009France
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseille13009France
| | | | - Penelope Bourgoin
- Department of Research and DevelopmentBeckman Coulter Life Sciences‐Immunotech130 Avenue de Lattre de TassignyMarseille13009France
| | - Isabelle Arnoux
- Department of Hematology LaboratoryTimone University HospitalAPHM264 Rue Saint‐PierreMarseille13005France
| | - Marie Loosveld
- Department of Hematology LaboratoryTimone University HospitalAPHM264 Rue Saint‐PierreMarseille13005France
| | - Pierre‐emmanuel Morange
- Department of Hematology LaboratoryTimone University HospitalAPHM264 Rue Saint‐PierreMarseille13005France
- Aix Marseille UniversitéINSERMINRAEC2VN, 27 Boulevard Jean MoulinMarseille13385France
| | - Thibaut Markarian
- Department of Hematology LaboratoryTimone University HospitalAPHM264 Rue Saint‐PierreMarseille13005France
- Aix Marseille UniversitéINSERMINRAEC2VN, 27 Boulevard Jean MoulinMarseille13385France
| | - Pierre Michelet
- Aix Marseille UniversitéINSERMINRAEC2VN, 27 Boulevard Jean MoulinMarseille13385France
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive CareTimone University HospitalAPHM264 Rue Saint PierreMarseille13005France
| | - Jean Marc Busnel
- Department of Research and DevelopmentBeckman Coulter Life Sciences‐Immunotech130 Avenue de Lattre de TassignyMarseille13009France
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseille13009France
| | - Franck Galland
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseille13009France
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Department of Research and DevelopmentBeckman Coulter Life Sciences‐Immunotech130 Avenue de Lattre de TassignyMarseille13009France
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9
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Abstract
During an epidemic or pandemic, the primary task is to rapidly develop precise diagnostic approaches and effective therapeutics. Oligonucleotide aptamer-based pathogen detection assays and control therapeutics are promising, as aptamers that specifically recognize and block pathogens can be quickly developed and produced through simple chemical synthesis. This work reviews common aptamer-based diagnostic techniques for communicable diseases and summarizes currently available aptamers that target various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Moreover, this review discusses how oligonucleotide aptamers might be leveraged to control pathogen propagation and improve host immune system responses. This review offers a comprehensive data source to the further develop aptamer-based diagnostics and therapeutics specific for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Pöyry H, Raappana A, Kiviniemi M, Pokka T, Honkila M, Paalanne N, Valmari P, Renko M, Tapiainen T. Etiology of Infectious Diseases in Acutely Ill Children at a Pediatric Hospital in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e245-e247. [PMID: 33956758 PMCID: PMC8104009 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is a brief report of the etiology of infectious diseases in a pediatric emergency department. Our cohort study of 4647 children demonstrated rhinovirus as the most common etiology in a pediatric emergency department (23%) and intensive care (48%). The population-based incidence of rhinovirus-related visits was 1796/100,000/yr in children <5 years. The most common bacterial pathogen was Escherichia coli (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Pöyry
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Raappana
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minttu Kiviniemi
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tytti Pokka
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Honkila
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Paalanne
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Valmari
- Department of Pediatrics, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
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11
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Bandala C, Cortes-Altamirano JL, Reyes-Long S, Lara-Padilla E, Ilizaliturri-Flores I, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Putative mechanism of neurological damage in COVID-19 infection. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:69-79. [PMID: 33949163 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected around 192 countries, and projections have shown that around 40% to 70% of world population could be infected in the next months. COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS- CoV-2, it enters the cells through the ACE2 receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2). It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 could develop mild, moderate, and severe respiratory symptoms that could lead to death. The virus receptor is expressed in different organs such as the lungs, kidney, intestine, and brain, among others. In the lung could cause pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The brain can be directly affected by cellular damage due to viral invasion, which can lead to an inflammatory response, by the decrease in the enzymatic activity of ACE2 that regulates neuroprotective, neuro-immunomodulatory and neutralizing functions of oxidative stress. Another severe damage is hypoxemia in patients that do not receive adequate respiratory support. The neurological symptoms that the patient presents, will depend on factors that condition the expression of ACE2 in the brain such as age and sex, as well as the mechanism of neuronal invasion, the immune response and the general state of the patient. Clinical and histopathological studies have described neurological alterations in human patients with COVID-19. These conditions could have a possible contribution to the morbidity and mortality caused by this disease and may even represent the onset of neurodegenerative activity in recovered patients. The recent pandemic of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected around 192 countries, and projections have shown that around 40% to 70% of world population could be infected in the next months. COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS- CoV-2, it enters the cells through the ACE2 receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2). It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 could develop mild, moderate, and severe respiratory symptoms that could lead to death. The virus receptor is expressed in different organs such as the lungs, kidney, intestine, and brain, among others. In the lung could cause pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The brain can be directly affected by cellular damage due to viral invasion, which can lead to an inflammatory response, by the decrease in the enzymatic activity of ACE2 that regulates neuroprotective, neuro-immunomodulatory and neutralizing functions of oxidative stress. Another severe damage is hypoxemia in patients that do not receive adequate respiratory support. The neurological symptoms that the patient presents, will depend on factors that condition the expression of ACE2 in the brain such as age and sex, as well as the mechanism of neuronal invasion, the immune response and the general state of the patient. Clinical and histopathological studies have described neurological alterations in human patients with COVID-19. These conditions could have a possible contribution to the morbidity and mortality caused by this disease and may even represent the onset of neurodegenerative activity in recovered patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bandala
- División de Neurociencias , Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación , México ; Escuela Superior de Medicina , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México
| | - José Luis Cortes-Altamirano
- División de Neurociencias , Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación , México ; Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec , México
| | - Samuel Reyes-Long
- División de Neurociencias , Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación , México ; Escuela Superior de Medicina , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México
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12
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Abstract
Before the 20th century many deaths in England, and most likely a majority, were caused by infectious diseases. The focus here is on the biggest killers, plague, typhus, smallpox, tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, childhood infections, pneumonia, and influenza. Many other infectious diseases including puerperal fever, relapsing fever, malaria, syphilis, meningitis, tetanus and gangrene caused thousands of deaths. This review of preventive measures, public health interventions and changes in behavior that reduced the risk of severe infections puts the response to recent epidemic challenges in historical perspective. Two new respiratory viruses have recently caused pandemics: an H1N1 influenza virus genetically related to pig viruses, and a bat-derived coronavirus causing COVID-19. Studies of infectious diseases emerging in human populations in recent decades indicate that the majority were zoonotic, and many of the causal pathogens had a wildlife origin. As hunter-gatherers, humans contracted pathogens from other species, and then from domesticated animals and rodents when they began to live in settled communities based on agriculture. In the modern world of large inter-connected urban populations and rapid transport, the risk of global transmission of new infectious diseases is high. Past and recent experience indicates that surveillance, prevention and control of infectious diseases are critical for global health. Effective interventions are required to control activities that risk dangerous pathogens transferring to humans from wild animals and those reared for food.
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13
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Panahi A, Sadighbayan D, Forouhi S, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Recent Advances of Field-Effect Transistor Technology for Infectious Diseases. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11040103. [PMID: 33918325 PMCID: PMC8065562 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have been intensively researched toward label-free biomolecule sensing for different disease screening applications. High sensitivity, incredible miniaturization capability, promising extremely low minimum limit of detection (LoD) at the molecular level, integration with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and last but not least label-free operation were amongst the predominant motives for highlighting these sensors in the biosensor community. Although there are various diseases targeted by FET sensors for detection, infectious diseases are still the most demanding sector that needs higher precision in detection and integration for the realization of the diagnosis at the point of care (PoC). The COVID-19 pandemic, nevertheless, was an example of the escalated situation in terms of worldwide desperate need for fast, specific and reliable home test PoC devices for the timely screening of huge numbers of people to restrict the disease from further spread. This need spawned a wave of innovative approaches for early detection of COVID-19 antibodies in human swab or blood amongst which the FET biosensing gained much more attention due to their extraordinary LoD down to femtomolar (fM) with the comparatively faster response time. As the FET sensors are promising novel PoC devices with application in early diagnosis of various diseases and especially infectious diseases, in this research, we have reviewed the recent progress on developing FET sensors for infectious diseases diagnosis accompanied with a thorough discussion on the structure of Chem/BioFET sensors and the readout circuitry for output signal processing. This approach would help engineers and biologists to gain enough knowledge to initiate their design for accelerated innovations in response to the need for more efficient management of infectious diseases like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Panahi
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Deniz Sadighbayan
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Saghi Forouhi
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-736-2100 (ext. 44646)
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14
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Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to understand fundamental principles of genetics and biology for over a century. Drosophila is now also considered an essential tool to study mechanisms underlying numerous human genetic diseases. In this review, we will discuss how flies can be used to deepen our knowledge of infectious disease mechanisms in vivo. Flies make effective and applicable models for studying host-pathogen interactions thanks to their highly conserved innate immune systems and cellular processes commonly hijacked by pathogens. Drosophila researchers also possess the most powerful, rapid, and versatile tools for genetic manipulation in multicellular organisms. This allows for robust experiments in which specific pathogenic proteins can be expressed either one at a time or in conjunction with each other to dissect the molecular functions of each virulent factor in a cell-type-specific manner. Well documented phenotypes allow large genetic and pharmacological screens to be performed with relative ease using huge collections of mutant and transgenic strains that are publicly available. These factors combine to make Drosophila a powerful tool for dissecting out host-pathogen interactions as well as a tool to better understand how we can treat infectious diseases that pose risks to public health, including COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Li X, Mukandavire C, Cucunubá ZM, Echeverria Londono S, Abbas K, Clapham HE, Jit M, Johnson HL, Papadopoulos T, Vynnycky E, Brisson M, Carter ED, Clark A, de Villiers MJ, Eilertson K, Ferrari MJ, Gamkrelidze I, Gaythorpe KAM, Grassly NC, Hallett TB, Hinsley W, Jackson ML, Jean K, Karachaliou A, Klepac P, Lessler J, Li X, Moore SM, Nayagam S, Nguyen DM, Razavi H, Razavi-Shearer D, Resch S, Sanderson C, Sweet S, Sy S, Tam Y, Tanvir H, Tran QM, Trotter CL, Truelove S, van Zandvoort K, Verguet S, Walker N, Winter A, Woodruff K, Ferguson NM, Garske T. Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study. Lancet 2021; 397:398-408. [PMID: 33516338 PMCID: PMC7846814 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past two decades have seen expansion of childhood vaccination programmes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We quantify the health impact of these programmes by estimating the deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted by vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 LMICs between 2000 and 2030. METHODS 16 independent research groups provided model-based disease burden estimates under a range of vaccination coverage scenarios for ten pathogens: hepatitis B virus, Haemophilus influenzae type B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, measles, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, rubella, and yellow fever. Using standardised demographic data and vaccine coverage, the impact of vaccination programmes was determined by comparing model estimates from a no-vaccination counterfactual scenario with those from a reported and projected vaccination scenario. We present deaths and DALYs averted between 2000 and 2030 by calendar year and by annual birth cohort. FINDINGS We estimate that vaccination of the ten selected pathogens will have averted 69 million (95% credible interval 52-88) deaths between 2000 and 2030, of which 37 million (30-48) were averted between 2000 and 2019. From 2000 to 2019, this represents a 45% (36-58) reduction in deaths compared with the counterfactual scenario of no vaccination. Most of this impact is concentrated in a reduction in mortality among children younger than 5 years (57% reduction [52-66]), most notably from measles. Over the lifetime of birth cohorts born between 2000 and 2030, we predict that 120 million (93-150) deaths will be averted by vaccination, of which 58 million (39-76) are due to measles vaccination and 38 million (25-52) are due to hepatitis B vaccination. We estimate that increases in vaccine coverage and introductions of additional vaccines will result in a 72% (59-81) reduction in lifetime mortality in the 2019 birth cohort. INTERPRETATION Increases in vaccine coverage and the introduction of new vaccines into LMICs have had a major impact in reducing mortality. These public health gains are predicted to increase in coming decades if progress in increasing coverage is sustained. FUNDING Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christinah Mukandavire
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zulma M Cucunubá
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Susy Echeverria Londono
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kaja Abbas
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Timos Papadopoulos
- Public Health England, London, UK; University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emilia Vynnycky
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Emily D Carter
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Margaret J de Villiers
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katy A M Gaythorpe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy B Hallett
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wes Hinsley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kévin Jean
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Laboratoire MESuRS, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France; Unité PACRI, Institut Pasteur, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sean M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Shevanthi Nayagam
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Duy Manh Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Homie Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, CO, USA
| | | | - Stephen Resch
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Steven Sweet
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Sy
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yvonne Tam
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hira Tanvir
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
| | - Quan Minh Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Shaun Truelove
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neff Walker
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Winter
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim Woodruff
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Tini Garske
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Guerrero-Romero F, Barbagallo M. Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010180. [PMID: 33435521 PMCID: PMC7827130 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced magnesium (Mg) intake is a frequent cause of deficiency with age together with reduced absorption, renal wasting, and polypharmacotherapy. Chronic Mg deficiency may result in increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, which may be linked to several age-related diseases, including higher predisposition to infectious diseases. Mg might play a role in the immune response being a cofactor for immunoglobulin synthesis and other processes strictly associated with the function of T and B cells. Mg is necessary for the biosynthesis, transport, and activation of vitamin D, another key factor in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The regulation of cytosolic free Mg in immune cells involves Mg transport systems, such as the melastatin-like transient receptor potential 7 channel, the solute carrier family, and the magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1). The functional importance of Mg transport in immunity was unknown until the description of the primary immunodeficiency XMEN (X-linked immunodeficiency with Mg defect, Epstein–Barr virus infection, and neoplasia) due to a genetic deficiency of MAGT1 characterized by chronic Epstein–Barr virus infection. This and other research reporting associations of Mg deficit with viral and bacterial infections indicate a possible role of Mg deficit in the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its complications. In this review, we will discuss the importance of Mg for the immune system and for infectious diseases, including the recent pandemic of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (L.J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (L.J.D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916554828; Fax: +39-0916552952
| | | | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (L.J.D.); (M.B.)
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17
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Dave PK, Rojas-Cessa R, Dong Z, Umpaichitra V. Survey of Saliva Components and Virus Sensors for Prevention of COVID-19 and Infectious Diseases. Biosensors (Basel) 2020; 11:bios11010014. [PMID: 33396519 PMCID: PMC7824170 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers saliva contact the lead transmission means of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Saliva droplets or aerosols expelled by heavy breathing, talking, sneezing, and coughing may carry this virus. People in close distance may be exposed directly or indirectly to these droplets, especially those droplets that fall on surrounding surfaces and people may end up contracting COVID-19 after touching the mucosa tissue on their faces. It is of great interest to quickly and effectively detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in an environment, but the existing methods only work in laboratory settings, to the best of our knowledge. However, it may be possible to detect the presence of saliva in the environment and proceed with prevention measures. However, detecting saliva itself has not been documented in the literature. On the other hand, many sensors that detect different organic components in saliva to monitor a person's health and diagnose different diseases that range from diabetes to dental health have been proposed and they may be used to detect the presence of saliva. This paper surveys sensors that detect organic and inorganic components of human saliva. Humidity sensors are also considered in the detection of saliva because a large portion of saliva is water. Moreover, sensors that detect infectious viruses are also included as they may also be embedded into saliva sensors for a confirmation of the virus' presence. A classification of sensors by their working principle and the substance they detect is presented. This comparison lists their specifications, sample size, and sensitivity. Indications of which sensors are portable and suitable for field application are presented. This paper also discusses future research and challenges that must be resolved to realize practical saliva sensors. Such sensors may help minimize the spread of not only COVID-19 but also other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kishor Dave
- Networking Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Roberto Rojas-Cessa
- Networking Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ziqian Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | - Vatcharapan Umpaichitra
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
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Śledziński P, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Zeyland J. Cannabinoids in Medicine: Cancer, Immunity, and Microbial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010263. [PMID: 33383838 PMCID: PMC7795897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the medical applications of Cannabis plants. They owe their unique properties to a group of secondary metabolites known as phytocannabinoids, which are specific for this genus. Phytocannabinoids, and cannabinoids generally, can interact with cannabinoid receptors being part of the endocannabinoid system present in animals. Over the years a growing body of scientific evidence has been gathered, suggesting that these compounds have therapeutic potential. In this article, we review the classification of cannabinoids, the molecular mechanisms of their interaction with animal cells as well as their potential application in the treatment of human diseases. Specifically, we focus on the research concerning the anticancer potential of cannabinoids in preclinical studies, their possible use in cancer treatment and palliative medicine, as well as their influence on the immune system. We also discuss their potential as therapeutic agents in infectious, autoimmune, and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. We postulate that the currently ongoing and future clinical trials should be accompanied by research focused on the cellular and molecular response to cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts, which will ultimately allow us to fully understand the mechanism, potency, and safety profile of cannabinoids as single agents and as complementary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Śledziński
- Department of Genome Engineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-032 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-486-184-86050
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19
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Paul R, Ostermann E, Wei Q. Advances in point-of-care nucleic acid extraction technologies for rapid diagnosis of human and plant diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112592. [PMID: 32942143 PMCID: PMC7476893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Global health and food security constantly face the challenge of emerging human and plant diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Disease outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Swine Flu, Ebola, and COVID-19 (on-going) have caused suffering, death, and economic losses worldwide. To prevent the spread of disease and protect human populations, rapid point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnosis of human and plant diseases play an increasingly crucial role. Nucleic acid-based molecular diagnosis reveals valuable information at the genomic level about the identity of the disease-causing pathogens and their pathogenesis, which help researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients to detect the presence of pathogens, track the spread of disease, and guide treatment more efficiently. A typical nucleic acid-based diagnostic test consists of three major steps: nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and amplicon detection. Among these steps, nucleic acid extraction is the first step of sample preparation, which remains one of the main challenges when converting laboratory molecular assays into POC tests. Sample preparation from human and plant specimens is a time-consuming and multi-step process, which requires well-equipped laboratories and skilled lab personnel. To perform rapid molecular diagnosis in resource-limited settings, simpler and instrument-free nucleic acid extraction techniques are required to improve the speed of field detection with minimal human intervention. This review summarizes the recent advances in POC nucleic acid extraction technologies. In particular, this review focuses on novel devices or methods that have demonstrated applicability and robustness for the isolation of high-quality nucleic acid from complex raw samples, such as human blood, saliva, sputum, nasal swabs, urine, and plant tissues. The integration of these rapid nucleic acid preparation methods with miniaturized assay and sensor technologies would pave the road for the "sample-in-result-out" diagnosis of human and plant diseases, especially in remote or resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Emily Ostermann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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20
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Lai JY, Lim TS. Infectious disease antibodies for biomedical applications: A mini review of immune antibody phage library repertoire. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:640-648. [PMID: 32650013 PMCID: PMC7340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody phage display is regarded as a critical tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies for infectious diseases. The different classes of antibody libraries are classified based on the source of repertoire used to generate the libraries. Immune antibody libraries are generated from disease infected host or immunization against an infectious agent. Antibodies derived from immune libraries are distinct from those derived from naïve libraries as the host's in vivo immune mechanisms shape the antibody repertoire to yield high affinity antibodies. As the immune system is constantly evolving in accordance to the health state of an individual, immune libraries can offer more than just infection-specific antibodies but also antibodies derived from the memory B-cells much like naïve libraries. The combinatorial nature of the gene cloning process would give rise to a combination of natural and un-natural antibody gene pairings in the immune library. These factors have a profound impact on the coverage of immune antibody libraries to target both disease-specific and non-disease specific antigens. This review looks at the diverse nature of antibody responses for immune library generation and discusses the extended potential of a disease-specified immune library in the context of phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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21
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Abstract
Eukaryotic proteomes are enormously sophisticated through versatile post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. A large variety of code generated via PTMs of proteins by ubiquitin (ubiquitination) and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls), such as interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) and neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8), not only provides distinct signals but also orchestrates a plethora of biological processes, thereby underscoring the necessity for sophisticated and fine-tuned mechanisms of code regulation. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a pivotal role in the disassembly of the complex code and removal of the signal. Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18), originally referred to as UBP43, is a major DUB that reverses the PTM of target proteins by ISG15 (ISGylation). Intriguingly, USP18 is a multifaceted protein that not only removes ISG15 or ubiquitin from conjugated proteins in a deconjugating activity-dependent manner but also acts as a negative modulator of type I IFN signaling, irrespective of its catalytic activity. The function of USP18 has become gradually clear, but not yet been completely addressed. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the multifaceted roles of USP18. We also highlight new insights into how USP18 is implicated not only in physiology but also in pathogenesis of various human diseases, involving infectious diseases, neurological disorders, and cancers. Eventually, we integrate a discussion of the potential of therapeutic interventions for targeting USP18 for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji An Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-280-6766; Fax: +82-42-280-6769
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Martínez-Pérez PA, Hyndman TH, Fleming PA. Haematology and blood chemistry in free-ranging quokkas (Setonix brachyurus): Reference intervals and assessing the effects of site, sampling time, and infectious agents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239060. [PMID: 32941511 PMCID: PMC7498088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) are small macropodid marsupials from Western Australia, which are identified as of conservation concern. Studies on their blood analytes exist but involve small sample sizes and are associated with very little information concerning the health of the animals. Blood was collected from free-ranging quokkas from Rottnest Island (n = 113) and mainland (n = 37) Western Australia, between September 2010 and December 2011, to establish haematology and blood chemistry reference intervals. Differences in haematology and blood chemistry between sites (Rottnest Island v mainland) were significant for haematology (HMT, p = 0.003), blood chemistry (BLC, p = 0.001) and peripheral blood cell morphology (PBCM, p = 0.001). Except for alkaline phosphatase, all blood chemistry analytes were higher in mainland animals. There were also differences with time of year in HMT (p = 0.001), BLC (p = 0.001) and PBCM (p = 0.001) for Rottnest Island quokkas. A small sample of captive animals (n = 8) were opportunistically sampled for plasma concentrations of vitamin E and were found to be deficient compared with wild-caught animals. Fifty-eight of the 150 quokkas were also tested for the presence of Salmonella, microfilariae, Macropodid herpesvirus-6, Theileria spp., Babesia spp., trypanosomes, Cryptococcus spp. and other saprophytic fungi. All eight infectious agents were detected in this study. Infectious agents were detected in 24 of these 58 quokkas (41%), with more than one infectious agent detected for all 24 individuals. Salmonella were detected concurrently with microfilariae in 8 of these 24 quokkas, and this mixed infection was associated with lower values across all haematological analytes, with Salmonella having the greater involvement in the decreased haematological values (p < 0.05). There was no evidence for an effect of sex on HMT, BLC and PBCM. Our data provide important haematological and blood chemistry reference intervals for free-ranging quokkas. We applied novel methods of analyses to HMT and BLC that can be used more broadly, aiding identification of potential disease in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy H. Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Crosby S, Younie S, Williamson I, Laird K. Evaluating approaches to designing effective Co-Created hand-hygiene interventions for children in India, Sierra Leone and the UK. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239234. [PMID: 32931509 PMCID: PMC7491735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and culturally appropriate hand-hygiene education is essential to promote health-related practices to control and prevent diseases such as Diarrhoea, Ebola and COVID-19. In this paper we outline and evaluate the Co-Creation processes underpinning a handwashing intervention for young children (A Germ's Journey) developed and delivered in India, Sierra Leone and the UK, and consider the implications surrounding Imperialist/Colonial discourse and the White Saviour Complex. The paper focuses both on the ways Co-Creation was conceptualised by our collaborators in all three countries and the catalysts and challenges encountered. Qualitative data have been drawn from in-depth interviews with five key stakeholders, focus group data from 37 teachers in Sierra Leone and responses to open-ended questionnaires completed by teachers in India (N = 66) and UK (N = 63). Data were analysed using thematic analysis and three themes, each with three constituent subthemes are presented. In the theme 'Representations of and Unique Approaches to Co-Creation' we explore the ways in which Co-Creation was constructed in relation to teamwork, innovative practice and more continuous models of evaluation. In 'Advantages of Co-Creation' we consider issues around shared ownership, improved outcomes and more meaningful insights alongside the mitigation of risks and short-circuiting of problems. In 'Challenges of Co-Creation' we discuss issues around timing and organisation, attracting and working with appropriate partners and understanding the importance of local context with inherent social, economic and structural barriers, especially in low-and-middle-income countries. We consider how theoretical elements of Co-Creation can inform effective international public health interventions; crucial during a global pandemic in which handwashing is the most effective method to control the transmission of COVID-19. Finally we reflect on some of the methodological challenges of our own work and in managing the potentially conflicting goals of the ethical and participatory values of Co-Creation with pragmatic considerations about ensuring an effective final 'product'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapphire Crosby
- Institute for Research in Criminology, Community, Education and Social Justice, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Younie
- Institute for Research in Criminology, Community, Education and Social Justice, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Williamson
- Institute for Psychological Science, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Laird
- Infectious Disease Research Group, Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Byrne AW, McEvoy D, Collins AB, Hunt K, Casey M, Barber A, Butler F, Griffin J, Lane EA, McAloon C, O'Brien K, Wall P, Walsh KA, More SJ. Inferred duration of infectious period of SARS-CoV-2: rapid scoping review and analysis of available evidence for asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 cases. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039856. [PMID: 32759252 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to review the literature on the inferred duration of the infectious period of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, and provide an overview of the variation depending on the methodological approach. DESIGN Rapid scoping review. Literature review with fixed search terms, up to 1 April 2020. Central tendency and variation of the parameter estimates for infectious period in (A) asymptomatic and (B) symptomatic cases from (1) virological studies (repeated testing), (2) tracing studies and (3) modelling studies were gathered. Narrative review of viral dynamics. INFORMATION SOURCES Search strategies developed and the following searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, MedRxiv and BioRxiv. Additionally, the Health Information Quality Authority (Ireland) viral load synthesis was used, which screened literature from PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, NHS evidence, Cochrane, medRxiv and bioRxiv, and HRB open databases. RESULTS There was substantial variation in the estimates, and how infectious period was inferred. One study provided approximate median infectious period for asymptomatic cases of 6.5-9.5 days. Median presymptomatic infectious period across studies varied over <1-4 days. Estimated mean time from symptom onset to two negative RT-PCR tests was 13.4 days (95% CI 10.9 to 15.8) but was shorter when studies included children or less severe cases. Estimated mean duration from symptom onset to hospital discharge or death (potential maximal infectious period) was 18.1 days (95% CI 15.1 to 21.0); time to discharge was on average 4 days shorter than time to death. Viral dynamic data and model infectious parameters were often shorter than repeated diagnostic data. CONCLUSIONS There are limitations of inferring infectiousness from repeated diagnosis, viral loads and viral replication data alone and also potential patient recall bias relevant to estimating exposure and symptom onset times. Despite this, available data provide a preliminary evidence base to inform models of central tendency for key parameters and variation for exploring parameter space and sensitivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew William Byrne
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McEvoy
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aine B Collins
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Hunt
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miriam Casey
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann Barber
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Griffin
- Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A Lane
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor McAloon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kirsty O'Brien
- Health Information and Quality Authority, Cork, Munster, Ireland
| | - Patrick Wall
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A Walsh
- Health Information and Quality Authority, Cork, Munster, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Byrne AW, McEvoy D, Collins AB, Hunt K, Casey M, Barber A, Butler F, Griffin J, Lane EA, McAloon C, O'Brien K, Wall P, Walsh KA, More SJ. Inferred duration of infectious period of SARS-CoV-2: rapid scoping review and analysis of available evidence for asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 cases. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039856. [PMID: 32759252 PMCID: PMC7409948 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to review the literature on the inferred duration of the infectious period of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, and provide an overview of the variation depending on the methodological approach. DESIGN Rapid scoping review. Literature review with fixed search terms, up to 1 April 2020. Central tendency and variation of the parameter estimates for infectious period in (A) asymptomatic and (B) symptomatic cases from (1) virological studies (repeated testing), (2) tracing studies and (3) modelling studies were gathered. Narrative review of viral dynamics. INFORMATION SOURCES Search strategies developed and the following searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, MedRxiv and BioRxiv. Additionally, the Health Information Quality Authority (Ireland) viral load synthesis was used, which screened literature from PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, NHS evidence, Cochrane, medRxiv and bioRxiv, and HRB open databases. RESULTS There was substantial variation in the estimates, and how infectious period was inferred. One study provided approximate median infectious period for asymptomatic cases of 6.5-9.5 days. Median presymptomatic infectious period across studies varied over <1-4 days. Estimated mean time from symptom onset to two negative RT-PCR tests was 13.4 days (95% CI 10.9 to 15.8) but was shorter when studies included children or less severe cases. Estimated mean duration from symptom onset to hospital discharge or death (potential maximal infectious period) was 18.1 days (95% CI 15.1 to 21.0); time to discharge was on average 4 days shorter than time to death. Viral dynamic data and model infectious parameters were often shorter than repeated diagnostic data. CONCLUSIONS There are limitations of inferring infectiousness from repeated diagnosis, viral loads and viral replication data alone and also potential patient recall bias relevant to estimating exposure and symptom onset times. Despite this, available data provide a preliminary evidence base to inform models of central tendency for key parameters and variation for exploring parameter space and sensitivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew William Byrne
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McEvoy
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aine B Collins
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Hunt
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miriam Casey
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann Barber
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Griffin
- Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A Lane
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Government of Ireland Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor McAloon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kirsty O'Brien
- Health Information and Quality Authority, Cork, Munster, Ireland
| | - Patrick Wall
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A Walsh
- Health Information and Quality Authority, Cork, Munster, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ma L, Yao L. Antiviral Effects of Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Their Components: An Updated Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112627. [PMID: 32516954 PMCID: PMC7321257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of resistance to available antivirals calls for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Plant-derived essential oils may serve as alternative sources of virus-induced disease therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated essential oils to be excellent candidates to treat antiviral-resistant infection associated with their chemical complexity which confers broad-spectrum mechanisms of action and non-specific antiviral properties. However, almost no comprehensive reviews are updated to generalize knowledge in this regard and disclose the interplay between the components and their antiviral activities. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the antiviral efficacy of essential oils from a wide range of plant species and their characteristic components, as well as their overall mechanisms of action, focusing on the last decade. The roles of individual components relative to the overall antiviral efficacy of essential oils, together with the antiviral activity of essential oils in comparison with commercial drugs are also discussed. Lastly, the inadequacies in current research and future research are put forward. This review will provide references in the design of new drug prototypes and improve our understanding of the proper applications of essential oils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Yao
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-0183-7763
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27
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Trus I, Udenze D, Cox B, Berube N, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ, Huang Y, Kobinger G, Safronetz D, Gerdts V, Karniychuk U. Subclinical in utero Zika virus infection is associated with interferon alpha sequelae and sex-specific molecular brain pathology in asymptomatic porcine offspring. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008038. [PMID: 31725819 PMCID: PMC6855438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during human pregnancy may lead to severe fetal pathology and debilitating impairments in offspring. However, the majority of infections are subclinical and not associated with evident birth defects. Potentially detrimental life-long health outcomes in asymptomatic offspring evoke high concerns. Thus, animal models addressing sequelae in offspring may provide valuable information. To induce subclinical infection, we inoculated selected porcine fetuses at the mid-stage of development. Inoculation resulted in trans-fetal virus spread and persistent infection in the placenta and fetal membranes for two months. Offspring did not show congenital Zika syndrome (e.g., microcephaly, brain calcifications, congenital clubfoot, arthrogryposis, seizures) or other visible birth defects. However, a month after birth, a portion of offspring exhibited excessive interferon alpha (IFN-α) levels in blood plasma in a regular environment. Most affected offspring also showed dramatic IFN-α shutdown during social stress providing the first evidence for the cumulative impact of prenatal ZIKV exposure and postnatal environmental insult. Other eleven cytokines tested before and after stress were not altered suggesting the specific IFN-α pathology. While brains from offspring did not have histopathology, lesions, and ZIKV, the whole genome expression analysis of the prefrontal cortex revealed profound sex-specific transcriptional changes that most probably was the result of subclinical in utero infection. RNA-seq analysis in the placenta persistently infected with ZIKV provided independent support for the sex-specific pattern of in utero-acquired transcriptional responses. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that two hallmarks of fetal ZIKV infection, altered type I IFN response and molecular brain pathology can persist after birth in offspring in the absence of congenital Zika syndrome. A number of studies showed that Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause severe abnormalities in fetuses, e.g., brain lesions, and subsequently life-long developmental and cognitive impairment in children. However, the majority of infections in pregnant women are subclinical and are not associated with developmental abnormalities in fetuses and newborns. It is known that disruptions to the in utero environment during fetal development can program increased risks for disease in adulthood. For this reason, children affected in utero even by mild ZIKV infection can appear deceptively healthy at birth but develop immune dysfunction and brain abnormalities during postnatal development. Here, we used the porcine model of subclinical fetal ZIKV infection to determine health sequelae in offspring which did not show apparent signs of the disease. We demonstrated that subclinical fetal infection was associated with abnormal immunological responses in apparently healthy offspring under normal environmental conditions and during social stress. We also showed silent sex-specific brain pathology as represented by altered gene expression. Our study provides new insights into potential outcomes of subclinical in utero ZIKV infection. It also emphasizes that further attempts to better understand silent pathology and develop alleviative interventions in ZIKV-affected offspring should take into account interactions of host factors, like sex, and environmental insults, like social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Trus
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel Udenze
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Berube
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Rebecca E. Nordquist
- Behavior and Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CL, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Behavior and Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CL, Netherlands
| | | | | | - David Safronetz
- Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Robertson DS. Human body cell membranes and antigen control. Med Hypotheses 2019; 135:109480. [PMID: 31778893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The variables involved in the initiation and operation of the human immune system are considered. It is shown that the number of variations associated with disease and other detrimental conditions exceeds the number of lymphocyte cells available for control of these conditions. It is proposed that the immune system functions by changes in the ionic strength of metabolic fluids which in turn control the formation and stability of cell membranes. The application of these conditions to the control of bacterial, virus particle and other antigens is detailed. Observations supporting the proposals are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Robertson
- 205, Pickersleigh Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, England WR14 2QS, United Kingdom.
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29
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Abstract
It is our contention that for multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems to evolve and expand in scope, it needs to be founded on a theory. Such a theory would improve our ability to describe infectious disease systems in terms of their scales and levels of organization, and their inter-relationships. In this article we present a relativistic theory for multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems, that can be considered as an extension of the relativity principle in physics, called the replication-transmission relativity theory. This replication-transmission relativity theory states that at any level of organization of an infectious disease system there is no privileged/absolute scale which would determine, disease dynamics, only interactions between the microscale and macroscale. Such a relativistic theory provides a scientific basis for a systems level description of infectious disease systems using multiscale modelling methods. The central idea of this relativistic theory is that at every level of organization of an infectious disease system, the reciprocal influence between the microscale and the macroscale establishes a pathogen replication-transmission multiscale cycle. We distinguish two kinds of reciprocal influence between the microscale and the macroscale based on systematic differences in their conditions of relevancy. Evidence for the validity of the replication-transmission relativity theory is presented using a multiscale model of hookworm infection that is developed at host level when the relationship between the microscale and the macroscale is described by one of the forms of reciprocal influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Garira
- Modelling Health and Environmental Linkages Research Group (MHELRG), Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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Abstract
Infectious disease emergence into humans from animals or the environment occurs primarily due to genetic changes in the microbe through mutation or re-assortment making it either more transmissible or virulent or through a change in the disease "ecosystem". Research into infectious disease emergence can be grouped into different strategic approaches. One strategic approach is to study a specific or model disease system to understand the ecology of an infectious disease and how is transmitted and propagated through the environment and different hosts and then extrapolate that disease system knowledge to related pathogens. The other strategic approach follows the genomics and phylogenetics-tracking how pathogens are evolving and changing at the amino acid level. Here we argue that for understanding complex zoonotic diseases and for the purposes of preventing emergence and re-emergence into humans, that the Return on Investment be considered for the best research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V. Inglesby
- Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Amesh A. Adalja
- Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
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31
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Hendriksen RS, Lukjancenko O, Munk P, Hjelmsø MH, Verani JR, Ng’eno E, Bigogo G, Kiplangat S, Oumar T, Bergmark L, Röder T, Neatherlin JC, Clayton O, Hald T, Karlsmose S, Pamp SJ, Fields B, Montgomery JM, Aarestrup FM. Pathogen surveillance in the informal settlement, Kibera, Kenya, using a metagenomics approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222531. [PMID: 31600207 PMCID: PMC6786639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, the number of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases is increasing, highlighting the importance of global disease pathogen surveillance. Traditional population-based methods may fail to capture important events, particularly in settings with limited access to health care, such as urban informal settlements. In such environments, a mixture of surface water runoff and human feces containing pathogenic microorganisms could be used as a surveillance surrogate. Method We conducted a temporal metagenomic analysis of urban sewage from Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, to detect and quantify bacterial and associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, viral and parasitic pathogens. Data were examined in conjunction with data from ongoing clinical infectious disease surveillance. Results A large variation of read abundances related to bacteria, viruses, and parasites of medical importance, as well as bacterial associated antimicrobial resistance genes over time were detected. Significant increased abundances were observed for a number of bacterial pathogens coinciding with higher abundances of AMR genes. Vibrio cholerae as well as rotavirus A, among other virus peaked in several weeks during the study period whereas Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp, varied more over time. Conclusion The metagenomic surveillance approach for monitoring circulating pathogens in sewage was able to detect putative pathogen and resistance loads in an urban informal settlement. Thus, valuable if generated in real time to serve as a comprehensive infectious disease agent surveillance system with the potential to guide disease prevention and treatment. The approach may lead to a paradigm shift in conducting real-time global genomics-based surveillance in settings with limited access to health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Oksana Lukjancenko
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Munk
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathis H. Hjelmsø
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Eric Ng’eno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kiplangat
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Traoré Oumar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lasse Bergmark
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timo Röder
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John C. Neatherlin
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Onyango Clayton
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tine Hald
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Karlsmose
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sünje J. Pamp
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barry Fields
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Noad RJ, Simpson K, Fooks AR, Hewson R, Gilbert SC, Stevens MP, Hosie MJ, Prior J, Kinsey AM, Entrican G, Simpson A, Whitty CJM, Carroll MW. UK vaccines network: Mapping priority pathogens of epidemic potential and vaccine pipeline developments. Vaccine 2019; 37:6241-6247. [PMID: 31522809 PMCID: PMC7127063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa an expert panel was established on the instructions of the UK Prime Minister to identify priority pathogens for outbreak diseases that had the potential to cause future epidemics. A total of 13 priority pathogens were identified, which led to the prioritisation of spending in emerging diseases vaccine research and development from the UK. This meeting report summarises the process used to develop the UK pathogen priority list, compares it to lists generated by other organisations (World Health Organisation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) and summarises clinical progress towards the development of vaccines against priority diseases. There is clear technical progress towards the development of vaccines. However, the availability of these vaccines will be dependent on sustained funding for clinical trials and the preparation of clinically acceptable manufactured material during inter-epidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Noad
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Karl Simpson
- JKS Bioscience Ltd, 2 Midanbury Court, 44 Midanbury Lane, Southampton SO18 4HF, UK.
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Joann Prior
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Wiltshire SP3 4DZ, UK.
| | - Anna M Kinsey
- Medical Research Council, One Kemble Street, London WC2B 4AN, UK.
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edinburgh, Scotland EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Andrew Simpson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
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Cieslak TJ, Herstein JJ, Kortepeter MG, Hewlett AL. A Methodology for Determining Which Diseases Warrant Care in a High-Level Containment Care Unit. Viruses 2019; 11:E773. [PMID: 31443440 PMCID: PMC6784089 DOI: 10.3390/v11090773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the concept of high-level containment care (HLCC or 'biocontainment'), dates back to 1969, the 2014-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) brought with it a renewed emphasis on the use of specialized HLCC units in the care of patients with EVD. Employment of these units in the United States and Western Europe resulted in a significant decrease in mortality compared to traditional management in field settings. Moreover, this employment appeared to significantly lessen the risk of nosocomial transmission of disease; no secondary cases occurred among healthcare workers in these units. While many now accept the wisdom of utilizing HLCC units and principles in the management of EVD (and, presumably, of other transmissible and highly hazardous viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as those caused by Marburg and Lassa viruses), no consensus exists regarding additional diseases that might warrant HLCC. We propose here a construct designed to make such determinations for existing and newly discovered diseases. The construct examines infectivity (as measured by the infectious dose needed to infect 50% of a given population (ID50)), communicability (as measured by the reproductive number (R0)), and hazard (as measured by morbidity and mortality). Diseases fulfilling all three criteria (i.e., those that are highly infectious, communicable, and highly hazardous) are considered candidates for HLCC management if they also meet a fourth criterion, namely that they lack effective and available licensed countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Cieslak
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jocelyn J Herstein
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mark G Kortepeter
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Angela L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Abstract
We develop an age of infection model with heterogeneous mixing in which indirect pathogen transmission is considered as a good way to describe contact that is usually considered as direct and we also incorporate virus shedding as a function of age of infection. The simplest form of SIRP epidemic model is introduced and it serves as a basis for the age of infection model and a 2-patch SIRP model where the risk of infection is solely dependent on the residence times and other environmental factors. The computation of the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], the initial exponential growth rate and the final size relation is done and by mathematical analysis, we study the impact of patches connection and use the final size relation to analyse the ability of disease to invade over a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jummy Funke David
- a Department of Interdisciplinary Studies , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
- b Department of Mathematics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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35
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Koehler JW, Douglas CE, Minogue TD. A highly multiplexed broad pathogen detection assay for infectious disease diagnostics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006889. [PMID: 30395567 PMCID: PMC6245831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid pathogen identification during an acute febrile illness is a critical first step for providing appropriate clinical care and patient isolation. Primary screening using sensitive and specific assays, such as real-time PCR and ELISAs, can rapidly test for known circulating infectious diseases. If the initial testing is negative, potentially due to a lack of developed diagnostic assays or an incomplete understanding of the pathogens circulating within a geographic region, additional testing would be required including highly multiplexed assays and metagenomic next generation sequencing. To bridge the gap between rapid point of care diagnostics and sequencing, we developed a highly multiplexed assay designed to detect 164 different viruses, bacteria, and parasites using the NanoString nCounter platform. Included in this assay were high consequence pathogens such as Ebola virus, highly endemic organisms including several Plasmodium species, and a large number of less prevalent pathogens to ensure a broad coverage of potential human pathogens. Evaluation of this panel resulted in positive detection of 113 (encompassing 98 different human pathogen types) of the 126 organisms available to us including the medically important Ebola virus, Lassa virus, dengue virus serotypes 1–4, Chikungunya virus, yellow fever virus, and Plasmodium falciparum. Overall, this assay could improve infectious disease diagnostics and biosurveillance efforts as a quick, highly multiplexed, and easy to use pathogen screening tool. Identifying the causative agent in an acute febrile illness can be challenging diagnostically, especially when organisms in a particular region have overlapping clinical presentation or when that pathogen’s presence is unexpected. Ebola virus, for example, was not considered in an acute febrile illness differential diagnosis in West Africa until the explosive outbreak in 2013 presented the risk of infection. Besides the cost and time of screening a single patient sample for a large number of pathogens, limited sample volumes place further restrictions on what assays can be applied. Here, we developed a broad pathogen screening assay targeting 164 different human pathogens and show positive detection of over 100 of the organisms on the panel including Ebola virus, Plasmodium falciparum, and a large number of rare pathogens. The hands on time and sample volume requirement is minimal. The assay performed well in mock clinical and human clinical samples, demonstrating the clinical utility of this assay in cases where the initial diagnostic testing results in negative results. Our results provide a framework for further validation studies that would be required for formal clinical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina E. Douglas
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Frost A, Vanselow B. Peter Bryan Spradbrow 1934-2017. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:3. [PMID: 29377084 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Chabas H, Lion S, Nicot A, Meaden S, van Houte S, Moineau S, Wahl LM, Westra ER, Gandon S. Evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases in heterogeneous host populations. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006738. [PMID: 30248089 PMCID: PMC6171948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of pathogens remains a major public health concern. Unfortunately, when and where pathogens will (re-)emerge is notoriously difficult to predict, as the erratic nature of those events is reinforced by the stochastic nature of pathogen evolution during the early phase of an epidemic. For instance, mutations allowing pathogens to escape host resistance may boost pathogen spread and promote emergence. Yet, the ecological factors that govern such evolutionary emergence remain elusive because of the lack of ecological realism of current theoretical frameworks and the difficulty of experimentally testing their predictions. Here, we develop a theoretical model to explore the effects of the heterogeneity of the host population on the probability of pathogen emergence, with or without pathogen evolution. We show that evolutionary emergence and the spread of escape mutations in the pathogen population is more likely to occur when the host population contains an intermediate proportion of resistant hosts. We also show that the probability of pathogen emergence rapidly declines with the diversity of resistance in the host population. Experimental tests using lytic bacteriophages infecting their bacterial hosts containing Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat and CRISPR-associated (CRISPR-Cas) immune defenses confirm these theoretical predictions. These results suggest effective strategies for cross-species spillover and for the management of emerging infectious diseases. The probability that an epidemic will break out is highly dependent on the ability of the pathogen to acquire new adaptive mutations and to induce evolutionary emergence. Forecasting pathogen emergence thus requires a good understanding of the interplay between the epidemiology and evolution taking place at the onset of an outbreak. Here, we provide a comprehensive theoretical framework to analyze the impact of host population heterogeneity on the probability of pathogen evolutionary emergence. We use this model to predict the impact of the fraction of susceptible hosts, the inoculum size of the pathogen, and the diversity of host resistance on pathogen emergence. Our experiments using lytic bacteriophages and CRISPR-resistant bacteria support our theoretical predictions and demonstrate that manipulating the diversity of resistance alleles in a host population may be an effective way to limit the emergence of new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chabas
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Lion
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Nicot
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sean Meaden
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Stineke van Houte
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Moineau
- Département de biochimie, microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Félix d’Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Lindi M. Wahl
- Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edze R. Westra
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Pebody
- National Infection Service Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- National Infection Service Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Mary Ramsay
- National Infection Service Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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Rodríguez Y, Rojas M, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Monsalve DM, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis and infectious diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:547-562. [PMID: 29375121 PMCID: PMC6079071 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and transverse myelitis (TM) both represent immunologically mediated polyneuropathies of major clinical importance. Both are thought to have a genetic predisposition, but as of yet no specific genetic risk loci have been clearly defined. Both are considered autoimmune, but again the etiologies remain enigmatic. Both may be induced via molecular mimicry, particularly from infectious agents and vaccines, but clearly host factor and co-founding host responses will modulate disease susceptibility and natural history. GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by tingling, progressive weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and pain. Immune injury specifically takes place at the myelin sheath and related Schwann-cell components in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, whereas in acute motor axonal neuropathy membranes on the nerve axon (the axolemma) are the primary target for immune-related injury. Outbreaks of GBS have been reported, most frequently related to Campylobacter jejuni infection, however, other agents such as Zika Virus have been strongly associated. Patients with GBS related to infections frequently produce antibodies against human peripheral nerve gangliosides. In contrast, TM is an inflammatory disorder characterized by acute or subacute motor, sensory, and autonomic spinal cord dysfunction. There is interruption of ascending and descending neuroanatomical pathways on the transverse plane of the spinal cord similar to GBS. It has been suggested to be triggered by infectious agents and molecular mimicry. In this review, we will focus on the putative role of infectious agents as triggering factors of GBS and TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yhojan Rodríguez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Yovana Pacheco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramírez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, USA, CA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
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von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Maschmeyer G. Challenges in Infectious Diseases for Haematologists. Oncol Res Treat 2018; 41:406-410. [PMID: 29734194 DOI: 10.1159/000487439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections remain a threat for patients with haematological malignancies. In accordance with the European Hematology Association roadmap we provide a concise overview regarding the most relevant current challenges in infectious diseases for haematologists. These include bacterial infections and the need for antibiotic stewardship as well as infections with community-acquired respiratory viruses, infections in patients receiving targeted therapies, re-activations of latent infections and vaccination strategies. The following review intends to summarise the most relevant information for clinicians currently caring for patients with haematological malignancies. Recommendations given are based on the guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Haematology and Medical Oncology.
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Guterres A, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes J, Maia RM, Teixeira BR, Oliveira FCG, Bonvicino CR, D'Andrea PS, Schrago CG, de Lemos ERS. Co-circulation of Araraquara and Juquitiba Hantavirus in Brazilian Cerrado. Microb Ecol 2018; 75:783-789. [PMID: 28856421 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is an emerging serious disease in the Americas, transmitted from wild rodents to humans through inhalation of aerosol containing virus. Herein, we characterized two distinct hantaviruses circulating in rodent species form Central Plateau, Midwestern region of Brazil in the Cerrado (savanna-like) biome, an area characterized by small trees and grasses adapted to climates with long dry periods. In this study, we identified the co-circulation of the Araraquara virus and a possible new lineage of the Juquitiba virus (JUQV) in Oligoryzomys nigripes. The implications of co-circulation are still unknown, but it can be the key for increasing viral diversity or emergence of new species through spillover or host switching events leading to co-infection and consequently recombination or reassortment between different virus species. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete S segment indicated that, alongside with Oligoryzomys mattogrossae rodents, O. nigripes species could also have a whole as JUQV reservoir in the Cerrado biome. Although these rodents' species are common in the Cerrado biome, they are not abundant demonstrating how complex and different hantavirus enzootic cycles can be in this particular biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira - 1° Pav. Sala B115, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira - 1° Pav. Sala B115, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira - 1° Pav. Sala B115, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Malachini Maia
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira - 1° Pav. Sala B115, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Rodrigues Teixeira
- Laboratorio de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino
- Laboratorio de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional do Câncer - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio D'Andrea
- Laboratorio de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Guerra Schrago
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira - 1° Pav. Sala B115, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road, Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erin McElvania
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Flegr J, Vedralova M. Specificity and nature of the associations of twenty-four neuropsychiatric disorders with contacts with cats and dogs. Schizophr Res 2017; 189:219-220. [PMID: 28202292 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Flegr
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany 250 67, Czech Republic; Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Czech Republic.
| | - Milena Vedralova
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Czech Republic
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Darbellay J, Cox B, Lai K, Delgado-Ortega M, Wheler C, Wilson D, Walker S, Starrak G, Hockley D, Huang Y, Mutwiri G, Potter A, Gilmour M, Safronetz D, Gerdts V, Karniychuk U. Zika Virus Causes Persistent Infection in Porcine Conceptuses and may Impair Health in Offspring. EBioMedicine 2017; 25:73-86. [PMID: 29097124 PMCID: PMC5704061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women vary from the birth of asymptomatic offspring to abnormal development and severe brain lesions in fetuses and infants. There are concerns that offspring affected in utero and born without apparent symptoms may develop mental illnesses. Therefore, animal models are important to test interventions against in utero infection and health sequelae in symptomatic and likely more widespread asymptomatic offspring. To partially reproduce in utero infection in humans, we directly inoculated selected porcine conceptuses with ZIKV. Inoculation resulted in rapid trans-fetal infections, persistent infection in conceptuses, molecular pathology in fetal brains, fetal antibody and type I interferon responses. Offspring infected in utero showed ZIKV in their fetal membranes collected after birth. Some in utero affected piglets were small, depressed, had undersized brains, and showed seizures. Some piglets showed potentially increased activity. Our data suggest that porcine model of persistent in utero ZIKV infection has a strong potential for translational research and can be used to test therapeutic interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Mario Delgado-Ortega
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Colette Wheler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Donald Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Stewart Walker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Gregory Starrak
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Duncan Hockley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Yanyun Huang
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Gilmour
- Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors are a rapidly expanding class of therapeutics. Recent advances in our understanding of PPIs and success of early examples of PPI inhibitors demonstrate the feasibility of targeting PPIs. This review summarizes the techniques used for the discovery and optimization of a diverse set PPI inhibitors, focusing on the development of PPI inhibitors as new antibacterial and antiviral agents. We close with a summary of the advances responsible for making PPI inhibitors realistic targets for therapeutic intervention and brief outlook of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Voter
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - James L Keck
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.
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Abstract
Infectious diseases can be transmitted and they cause a significant burden on public health globally. They are the greatest world killers and it is estimated that they are responsible for the demise of over 17 million people annually. The impact of these diseases is greater in the developing countries. People with compromised immune systems and children are the most affected. Infectious diseases may be caused by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The treatment of infectious diseases is hampered by simultaneous resistance to multiple drugs, indicating that there is a serious and pressing need to develop new therapeutics that can overcome drug resistance. This review will focus on the recent reports of metal-based nanoparticles that are potential therapeutics for the treatment of infectious diseases and their biological efficacy (in vitro and in vivo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
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Saha D, Pal A, Sarkar N, Das D, Blackard JT, Guha SK, Saha B, Chakravarty R. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV positive patients at a tertiary healthcare unit in eastern India. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179035. [PMID: 28591184 PMCID: PMC5462430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occult HBV infection (OBI), defined by the presence of HBV DNA in absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), is a significant concern in the HIV-infected population. Of 441 HIV+/HBsAg- patients analyzed, the overall prevalence of OBI was 6.3% (28/441). OBI was identified in 21 anti-HBc positives (17.8%), as well as among those who lacked any HBV-specific serological markers (2.2%). Comparison with HIV/HBV co-infection revealed that the levels of CD4, ALT, and HBV DNA were significantly lower during occult infection. Discrete differences were also observed with respect to quasispecies divergence. Additionally, subgenotype D1 was most frequent in occult infection, while D2 was widespread during chronic infection. The majority (~90%) of occult D1 sequences had the sQ129R mutation in the surface gene. This study highlights several distinct features of OBI in India and underscores the need for additional HBV DNA screening in HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Saha
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Pal
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Neelakshi Sarkar
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanwita Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jason T. Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Bibhuti Saha
- Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Runu Chakravarty
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Bougnères P, Le Fur S, Valtat S, Kamatani Y, Lathrop M, Valleron AJ. Using spatio-temporal surveillance data to test the infectious environment of children before type 1 diabetes diagnosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170658. [PMID: 28152013 PMCID: PMC5289461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates that reduced exposure to infections favours the development of autoimmunity and childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D). But on the other side, viruses, notably enteroviruses, are suspected to trigger T1D. The assessment of the possible relationships between infections and T1D still defies the classical tools of epidemiology. We report the methods and results of a geographical approach that maps the addresses of patients to a communicable diseases surveillance database. We mapped the addresses of patients at birth, infancy and T1D diagnosis to the weekly estimates of the regional incidences of 5 frequent communicable diseases routinely collected since 1984 by the French Sentinel network. The pre-diagnostic infectious environment of 3548 patients with T1D diagnosed between 0.5 and 15 years was compared to those of 100 series of age-matched "virtual controls" drawn randomly on the map. Associations were classified as "suggestive" (summer diarrhea, SD, and varicella, V) when p< 0.05, or "significant" (influenza-like infections, ILI) when they passed the Bonferroni correction for FDR. Exposure to ILI and SD were associated with T1D risk, while V seemed protective. In the subset of 2521 patients for which we had genome wide data, we used a case-only approach to search for interactions between SNPs and the infectious environment as defined by the Sentinel database. Two SNPs, rs116624278 and rs77232854, showed significant interaction with exposure to V between 1 and 3 years of life. The infectious associations found should be taken as possible markers of patients' environment, not as direct causative factors of T1D. They require replication in other populations. The increasing public availability of geographical environmental databases will expand the present approach to map thousands of environmental factors to the lifeline of patients affected by various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bougnères
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Inserm U1169, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Le Fur
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Inserm U1169, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Sophie Valtat
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France, and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal (Québec), Canada
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49
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Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Humair S. Human Resources for Treating HIV/AIDS: Are the Preventive Effects of Antiretroviral Treatment a Game Changer? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163960. [PMID: 27716813 PMCID: PMC5055321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortages of human resources for treating HIV/AIDS (HRHA) are a fundamental barrier to reaching universal antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage in developing countries. Previous studies suggest that recruiting HRHA to attain universal ART coverage poses an insurmountable challenge as ART significantly increases survival among HIV-infected individuals. While new evidence about ART's prevention benefits suggests fewer infections may mitigate the challenge, new policies such as treatment-as-prevention (TasP) will exacerbate it. We develop a mathematical model to analytically study the net effects of these countervailing factors. Using South Africa as a case study, we find that contrary to previous results, universal ART coverage is achievable even with current HRHA numbers. However, larger health gains are possible through a surge-capacity policy that aggressively recruits HRHA to reach universal ART coverage quickly. Without such a policy, TasP roll-out can increase health losses by crowding out sicker patients from treatment, unless a surge capacity exclusively for TasP is also created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Bärnighausen
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mtubatuba, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David E. Bloom
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Salal Humair
- Amazon.com, Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Benn CS, Fisker AB, Whittle HC, Aaby P. Revaccination with Live Attenuated Vaccines Confer Additional Beneficial Nonspecific Effects on Overall Survival: A Review. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:312-7. [PMID: 27498365 PMCID: PMC5006692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live vaccines against measles (MV), tuberculosis (BCG), polio (OPV) and smallpox reduce mortality more than explained by target-disease prevention. The beneficial nonspecific effects (NSEs) of MV are strongest when MV is given in presence of maternal antibodies. We therefore hypothesised that revaccination in presence of prior immunity enhances beneficial NSEs. METHODS Literature search for studies of revaccination and mortality. FINDINGS In two randomised trials (RCTs), two doses versus one dose of MV reduced all-cause mortality by 63% (95% CI: 23-83%) from 9 to 18months of age. In a quasi-experimental study two doses before and after 9months compared with one dose of MV after 9months of age reduced mortality by 59% (25-81%). BCG-revaccination significantly enhanced BCG's effect against overall child mortality in two RCTs. In a natural experiment study of OPV campaigns over a 13-year-period in Guinea-Bissau, each additional dose of OPV was associated with a 13% (4-21%) reduction in mortality rate. The beneficial NSEs of smallpox vaccination for survival increased significantly with the number of smallpox vaccination scars. INTERPRETATION Revaccination with live vaccines led to substantial reductions in overall mortality. These findings challenge current understanding of vaccines and may explain the beneficial effects of campaigns with live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Benn
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ane B Fisker
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Hilton C Whittle
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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