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Hu W, Zhai ZY, Huang ZY, Chen ZM, Zhou P, Li XX, Yang GH, Bao CJ, You LJ, Cui XB, Xia GL, Ou Yang MP, Zhang L, Wu WKK, Li LF, Zhang YX, Xiao ZG, Gong W. Dual RNA sequencing of Helicobacter pylori and host cell transcriptomes reveals ontologically distinct host-pathogen interaction. mSystems 2024; 9:e0020624. [PMID: 38514462 PMCID: PMC11019886 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00206-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful pathogen that poses a substantial threat to human health. However, the dynamic interaction between H. pylori and the human gastric epithelium has not been fully investigated. In this study, using dual RNA sequencing technology, we characterized a cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA)-modulated bacterial adaption strategy by enhancing the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter-related genes, metQ and HP_0888, upon coculturing with human gastric epithelial cells. We observed a general repression of electron transport-associated genes by cagA, leading to the activation of oxidative phosphorylation. Temporal profiling of host mRNA signatures revealed the downregulation of multiple splicing regulators due to bacterial infection, resulting in aberrant pre-mRNA splicing of functional genes involved in the cell cycle process in response to H. pylori infection. Moreover, we demonstrated a protective effect of gastric H. pylori colonization against chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mechanistically, we identified a cluster of propionic and butyric acid-producing bacteria, Muribaculaceae, selectively enriched in the colons of H. pylori-pre-colonized mice, which may contribute to the restoration of intestinal barrier function damaged by DSS treatment. Collectively, this study presents the first dual-transcriptome analysis of H. pylori during its dynamic interaction with gastric epithelial cells and provides new insights into strategies through which H. pylori promotes infection and pathogenesis in the human gastric epithelium. IMPORTANCE Simultaneous profiling of the dynamic interaction between Helicobacter pylori and the human gastric epithelium represents a novel strategy for identifying regulatory responses that drive pathogenesis. This study presents the first dual-transcriptome analysis of H. pylori when cocultured with gastric epithelial cells, revealing a bacterial adaptation strategy and a general repression of electron transportation-associated genes, both of which were modulated by cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA). Temporal profiling of host mRNA signatures dissected the aberrant pre-mRNA splicing of functional genes involved in the cell cycle process in response to H. pylori infection. We demonstrated a protective effect of gastric H. pylori colonization against chronic DSS-induced colitis through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of how H. pylori promotes infection and pathogenesis in the human gastric epithelium and provide evidence to identify targets for antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Yong Zhai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Yu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze Min Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Xi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gen Hua Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Ju Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Juan You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Bing Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gui Li Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Ping Ou Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long Fei Li
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhan Gang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Personalized Cell Therapy & Cell Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Chen ZW, Dong ZB, Xiang HT, Chen SS, Yu WM, Liang C. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces gastric cancer stem cell-like properties through the Akt/FOXO3a axis. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30527. [PMID: 38332574 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection poses a substantial risk for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. The primary mechanism through which H. pylori exerts its bacterial virulence is the cytotoxin CagA. This cytotoxin has the potential to induce inter-epithelial mesenchymal transition, proliferation, metastasis, and the acquisition of stem cell-like properties in gastric cancer (GC) cells infected with CagA-positive H. pylori. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinct population of cells capable of self-renewal and generating heterogeneous tumor cells. Despite evidence showing that CagA can induce CSCs-like characteristics in GC cells, the precise mechanism through which CagA triggers the development of GC stem cells (GCSCs) remains uncertain. This study reveals that CagA-positive GC cells infected with H. pylori exhibit CSCs-like properties, such as heightened expression of CD44, a specific surface marker for CSCs, and increased ability to form tumor spheroids. Furthermore, we have observed that H. pylori activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a CagA-dependent manner, and our findings suggest that this activation is associated with the CSCs-like characteristics induced by H. pylori. The cytotoxin CagA, which is released during H. pylori infection, triggers the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a CagA-dependent manner. Additionally, CagA inhibits the transcription of FOXO3a and relocates it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, the regulatory function of the Akt/FOXO3a axis in the transformation of GC cells into a stemness state was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhe-Bin Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Han-Ting Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Sang-Sang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei-Ming Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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OKAMOTO M, MIURA A, ITO R, KAMADA T, MIZUKAMI Y, KAWAMOTO K. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor prevents nuclear factor-kappa B promoter activation by Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A in gastric cancer cells. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1348-1354. [PMID: 37952974 PMCID: PMC10788165 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a well-known pathogen that causes chronic gastritis, leading to the development of gastric cancer. This bacterium has also been detected in dogs, and symptoms similar to those in humans have been reported. The cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is involved in pathogenesis through aberrant activation of host signal transduction, including the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. We have previously shown the anti-inflammatory effect of the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) via inhibiting of NF-κB activation in several cells. Therefore, here, we investigated the effect of GPER on CagA-mediated NF-κB promoter activity and showed that CagA overexpression in gastric cancer cells activated the NF-κB reporter and induced interleukin 8 (il-8) expression, both of which were inhibited by the GPER agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko OKAMOTO
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Atsushi MIURA
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Ryota ITO
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Toshiki KAMADA
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Yoichi MIZUKAMI
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science
Research Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Keiko KAWAMOTO
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department
of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
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Zou Y, Wang H, Fang J, Sun H, Deng X, Wang J, Deng Y, Chi G. Isorhamnetin as a novel inhibitor of pneumolysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in vivo/in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106382. [PMID: 37839759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) infection severely threatened the global public heath, causing a significant fatality in immunocompromised hosts. Notably, pneumolysin (PLY) as a pore-forming cytolysin plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia and lung injury. In this study, a natural flavonoid isorhamnetin was identified as a PLY inhibition to suppress PLY-induced hemolysis by engaging the predicted residues and attenuate cytolysin PLY-mediated A549 cells injury. Underlying mechanisms revealed that PLY inhibitor isorhamnetin further contributed to decrease the formation of bacterial biofilms without affecting the expression of PLY. In vivo S. pneumoniae infection confirmed that the pathological injury of lung tissue evoked by S. pneumoniae was ameliorated by isorhamnetin treatment. Collectively, these results presented that isorhamnetin could inhibit the biological activity of PLY, thus reducing the pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae. In summary, our study laid a foundation for the feasible anti-virulence strategy targeting PLY, and provided a promising PLY inhibitor for the treatment of S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiting Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Juan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Gefu Chi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Nei Monggol, China.
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5
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Reza MN, Mahmud S, Ferdous N, Ahammad I, Hossain MU, Al Amin M, Mohiuddin AKM. Gene silencing of Helicobacter pylori through newly designed siRNA convenes the treatment of gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:22407-22419. [PMID: 38037736 PMCID: PMC10757103 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that is responsible for causing chronic inflammation and increasing the risk of gastric cancer development. It is capable of persisting for decades in the harsh gastric environment because of the inability of the host to eradicate the infection. Several treatment strategies have been developed against this bacterium using different antibiotics. But the effectiveness of treating H. pylori has significantly decreased due to widespread antibiotic resistance, including an increased risk of gastric cancer. The small interfering RNAs (siRNA), which is capable of sequence-specific gene-silencing can be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of such malignancies. In the current study, we rationally designed two siRNA molecules to silence the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) genes of H. pylori for their significant involvement in developing cancer. METHODS We selected a common region of all the available transcripts from different countries of CagA and VacA to design the siRNA molecules. The final siRNA candidate was selected based on the results from machine learning algorithms, off-target similarity, and various thermodynamic properties. RESULT Further, we utilized molecular docking and all atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the binding interactions of the designed siRNAs with the major components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and results revealed the ability of the designed siRNAs to interact with the proteins of RISC complex in comparable to those of the experimentally reported siRNAs. CONCLUSION These designed siRNAs should effectively silence the CagA and VacA genes of H. pylori during siRNA mediated treatment in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjerin Nasrin Reza
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science FacultyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Shahin Mahmud
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science FacultyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Nadim Ferdous
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science FacultyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics DivisionNational Institute of BiotechnologyAshuliaBangladesh
| | | | - Md. Al Amin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science FacultyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Mohiuddin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science FacultyMawlana Bhashani Science and Technology UniversityTangailBangladesh
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6
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Chattopadhyay I, Gundamaraju R, Rajeev A. Diversification and deleterious role of microbiome in gastric cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1878. [PMID: 37530125 PMCID: PMC10644335 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dictates the fate of several diseases, including cancer. Most gastric cancers (GC) belong to gastric adenocarcinomas (GAC). Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelium and is the causative agent of 75% of all stomach malignancies globally. This bacterium has several virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), and outer membrane proteins (OMPs), all of which have been linked to the development of gastric cancer. In addition, bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Besides, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus were found in greater abundance in GAC patients. To identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for GC, it is essential to understand the mechanistic role of H. pylori and other bacteria that contribute to gastric carcinogenesis. Furthermore, understanding bacteria-host interactions and bacteria-induced inflammatory pathways in the host is critical for developing treatment targets for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER stress and Mucosal Immunology TeamSchool of Health Sciences, University of TasmaniaLauncestonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Ashwin Rajeev
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Tamil NaduThiruvarurIndia
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7
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Kulshrestha A, Punnathanam SN, Roy R, Ayappa KG. Cholesterol catalyzes unfolding in membrane-inserted motifs of the pore forming protein cytolysin A. Biophys J 2023; 122:4068-4081. [PMID: 37740492 PMCID: PMC10598289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane-induced protein folding and conformational transitions play a central role in cellular homeostasis. Several transmembrane proteins are folded in the complex lipid milieu to acquire a specific structure and function. Bacterial pore forming toxins (PFTs) are proteins expressed by a large class of pathogenic bacteria that exploit the plasma membrane environment to efficiently undergo secondary structure changes, oligomerize, and form transmembrane pores. Unregulated pore formation causes ion imbalance, leading to cell death and infection. Determining the free energy landscape of these membrane-driven-driven transitions remains a challenging problem. Although cholesterol recognition is required for lytic activity of several proteins in the PFT family of toxins, the regulatory role of cholesterol for the α-PFT, cytolysin A expressed by Escherichia coli remains unexplained. In a recent free energy computation, we showed that the β tongue, a critical membrane-inserted motif of the ClyA toxin, has an on-pathway partially unfolded intermediate that refolds into the helix-turn-helix motif of the pore state. To understand the molecular role played by cholesterol, we carry out string-method-based computations in membranes devoid of cholesterol, which reveals an increase of ∼30 times in the free energy barrier for the loss of β sheet secondary structure when compared with membranes containing cholesterol. Specifically, the tyrosine-cholesterol interaction was found to be critical to creating the unfolded intermediate. Cholesterol also increases the packing and hydrophobicity of the bilayer, resulting in enhanced interactions of the bound protein before complete membrane insertion. Our study illustrates that cholesterol is critical to catalyzing and stabilizing the membrane-inserted unfolded state of the β tongue motif of ClyA, opening up fresh insights into cholesterol-assisted unfolding of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijeet Kulshrestha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudeep N Punnathanam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K Ganapathy Ayappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Harada A, Xu W, Ono K, Tsutsuki H, Yahiro K, Sawa T, Niidome T. Modification of Silver Nanoplates with Cell-Binding Subunit of Bacterial Toxin and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Intracellular Bacteria. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:3387-3394. [PMID: 36972339 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are able to survive and grow in host cells and often cause serious infectious diseases. The B subunit of the subtilase cytotoxin (SubB) found in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O113:H21 recognizes sialoglycans on cell surfaces and triggers the uptake of cytotoxin by the cells, meaning that Sub B is a ligand molecule that is expected to be useful for drug delivery into cells. In this study, we conjugated SubB to silver nanoplates (AgNPLs) for use as an antibacterial drug and examined their antimicrobial activity against intracellularly infecting Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The modification of AgNPLs with SubB improved their dispersion stability and antibacterial activity against planktonic S. typhimurium. The SubB modification enhanced the cellular uptake of AgNPLs, and intracellularly infecting S. typhimurium were killed at low concentrations of AgNPLs. Interestingly, larger amounts of SubB-modified AgNPLs were taken up by infected cells compared with uninfected cells. These results suggest that the S. typhimurium infection activated the uptake of the nanoparticles into the cells. SubB-modified AgNPLs are expected to be useful bactericidal systems for intracellularly infecting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Harada
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Wei Xu
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi-Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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9
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Domínguez K, Lindon AK, Gibbons J, Darch SE, Randis TM. Group B Streptococcus Drives Major Transcriptomic Changes in the Colonic Epithelium. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0003523. [PMID: 37278645 PMCID: PMC10353456 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00035-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of infant sepsis worldwide. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract is a critical precursor to late-onset disease in exposed newborns. Neonatal susceptibility to GBS intestinal translocation stems from intestinal immaturity; however, the mechanisms by which GBS exploits the immature host remain unclear. β-hemolysin/cytolysin (βH/C) is a highly conserved toxin produced by GBS capable of disrupting epithelial barriers. However, its role in the pathogenesis of late-onset GBS disease is unknown. Our aim was to determine the contribution of βH/C to intestinal colonization and translocation to extraintestinal tissues. Using our established mouse model of late-onset GBS disease, we exposed animals to GBS COH-1 (WT), a βH/C-deficient mutant (KO), or vehicle control (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) via gavage. Blood, spleen, brain, and intestines were harvested 4 days post-exposure for determination of bacterial burden and isolation of intestinal epithelial cells. RNA sequencing was used to examine the transcriptomes of host cells followed by gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. A separate cohort of animals was followed longitudinally to compare colonization kinetics and mortality between WT and KO groups. We demonstrate that dissemination to extraintestinal tissues occurred only in the WT exposed animals. We observed major transcriptomic changes in the colons of colonized animals, but not in the small intestines. We noted differential expression of genes that indicated the role of βH/C in altering epithelial barrier structure and immune response signaling. Overall, our results demonstrate an important role of βH/C in the pathogenesis of late-onset GBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Domínguez
- Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - April K. Lindon
- Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Gibbons
- Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sophie E. Darch
- Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tara M. Randis
- Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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10
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Luo D, Ratnayake R, Atanasova KR, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Targeted and functional genomics approaches to the mechanism of action of lagunamide D, a mitochondrial cytotoxin from marine cyanobacteria. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115608. [PMID: 37201874 PMCID: PMC10353561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lagunamide D, a cyanobacterial cyclodepsipeptide, exhibits potent antiproliferative activity against HCT116 colorectal cancer cells (IC50 5.1 nM), which were used to probe the mechanism of action. Measurements of metabolic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase 3/7 activity and cell viability indicate the rapid action of lagunamide D on mitochondrial function and downstream cytotoxic effects in HCT116 cells. Lagunamide D preferentially targets the G1 cell cycle population and arrests cells in G2/M phase at high concentration (32 nM). Transcriptomics and subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified networks related to mitochondrial functions. Lagunamide D induced mitochondrial network redistribution at 10 nM, suggesting a mechanism shared with the structurally related aurilide family, previously reported to target mitochondrial prohibitin 1 (PHB1). Knockdown and chemical inhibition of ATP1A1 sensitized the cells to lagunamide D, as also known for aurilide B. We interrogated potential mechanisms behind this synergistic effect between lagunamide D and ATP1A1 knockdown by using pharmacological inhibitors and extended the functional analysis to a global level by performing a chemogenomic screen with a siRNA library targeting the human druggable genome, revealing targets that modulate susceptibility to lagunamide D. In addition to mitochondrial targets, the screen revealed hits involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, suggesting lagunamide D might exert its effects by additionally affecting proteostasis. Our analysis illuminated cellular processes of lagunamide D that can be modulated in parallel to mitochondrial functions. The identification of potential synergistic drug combinations that can alleviate undesirable toxicity may open possibilities to resurrect this class of compounds for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Valerie J Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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11
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Escudero-Feliu J, García-Costela M, Moreno-SanJuan S, Puentes-Pardo JD, Arrabal SR, González-Novoa P, Núñez MI, Carazo Á, Jimenez-Lopez JC, León J. Narrow Leafed Lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.) β-Conglutin Seed Proteins as a New Natural Cytotoxic Agents against Breast Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030523. [PMID: 36771230 PMCID: PMC9919070 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most widespread tumor in women and the second type of most common cancer worldwide. Despite all the technical and medical advances in existing therapies, between 30 and 50% of patients with BC will develop metastasis, which contributes to the failure of existing treatments. This situation urges the need to find more effective prevention and treatment strategies like the use of plant-based nutraceutical compounds. In this context, we purified three Narrow Leafed Lupin (NLL) β-conglutins isoforms using affinity-chromatography and evaluated their effectiveness in terms of viability, proliferation, apoptosis, stemness properties, and mechanism of action on both BC cell lines and a healthy one. NLL β-conglutins proteins have very promising effects at the molecular level on BC cells at very low concentrations, emerging as a potential natural cytotoxic agent and preserving the viability of healthy cells. These proteins could act through a dual mechanism involving tumorigenic and stemness-related genes such as SIRT1 and FoxO1, depending on the state of p53. More studies must be carried out to completely understand the underlying mechanisms of action of these nutraceutical compounds in BC in vitro and in vivo, and their potential use for the inhibition of other cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Moreno-SanJuan
- Cytometry and Microscopy Research Service, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose D. Puentes-Pardo
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Sandra Ríos Arrabal
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María Isabel Núñez
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Carazo
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Stress, Development and Plant Signalling, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), E-18008 Granada, Spain
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.C.J.-L.); (J.L.)
| | - Josefa León
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), E-18012 Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Disease and UNAI, San Cecilio University Hospital, E-18006 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.J.-L.); (J.L.)
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12
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Johnstone BA, Joseph R, Christie MP, Morton CJ, McGuiness C, Walsh JC, Böcking T, Tweten RK, Parker MW. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins: The outstanding questions. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1169-1179. [PMID: 35836358 PMCID: PMC9712165 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a major family of bacterial pore-forming proteins secreted as virulence factors by Gram-positive bacterial species. CDCs are produced as soluble, monomeric proteins that bind specifically to cholesterol-rich membranes, where they oligomerize into ring-shaped pores of more than 30 monomers. Understanding the details of the steps the toxin undergoes in converting from monomer to a membrane-spanning pore is a continuing challenge. In this review we summarize what we know about CDCs and highlight the remaining outstanding questions that require answers to obtain a complete picture of how these toxins kill cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte A Johnstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Riya Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Conall McGuiness
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James C Walsh
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney K Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Kalita B, Utkin YN, Mukherjee AK. Current Insights in the Mechanisms of Cobra Venom Cytotoxins and Their Complexes in Inducing Toxicity: Implications in Antivenom Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120839. [PMID: 36548736 PMCID: PMC9780984 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxins (CTXs), an essential class of the non-enzymatic three-finger toxin family, are ubiquitously present in cobra venoms. These low-molecular-mass toxins, contributing to about 40 to 60% of the cobra venom proteome, play a significant role in cobra venom-induced toxicity, more prominently in dermonecrosis. Structurally, CTXs contain the conserved three-finger hydrophobic loops; however, they also exhibit a certain degree of structural diversity that dictates their biological activities. In their mechanism, CTXs mediate toxicity by affecting cell membrane structures and membrane-bound proteins and activating apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways. Notably, some CTXs are also responsible for depolarizing neurons and heart muscle membranes, thereby contributing to the cardiac failure frequently observed in cobra-envenomed victims. Consequently, they are also known as cardiotoxins (CdTx). Studies have shown that cobra venom CTXs form cognate complexes with other components that potentiate the toxic effects of the venom's individual component. This review focuses on the pharmacological mechanism of cobra venom CTXs and their complexes, highlighting their significance in cobra venom-induced pathophysiology and toxicity. Furthermore, the potency of commercial antivenoms in reversing the adverse effects of cobra venom CTXs and their complexes in envenomed victims has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Yuri N. Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ashis K. Mukherjee
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India
- Correspondence:
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14
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Kaneko K, Zaitoun AM, Letley DP, Rhead JL, Torres J, Spendlove I, Atherton JC, Robinson K. The active form of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin induces decay-accelerating factor CD55 in association with intestinal metaplasia in the human gastric mucosa. J Pathol 2022; 258:199-209. [PMID: 35851954 PMCID: PMC9543990 DOI: 10.1002/path.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-level expression of decay-accelerating factor, CD55, has previously been found in human gastric cancer (GC) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) tissues. Therapeutic effects of CD55 inhibition in cancer have been reported. However, the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and virulence factors in the induction of CD55 and its association with histological changes of the human gastric mucosa remain incompletely understood. We hypothesised that CD55 would be increased during infection with more virulent strains of H. pylori, and with more marked gastric mucosal pathology. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses of gastric biopsy samples from 42 H. pylori-infected and 42 uninfected patients revealed that CD55 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the gastric antrum of H. pylori-infected patients, and this was associated with the presence of IM, but not atrophy, or inflammation. Increased gastric CD55 and IM were both linked with colonisation by vacA i1-type strains independently of cagA status, and in vitro studies using isogenic mutants of vacA confirmed the ability of VacA to induce CD55 and sCD55 in gastric epithelial cell lines. siRNA experiments to investigate the function of H. pylori-induced CD55 showed that CD55 knockdown in gastric epithelial cells partially reduced IL-8 secretion in response to H. pylori, but this was not due to modulation of bacterial adhesion or cytotoxicity. Finally, plasma samples taken from the same patients were analysed for the soluble form of CD55 (sCD55) by ELISA. sCD55 levels were not influenced by IM and did not correlate with gastric CD55 mRNA levels. These results suggest a new link between active vacA i1-type H. pylori, IM, and CD55, and identify CD55 as a molecule of potential interest in the management of IM as well as GC treatment. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Kaneko
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Abed M Zaitoun
- Department of Cellular PathologyNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre CampusNottinghamUK
| | - Darren P Letley
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Joanne L Rhead
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades InfecciosasHospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSSMexico CityMexico
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery InstituteNottinghamUK
| | - John C Atherton
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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15
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Lee H, Edgar RJ, Lichtenstein IJ, Velarde JJ, Korotkova N, Wessels MR. Streptococcus pyogenes can support or inhibit growth of Haemophilus influenzae by supplying or restricting extracellular NAD+. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270697. [PMID: 36170255 PMCID: PMC9518897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential co-factor for cellular metabolism and serves as a substrate in enzymatic processes. NAD+ is produced by de novo synthesis or salvage pathways in nearly all bacterial species. Haemophilus influenzae lacks the capacity for de novo synthesis, so it is dependent on import of NAD+ from the external environment or salvage biosynthetic pathways for recycling of NAD+ precursors and breakdown products. However, the actual sources of NAD+ utilized by H. influenzae in the respiratory tract are not well defined. In this study, we found that a variety of bacteria, including species found in the upper airway of humans, released NAD+ that was readily detectable in extracellular culture fluid, and which supported growth of H. influenzae in vitro. By contrast, certain strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus or GAS) inhibited growth of H. influenzae in vitro by secreting NAD+-glycohydrolase (NADase), which degraded extracellular NAD+. Conversely, GAS strains that lacked enzymatically active NADase released extracellular NAD+, which could support H. influenzae growth. Our results suggest that many bacterial species, including normal flora of the upper airway, release NAD+ into the environment. GAS is distinctive in its ability to both release and degrade NAD+. Thus, colonization of the airway with H. influenzae may be promoted or restricted by co-colonization with GAS in a strain-specific manner that depends, respectively, on release of NAD+ or secretion of active NADase. We suggest that, in addition to its role as a cytotoxin for host cells, NADase may serve a separate function by restricting growth of H. influenzae in the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rebecca J. Edgar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ian J. Lichtenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge J. Velarde
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natalia Korotkova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Wessels
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Depsidones are some of the most abundant secondary metabolites produced by lichens. These compounds have aroused great pharmacological interest due to their activities as antioxidants, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic agents. Hence, this paper aims to provide up-to-date knowledge including an overview of the potential biological interest of lichen depsidones. So far, the most studied depsidones are fumarprotocetraric acid, lobaric acid, norstictic acid, physodic acid, salazinic acid, and stictic acid. Their pharmacological activities have been mainly investigated in in vitro studies and, to a lesser extent, in in vivo studies. No clinical trials have been performed yet. Depsidones are promising cytotoxic agents that act against different cell lines of animal and human origin. Moreover, these compounds have shown antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, mainly Candida spp. Furthermore, depsidones have antioxidant properties as revealed in oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo models. Future research should be focused on further investigating the mechanism of action of depsidones and in evaluating new potential actions as well as other depsidones that have not been studied yet from a pharmacological perspective. Likewise, more in vivo studies are prerequisite, and clinical trials for the most promising depsidones are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ureña-Vacas
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
| | - M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
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17
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Gupta T, Mondal AK, Pani I, Chattopadhyay K, Pal SK. Elucidating liquid crystal-aqueous interface for the study of cholesterol-mediated action of a β-barrel pore forming toxin. Soft Matter 2022; 18:5293-5301. [PMID: 35790122 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) produced by pathogenic bacteria serve as prominent virulence factors with potent cell-killing activity. Most of the β-barrel PFTs form transmembrane oligomeric pores in the membrane lipid bilayer in the presence of cholesterol. The pore-formation mechanisms of the PFTs highlight well-orchestrated regulated events in the membrane environment, which involve dramatic changes in the protein structure and organization. Also, concerted crosstalk between protein and membrane lipid components appears to play crucial roles in the process. Membrane-damaging lesions formed by the pore assembly of the PFTs would also be expected to impose drastic alterations in the membrane organization, details of which remain obscure in most of the cases. Prior reports have established that aqueous interfaces of liquid crystals (LCs) offer promise as responsive interfaces for biomolecular events (at physiologically relevant concentrations), which can be visualized as optical signals. Inspired by this, herein, we sought to understand the lipid membrane interactions of a β-barrel PFT i.e., Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC), using LC-aqueous interfaces. Our results show the formation of dendritic patterns upon the addition of VCC to the lipid embedded with cholesterol over the LC film. In contrast, we did not observe any LC reorientation upon the addition of VCC to the lipid-laden LC-aqueous interface in the absence of cholesterol. An array of techniques such as polarizing optical microscopy (POM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and fluorescence measurements were utilized to decipher the LC response to the lipid interactions of VCC occurring at these interfaces. Altogether, the results obtained from our study provide a novel platform to explore the mechanistic aspects of the protein-membrane interactions, in the process of membrane pore-formation by the membrane-damaging PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Ipsita Pani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India.
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18
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Kato K, Tachibana H. Identification of Multiple Domains of Entamoeba histolytica Intermediate Subunit Lectin-1 with Hemolytic and Cytotoxic Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147700. [PMID: 35887043 PMCID: PMC9316275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica have roles in the pathogenicity of intestinal amoebiasis. Igl1, the intermediate subunit lectin-1 of E. histolytica, has been shown to have both hemolytic and cytotoxic activities that reside in the C-terminus of the protein. To identify the amino acid regions responsible for these activities, recombinant proteins were prepared and used in hemolytic and cytotoxic assays. The results revealed that Igl1 has multiple domains with hemolytic and cytotoxic activities and that amino acids 787-846, 968-1028 and 1029-1088 are involved in these activities. The hemolytic activities of the fragments were partly inhibited by mannose, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucose showed lower or negligible inhibitory effects for the activities. This is the first report of a protozoan protein with hemolytic and cytotoxic activities in multiple domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Nagasaki, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7867
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Kanagawa, Japan;
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Qin W, Xu W, Wang L, Ren D, Cheng Y, Song W, Jiang T, Ma L, Zhang C. Bacteria-Elicited Specific Thrombosis Utilizing Acid-Induced Cytolysin A Expression to Enable Potent Tumor Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105086. [PMID: 35411710 PMCID: PMC9130894 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the special microenvironment of solid tumors, live microorganisms have emerged as drug delivery vehicles and therapeutic agents. Here, an acid-induced therapeutic platform is constructed using attenuated Escherichia coli to express the cytolysin A protein. The bacteria can target and colonize tumor tissues without causing notable host toxicity. Bacterial infection can disrupt blood vessels and trigger thrombosis in tumor tissues, resulting in the cut-off of nutrient supply to tumor cells and the arrest of tumor growth. The expression of cytolysin A induced by the acidic tumor microenvironment further strengthens thrombosis and provides a complementary therapeutic option due to its pore-forming function. In a xenograft mouse tumor model, this strategy reduces tumor proliferation by 79% and significantly prevents tumor metastasis, thus paving a new avenue for bacteria-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Longyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Debao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Yibin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biology and Medicine & College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430081P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringHubei Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
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20
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Lee MS, Bensinger SJ. Reprogramming cholesterol metabolism in macrophages and its role in host defense against cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:327-336. [PMID: 35017717 PMCID: PMC8891295 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a critical lipid for all mammalian cells, ensuring proper membrane integrity, fluidity, and biochemical function. Accumulating evidence indicates that macrophages rapidly and profoundly reprogram their cholesterol metabolism in response to activation signals to support host defense processes. However, our understanding of the molecular details underlying how and why cholesterol homeostasis is specifically reshaped during immune responses remains less well understood. This review discusses our current knowledge of cellular cholesterol homeostatic machinery and introduces emerging concepts regarding how plasma membrane cholesterol is partitioned into distinct pools. We then discuss how proinflammatory signals can markedly reshape the cholesterol metabolism of macrophages, with a focus on the differences between MyD88-dependent pattern recognition receptors and the interferon signaling pathway. We also discuss recent work investigating the capacity of these proinflammatory signals to selectively reshape plasma membrane cholesterol homeostasis. We examine how these changes in plasma membrane cholesterol metabolism influence sensitivity to a set of microbial pore-forming toxins known as cholesterol-dependent cytolysins that specifically target cholesterol for their effector functions. We also discuss whether lipid metabolic reprogramming can be leveraged for therapy to mitigate tissue damage mediated by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins in necrotizing fasciitis and other related infections. We expect that advancing our understanding of the crosstalk between metabolism and innate immunity will help explain how inflammation underlies metabolic diseases and highlight pathways that could be targeted to normalize metabolic homeostasis in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sub Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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21
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Diechler S, Chichirau BE, Posselt G, Sgouras DN, Wessler S. Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA Motif Variations Affect Metabolic Activity in B Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090592. [PMID: 34564597 PMCID: PMC8473296 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) colonizes the human stomach and can induce gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Clinical observations suggest a role for the Hp virulence factor cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) in pathogenesis. The pathogenic activity of CagA is partly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation of C-terminal Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) motifs in host cells. However, CagA differs considerably in EPIYA motifs, whose functions have been well characterized in epithelial cells. Since CagA is fragmented in immune cells, different CagA variants may exhibit undetected functions in B cells. Methods: B cells were infected with Hp isolates and isogenic mutants expressing different CagA EPIYA variants. CagA translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation were investigated by Western blotting. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and metabolic activity was detected by an MTT assay. Results: Isogenic CagA EPIYA variants are equally well translocated into B cells, followed by tyrosine phosphorylation and cleavage. B cell apoptosis was induced in a CagA-independent manner. However, variants containing at least one EPIYA-C motif affected metabolic activity independently of phosphorylation or multiplication of EPIYA-C motifs. Conclusions: The diverse structure of CagA regulates B cell physiology, whereas B cell survival is independent of CagA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Diechler
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.D.); (B.E.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Bianca E. Chichirau
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.D.); (B.E.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.D.); (B.E.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Dionyssios N. Sgouras
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece;
| | - Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.D.); (B.E.C.); (G.P.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Allergy-Cancer-BioNano Research Centre, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-662-8044-7210
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22
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Linares-Anaya O, Avila-Sorrosa A, Díaz-Cedillo F, Gil-Ruiz LÁ, Correa-Basurto J, Salazar-Mendoza D, Orjuela AL, Alí-Torres J, Ramírez-Apan MT, Morales-Morales D. Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary In Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation of a Series of 2-Substituted Benzo [ d] [1,3] Azoles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092780. [PMID: 34066820 PMCID: PMC8125891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of benzo [d] [1,3] azoles 2-substituted with benzyl- and allyl-sulfanyl groups were synthesized, and their cytotoxic activities were in vitro evaluated against a panel of six human cancer cell lines. The results showed that compounds BTA-1 and BMZ-2 have the best inhibitory effects, compound BMZ-2 being comparable in some cases with the reference drug tamoxifen and exhibiting a low cytotoxic effect against healthy cells. In silico molecular coupling studies at the tamoxifen binding site of ERα and GPER receptors revealed affinity and the possible mode of interaction of both compounds BTA-1 and BMZ-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozvaldo Linares-Anaya
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Colonia Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (O.L.-A.); (F.D.-C.); (L.Á.G.-R.)
| | - Alcives Avila-Sorrosa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Colonia Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (O.L.-A.); (F.D.-C.); (L.Á.G.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-729-6000
| | - Francisco Díaz-Cedillo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Colonia Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (O.L.-A.); (F.D.-C.); (L.Á.G.-R.)
| | - Luis Ángel Gil-Ruiz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Colonia Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (O.L.-A.); (F.D.-C.); (L.Á.G.-R.)
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
| | - Domingo Salazar-Mendoza
- Carretera a Acatlima, Huajuapan de León, Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, Oaxaca 69000, Mexico;
| | - Adrian L. Orjuela
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.L.O.); (J.A.-T.)
| | - Jorge Alí-Torres
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.L.O.); (J.A.-T.)
| | - María Teresa Ramírez-Apan
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.T.R.-A.); (D.M.-M.)
| | - David Morales-Morales
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.T.R.-A.); (D.M.-M.)
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23
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Drabavicius G, Daelemans D. Intermedilysin cytolytic activity depends on heparan sulfates and membrane composition. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33577603 PMCID: PMC7906465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), of which intermedilysin (ILY) is an archetypal member, are a group of pore-forming toxins secreted by a large variety of pathogenic bacteria. These toxins, secreted as soluble monomers, oligomerize upon interaction with cholesterol in the target membrane and transect it as pores of diameters of up to 100 to 300 Å. These pores disrupt cell membranes and result in cell lysis. The immune receptor CD59 is a well-established cellular factor required for intermedilysin pore formation. In this study, we applied genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out screening to reveal additional cellular co-factors essential for ILY-mediated cell lysis. We discovered a plethora of genes previously not associated with ILY, many of which are important for membrane constitution. We show that heparan sulfates facilitate ILY activity, which can be inhibited by heparin. Furthermore, we identified hits in both protein and lipid glycosylation pathways and show a role for glucosylceramide, demonstrating that membrane organization is important for ILY activity. We also cross-validated identified genes with vaginolysin and pneumolysin and found that pneumolysin's cytolytic activity strongly depends on the asymmetric distribution of membrane phospholipids. This study shows that membrane-targeting toxins combined with genetic screening can identify genes involved in biological membrane composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Drabavicius
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
The ionic currents passing through nanopores can be used to sequence DNA and identify molecules at the single-molecule level. Recently, researchers have started using nanopores for the detection and analysis of proteins, providing a new platform for single-molecule enzymology studies and more efficient biomolecular sensing applications. For this approach, the homo-oligomeric Cytolysin A (ClyA) nanopore has been demonstrated as a powerful tool. Here, we describe a simple protocol allowing the production of ClyA nanopores. Monomers of ClyA are expressed in Escherichia coli and oligomerized in the presence of detergent. Subsequently, different oligomer variants are electrophoretically resolved and stored in a gel matrix for long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stéphanie Galenkamp
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Van Meervelt
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Lisa Mutter
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nieck Jordy van der Heide
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Wloka
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Shah NR, Voisin TB, Parsons ES, Boyd CM, Hoogenboom BW, Bubeck D. Structural basis for tuning activity and membrane specificity of bacterial cytolysins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5818. [PMID: 33199689 PMCID: PMC7669874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are pore-forming proteins that serve as major virulence factors for pathogenic bacteria. They target eukaryotic cells using different mechanisms, but all require the presence of cholesterol to pierce lipid bilayers. How CDCs use cholesterol to selectively lyse cells is essential for understanding virulence strategies of several pathogenic bacteria, and for repurposing CDCs to kill new cellular targets. Here we address that question by trapping an early state of pore formation for the CDC intermedilysin, bound to the human immune receptor CD59 in a nanodisc model membrane. Our cryo electron microscopy map reveals structural transitions required for oligomerization, which include the lateral movement of a key amphipathic helix. We demonstrate that the charge of this helix is crucial for tuning lytic activity of CDCs. Furthermore, we discover modifications that overcome the requirement of cholesterol for membrane rupture, which may facilitate engineering the target-cell specificity of pore-forming proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita R Shah
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tomas B Voisin
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward S Parsons
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Courtney M Boyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Doryen Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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26
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Chaurasia R, Sritharan M. Cytotoxicity of the 42 kDa SMase C sphingomyelinase secreted by Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona on Vero cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2020; 166:1065-1073. [PMID: 32985970 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases produced by the pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira are implicated in the haemorrhagic manifestations seen in the severe form of leptospirosis. With multiple sphingomyelinase genes present in the genome of pathogenic Leptospira, much remains to be understood about these molecules. They include factors regulating their expression, post-translational modifications, and release of the biologically active forms of these molecules. In this study, serovar Pomona was chosen as it is reported to express high levels of sphingomyelinase that explained the haemolytic activity seen in experimental animals infected with this pathogen. Here, we demonstrate the cytotoxicity of a 42 kDa sphingomyelinase secreted by Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona strain Pomona upon infecting Vero cells. This sphingomyelinase detected using specific anti-sphingomyelinase antibodies, exhibited haemolytic and sphingomyelinase activities that caused host-cell damage evident from the confocal images and scanning electron micrographs. The implications of these findings and the detection of a 42 kDa sphingomyelinase in the urine of human patients with leptospirosis in our earlier study is discussed with an emphasis on the potential of these sphingomyelinases as candidate markers for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Chaurasia
- Present address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manjula Sritharan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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27
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Westmeier J, Paniskaki K, Karaköse Z, Werner T, Sutter K, Dolff S, Overbeck M, Limmer A, Liu J, Zheng X, Brenner T, Berger MM, Witzke O, Trilling M, Lu M, Yang D, Babel N, Westhoff T, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. Impaired Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cell Response in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. mBio 2020; 11:e02243-20. [PMID: 32948688 PMCID: PMC7502863 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02243-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces a T cell response that most likely contributes to virus control in COVID-19 patients but may also induce immunopathology. Until now, the cytotoxic T cell response has not been very well characterized in COVID-19 patients. Here, we analyzed the differentiation and cytotoxic profile of T cells in 30 cases of mild COVID-19 during acute infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced a cytotoxic response of CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, characterized by the simultaneous production of granzyme A and B as well as perforin within different effector CD8+ T cell subsets. PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells also produced cytotoxic molecules during acute infection, indicating that they were not functionally exhausted. However, in COVID-19 patients over the age of 80 years, the cytotoxic T cell potential was diminished, especially in effector memory and terminally differentiated effector CD8+ cells, showing that elderly patients have impaired cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Our data provide valuable information about T cell responses in COVID-19 patients that may also have important implications for vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for the elimination of infected cells and are key players in the control of viruses. CD8+ T cells with an effector phenotype express cytotoxic molecules and are able to perform target cell killing. COVID-19 patients with a mild disease course were analyzed for the differentiation status and cytotoxic profile of CD8+ T cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced a vigorous cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response. However, this cytotoxic profile of T cells was not detected in COVID-19 patients over the age of 80 years. Thus, the absence of a cytotoxic response in elderly patients might be a possible reason for the more frequent severity of COVID-19 in this age group than in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Westmeier
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Krystallenia Paniskaki
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Zehra Karaköse
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marvin Overbeck
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc M Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm Westhoff
- Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, HUST, Wuhan, China
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28
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Vieira PCG, Espinoza-Culupú AO, Nepomuceno R, Alves MR, Lebrun I, Elias WP, Ruiz RC. Secreted autotransporter toxin (Sat) induces cell damage during enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228959. [PMID: 32084148 PMCID: PMC7034920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted autotransporter toxin (Sat) is a 107-kDa serine protease autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) presenting cytotoxic activity in renal and bladder cells. Further studies have detected the Sat-encoding gene (sat) in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and in E. coli strains isolated from neonatal septicemia and meningitis. Here, we investigated the role of Sat as a cytotoxin of EAEC. Sat was purified from a strain of E. coli harboring sat (DEC/Sat+, O126:H2) and used to raise antibodies in rabbit. The presence of Sat was detected by ELISA in the supernatant of 93.7% of EAEC strains harboring sat and in none lacking the gene. The effect of Sat during infection was investigated in polarized Caco-2 cells infected with Sat-producing EAEC (CV323/77, O125ab:H21). This strain induced intense cell detachment, which was inhibited by PMSF or Sat antiserum. Also, sat transcription and Sat production were detected during infection. Here we demonstrate that Sat is internalized in polarized cells leading to F-actin disruption which preceded cell detachment. A comparative study of the toxin action in cell lines corresponding to the infection sites in which bacteria carrying the sat gene have been isolated was performed. Cells originating from the gastrointestinal tract (Caco-2), urinary (LLC-PK1) and endothelium (HUVEC) were incubated with purified Sat. The time required for observation of cell damage differed according to the cell line. HUVEC cells were more sensitive to Sat than cells derived from urinary and intestinal tracts. The intense activity of Sat on the endothelial cells suggests that Sat could also be a virulence factor for the bacteria in the bloodstream. In addition, this is the first work demonstrating that Sat induces cytotoxic effect during EAEC infection in vitro. The cell damage observed during infection indicates that Sat may be another toxin with cytotoxic role in the EAEC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina R. Alves
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivo Lebrun
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Waldir P. Elias
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Ruiz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Matulja D, Kolympadi Markovic M, Ambrožić G, Laclef S, Pavelić SK, Marković D. Secondary Metabolites from Gorgonian Corals of the Genus Eunicella: Structural Characterizations, Biological Activities, and Synthetic Approaches. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010129. [PMID: 31905691 PMCID: PMC6983218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gorgonian corals, which belong to the genus Eunicella, are known as natural sources of diverse compounds with unique structural characteristics and interesting bioactivities both in vitro and in vivo. This review is focused primarily on the secondary metabolites isolated from various Eunicella species. The chemical structures of 64 compounds were divided into three main groups and comprehensively presented: a) terpenoids, b) sterols, and c) alkaloids and nucleosides. The observed biological activities of depicted metabolites with an impact on cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities were reviewed. The most promising biological activities of certain metabolites point to potential candidates for further development in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries, and are highlighted. Total synthesis or the synthetic approaches towards the desired skeletons or natural products are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Matulja
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Maria Kolympadi Markovic
- Department of Physics and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriela Ambrožić
- Department of Physics and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.K.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Sylvain Laclef
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) UMR CNRS 7378—Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, FR-80039 Amiens CEDEX, France;
| | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (S.K.P.); (D.M.); Tel.: +385-51-584-550 (S.K.P.); +385-51-584-816 (D.M.)
| | - Dean Marković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (S.K.P.); (D.M.); Tel.: +385-51-584-550 (S.K.P.); +385-51-584-816 (D.M.)
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Viswanatha R, Brathwaite R, Hu Y, Li Z, Rodiger J, Merckaert P, Chung V, Mohr SE, Perrimon N. Pooled CRISPR Screens in Drosophila Cells. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 2019; 129:e111. [PMID: 31763777 PMCID: PMC6961806 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screens in Drosophila melanogaster cell lines have led to discovery of conserved gene functions related to signal transduction, host-pathogen interactions, ion transport, and more. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has opened the door to new types of large-scale cell-based screens. Whereas array-format screens require liquid handling automation and assay miniaturization, pooled-format screens, in which reagents are introduced at random and in bulk, can be done in a standard lab setting. We provide a detailed protocol for conducting and evaluating genome-wide CRISPR single guide RNA (sgRNA) pooled screens in Drosophila S2R+ cultured cells. Specifically, we provide step-by-step instructions for library design and production, optimization of cytotoxin-based selection assays, genome-scale screening, and data analysis. This type of project takes ∼3 months to complete. Results can be used in follow-up studies performed in vivo in Drosophila, mammalian cells, and/or other systems. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol: Pooled-format screening with Cas9-expressing Drosophila S2R+ cells in the presence of cytotoxin Support Protocol 1: Optimization of cytotoxin concentration for Drosophila cell screening Support Protocol 2: CRISPR sgRNA library design and production for Drosophila cell screening Support Protocol 3: Barcode deconvolution and analysis of screening data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roderick Brathwaite
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhongchi Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Rodiger
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pierre Merckaert
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Verena Chung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Benz R, Piselli C, Potter AA. Channel Formation by LktA of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica in Lipid Bilayer Membranes and Comparison of Channel Properties with Other RTX-Cytolysins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100604. [PMID: 31627319 PMCID: PMC6833087 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolysin LktA is one of the major pathogenicity factors of Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica) that is the cause of pasteurellosis, also known as shipping fever pneumonia, causing substantial loss of sheep and cattle during transport. LktA belongs to the family of RTX-toxins (Repeats in ToXins) that are produced as pathogenicity factors by a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. Sublytic concentrations of LktA cause inflammatory responses of ovine leukocytes. Higher concentrations result in formation of transmembrane channels in target cells that may cause cell lysis and apoptosis. In this study we investigated channel formation by LktA in artificial lipid bilayer membranes made of different lipids. LktA purified from culture supernatants by polyethylene glycol 4000 precipitation and lyophilization had to be activated to frequently form channels by solution in 6 M urea. The LktA channels had a single-channel conductance of about 60 pS in 0.1 M KCl, which is about one tenth of the conductance of most RTX-toxins with the exception of adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis. The LktA channels are highly cation-selective caused by negative net charges. The theoretical treatment of the conductance of LktA as a function of the bulk aqueous concentration allowed a rough estimate of the channel diameter, which is around 1.5 nm. The size of the LktA channel is discussed with respect to channels formed by other RTX-toxins. We present here the first investigation of LktA in a reconstituted system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Benz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs-University Bremen gGmbH Campusring, 1; 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Claudio Piselli
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs-University Bremen gGmbH Campusring, 1; 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andrew A Potter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E3, Canada.
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. The cytotoxicities in prokaryote and eukaryote varied for CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and differed from cadmium ions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 181:336-344. [PMID: 31202934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study focused on the bioaccumulation and cytotoxicities of Cd2+, CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and CdSe/ZnS QDs in Escherichia coli (E. coli, represents prokaryotic system) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium, represents eukaryotic system), respectively. Two types of QDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer results showed that the bioaccumulation amounts of CdSe QDs by E. coli and P. chrysosporium were larger than those of CdSe/ZnS QDs due to the smaller particle size and less negative surface charges of CdSe QDs. Confocal microscopy and TEM results showed that there was an interaction between QDs and cells, and QDs have entered into the cells eventually, leading to the change of cell morphology. Plasma membrane fluidities and membrane H+-ATPase activities of E. coli and P. chrysosporium decreased gradually with the increasing concentrations of Cd2+, CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs. Results of the cell viabilities and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels indicated that the induced cytotoxicities were decreased as follows: CdSe QDs > CdSe/ZnS QDs > Cd2+. These findings suggested that the cytotoxicity of QDs was not only attributed to their heavy metal components, but also related to their nanosize effects which could induce particle-specific toxicity. The above results offer valuable information for exploring the cytotoxicity mechanism of QDs in prokaryote and eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Saravana PS, Shanmugapriya K, Gereniu CRN, Chae SJ, Kang HW, Woo HC, Chun BS. Ultrasound-mediated fucoxanthin rich oil nanoemulsions stabilized by κ-carrageenan: Process optimization, bio-accessibility and cytotoxicity. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 55:105-116. [PMID: 31084784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to produce and optimize a κ-carrageenan-based nanoemulsion (NE) to encapsulate seaweed oil, which is rich in fucoxanthin (FX), using ultrasound-assisted emulsification. κ-Carrageenan was produced using subcritical water, and seaweed oil was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with sunflower oil as the co-solvent. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to understand the influence of several process parameters such as ultrasound amplitude, time, temperature, and duty cycle to produce an NE. The RSM factor was used to focus on droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, viscosity, antioxidant, FX, encapsulation efficiency, and emulsion stability. Our outcomes suggested that the ultrasound process had a noteworthy influence on the NE. The best conditions to obtain an NE were an ultrasound amplitude of 87 µm, a sonication time of 394 s, a temperature of 60 °C, and a duty cycle of 50%. The resulting NE was studied by UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the NE obtained from optimized conditions was checked for fatty acid content, color, oxidative stability, in vitro digestion, bioaccessibility of FX, and cytotoxicity. The results obtained suggest that lower droplet size of the emulsion can improve oxidative stability, in vitro digestion, bioaccessibility of FX, and good cell inhibition against a few cell lines. Therefore, a κ-carrageenan-stabilized NE can be used as a potential delivery system to endorse applications of seaweed oil, which is rich in FX, in functional foods, beverage systems, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periaswamy Sivagnanam Saravana
- Food Engineering Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Karuppusamy Shanmugapriya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Centre for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology, Pukyong National University, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Collin Rudolf Nobbs Gereniu
- Food Engineering Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Fisheries Studies, School of Technology, Maritime, and Fisheries Studies, Solomon Islands National University, P.O. Box R113, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Sol-Ji Chae
- Food Engineering Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Centre for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology, Pukyong National University, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-ro, Namgu, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Food Engineering Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Su T, Fu X, Li T, Yu Z, Wang X, Li C, Bai J, Chi-Yan C. An ethanolic extract of Bailian (Radix Ampelopsis Japonicae): demonstration of colorectal cancer treatment efficacy via inhibition of β-catenin signaling in vitro. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2019; 39:339-345. [PMID: 32186006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanism of Bailian (Radix Ampelopsis Japonicae, BL) extract action on colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We explored the involvement of β-catenin signaling on the anti-CRC effects of an BL ethanolic extract (BLE) in cell models by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- iphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, immunofluorescent staining, luciferase assay, Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Anti-CRC compounds were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The contents of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in the BLE were 0.23, 1.25, and 0.18 g/kg, respectively. BLE-mediated cytotoxic and apoptotic effects were accompanied by lowered β-catenin/Tcf transcriptional activity, reduced β-catenin nuclear localization, and downregulated protein and mRNA levels of both β-catenin and molecules regulated by β-catenin. CONCLUSION The mechanism underpinning the anti-CRC effects of BLE may involve inhibition of β-catenin signaling. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of β-catenin signaling in the action of BLE-mediated anti-CRC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Ting Li
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Zhiling Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Xinning Wang
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jingxuan Bai
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Cheng Chi-Yan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Yamada T, Hamada M, Floreancig P, Nakabachi A. Diaphorin, a polyketide synthesized by an intracellular symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, is potentially harmful for biological control agents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216319. [PMID: 31048920 PMCID: PMC6497295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Liviidae) is an important pest of citrus species worldwide because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter spp. (Alphaproteobacteria), the causative agents of an incurable citrus disease known as huanglongbing or greening disease. Diaphorina citri possesses a vertically-transmitted intracellular symbiont, Candidatus Profftella armatura (Betaproteobacteria), which produces diaphorin, a polyketide that is significantly toxic to mammalian cells. Diaphorin is an analog of pederin, a defensive polyketide in the body fluid of Paederus rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) that deters predators. In the present study, as a first step to assess the possibility that diaphorin is toxic to biological control agents, we assayed diaphorin activities against insects and fungi. The target cells and organisms were (a) the Sf9 cell line derived from the fall armyworm moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), (b) the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea: Aphididae), a phloem sap-sucking insect that is closely related to psyllids, (c) the Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), one of the major predators of D. citri, and (d) the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ascomycota: Saccharomycetes) as a model of fungal pathogens. For a comparison, we also evaluated pederin activities. The results of our analyses revealed the following: (1) Diaphorin and pederin are significantly toxic to the tested insects and yeast; (2) Their toxicities vary widely among the target cells and organisms; (3) Diaphorin is generally less toxic than pederin; (4) The toxicities of diaphorin and pederin are considerably different in the Sf9 insect cell line and S. cerevisiae, but similar in A. pisum and H. axyridis; and (5) The amount of diaphorin contained in D. citri is toxic to all of the tested cells and organisms, suggesting that this polyketide is potentially harmful for biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamada
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Hamada
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Paul Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Nakabachi
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
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Abdel-Wahab NM, Scharf S, Özkaya FC, Kurtán T, Mándi A, Fouad MA, Kamel MS, Müller WEG, Kalscheuer R, Lin W, Daletos G, Ebrahim W, Liu Z, Proksch P. Induction of Secondary Metabolites from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus versicolor through Co-cultivation with Bacillus subtilis. Planta Med 2019; 85:503-512. [PMID: 30699456 DOI: 10.1055/a-0835-2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new cyclic pentapeptide, cotteslosin C (1: ), a new aflaquinolone, 22-epi-aflaquinolone B (3: ), and two new anthraquinones (9: and 10: ), along with thirty known compounds (2, 4: - 8, 11: - 34: ) were isolated from a co-culture of the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor with Bacillus subtilis. The new metabolites were only detected in the co-culture extract, but not when the fungus was grown under axenic conditions. Furthermore, the co-culture extract exhibited an enhanced accumulation of the known constituents versicolorin B (14: ), averufin (16: ), and sterigmatocyctin (19: ) by factors of 1.5, 2.0, and 4.7, respectively, compared to the axenic fungal culture. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectrometry as well as by comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of compounds 3, 9: , and 10: was determined by ECD (electronic circular dichroism) analysis aided by TDDFT-ECD (time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism) calculations. Compounds 15, 18: - 21: , and 26: exhibited strong to moderate cytotoxic activity against the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y, with IC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 21.2 µM, while compounds 14, 16, 31, 32: , and 33: displayed moderate inhibitory activities against several gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 50 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Abdel-Wahab
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Sebastian Scharf
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ferhat C Özkaya
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mostafa A Fouad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Kamel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Weaam Ebrahim
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Khan MA, Ali ZS, Sweezey N, Grasemann H, Palaniyar N. Progression of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease from Childhood to Adulthood: Neutrophils, Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation, and NET Degradation. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030183. [PMID: 30813645 PMCID: PMC6471578 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause CF. Infants with CFTR mutations show a peribronchial neutrophil infiltration prior to the establishment of infection in their lung. The inflammatory response progressively increases in children that include both upper and lower airways. Infectious and inflammatory response leads to an increase in mucus viscosity and mucus plugging of small and medium-size bronchioles. Eventually, neutrophils chronically infiltrate the airways with biofilm or chronic bacterial infection. Perpetual infection and airway inflammation destroy the lungs, which leads to increased morbidity and eventual mortality in most of the patients with CF. Studies have now established that neutrophil cytotoxins, extracellular DNA, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are associated with increased mucus clogging and lung injury in CF. In addition to opportunistic pathogens, various aspects of the CF airway milieux (e.g., airway pH, salt concentration, and neutrophil phenotypes) influence the NETotic capacity of neutrophils. CF airway milieu may promote the survival of neutrophils and eventual pro-inflammatory aberrant NETosis, rather than the anti-inflammatory apoptotic death in these cells. Degrading NETs helps to manage CF airway disease; since DNAse treatment release cytotoxins from the NETs, further improvements are needed to degrade NETs with maximal positive effects. Neutrophil-T cell interactions may be important in regulating viral infection-mediated pulmonary exacerbations in patients with bacterial infections. Therefore, clarifying the role of neutrophils and NETs in CF lung disease and identifying therapies that preserve the positive effects of neutrophils, while reducing the detrimental effects of NETs and cytotoxic components, are essential in achieving innovative therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraj A Khan
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Zubair Sabz Ali
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Neil Sweezey
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Izuegbuna O, Otunola G, Bradley G. Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Opuntia stricta cladodes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209682. [PMID: 30695064 PMCID: PMC6350967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Opuntia spp. have been used in traditional medicine for many centuries. It is used in the management of diseases that involves oxidative stress, especially diabetes, obesity and cancer. Opuntia stricta (Haw) is one of the relatively unknown species in South Africa where it is regarded more as a weed. Because of this, not much is known about its chemical composition. Aim To determine the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Opuntia stricta cladodes. Methods The phytochemical composition of acetone, aqueous and ethanol extract of cladodes of Opuntia stricta (Haw), as well as the vitamins A, C and E of its dried weight cladodes and the antioxidant activities, were evaluated using standard in vitro methods. The anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities were evaluated using cell-based assays. The phytochemical composition and vitamins were determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum (total) antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using RAW 264.7 cells, while cytotoxicity was determined using U937 cells. Results The phytochemical composition showed a significant difference in the various extracts. The total phenolics were higher than other phytochemicals in all the extracts used. All the extracts displayed antioxidant activity, while most of the extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity. Only one extract showed cytotoxicity, and it was mild. Conclusion The results show that the Opuntia stricta is rich in polyphenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity as well as anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu Izuegbuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science & Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Gloria Otunola
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science & Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Graeme Bradley
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science & Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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39
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Yaghini E, Dondi R, Edler KJ, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Codelivery of a cytotoxin and photosensitiser via a liposomal nanocarrier: a novel strategy for light-triggered cytosolic release. Nanoscale 2018; 10:20366-20376. [PMID: 30376028 PMCID: PMC6251340 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is a key issue for the intracellular delivery of many nano-sized biotherapeutics to their cytosolic or nuclear targets. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a novel light-based solution that can be used to trigger the endosomal escape of a range of bioactive agents into the cytosol leading to improved efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical studies. PCI typically depends upon the endolysosomal colocalisation of the bioactive agent with a suitable photosensitiser that is administered separately. In this study we demonstrate that both these components may be combined for codelivery via a novel multifunctional liposomal nanocarrier, with a corresponding increase in the biological efficacy of the encapsulated agent. As proof of concept, we show here that the cytotoxicity of the 30 kDa protein toxin, saporin, in MC28 fibrosarcoma cells is significantly enhanced when delivered via a cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-modified liposome, with the CPP additionally functionalised with a photosensitiser that is targeted to endolysosomal membranes. This innovation opens the way for the efficient delivery of a range of biotherapeutics by the PCI approach, incorporating a clinically proven liposome delivery platform and using bioorthogonal ligation chemistries to append photosensitisers and peptides of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science
, University College London
,
Royal Free Campus
, Rowland Hill Street
, London NW3 2PE
, UK
.
;
| | - Ian M. Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
, University of Bath
,
Bath BA2 7AY
, UK
.
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40
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Rezaei Somee L, Ghadam P, Abdi-Ali A, Fallah S, Panahi G. Biosynthesised AgCl NPs using Bacillus sp. 1/11 and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity and antibacterial and antibiofilm effects on multi-drug resistant bacteria. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:764-772. [PMID: 30104450 PMCID: PMC8676579 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their properties. Biological synthesis of AgNPs is eco-friendly and cost-effective preferred to physical and chemical methods, which utilize environmentally harmful agents and large amounts of energy. Microorganisms have been explored as potential biofactories to synthesize AgNPs. Bacterial NP synthesis is affected by Ag salt concentration, pH, temperature and bacterial species. In this study, Bacillus spp., isolated from soil, were screened for AgNP synthesis at pH 12 with 5 mM Ag nitrate (AgNO3) final concentration at room temperature. The isolate with fastest color change and the best ultraviolet-visible spectrum in width and height were chosen as premier one. AgNO3 and citrate salts were compared in terms of their influence on NP synthesis. Spherical Ag chloride (AgCl) NPs with a size range of 35-40 nm were synthesized in 1.5 mM Ag citrate solution. Fourier transform infrared analysis demonstrated that protein and carbohydrates were capping agents for NPs. In this study, antimicrobial and antitumor properties of the AgNP were investigated. The resulting AgCl NPs had bacteriostatic activity against four standard spp. And multi-drug resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These NPs are also cytotoxic to cancer cell lines MCF-7, U87MG and T293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezaei Somee
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parinaz Ghadam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahya Abdi-Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Thomas SP, Hoang TT, Ressler VT, Raines RT. Human angiogenin is a potent cytotoxin in the absence of ribonuclease inhibitor. RNA 2018; 24:1018-1027. [PMID: 29748193 PMCID: PMC6049508 DOI: 10.1261/rna.065516.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenin (ANG) is a secretory ribonuclease that promotes the proliferation of endothelial cells, leading to angiogenesis. This function relies on its ribonucleolytic activity, which is low for simple RNA substrates. Upon entry into the cytosol, ANG is sequestered by the ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RNH1). We find that ANG is a potent cytotoxin for RNH1-knockout HeLa cells, belying its inefficiency as a nonspecific catalyst. The toxicity does, however, rely on the ribonucleolytic activity of ANG and a cytosolic localization, which lead to the accumulation of particular tRNA fragments (tRFs), such as tRF-5 Gly-GCC. These up-regulated tRFs are highly cytotoxic at physiological concentrations. Although ANG is well-known for its promotion of cell growth, our results reveal that ANG can also cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P Thomas
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Trish T Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Valerie T Ressler
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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42
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Abstract
The C7 (C9 or C10)- O-l-rhodosamine-bearing anthracycline antibiotic cytorhodins and their biosynthetic intermediates were recently isolated from Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 1666. Cosmid p17C4 from the Streptomyces lydicus genomic library, which harbors both the biosynthetic genes for l-rhodinose (or 2-deoxy-l-fucose) and its glycosyltransferase (encoded by slgG), was introduced into SCSIO 1666 to yield the recombinant strain Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 1666/17C4. Chemical investigations of this strain's secondary metabolic potential revealed the production of different anthracyclines featuring C7- O-l-rhodinose (or 2-deoxy-l-fucose) instead of the typically observed l-rhodosamine. Purification of the fermentation broth yielded 12 new anthracycline antibiotics including three new ε-rhodomycinone derivatives, 1, 4, and 8, nine new β-rhodomycinone derivatives, 2, 3, 5-7, and 9-12, and three known compounds, l-rhodinose-l-rhodinose-l-rhodinoserhodomycinone (13), ε-rhodomycinone (14), and γ-rhodomycinone (15). All compounds were characterized on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with previously reported data. These compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Significantly, compounds 4 and 13 displayed pronounced activity against HCT-116 as characterized by IC50 values of 0.3 and 0.2 μM, respectively; these IC50 values are comparable to that of the positive control epirubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 Yuquan Road , Beijing 110039 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510301 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Mo
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 Yuquan Road , Beijing 110039 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 Yuquan Road , Beijing 110039 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire RG42 6EY , U.K
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 Yuquan Road , Beijing 110039 , People's Republic of China
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43
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Capone E, Lamolinara A, D'Agostino D, Rossi C, De Laurenzi V, Iezzi M, Iacobelli S, Sala G. EV20-mediated delivery of cytotoxic auristatin MMAF exhibits potent therapeutic efficacy in cutaneous melanoma. J Control Release 2018; 277:48-56. [PMID: 29550398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the cancers with the fastest rising incidence and in its advanced metastatic form is a highly lethal disease. Despite the recent approval of several new drugs, the 5-year overall survival rate for advanced cutaneous melanoma is still below 20% and therefore, the development of novel treatments remains a primary need. Antibody-Drug Conjugates are an emerging novel class of anticancer agents, whose preclinical and clinical development has recently seen a remarkable increase in different tumors, including melanoma. Here, we have coupled the anti-HER-3 internalizing antibody EV20 to the cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) to form a novel antibody-drug conjugate (EV20/MMAF). In a panel of human melanoma cell lines, this novel ADC shows a powerful, specific and target-dependent cell killing activity, independently of BRAF status. Efficacy studies demonstrated that a single administration of EV20/MMAF leads to a long-lasting tumor growth inhibition. Remarkably, the effect of this novel ADC was superior to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in preventing kidney, liver and lung melanoma metastases. Overall, these results highlight EV20/MMAF as a novel ADC with promising therapeutic efficacy, warranting extensive pre-clinical evaluation in melanoma with high levels of HER-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Capone
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Lamolinara
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, CeSi-Met, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Agostino
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cosmo Rossi
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-Met), Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, CeSi-Met, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; MediaPharma s.r.l., Via della Colonnetta 50/A, Chieti, Italy.
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44
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Goudarzi F, Asadi A, Afsharpour M, Jamadi RH. In Vitro Characterization and Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effects of Nisin and Nisin-Loaded PLA-PEG-PLA Nanoparticles on Gastrointestinal (AGS and KYSE-30), Hepatic (HepG2) and Blood (K562) Cancer Cell Lines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1554-1566. [PMID: 29470827 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was an in vitro evaluation and comparison of the cytotoxic effects of free nisin and nisin-loaded PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles on gastrointestinal (AGS and KYSE-30), hepatic (HepG2), and blood (K562) cancer cell lines. To create this novel anti-cancer drug delivery system, the nanoparticles were synthesized and then loaded with nisin. Subsequently, their biocompatibility, ability to enter cells, and physicochemical properties, including formation, size, and shape, were studied using hemolysis, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Then, its loading efficiency and release kinetics were examined to assess the potential impact of this formulation for the nanoparticle carrier candidacy. The cytotoxicities of nisin and nisin-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated by using the MTT and Neutral Red (NR) uptake assays. Detections of the apoptotic cells were done via Ethidium Bromide (EB)/Acridine Orange (AO) staining. The FTIR spectra, SEM images, and DLS graph confirmed the formations of the nanoparticles and nisin-loaded nanoparticles with spherical, distinct, and smooth surfaces and average sizes of 100 and 200 nm, respectively. The loading efficiency of the latter nanoparticles was about 85-90%. The hemolysis test represented their non-cytotoxicities and the FITC images indicated their entrance inside the cells. An increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed through EB/AO staining. These results demonstrated that nisin had a cytotoxic effect on AGS, KYSE-30, HepG2, and K562 cancer cell lines, while the cytotoxicity of nisin-loaded nanoparticles was more than that of the free nisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Goudarzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran.
| | - Asadollah Asadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
| | - Maryam Afsharpour
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, 14335-186, Iran
| | - Robab Hassanvand Jamadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
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45
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Bengoetxea X, de Cerain AL, Azqueta A, Ramirez MJ. Purported Interactions of Amyloid-β and Glucocorticoids in Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity: Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1085-1094. [PMID: 27589535 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of aggregates of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) that are believed to be neurotoxic. One of the purposed damaging mechanisms of Aβ is oxidative insult, which eventually could damage the cellular genome. Stress and associated increases in glucocorticoids (GCs) have been described as a risk factor for the development of AD, although the purported genotoxic effects of GCs have not been fully characterized. Therefore, it is possible to speculate about purported synergistic effects of GCs on the Aβ-driven genotoxic damage. This in vitro study addresses the single and combined cyto/genotoxic effects of Aβ and GCs in SH-SY5Y cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay, and the genotoxic effects were studied using the comet assay. A comet assay derivation allows for measuring the presence of the FPG-sensitive sites (mainly 8-oxoguanines) in the DNA, apart from the DNA strand breaks. Treatment with Aβ (10 μM, 72 h) induced cytotoxicity (35% decrease in cell viability) and DNA strand breaks, but had no significant effect on oxidative DNA damage (FPG sites). Corticosterone showed no effect on cell viability, genotoxicity, or reparation processes. Corticosterone was unable to neither reverse nor potentiate Aβ driven effects. The present results suggest the existence of alternative mechanisms for the Aβ driven damage, not involving oxidative damage of DNA. In addition, could be suggested that the interaction between Aβ and GCs in AD does not seem to involve DNA damage.
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46
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Beretti F, Ardizzoni A, Cermelli C, Guida M, Maraldi T, Pietrosemoli P, Paulone S, De Pol A, Blasi E, Portolani M. Apoptosis and inflammatory response in human astrocytes are induced by a transmissible cytotoxic agent of neurological origin. New Microbiol 2017; 40:27-32. [PMID: 27819395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the presence of an in vitro transmissible cytotoxic agent (TCA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with different acute neurological diseases. The nature of this agent is still a matter of study since repeated attempts have failed to identify it as a conventional infectious agent. Here, we describe the mechanisms through which TCA affects human astrocytes, demonstrating: a late apoptotic process, mediated by caspases 9 and 3 activation, involving the Bcl2-Bak-axis; an early and late p38 MAPK activation; an interference with the IL-8 and MCP-1 secretory response. These in vitro data provide initial evidence of TCA involvement as a pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory signal, directly affecting astrocytic behavior. The implications of these findings in certain neurological diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Beretti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Cermelli
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- EURAC research, Center for Biomedicine, via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Pietrosemoli
- Department of Laboratories, Pathological Anatomy and Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simona Paulone
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anto De Pol
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marinella Portolani
- Department of Laboratories, Pathological Anatomy and Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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47
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Chessa R, Landolfo S, Ciani M, Budroni M, Zara S, Ustun M, Cakar ZP, Mannazzu I. Biotechnological exploitation of Tetrapisispora phaffii killer toxin: heterologous production in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2931-2942. [PMID: 28032192 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural antimicrobials from plants, animals and microorganisms to inhibit the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms is becoming more frequent. This parallels the increased consumer interest towards consumption of minimally processed food and 'greener' food and beverage additives. Among the natural antimicrobials of microbial origin, the killer toxin produced by the yeast Tetrapisispora phaffii, known as Kpkt, appears to be a promising natural antimicrobial agent. Kpkt is a glycoprotein with β-1,3-glucanase and killer activity, which induces ultrastructural modifications to the cell wall of yeast of the genera Kloeckera/Hanseniaspora and Zygosaccharomyces. Moreover, Kpkt maintains its killer activity in grape must for at least 14 days under winemaking conditions, thus suggesting its use against spoilage yeast in wine making and the sweet beverage industry. Here, the aim was to explore the possibility of high production of Kpkt for biotechnological exploitation. Molecular tools for heterologous production of Kpkt in Komagataella phaffii GS115 were developed, and two recombinant clones that produce up to 23 mg/L recombinant Kpkt (rKpkt) were obtained. Similar to native Kpkt, rKpkt has β-glucanase and killer activities. Moreover, it shows a wider spectrum of action with respect to native Kpkt. This includes effects on Dekkera bruxellensis, a spoilage yeast of interest not only in wine making, but also for the biofuel industry, thus widening the potential applications of this rKpkt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Chessa
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Landolfo
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marilena Budroni
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Enology and Viticulture Research Group, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Severino Zara
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Enology and Viticulture Research Group, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Murat Ustun
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Ocalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Petek Cakar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science & Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dr. Orhan Ocalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilaria Mannazzu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
- Enology and Viticulture Research Group, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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48
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Pyburn TM, Foegeding NJ, González-Rivera C, McDonald NA, Gould KL, Cover TL, Ohi MD. Structural organization of membrane-inserted hexamers formed by Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:22-36. [PMID: 27309820 PMCID: PMC5035229 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and is a potential cause of peptic ulceration or gastric adenocarcinoma. H. pylori secretes a pore-forming toxin known as vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). The 88 kDa secreted VacA protein, composed of an N-terminal p33 domain and a C-terminal p55 domain, assembles into water-soluble oligomers. The structural organization of membrane-bound VacA has not been characterized in any detail and the role(s) of specific VacA domains in membrane binding and insertion are unclear. We show that membrane-bound VacA organizes into hexameric oligomers. Comparison of the two-dimensional averages of membrane-bound and soluble VacA hexamers generated using single particle electron microscopy reveals a structural difference in the central region of the oligomers (corresponding to the p33 domain), suggesting that membrane association triggers a structural change in the p33 domain. Analyses of the isolated p55 domain and VacA variants demonstrate that while the p55 domain can bind membranes, the p33 domain is required for membrane insertion. Surprisingly, neither VacA oligomerization nor the presence of putative transmembrane GXXXG repeats in the p33 domain is required for membrane insertion. These findings provide new insights into the process by which VacA binds and inserts into the lipid bilayer to form membrane channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasia M Pyburn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Nora J Foegeding
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Christian González-Rivera
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Nathan A McDonald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232.
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232.
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49
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Abstract
Cytotoxic agents are commonly added to cultured cells in the laboratory to investigate their efficacy, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential. Most of these agents trigger cell death by apoptosis, which is also the most common form of cell death during development, aging, homeostasis, and eradication of disease. Treatment of cells with cytotoxic agents is therefore useful for investigating basic mechanisms of cell death in the human body. Actinomycin D, a cytotoxic agent isolated from Streptomyces, induces apoptosis in a variety of cell lines including the histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937. Treatment of U937 cells with actinomycin D provides an ideal model of drug-induced apoptosis that can also be used as a positive control for comparison with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Crowley
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Brooke J Marfell
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Adrian P Scott
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nigel J Waterhouse
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Flow Cytometry and Imaging, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. These metabolites have a variety of physiological effects by themselves and also are substrates for the synthesis of more potent lipid mediators such as eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). At low concentrations, these mediators act as second messengers. They affect and modulate several cell functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, and cell proliferation, but at high concentrations, these lipid mediators cause neurotoxicity. Among the metabolites generated by PLA2, 4-HNE is the most cytotoxic metabolite and is associated with the apoptotic type of neural cell death. Levels of 4-HNE are markedly increased in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, ischemia, spinal cord trauma, and head injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate the vast literature on metabolites generated by PLA2 for a wider audience. The authors hope that this discussion will jump-start more studies not only on the involvement of PLA2 in neurological disorders but also on the importance of PLA2-generated lipid mediators in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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