Fabrication and characterization of alginate-zein core-shell microcapsules for controlled release of buckwheat honey

In this study, extrusion method was employed to fabricate alginate-zein core-shell microcapsules loaded with buckwheat honey by dropping alginate and buckwheat honey mixture solution into a 70.0 % zein ethanol solution(v/v) containing 5.0 % CaCl2 solution (wt%). The microcapsules were constructed by two parts: 1) the formation of hydrophilic beads through the crosslinking of alginate chains with Ca2+; 2) the introduction of alginate beads into the aqueous zein ethanol solution which decreased the ethanol concentration, prompting the precipitation of zein and the deposition of zein nanoparticles onto the surfaces of alginate beads. Comparing with the alginate beads, the prepared microcapsules not only possessed better water-holding capacity, but also achieved controlled release of buckwheat honey. Importantly, the microcapsules significantly retained the antioxidant activity of the buckwheat honey. Therefore, this innovative method for fabricating alginate-zein core-shell microcapsules can suggest a promising approach to broaden the application of buckwheat honey in the food field.

Zein and tannic acid hybrid particles improving physical stability, controlled release properties, and antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil loaded Pickering emulsions

Pickering emulsion loading essential oil has demonstrated a promising strategy as delivery system in food preservation, but localization in stability and antimicrobial activity limits application. In this study, Pickering emulsions co-loaded with tannic acid and cinnamon essential oil (ZTC) have been developed based on zein and tannic acid complexes (ZT) mediated interfacial engineering. Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking results indicated tannic acid altered the structural of zein. Interfacial tension results indicated that tannic acid accelerated the adsorbed speed of zein particles by decreased interfacial tension (11.99-9.96 mN/m). ZT5 formed a viscoelastic and dense layer in oil-water interface than that for other ZTs, which improved stability and control release performance of ZTC. Furthermore, the ZTC showed an effective antimicrobial activity against spoilage organisms Pseudomonad paralactis MN10 and Lactobacillus sakei VMR17. These findings provide new insight for developing co-loaded multiple antimicrobial agents within Pickering emulsion as a delivery system.

Ti2C3 MXene-based nanocomposite as an intelligent nanoplatform for efficient mild hyperthermia treatment

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted much attention due to its less invasive, controllable and highly effective nature. However, PTT also suffers from intrinsic cancer resistance mediated by cell survival pathways. These survival pathways are regulated by a variety of proteins, among which heat shock protein (HSP) triggers thermotolerance and protects tumor cells from hyperthermia-induced apoptosis. Confronted by this challenge, we propose and validate here a novel MXene-based HSP-inhibited mild photothermal platform, which significantly enhances the sensitivity of tumor cells to heat-induced stress and thus improves the PPT efficacy. The Ti3C2@Qu nanocomposites are constructed by utilizing the high photothermal conversion ability of Ti3C2 nanosheets in combination with quercetin (Qu) as an inhibitor of HSP70. Qu molecules are loaded onto the nanoplatform in a pH-sensitive controlled release manner. The acidic environment of the tumor causes the burst-release of Qu molecules, which deplete the level of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in tumor cells and leave the tumor cells out from the protection of the heat-resistant survival pathway in advance, thus sensitizing the hyperthermia efficacy. The nanostructure, photothermal properties, pH-responsive controlled release, synergistic photothermal ablation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, and hyperthermia effect on subcellular structures of the Ti3C2@Qu nanocomposites were systematically investigated.

Porous corn starch granules as effective host matrices for encapsulation and sustained release of curcumin and resveratrol

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a carbohydrate-rich diet-regulated ailment with carbohydrates digested and absorbed rapidly. Hence, modulating carbohydrate digestion is warranted; to this end, polyphenols from plant sources are handy. However, polyphenols' instability and low bioavailability limit their wholesome use, and thus, encapsulating them into an inexpensive and suitable wall material would be the best strategy. Herein, the potential of porous starch granules is demonstrated. Curcumin and resveratrol were chosen as the test polyphenols due to their proven health benefits, and porous corn starch granules were chosen as the wall material. Porous corn starch granules were prepared through enzymatic modification with 11, 22, and 33 units of amyloglucosidase at three reaction times of 2, 4, and 6 h. The polyphenols were loaded at 100, 200, and 500 mg concentrations in 1 g of starch for 21 days and were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The encapsulation efficiency was determined, the rate of starch digestion was calculated through the Englyst test, and polyphenols' in vitro release behavior in gastric and intestinal fluids was measured. Results suggest that 33 enzyme units for a 2 h reaction time were optimal for forming spherical-oval pores on corn starch granules with the maximum encapsulation efficiency of 80.16 % and 88.33 % for curcumin and resveratrol, respectively. The FTIR results suggest the entrapment of polyphenols inside the starch matrix. The inclusion significantly reduced starch digestion and increased the percentage of resistant starch up to 41.11 % and 66.36 % with curcumin and resveratrol, respectively. The in vitro release behavior demonstrated good stability in the simulated gastric fluids and sustained release in simulated intestinal fluids. The encapsulated polyphenols showed a complex Fickian type of diffusion mechanism. Overall, the results suggest that porous corn starch granules could be a potential delivery system for curcumin and resveratrol and will aid in developing novel functional foods to address the T2DM concerns.

Preparation, characterization of basil essential oil liposomes unidirectional single-conducting water sustained-release pads and their preservation properties to Lateolabrax japonicus fillets

The juice exudation of aquatic products oozes out during storage can influence storage quality. Herein, a novel basil essential oil liposome unidirectional water-conducting sustained-release preservation pads (BEOL/UCSP) were prepared with nylon mesh as water-conducting layer, basil essential oil liposome (BEOL) as sustained-release preservation layer, and diatomite and absorbent-cotton as water-absorbing layer. EL/UCSP, β-CL/UCSP, and BEO/UCSP were prepared after BEOL was replaced by eugenol liposome, β-caryophyllene liposome, and BEO. BEOL are microspheres with bilayer structure, had good storage stability, centrifugal stability, thermal stability, embedding capacity, sustained-release, and oxidation resistance, and the main components of preservatives had a synergistic effect on antibacterial properties. The pads without preservative can initially slow down quality deterioration. BEOL/UCSP can directionally absorb exudate and realize long-term sustained-release of preservative, has excellent antibacterial and antioxidant effect, and extended shelf life of Lateolabrax japonicus fillets from 6.0 days to 12.8 days. The BEOL/UCSP can provide technical theoretical support for preservation materials.

[Effects of Controlled-release Blended Fertilizer on Crop Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Wheat-maize Rotation System]

The increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers exerts extreme pressure on the environment (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, GHGs) for winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems in the North China Plain. The application of controlled-release fertilizers is considered as an effective measure to improve crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. To explore the impact of one-time fertilization of controlled-release blended fertilizer on crop yield and GHGs of a wheat-maize rotation system, field experiments were carried out in Dezhou Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Park from 2020 to 2022. Five treatments were established for both winter wheat and summer maize, including no nitrogen control (CK), farmers' conventional nitrogen application (FFP), optimized nitrogen application (OPT), CRU1 (the blending ratio of coated urea and traditional urea on winter wheat and summer maize was 5:5 and 3:7, respectively), and CRU2 (the blending ratio of coated urea and traditional urea on winter wheat and summer maize was 7:3 and 5:5, respectively). The differences in yield, nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, fertilization economic benefits, and GHGs among different treatments were compared and analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased the single season and annual crop yields of the wheat-maize rotation system (P < 0.05). Compared with those of FFP, the CRU1 and CRU2 treatments increased the yields of summer maize by 0.4% to 5.6%, winter wheat by -5.4% to 4.1%, and annual yields by -1.1% to 3.9% (P > 0.05). N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomic efficiency (NAE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP) were increased by -8.6%-43.4%, 2.05-6.24 kg·kg-1, and 4.24-10.13 kg·kg-1, respectively. Annual net income increased by 0.2% to 6.3%. Nitrogen application significantly increased the annual emissions of soil N2O and CO2 in the rotation system (P < 0.05) but had no effect on the annual emissions of CH4 (except for in the FFP treatment in the first year). The annual total N2O emissions under the CRU1 and CRU2 treatments were significantly reduced by 23.4% to 30.2% compared to those under the FFP treatment (P < 0.05). Additionally, nitrogen application significantly increased the annual global warming potential (GWP) of the rotation system (P < 0.05), but the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions was reduced due to the increase in crop yields. Compared with that under FFP, the annual GWP under the CRU1 and CRU2 treatments decreased by 9.6% to 11.5% (P < 0.05), and the annual GHGs decreased by 11.2% to 13.8% (P > 0.05). In summary, the one-time application of controlled-release blended fertilizer had a positive role in improving crop yield and economic benefits, reducing nitrogen fertilizer input and labor costs, and GHGs, which is an effective nitrogen fertilizer management measure to promote cleaner production of food crops in the North China Plain.

Dose safety and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous bupivacaine in a novel extended-release microparticle formulation: A phase 1, dose-ascending study in male volunteers

A novel microparticle-based extended-release local anaesthetic containing a bupivacaine/poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA; LIQ865A) or plain bupivacaine (LIQ865B) was examined in a first-in-human trial. The objectives were to examine the dose safety/tolerability and pharmacodynamics. Randomized subcutaneous injections of LIQ865A (n = 16) or LIQ865B (n = 12) and diluent, contralaterally, were administered in a dose-ascending manner (150- to 600-mg bupivacaine). Subjects were admitted 24 h post-injection and followed for 30 days post-injection. The risk ratios (RRs; 95% CI) of erythematous reactions for LIQ865A versus diluent was 9.00 (1.81-52.23; P = 0.006) and for LIQ865B versus diluent 2.50 (0.69-9.94; P = 0.37). The RR for the development of hematomas (LIQ865A versus diluent) were 3.25 (1.52-8.16; P = 0.004) and 4.00 (0.72-24.89; P = 0.32) (LIQ865B versus diluent). Subcutaneous indurations persisting for 4-13 weeks were seen in 6/16 subjects receiving LIQ865A. One subject receiving LIQ865A (600-mg bupivacaine) developed intermittent central nervous system (CNS) symptoms of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (85 min to 51 h post-injection) coinciding with plasma peak bupivacaine concentrations (490-533 ng/ml). Both LIQ865 formulations demonstrated dose-dependent hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia. The duration of analgesia ranged between 37 and 86 h. The overall number of local adverse events, however, prohibits clinical application without further pharmacological modifications.

Development of controlled-release antioxidant poly (lactic acid) bilayer active film with different distributions of α-tocopherol and its application in corn oil preservation

The antioxidant poly (lactic acid) bilayer active films with a different distribution of α-tocopherol (TOC) in two layers (outer layer/inner layer: 0%/6%, 2%/4%, 3%/3%, 4%/2%, 6%/0%) were developed. The effects of TOC distribution on the structural, physicochemical, mechanical, antioxidant and release properties of the films and their application in corn oil packaging were investigated. The different distributions of TOC showed insignificant effects on the color, transparency, tensile strength and oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of the films, but it affected the release behavior of TOC from the films into 95% ethanol and the oxidation degree of corn oil. The film with higher TOC in outer layer showed a slower release rate. The corn oil packaged by the film containing 4% TOC in outer layer and 2% TOC in inner layer exhibited the best oxidative stability. This concept showed a great potential to develop controlled-release active films for food packaging.

Pimobendan controlled release guar gum printlets: Tailoring drug doses for personalised veterinary medicines

Treating chronic heart diseases in dogs is challenging due to variations in mass within and between species. Pimobendan (PBD), a veterinary drug only, is prescribed in specific cases of chronic heart disease in dogs and is available on the market in only a few different doses. Furthermore, the therapy itself is challenging due to the large size of the chewable tablets and the requirement for twice-daily administration. The development of customised and on-demand PBD medicines by three-dimensional (3D) printing has been proposed to circumvent these disadvantages. In this study, we designed controlled-release flavoured printlets containing PBD. We evaluated the use of two natural polymers, guar or xanthan gums, as the main component of the printing inks. Guar gum showed the better rheological behavior and printability by semisolid extrusion. The printlets were produced in three different shapes and sizes to allow dose customisation. Guar gum printlets showed a PBD controlled release profile, regardless of their shape or size. Therefore, we have demonstrated a novel approach for controlling PBD drug release and tailoring the dose by employing a natural polymer to produce 3D-printed tablets. This study represents a significant step towards the development of 3D-printed guar gum controlled-release formulations for veterinary applications.

Biodegradable Local Chemotherapy Platform with Prolonged and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin for the Prevention of Local Tumor Recurrence

Local recurrence after surgical and therapeutic treatment remains a significant clinical problem in oncology. Recurrence may be due to imperfections in existing therapies, particularly chemotherapy. To improve antitumor activity and prevent local cancer recurrence while keeping toxicity at acceptable levels, we have developed and demonstrated a biodegradable local chemotherapy platform that provides controlled and prolonged drug release. The platform consists of a polycaprolactone (PCL) substrate, which provides the structural integrity of the platform and the predominant unidirectional drug release, and a thin multilayer coating (∼200 nm) containing doxorubicin (DOX). The coating is an electrostatic complex obtained by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly and consists of natural polyelectrolytes [poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and chitosan (CS) or poly-l-lysine (PLL)]. To improve the release stability, an ionic conjugate of DOX and γ-PGA was prepared and incorporated into the multilayer coating. By varying the structure of the coating by adding empty (without DOX) bilayers, we were able to control the kinetics of drug release. The resulting platforms contained equal numbers of empty bilayers and DOX-loaded bilayers (15 + 15 or 30 + 30 bilayers) with a maximum loading of 566 ng/cm2. The platforms demonstrated prolonged and fairly uniform drug release for more than 5 months while retaining antitumor activity in vitro on ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3). The empty platforms (without DOX) showed good cytocompatibility and no cytotoxicity to human fibroblasts and SKOV-3 cells. This study presents the development of a local chemotherapy platform consisting of a PCL-based substrate which provides structural stability and a biodegradable polyelectrolyte layered coating which combines layers containing a polyanion ionic complex with DOX with empty bilayers to ensure prolonged and controlled drug release. Our results may provide a basis for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy using drug delivery systems.

Biodegradation of microplastics derived from controlled release fertilizer coating: Selective microbial colonization and metabolism in plastisphere

Coated controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) are widely used in agriculture, and the persistent presence of residual polymer coating has raised environmental concerns. This study investigates the underlying degradation dynamics of microplastics (MPs) derived from three typical materials used in CRFs, including polyethylene (PE), epoxy (EP), and polyurethane (PU), through a soil degradation test. The formation of surface biofilm, the succession process, and metabolic characteristics of microbial community are revealed by laser scanning confocal microscope, 16S rRNA sequencing, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis. The weight loss rates of PE, EP, and PU after 807 days of degradation were 16.70 %, 2.79 %, and 4.86 %, respectively. Significant secondary MPs were produced with tears and holes appeared in the coating cross sections and pyrolysis products were produced such as ethers, acids, and esters for PE; alkanes, olefins and their branched-chain derivatives for EP; and short-chain fatty acids and benzene molecules for PU. The coating surface selectively recruited the bacteria of Chujaibacter and Ralstonia and fungus of Fusarium and Penicillium, forming biofilm composed of lipids, proteins, and living cells. The metabolism of amino acids and polymers was enhanced to protect against MP-induced stress. The metabolites or intermediates of organic acids and derivatives, oxygen-contained organic compounds, and benzenoids on CRF surface increased significantly compared with soil, but there were no significant differences among different coating types. This study provides insights to the underlying mechanisms of biodegradation and microenvironmental changes of MPs in soil.

Controlled Release of Drugs from Extracellular Matrix-Derived Peptide-Based Nanovesicles through Tailored Noncovalent Interactions

Elastin-collagen nanovesicles (ECnV) have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery due to their tunable physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. The potential of nine distinct ECnVs to serve as drug-delivery vehicles was investigated in this study, and it was demonstrated that various small-molecule cargo (e.g., dexamethasone, methotrexate, doxorubicin) can be encapsulated in and released from a set of ECnVs, with extents of loading and rates of release dictated by the composition of the elastin domain of the ECnV and the type of cargo. Elastin-like peptides (ELPs) and collagen-like peptides (CLPs) of various compositions were produced; the secondary structure of the corresponding peptides was determined using CD, and the morphology and average hydrodynamic diameter (∼100 nm) of the ECnVs were determined using TEM and DLS. It was observed that hydrophobic drugs exhibited slower release kinetics than hydrophilic drugs, but higher drug loading was achieved for the more hydrophilic Dox. The collagen-binding ability of the ECnVs was demonstrated through a 2D collagen-binding assay, suggesting the potential for longer retention times in collagen-enriched tissues or matrices. Sustained release of drugs for up to 7 days was observed and, taken together with the collagen-binding data, demonstrates the potential of this set of ECnVs as a versatile drug delivery vehicle for longer-term drug release of a variety of cargo. This study provides important insights into the drug delivery potential of ECnVs and offers useful information for future development of ECnV-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of various diseases.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Bone-Related Diseases: Intercellular Communication Messengers and Therapeutic Engineering Protagonists

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can deliver various bioactive molecules among cells, making them promising diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives in diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) have shown therapeutic potential similar to MSCs but with drawbacks such as lower yield, reduced biological activities, off-target effects, and shorter half-lives. Improving strategies utilizing biotechniques to pretreat MSCs and enhance the properties of released EVs, as well as modifying MSC-EVs to enhance targeting abilities and achieve controlled release, shows potential for overcoming application limitations and enhancing therapeutic effects in treating bone-related diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in functionalizing MSC-EVs to treat bone-related diseases. Firstly, we underscore the significance of MSC-EVs in facilitating crosstalk between cells within the skeletal environment. Secondly, we highlight strategies of functional-modified EVs for treating bone-related diseases. We explore the pretreatment of stem cells using various biotechniques to enhance the properties of resulting EVs, as well as diverse approaches to modify MSC-EVs for targeted delivery and controlled release. Finally, we address the challenges and opportunities for further research on MSC-EVs in bone-related diseases.

O-nitrobenzyl Caged Molecule Enables Photo-controlled Release of Thiabendazole

Pesticides are essential in agricultural development. Controlled-release pesticides have attracted great attentions. Base on a principle of spatiotemporal selectivity, we extended the photoremovable protective group (PRPG) into agrochemical agents to achieve controllable release of active ingredients. Herein, we obtained NP-TBZ by covalently linking o-nitrobenzyl (NP) with thiabendazole (TBZ). Compound NP-TBZ can be controlled to release TBZ in dependent to light. The irradiated and unirradiated NP-TBZ showed significant differences on fungicidal activities both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the irradiated NP-TBZ displayed similar antifungal activities to the directly-used TBZ, indicating a factual applicability in controllable release of TBZ. Furthermore, we explored the action mode and microcosmic variations by SEM analysis, and demonstrated that the irradiated NP-TBZ retained a same action mode with TBZ against mycelia growth.

Assessing Abuse-Deterrent formulations utilizing Ion-Exchange resin complexation processed via Twin-Screw granulation for improved safety and effectiveness

Opioid misuse is a public health crisis in the United States. In response, the FDA has approved drug products with abuse-deterrent features to reduce the risk of prescription opioid abuse. Abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) typically employ physical or chemical barriers or incorporate agonist-antagonist combinations as mechanisms to deter misuse. This study aims to assess the impact of abuse-deterrent properties, specifically ion-exchange resin complexation as a chemical barrier, on a model drug, promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ) tablets. Various formulations were developed through twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG) followed by twin-screw melt granulation (TSMG). In the TSWG process, the drug interacts with the resin through an exchange reaction, forming a drug-resin complex. Additionally, the study explored factors influencing the complex formation between the drug and resin, using the drug loading status as an indicator. DSC and ATR studies were carried out to confirm the formation of the drug-resin complex. Subsequently, hot melt granulation was employed to create a matrix tablet incorporating Kollidon® SR and Kollicoat® MAE 100P, thereby enabling sustained release properties. The drug-resin complex embedded in the matrix effectively deters abuse through methods like smoking, snorting, or parenteral injection, unless the drug can be extracted. In order to assess this, solvent extraction studies were conducted using an FDA-recommended solvents, determining the potential for abuse. Further investigations involved dissolution tests in change-over media, confirming the extended-release properties of the formulation. Results from dissolution studies comparing the ground and intact tablets provided positive evidence of the formulation's effectiveness in deterring abuse. Finally, alcohol-induced dose-dumping studies were conducted in compliance with FDA guidelines, concluding that the formulation successfully mitigates dose dumping in the presence of alcohol.

Nanocarriers address intracellular barriers for efficient drug delivery, overcoming drug resistance, subcellular targeting and controlled release

The cellular barriers are major bottlenecks for bioactive compounds entering into cells to accomplish their biological functions, which limits their biomedical applications. Nanocarriers have demonstrated high potential and benefits for encapsulating bioactive compounds and efficiently delivering them into target cells by overcoming a cascade of intracellular barriers to achieve desirable therapeutic and diagnostic effects. In this review, we introduce the cellular barriers ahead of drug delivery and nanocarriers, as well as summarize recent advances and strategies of nanocarriers for increasing internalization with cells, promoting intracellular trafficking, overcoming drug resistance, targeting subcellular locations and controlled drug release. Lastly, the future perspectives of nanocarriers for intracellular drug delivery are discussed, which mainly focus on potential challenges and future directions. Our review presents an overview of intracellular drug delivery by nanocarriers, which may encourage the future development of nanocarriers for efficient and precision drug delivery into a wide range of cells and subcellular targets.

Effects of straw returning combined with blended controlled-release urea fertilizer on crop yields, greenhouse gas emissions, and net ecosystem economic benefits: A nine-year field trial

Although straw returning combined with blended controlled-release urea fertilizer (BUFS) has been shown to improve wheat-maize rotation system productivity, their effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon footprints (CF), and net ecosystem economic benefits (NEEB) are still unknown. Life cycle assessment was used to investigate a long-term (2013-2022) wheat-maize rotation experiment that included straw combined with two N fertilizer types [BUFS and (conventional urea fertilizer) CUFS] and straw-free treatments (BUF and CUF). The results showed that BUFS and CUFS treatments increased the annual yield by 13.8% and 11.5%, respectively, compared to BUF and CUF treatments. The BUFS treatment increased the yearly yield by 13.8% compared to the CUFS treatment. Since BUFS and CUFS treatments increased soil organic carbon (SOC) sink sequestration by 25.0% and 27.0% compared to BUF and CUF treatments, they reduced annual GHG emissions by 7.1% and 4.7% and CF per unit of yield (CFY) by 13.7% and 9.6%, respectively. BUFS treatment also increased SOC sink sequestration by 20.3%, reduced GHG emissions by 10.7% and CFY by 23.0% compared to CUFS treatment. It is worth noting that the BUFS and CUFS treatments increased the annual ecological costs by 41.6%, 26.9%, and health costs by 70.1% and 46.7% compared to the BUF and CUF treatments, but also increased the net yield benefits by 9.8%, 6.8%, and the soil nutrient cycling values by 29.2%, 27.3%, and finally improved the NEEB by 10.1%, 7.3%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the BUFS treatment compared to the CUFS treatment, ultimately improving the NEEB by 23.1%. Based on assessing yield, GHG emissions, CF, and NEEB indicators, the BUFS treatment is recommended as an ideal agricultural fertilization model to promote sustainable and clean production in the wheat-maize rotation system and to protect the agroecological environment.

Preparation and sustained-release mechanism of hydroxybutyl chitosan/graphene oxide temperature-sensitive hypoglycaemic subcutaneous implants

The current situation of diabetes prevention and control is extremely severe. For instance, glimepiride (GLM), a third-generation sulfonylurea, demonstrates suboptimal clinical efficacy in oral dosage forms, which underscores the pressing need for the development of a new dosage form. Recently, in situ gel subcutaneous implants have garnered considerable attention. Hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC) can spontaneously crosslink to form a thermosensitive hydrogel and has good biocompatibility. However, its application is hindered by its limited mechanical properties. Graphene oxide (GO), known for its stable dispersion in water, can load GLM through π-π stacking interactions. When combined with HBC, GO enhances the mechanical properties and stability of the hydrogel. Therefore, an HBC-GO@GLM hydrogel was prepared. Rheological analysis revealed that the incorporation of GO increased the critical gelation temperature of the 5 wt% HBC hydrogel from 19.1°C to 27.2°C, considerably enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Using encapsulation efficiency as an evaluation index, the optimal encapsulation efficiency of GO@GLM was determined to be 73.53% ± 0.45% with a drug loading capacity of 27.39 ± 0.17% using the Box-Behnken design model. Computer simulation technology validated the interaction between the materials and the drug release mechanism. Pharmacokinetic results showed that compared to the HBC@GLM group, the half-life (t1/2), mean residence time and the area under the curve for the HBC-GO@GLM group were approximately 3 times those of the HBC@GLM group. Subcutaneous implantation of the HBC-GO@GLM hydrogel for drug delivery considerably extended the drug's action time in the body, thereby maintaining blood sugar levels within a normal and stable range for an extended period.

Resveratrol-loaded microemulsion based thermosensitive hydrogel for potential topical treatment of the vaginal inflammation

BACKGROUND

Vaginal inflammation is a prevalent gynecological condition. If left untreated, it can potentially spread to the urinary and reproductive systems.

METHODS

In this study, we propose a resveratrol-loaded microemulsion-based thermosensitive hydrogel (Res-Me-Tsgel) and compare it with a chitosan hydrogel-based Res-Me-Cogel. We characterized the different characters of Res-Me-Tsgel. The safety of Res-Me-Tsgel was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we measured the retention of Res in the vagina after drug administration.

RESULTS

The Res-Me-Tsgel we prepared is a transparent liquid solution at room temperature that rapidly forms a gel at 37oC. Compared to Res solution and Res-Me, both Res-Me-Cogel and Res-Me-Tsgel demonstrate superior sustained release properties. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm the excellent biosafety profile of Res-Me-Cogel and Res-Me-Tsgel. Vaginal administration of these formulations in rats results in prolonged retention of resveratrol within the vagina. Notably, due to its improved flow into vaginal folds after administration, the retention of Resveratrol was approximately three times higher for the Res-Me-Tsgel group compared to the Res-Me-Cogel group at 24 h post-administration. Overall, these findings highlight the potential application of Res-Me-Tsgel as an effective means for vaginal inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a novel micromulsion based thermosensitive hydrogel for the delivery of Res. The sustained release of Res and favorable vaginal retention from Res-Me-Tsgel make them promise as a potential candidate for local intravaginal therapy.

An optogenetic method for the controlled release of single molecules

We developed a system for optogenetic release of single molecules in cells. We confined soluble and transmembrane proteins to the Golgi apparatus via a photocleavable protein and released them by short pulses of light. Our method allows for a light dose-dependent delivery of functional proteins to the cytosol and plasma membrane in amounts compatible with single-molecule imaging, greatly simplifying access to single-molecule microscopy of any protein in live cells. We were able to reconstitute ion conductance by delivering BK and LRRC8/volume-regulated anion channels to the plasma membrane. Finally we were able to induce NF-kB signaling in T lymphoblasts stimulated by interleukin-1 by controlled release of a signaling protein that had been knocked out. We observed light-induced formation of functional inflammatory signaling complexes that triggered phosphorylation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase only in activated cells. We thus developed an optogenetic method for the reconstitution and investigation of cellular function at the single-molecule level.

Zinc hybrid polyester barrier membrane accelerates guided tissue regeneration

Barrier membranes play a pivotal role in the success of guided periodontal tissue regeneration. The biodegradable barriers predominantly used in clinical practice often lack sufficient barrier strength, antibacterial properties, and bioactivity, frequently leading to suboptimal regeneration outcomes. Although with advantages in mechanical strength, biodegradability and plasticity, bioinert aliphatic polyesters as barrier materials are usually polymerized via toxic catalysts, hard to be functionalized and lack of antibacterial properties. To address these challenges, we propose a new concept that controlled release of bioactive substance on the whole degradation course can give a bioinert aliphatic polyester bioactivity. Thus, a Zn-based catalytic system for polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids and diols is created to prepare zinc covalent hybrid polyester (PBS/ZnO). The atomically-dispersed Zn2+ ions entering main chain of polyester molecules endow PBS/ZnO barrier with antibacterial properties, barrier strength, excellent biocompatibility and histocompatibility. Further studies reveal that relying on long-term controlled release of Zn2+ ions, the PBS/ZnO membrane greatly expedites osteogenetic effect in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) by enhancing the mitochondrial function of macrophages to induce M2 polarization. These findings show a novel preparation strategy of bioactive polyester biomaterials based on long term controlled release of bioactive substance that integrates catalysis, material structures and function customization.

Co-delivery of siAEG-1 and doxorubicin to treat osteosarcoma via nanomicelles for azide-alkyne "click" conjugation of poly(l-lysine) dendrons onto Zein

Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) oncogene is a notorious and evolving target in a variety of human malignancies including osteosarcoma. The RNA interference (RNAi) has been clinically proven to effectively knock down specific genes. To successfully implement RNAi in vivo, protective vectors are required not only to protect unstable siRNAs from degradation, but also to deliver siRNAs to target cells with controlled release. Here, we synthesized a Zein-poly(l-lysine) dendrons non-viral modular system that enables efficient siRNA-targeted AEG-1 gene silencing in osteosarcoma and encapsulation of antitumor drugs for controlled release. The rational design of the ZDP integrates the non-ionic and low immunogenicity of Zein and the positive charge of the poly(l-lysine) dendrons (DPLL) to encapsulate siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) payloads via electrostatic complexes and achieve pH-controlled release in a lysosomal acidic microenvironment. Nanocomplexes-directed delivery greatly improves siRNA stability, uptake, and AEG-1 sequence-specific knockdown in 143B cells, with transfection efficiencies comparable to those of commercial lipofectamine but with lower cytotoxicity. This AEG-1-focused RNAi therapy supplemented with chemotherapy inhibited, and was effective in inhibiting the growth in of osteosarcoma xenografts mouse models. The combination therapy is an alternative or combinatorial strategy that can produce durable inhibitory responses in osteosarcoma patients.

Production of letrozole-loaded alginate oxide-gelatin microgels using microfluidic systems for drug delivery applications

Microfluidic systems are capable of producing microgels with a monodisperse size distribution and a spherical shape due to their laminar flow and superior flow. A significant challenge in producing these drug-carrying microgels is simultaneous drug loading into microgels. Various factors such as the type of polymer, the type of drug, the volume ratio of the drug to the polymer, and the geometry of the microfluidic system used to generate microgels can effectively address these challenges. The overall goal of this study was to produce mono-disperse drug-carrying microgels capable of controlled drug release. To achieve this goal, this study used a stream-focused microfluidic chip containing a coating current to prevent chip clogging. Alginate oxide was synthesized with a 30 % oxidation percentage. Alginate oxide, gelatin, and compositions of them with volume ratios of 50-50, 70-30, and 30-70, by determining their appropriate weight percentage, were used for the controlled release of letrozole. The properties of the produced microgels were measured through various tests such as drug release test, loading percentage, SEM, FTIR, swelling ratio, and dimensional stability. It was found that microgels made of a combination of alginate oxide-gelatin with volume ratios of 70-30 had a good swelling ratio and structural stability. The drug loading percentages for alginate, alginate oxide, and alginate oxide-gelatin with volume ratios of 50-50 and 30-70, respectively, were 56 %, 68 %, and 66 %, 61 % and the alginate oxide-gelatin with a volume ratio of 70-30 compared to other samples had over 70 % drug loading percentages. Furthermore, samples of alginate, alginate oxide, and alginate oxide-gelatin with volume ratios of 50-50 and 30-70 had 94 %, 63 %, 56 %, and 68 % drug release in 13 days, respectively. However, alginate oxide-gelatin with a volume ratio of 70-30 had a release rate of about 50 % in 13 days, which is a more controlled release for letrozole compared to the volume ratios of 50-50 and 30-70. Examining the drug release profile, it was concluded that drug release follows the Higuchi model and therefore follows Fick's first law of diffusion. It can be concluded that the combination of alginate oxide-gelatin produces more suitable microgels than alginate and alginate oxide for the controlled-release of letrozole. A comparison of microgels of alginate oxide and gelatin with volume ratios of 50-50 and 70-30 had better results for the cytotoxicity study compared to other samples.

Enhancing basil essential oil microencapsulation using pectin/casein biopolymers: Optimization through D-optimal design, controlled release modeling, and characterization

A D-optimal design was employed to optimize the microencapsulation (MEC) of basil essential oil (BEO) within a biopolymer matrix using the complex coacervation technique. BEO microcapsules (BEO-MCs) obtained under the optimal conditions exhibited high yield and efficiency with 80.45 ± 0.01 % and 93.10 ± 0.18 %, respectively. The successful MEC of BEO with an average particle size of 4.81 ± 2.86 μm was confirmed by ATR-FTIR, X-RD, and SEM analyses. Furthermore, the thermal stability of BEO-MCs was assessed using TGA-DSC analysis, which provided valuable insights into the MC's thermal stability. Furthermore, the proposed model, with a high R2 value (0.99) and low RMSE (1.56 %), was the most suitable one among the tested models for the controlled release kinetics of the optimal BEO-MCs under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The successful optimization of BEO MEC using biopolymers through the D-optimal design could be a promising avenue for food and pharmaceutical industries, providing new strategies for the development of effective products.

Morphine for treatment of cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PACIFY COUGH): a prospective, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover trial

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic lung disease, with most patients reporting cough. Currently, there are no proven treatments. We examined the use of low dose controlled-release morphine compared with placebo as an antitussive therapy in individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODS

The PACIFY COUGH study is a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover trial done in three specialist centres in the UK. Eligible patients aged 40-90 years had a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis within 5 years, self-reported cough (lasting >8 weeks), and a cough visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 30 mm or higher. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to placebo twice daily or controlled-release morphine 5 mg orally twice daily for 14 days followed by crossover after a 7-day washout period. Patients were randomised sequentially to a sequence group defining the order in which morphine and placebo were to be given, according to a computer-generated schedule. Patients, investigators, study nurses, and pharmacy personnel were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was percentage change in objective awake cough frequency (coughs per h) from baseline as assessed by objective digital cough monitoring at day 14 of treatment in the intention-to-treat population, which included all randomised participants. Safety data were summarised for all patients who took at least one study drug and did not withdraw consent. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04429516, and has been completed.

FINDINGS

Between Dec 17, 2020, and March 21, 2023, 47 participants were assessed for eligibility and 44 were enrolled and randomly allocated to treatment. Mean age was 71 (SD 7·4) years, and 31 (70%) of 44 participants were male and 13 (30%) were female. Lung function was moderately impaired; mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 2·7 L (SD 0·76), mean predicted FVC was 82% (17·3), and mean predicted diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide was 48% (10·9). Of the 44 patients who were randomised, 43 completed morphine treatment and 41 completed placebo treatment. In the intention-to-treat analysis, morphine reduced objective awake cough frequency by 39·4% (95% CI -54·4 to -19·4; p=0·0005) compared with placebo. Mean daytime cough frequency reduced from 21·6 (SE 1·2) coughs per h at baseline to 12·8 (1·2) coughs per h with morphine, whereas cough rates did not change with placebo (21·5 [SE 1·2] coughs per h to 20·6 [1·2] coughs per h). Overall treatment adherence was 98% in the morphine group and 98% in the placebo group. Adverse events were observed in 17 (40%) of 43 participants in the morphine group and six (14%) of 42 patients in the placebo group. The main side-effects of morphine were nausea (six [14%] of 43 participants) and constipation (nine [21%] of 43). One serious adverse event (death) occurred in the placebo group.

INTERPRETATION

In patients with cough related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, low dose controlled-release morphine significantly reduced objective cough counts over 14 days compared with placebo. Morphine shows promise as an effective treatment to palliate cough in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and longer term studies should be the focus of future research.

FUNDING

The Jon Moulton Charity Trust.

Sustained release gel based on CT image inspection for treatment of diabetes fundus macular lesions

Currently, slow-release gel therapy is considered to be an effective treatment for fundus macular disease, but the lack of effective evaluation methods limits its clinical application. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the application and clinical effect of slow-release gel based on CT image examination in the treatment of diabetic fundus macular disease. CT images of fundus macular lesions were collected in a group of diabetic patients. Then the professional image processing software is used to process and analyze the image and extract the key parameters. A slow-release gel was designed and prepared, and applied to the treatment of diabetic fundus macular disease. CT images before and after treatment were compared and analyzed, and the effect of slow-release gel was evaluated. In a certain period of time after treatment, the lesion size and lesion degree of diabetic fundus macular disease were significantly improved by using slow-release gel therapy with CT image examination. No significant adverse reactions or complications were observed during the treatment. This indicates that the slow-release gel based on CT image examination is a safe, effective and feasible treatment method for diabetic fundus macular disease. This method can help improve the vision and quality of life of patients, and provide a new idea and plan for clinical treatment.

Pre-emptive ice pack cryotherapy for reducing pain caused by long-acting deltoid injectable antipsychotic treatment: A single-center open-label study

PURPOSE

This empirical study aims to investigate the efficacy of pre-emptive cryotherapy in reducing pain that is caused by the deltoid intramuscular (IM) injection of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in clinical settings.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included 29 outpatients receiving LAI antipsychotic treatment. The evaluations of pain during (1) the usual procedure (control), (2) pre-emptive use of ice pack cryotherapy (pre-cooling), and (3) pre-emptive use of a room-temperature ice pack (pre-touching) were conducted using a numerical rating scale (NRS) for comparison. All patients were administered with LAI antipsychotics via deltoid IM. Furthermore, the results of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), clinical global impressions (CGI) scale, and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale that were administered during the control procedure were evaluated.

RESULTS

The median NRS pain scores during the IM injection of LAI antipsychotics were 4.0 (3.0-5.0), 2.0 (1.0-3.0), and 3.0 (2.5-6.0) for the control, pre-cooling, and pre-touching conditions, indicating a significant difference (p = 6.0 × 10-6). The NRS pain scores for the pre-cooling condition were significantly lower than those for the control and pre-touching conditions (p = 2.5 × 10-5 and 6.7 × 10-5, respectively). No significant correlation was observed between the NRS pain scores for the control condition and the PANSS, CGI scale, or GAF scale scores. Furthermore, no adverse events were recorded during the study period.

CONCLUSION

Pain during the deltoid IM injection of LAI antipsychotics was found to be reduced by pre-emptive skin cooling. To date, this is the first study to confirm the effectiveness of pre-emptive cryotherapy for relieving such pain in clinical situations.

Chitosan and sodium alginate nanocarrier system: Controlling the release of rapeseed-derived peptides and improving their therapeutic efficiency of anti-diabetes

Rapeseed-derived peptides (RPPs) can maintain the homeostasis of human blood glucose by inhibiting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and activating the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). However, these peptides are susceptible to hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. To enhance the therapeutic potential of these peptides, we developed a chitosan/sodium alginate-based nanocarrier to encapsulate two RPP variants, rapeseed-derived cruciferin peptide (RCPP) and rapeseed-derived napin peptide (RNPP). A convenient three-channel device was employed to prepare chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (ALG)-RPPs nanoparticles (CS/ALG-RPPs) at a ratio of 1:3:1 for CS, ALG, and RPPs. CS/ALG-RPPs possessed optimal encapsulation efficiencies of 90.7 % (CS/ALG-RNPP) and 91.4 % (CS/ALG-RCPP), with loading capacities of 15.38 % (CS/ALG-RNPP) and 16.63 % (CS/ALG-RCPP) at the specified ratios. The electrostatic association between CS and ALG was corroborated by zeta potential and near infrared analysis. 13C NMR analysis verified successful RPPs loading, with CS/ALG-RNPP displaying superior stability. Pharmacokinetics showed that both nanoparticles were sustained release and transported irregularly (0.43 < n < 0.85). Compared with the control group, CS/ALG-RPPs exhibited significantly increased glucose tolerance, serum GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide 1) content, and CaSR expression which play pivotal roles in glucose homeostasis (*p < 0.05). These findings proposed that CS/ALG-RPPs hold promise in achieving sustained release within the intestinal epithelium, thereby augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of targeted peptides.

An Open-Label Study to Assess Monthly Risperidone Injections (180 mg) Following Switch from Daily Oral Risperidone (6 mg) in Stable Schizophrenic Patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Long-acting injectable antipsychotics have shown benefits over oral medications with reduced hospitalization rates and improved health-related quality of life. RBP-7000 (PERSERIS®) is a monthly risperidone formulation (90 or 120 mg) for the treatment of schizophrenia administered by subcutaneous abdominal injection. The objective of this study was to assess a higher dose of 180 mg RBP-7000 and an alternate injection site.

METHODS

Following stabilization on 6 mg/day (3 mg twice daily) oral risperidone, clinically stable schizophrenic participants received 3 monthly doses of 180 mg RBP-7000 in the abdomen followed by a fourth monthly dose of 180 mg RBP-7000 in the upper arm (each dose administered as two 90-mg injections). The primary endpoint was the steady-state average plasma concentration (Cavg(ss)) of risperidone and total active moiety after oral and RBP-7000 administration. Secondary endpoints included measures of clinical efficacy (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity of Illness), safety, and local injection-site tolerability to assess the switch from oral risperidone and compare injection sites.

RESULTS

In all, 23 participants received at least one dose of RBP-7000, 16 received all four doses, and 15 completed the study. Monthly doses of 180 mg RBP-7000 provided similar Cavg(ss) of total active moiety compared with 6 mg/day oral risperidone. The pharmacokinetics of RBP-7000 were similar after injection in the abdomen versus upper arm. Clinical efficacy measures remained stable throughout the study. All RBP-7000 injections were well tolerated with no unexpected safety findings.

CONCLUSIONS

The results support the use of 180 mg RBP-7000 in schizophrenic patients stable on 6 mg/day oral risperidone and a second injection site in the upper arm.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03978832.

Thermo-sensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel for sustained release of EGF to inhibit cervical cancer recurrence

Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer is a key cause of recurrence of cervical cancer (CC). Although the EGF-EGFR pathway has been studied for decades, preventing tumor growth and recurrence caused by peripheral EGF remains a great challenge. In this work, a strategy is proposed to reduce the stimulation of high concentration EGF on tumor growth by using a thermo-sensitive hydrogel. The hydrogel is a triblock copolymer composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly (lactide glycolide) (PLGA). Based on the excellent temperature sensitivity, carrier capacity, swelling property and biocompatibility, the hydrogel can absorb the liquid around the tumor by injection and release EGF continuously at low concentration. The inhibitory effect of hydrogel on tumor growth is fully confirmed by an implanted tumor mouse model with human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) using triple-immunodeficient NCG mice. Compared with free EGF, the EGF-loaded hydrogel can hardly induce surface plasmon resonance (SPR) response, which proves that hydrogel can effectively weaken cytoskeleton rearrangement and inhibit cell migration by continuously releasing low concentration EGF. In addition, the EGF-loaded hydrogel can reduce cell proliferation by delaying the progress of cell cycle progression. Taken together, the hydrogel can effectively protect tumor microenvironment from the stimulation of high concentration EGF, delay cancer cellular processes and tumor growth, and thus providing an approach for inhibiting tumor recurrence of CC.

Self-adjuvanted L-arginine-modified dextran-based nanogels for sustained local antigenic protein delivery to antigen-presenting cells and enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses

In the development of cancer vaccines, antigens are delivered to elicit potent and specific T-cell responses to eradicate tumour cells. Nonetheless, successful vaccines are often hampered by the poor immunogenicity of tumour antigens, rapid clearance by the innate immunity, and limited cross-presentation on MHC-I to activate CD8+ T-cells arm. To address these issues, we developed dextran-based nanogels to promote antigen uptake, storage, and cross-presentation on MHC-I, while directing immunogenic maturation of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To promote the nanocarriers interaction with cells, we modified DX with L-arginine (Arg), whose immunomodulatory activities have been well documented. The ArgDX nanogel performance was compared with the nanogel modified with L-histidine (His) and L-glutamate (Glut). Moreover, we introduced pH-sensitive hydrazone crosslinking during the nanogel formation for the conjugation and controlled release of antigen ovalbumin (OVA). The OVA-laden nanogels have an average size of 325 nm. We demonstrated that the nanogels could rapidly release cargoes upon a pH change from 7 to 5 within 8 days, indicating the controlled release of antigens in the acidic cellular compartments upon internalization. Our results revealed that the ArgDX nanogel could promote greater antigen uptake and storage in DCs in vitro and promoted a stronger immunogenic maturation of DCs and M1 polarization of the macrophages. The OVA signals were co-localized with lysosomal compartments up till 96 hours post-treatment and washing, suggesting the nanogels could facilitate prolonged antigen storage and supply from endo-lysosomal compartments. Furthermore, all the tested nanogel formulations retained antigens at the skin injection sites until day 21. Such delayed clearance could be due to the formation of micron-sized aggregates of OVA-laden nanogels, extending the interactions with the resident DCs. Amongst the amino acid modifications, ArgDX nanogels promoted the highest level of lymph node homing signal CCR7 on DCs. The nanogels also showed higher antigen presentation on both MHC-I and II than DX in vitro. In the in vivo immune studies, ArgDX nanogels were more superior in inducing cellular and humoral immunity than the other treatment groups on day 21 post-treatment. These results suggested that ArgDX nanogel is a promising self-adjuvanted nanocarrier for vaccine delivery.

Cushion-coated pellets for tableting without external excipients

Multiple-unit dosage forms prepared by compacting pellets offer important manufacturing and compliance advantages over pellet-filled capsules. However, compaction may negatively affect the release control mechanism of pellets, and subunits may not be readily available after intake. Application of a cushioning layer to the starting units is here proposed as a strategy to obtain tablets with satisfactory mechanical strength, rapid disintegration and maintenance of the expected release profile of individual subunits while avoiding the use of mixtures of pellets and excipients to promote compaction and limit the impact of the forces involved. Cushion-coating with PEG1500, a soft and soluble material, was proved feasible provided that the processing temperature was adequately controlled. Cushioned gastro-resistant pellets were shown to consolidate under relatively low compaction pressures, which preserved their inherent release performance after tablet disintegration. Adhesion problems associated with the use of PEG1500 were overcome by applying an outer Kollicoat® IR film. Through design of experiment (DoE), robustness of the proposed approach was demonstrated, and the formulation as well as tableting conditions were optimized. The tableted cushion-coated pellet systems manufactured would allow a relatively high load of modified-release units to be conveyed, thus setting out a versatile and scalable approach to oral administration of multiple-unit dosage forms.

Reducing greenhouse gas intensity using a mixture of controlled-release urea and common urea combining suitable maize varieties in a summer maize system

The one-time application of common urea blended with controlled-release urea (CRU) is considered effective for improving nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of summer maize in intensive agricultural systems. However, the trade-off between the economic and environmental performances of different blended fertilizer treatments for different maize varieties remains unclear. Therefore, a consecutive two-year field experiment was conducted in the North China Plain to study the effects of different ratios of CRU and common urea on the yield, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, yield-scaled total N2O emissions, greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) in 2021 and 2022. Four N fertilizer treatments with equal rate at 180 kg N ha-1 were applied as N180U (all Urea), N180C1(1/3CRU), N180C2(2/3CRU), and N180C (all CRU), and two maize varieties (JNK728-yellow ripe variety and ZD958-green ripe variety) were used. The N180C1 and N180C2 treatments produced the highest grain yield in varieties JNK728 and ZD958 (9.4-11.5 t ha-1 and 9.0-11.0 t ha-1), respectively. Compared to the N180U treatment (conventional method), the N180C1 treatment reduced the GHGI (24.8 %-25.9 %) and increased the NEEB (33.1 %-33.4 %) in the JNK728 variety, whereas the N180C2 treatment reduced the GHGI (16.9 %-28.8 %) and increased the NEEB (27.2 %-48.1 %) in the ZD958 variety. The study concludes that a one-time application of blended nitrogen fertilizer in suitable varieties can minimize the GHGI and maximize the NEEB, which is an effective strategy for balancing yield and nitrogen efficiency in the summer maize system in the North China Plain.

Dual-drug delivery by thermo-responsive Janus nanogel for improved cellular uptake, sustained release, and combination chemo-thermal therapy

The goal of this work was to examine the heat-sensitizing effects of Janus-coated magnetic nanoparticles (JMNPs) as a vehicle for 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and Quercetin (Qu) in C6 and OLN-93 cell lines. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was evaluated using Prussian blue staining and ICP-OES after monolayer culturing of C6 (rat brain cancer cell) and OLN-93 (normal rat brain cell) cells. The cells were treated with free 5-Fu, Qu, and MJNPs loaded with Qu/5-Fu for 24 h, followed by magnetic hyperthermia under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at a temperature of 43 °C. Using the MTT test and Flow cytometry, the C6 and OLN-93 cells were investigated after being subjected to hyperthermia with and without magnetic nanoparticles. The results of Prussian blue staining confirmed the potential of MJNPs as carriers that facilitate the uptake of drugs by cancer cells. The results showed that the combined application of Qu/5-Fu/MJNPs with hyperthermia significantly increased the amount of ROS production compared to interventions without MJNPs. The therapeutic results demonstrated that the combination of Qu/5-Fu/MJNPs with hyperthermia considerably enhanced the rate of apoptotic and necrotic cell death compared to that of interventions without MJNPs. Furthermore, MTT findings indicated that controlled exposure of Qu/5-Fu/MJNPs to AMF caused a synergistic effect. The advanced Janus magnetic nanoparticles in this study can be proposed as a promising dual drug carrier (Qu/5-Fu) and thermosensitizer platform for dual-modal synergistic cancer therapy.

Progress on control of harmful algae by sustained-release technology of allelochemical: A review

The outbreak of harmful algae blooms caused by water eutrophication seriously jeopardizes the aquatic ecological environment and human health. Therefore, algae control technology has attracted widespread attention between environmental scholars. Allelochemical sustained-release technology which releases the active ingredient to the target medium at a certain rate within the effective time, so that the system maintains a certain concentration, thus prolonging its influence on the target organism. Allelochemical sustained-release technology has become the focus of research due to the characteristics of high efficiency, safety, low-cost, environment friendly and no secondary pollution. This paper reviews the characteristics of allelochemical substances and the status quo of plant extraction, explains the detailed classification of allelochemical sustained-release microspheres (ASRMs) and the application of algae inhibition, summarizes the preparation method of ASRMs, elaborates on the mechanism of algae inhibition of sustained-release technology from the perspective of photosynthesis, cellular enzyme activity, algae cell structure, gene expression, and target site action. Focuses on the summary of the factors influencing the effect of algae inhibition of ASRMs, including particle size of sustained-release microspheres, selection of carrier materials, and the growth stage of algae. The future direction and prospect of algae inhibition by allelochemical sustained-release technology were prospected to provide the scientific basis for water ecological restoration.

Physical characterization and bioavailability assessment of 5-fluorouracil-based nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC): In vitro drug release, Hemolysis, and permeability modulation

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an anticancer agent belonging to BCS Class III that exhibits poor release characteristics and low retention in the biological system. The main objective of this investigation was to develop a drug delivery system, i.e., Nanostructure Lipid Carriers (NLCs) loaded with 5-FU to prolong its biological retention through 5-FU-loaded NLCs (5-FUNLC) were designed to manipulate physicochemical characteristics and assessment of in vitro and in vivo performance. The developed NLCs underwent comprehensive characterization, including assessments for particle size, zeta potential, morphological evaluation, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Additionally, specific evaluations were conducted for 5-FUNLCs, encompassing analyses for encapsulation efficiency of the drug, release characteristics in PBS at pH 6.8, and stability study. The lipophilic character of 5-FUNLC was confirmed through the measurement of the partition coefficient (log P). 5-FUNLCs were observed as spherical-shaped particles with a mean size of 300 ± 25 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was determined to be 89%, indicating effective drug loading within the NLCs. Furthermore, these NLCs exhibited a sustained release nature lasting up to 3-4 h, indicating their potential for controlled drug release over time. Lipid components were biocompatible with the 5-FU to determine thermal transition temperature and show good stability for 30 days. Additionally, an in vitro hemolysis study that confirmed the system did not cause any destruction to the RBCs during intravenous administration. The drug's gut permeability was assessed utilizing the optimized 5-FUNLC (F2) in comparison to 5-FU through the intestine or gut sac model (in the apical to basolateral direction, A → B). The permeability coefficient was measured as 4.91 × 10-5 cm/h with a significant difference. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of the NLCs was demonstrated through the DPPH method. The NLCs' performance was further assessed through in vivo pharmacokinetic studies on Wistar Rats, resulting in a 1.5-fold enhancement in their activity compared to free 5-FU. These NLCs offer improved drug solubility and sustained release, which collectively contribute to enhanced therapeutic outcomes and modulate bioavailability. The study concludes by highlighting the potential of 5-FUNLC as an innovative and efficient drug delivery system. The findings suggest that further preclinical investigations are warranted, indicating a promising avenue for the development of more effective and well-tolerated treatments for cancer.

Dialdehyde starch-enclosed silver nanoparticles substrate with controlled-release "hotspots" for ultrasensitive SERS detection of thiabendazole

Pesticide residues have long been a major concern for food safety. In this study, a dialdehyde starch-encapsulated silver nanoparticles composite with controlled-release "hotspots" was developed as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. At room temperature, most of the Ag NPs were encapsulated in dialdehyde starch, which is beneficial for improving stability, and when heated to the gelatinization point, Ag NPs are completely released and abundant hot spots are formed. We demonstrated sensitive detection of thiabendazole (TBZ) in or on the surface of an apple by means of two ways, i.e., detecting the analyte in solution after pretreatment and in-situ detecting the analyte by using a flexible paper-based substrate. The results showed that the detection limits of TBZ by the two ways were 0.052 ppm and 0.051 ppm respectively, and the recoveries of TBZ range from 96.80 % to 105.46 %. Overall, this SERS substrate shows great potential for pesticide residue detection in food.

Self-assembled pea vicilin nanoparticles as nanocarriers for improving the antioxidant activity, environmental stability and sustained-release property of curcumin

BACKGROUND

The application of curcumin (Cur) in the food industry is usually limited by its low water solubility and poor stability. This study aimed to fabricate self-assembled nanoparticles using pea vicilin (7S) through a pH-shifting method (pH 7-pH 12-pH 7) to develop water-soluble nanocarriers of Cur.

RESULTS

Intrinsic fluorescence, far-UV circular dichroism spectra and transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the structure of 7S could be unfolded at pH 12.0 and refolded when the pH shifted to 7.0. The assembled 7S-Cur exhibited a high loading ability of 81.63 μg mg-1 for Cur and homogeneous particle distribution. Cur was encapsulated in the 7S hydrophobic nucleus in an amorphous form and combined through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, resulting in the static fluorescence quenching of 7S. Compared with free Cur, the retention rates of Cur in 7S-Cur were approximately 1.12 and 1.70 times higher under UV exposure at 365 nm or heating at 75 °C for 120 min, respectively, as well as 7S-Cur showing approximately 1.50 times higher antioxidant activity. During simulated gastrointestinal experiments, 7S-Cur exhibited a better sustained-release property than free Cur.

CONCLUSION

The self-assembled 7S nanocarriers prepared using a pH-shifting method effectively improved the antioxidant activity, environmental stability and sustained-release property of Cur. Therefore, 7S isolated from pea protein could be used as potential nanocarriers for Cur. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Thermosensitive hydrogel containing ethosuximide-loaded multivesicular liposomes attenuates age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice

Ethosuximide is the first drug reported to protect against age-related hearing loss, but its benefits are hampered by the pronounced side effects generated through systemic administration. We prepared a thermosensitive hydrogel containing ethosuximide-encapsulated multivesicular liposomes (ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel) and evaluated its functional and histological effects on age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice. The MVLs-Gel showed slow sustained-release characteristics up to over 120 h. After 8 weeks of treatment, compared to the oral systemic administration of ethosuximide, intratympanic ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel injection dramatically reduced the loss of age-related spiral ganglion neurons in the apical turns of the mice (low-frequency regions, p < 0.05). Correspondingly, compared to the oral systemic administration group, the intratympanic ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel injection group showed significantly lower auditory brainstem response threshold shifts at stimulus frequencies of 4, 8, and 16 kHz (low-and middle-frequency regions, p < 0.05). In conclusion, intratympanic ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel injection can reach the apical turn of the cochlea, which is extremely difficult with oral systemic administration of the drug. The ethosuximide-loaded MVLs-Gel, as a novel intratympanic sustained-release drug delivery system, attenuated age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice.

Protection of osteogenic peptides in nanoliposomes: Stability, sustained release, bioaccessibility and influence on bioactive properties

This study prepared osteogenic peptides (OPs) from cod meat by hydrolysis and subsequently encapsulated them in nanoliposomes (NLP) to enhance bioaccessibility. The characterization, stability, controlled release behavior and bioactivity of OPs-loaded nanoliposomes (OPs-NLP) were investigated as well. The highest loading capacity (27.32%) was achieved in NLP loaded with 6 mg/mL of OPs. The particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of OPs-NLP were 70.59 nm, -11.98 mV, and 75.24%, respectively. The interaction between OPs and empty NLP was through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic. The OPs-NLP showed the greatest stability during storage at 4 °C. The in vitro release profile of OPs from OPs-NLP fitted a one-level kinetic model best. The osteogenic activity of OPs was unaffected by NLP encapsulation, and the bioaccessibility of OPs was notably improved. These findings suggest that OPs-NLP has the potential to be used in functional foods.

Enzyme/pH Dual-Responsive Engineered Nanoparticles for Improved Tumor Immuno-Chemotherapy

Combining immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy with chemotherapy can enhance the efficacy of ICB and expand its indications. However, the limited tumor specificity of chemotherapy drugs results in severe adverse reactions. Additionally, the low tissue penetration and immune-related adverse events associated with monoclonal antibodies restrict their widespread application. To address challenges faced by traditional combination therapies, we design a dual-responsive engineered nanoparticle based on ferritin (denoted as CMFn@OXA), achieving tumor-targeted delivery and controlled release of the anti-PD-L1 peptide CLP002 and oxaliplatin (OXA). Our results demonstrate that CMFn@OXA not only exhibits tumor-specific accumulation but also responds to matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9), facilitating the controlled release of CLP002 to block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Simultaneously, it ensures the precise delivery of the OXA to tumor cells and its subsequent release within the acidic environment of lysosomes, thereby fostering a synergistic therapeutic effect. Compared to traditional combination therapies, CMFn@OXA demonstrates superior performance in inhibiting tumor growth, extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice, and exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. Collectively, our results highlight CMFn@OXA as a novel and promising strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Novel nano-fertilizers derived from drinking water industry waste for sustained release of macronutrients: performance, kinetics and sorption mechanisms

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for the controlled release of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and potassium. These essential plant nutrients are often applied in excess, leading to environmental pollution and loss of efficiency in crop production. Innovative economic and highly efficient fertilizers are urgently needed to achieve the targeted crop production worldwide in the presence of limited land and water resources. Therefore, in this study, novel, eco-friendly, cost-effective and enhanced efficiency nano-enabled fertilizers, NEF (nWTF1and nWTF2) were synthesized by impregnation of nanostructured water treatment residuals (nWTR) with (KH2PO4 + MgO) at 1:1 and 3:1 (w/w) ratios respectively using a planetary ball mill. The nWTR, nWTF1 and nWTF2 were extensively characterized. The water retention behavior and the sustained release of nutrients from the fabricated nano-enabled fertilizers (nWTF1 and nWTF2) in distilled water and sandy soil were investigated and monitored over time. The water retention capacity of the soil treated with nWTF2 after 26 days was 9.3 times higher than that of soil treated with conventional fertilizer. In addition, the nWTF2 exhibited lower release rates of P, K and Mg nutrients for longer release periods in comparison with the conventional fertilizers. This is a significant advantage over traditional fertilizers, which release nutrients quickly and can lead to leaching and nutrient loss. The main interaction mechanisms of PO4-K-Mg ions with nWTR surface were suggested. The results of the kinetics study revealed that power function was the best suitable model to describe the kinetics of P, K and Mg release data from NEF in water and soil. The produced NEF were applied to Zea maize plants and compared to commercial chemical fertilizer control plants. The obtained results revealed that the nano-enabled fertilizers (nWTF1 and nWTF2) significantly promoted growth, and P content compared with the commercial chemical fertilizer treated plants. The present work demonstrated the power of nano enabled fertilizers as efficient and sustained release nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and pollution free environment.

Nanoengineered oxygen-releasing polymeric scaffold with sustained release of dexamethasone for bone regeneration

Maintaining the continuous oxygen supply and proper cell growth before blood vessel ingrowth at the bone defect site are considerably significant issues in bone regeneration. Oxygen-producing scaffolds can supply oxygen and avoid hypoxia leading to expedited bone regeneration. Herein, first oxygen-producing calcium peroxide nanoparticles (CPO NPs) are synthesized, and subsequently, the various amounts of synthesized CPO NPs (0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt/v%) loaded in the scaffold composite, which is developed by simple physical blending of chitosan (CS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers. To deliver the synergistic therapeutic effect, dexamethasone (DEX), known for its potential anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties, is loaded into the nanocomposite scaffolds. The extensive physicochemical characterizations of nanocomposite scaffolds confirm the successful loading of CPO NPs, adequate porous morphology, pore size, hydrophilicity, and biodegradability.In vitro, biological studies support the antibacterial, hemocompatible, and cytocompatible (MG-63 and MC3T3-E1 cells) nature of the material when tested on respective cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirm the successful biomineralization of the scaffolds. Scaffolds also exhibit the sustained release of DEX and efficient protein adsorption. This study revealed that a nanoengineered scaffold loaded with CPO NPs (PCL/CS/DEX/CPO 3) is a suitable candidate for bone tissue regeneration.

Maximization delays decision-making in acute care nursing

The maximization personality trait refers to the tendency to face decision-making situations along a continuum from exhaustively analysing all the options (maximize) to choosing the one that exceeds a subjective threshold of acceptability (satisfy). Research has revealed the influence of maximizing on decision making, although little is known about its possible role in high risk and high uncertainty situations. A sample of 153 active Spanish nurses, with an average experience of 11 years, completed a maximization questionnaire and responded to written vignettes depicting time-demanding decision making in which three options were offered, representing delayed action, non-action, and immediate action. Two vignettes presented critical situations related to acute care during the COVID-19 pandemic, whilst two vignettes presented non-nursing scenarios. People high in maximization took longer to choose and were more likely to choose non-action. No relationship was found between maximization score and the subjective experience of the person making the choice. Maximization had no significant correlation with years of experience nor perceived expertise. Greater perceived expertise was associated with lower indecision and greater confidence. When participants answered nursing vignettes, they took longer to respond, but chose less delayed action and more immediate action. Our results suggest that maximization plays only a relative role in acute care decision-making in nursing, as compared to contextual variables and expertise. They also support a domain general approach to this personality trait. Findings are consistent with Nibbelink and Reed's Practice-Primed Decision Model for nursing.

Incorporating surfactants into PCL microneedles for sustained release of a hydrophilic model drug

Polymeric microneedles (MNs) are widely used for sustained drug release due to their distinct advantages over other types of MNs. Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) stands out as a biodegradable and biocompatible hydrophobic polymer commonly employed in drug delivery applications. This study explores the impact of surfactants on the encapsulation and release rate of a model hydrophilic drug, minoxidil (MXD), from PCL MNs. Three nonionic surfactants, Tween 80, Span 60, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were integrated into PCL MNs at varying concentrations. Compared to the other types of surfactants, PEG-containing PCL MNs exhibit enhanced insertion capabilities into a skin-simulant parafilm model and increased mechanical strength, suggesting facile penetration into the stratum corneum. Furthermore, MXD-PEG MNs show the highest encapsulation efficiency and are further characterized using FTIR, DSC and XRD. Their mechanical strength against different static forces was measured. The MNs exhibit a sustained release pattern over 20 days. Eventually, MXD-PEG MNs were subjected to penetration testing using chicken skin and required minimal insertion forces with no observed MN failure during experimentation even after compression with the maximum force applied (32 N per patch). Taken together, the present work demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating nonionic surfactants like PEG into the tips of hydrophobic PCL MNs for sustained delivery of a model hydrophilic drug. This formulation strategy can be used to improve patient compliance by allowing self-administration and achieving prolonged drug release.

Nanocellulose-based platforms as a multipurpose carrier for drug and bioactive compounds: From active packaging to transdermal and anticancer applications

The nanocellulose has unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility, good mechanical strength, and low cytotoxicity. The nanocellulose crystalline portion is responsible for good mechanical resistance, while the amorphous portion is responsible for flexibility. Such features make it a promising candidate for multiple applications related to the modulation of substance release: targeted cancer therapy, transdermal drug delivery, and controlled-release packaging materials. Thus, in this study, we discussed nanocellulose as a multipurpose material for drug delivery and bioactive compound carriers in controlled delivery systems with varied applications in pharmaceutic fields. Herein, we focus on understanding key factors such as i) polymer-drug interactions and surface modification strategies in controlled release rates, ii) therapeutic efficacy, and iii) biocompatibility aspects. The tunable chemistry surface plays a fundamental approach limiting the quick release of active substances in drug delivery systems. Several works on a pre-clinical stage of investigation were overviewed, reporting robust evidence on nanocellulose to design bioactive compounds/drug delivery carriers based on stimuli-responsive drug release and controlled delivery systems for higher efficiency in cancer therapies, purposing target therapy and reduced side effects. Nanocellulose was also identified as a solid candidate material in active packaging for pharmaceutical products. Cellulose nanocrystals and bacterial cellulose demonstrated strong potential to overcome the challenge of controlled release profile and open novel insights in advanced active packaging materials for pharmaceutics with controlled release of antioxidant and antimicrobial substances. Moreover, the concept overview in this work might be extended in active food packaging technologies to flavor-releasing/absorbing systems or antimicrobial/antioxidant carriers for extending the shelf life of foods.

Mechanistic Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Curcumin Release from Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/Poly(lactic acid) Polymer Nanoparticles

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of curcumin (CUR) release from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) by evaluating the temperature-dependent CUR release. NPs were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method using various PLGA/PLA polymers with different lactic:glycolic ratios (L:G ratios) and molecular weights. Increasing the polymer molecular weight resulted in a decrease in the particle size of NPs. The wet glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLGA/PLA NPs was lower than the intrinsic polymer Tg, which can be derived from the water absorption and nanosizing of the polymer. The reduction in Tg was more significant for the PLGA/PLA NPs with lower polymer L:G ratios and lower polymer molecular weight. The greater decrease of Tg in the lower polymer L:G ratios was possibly caused by the higher water absorption due to the more hydrophilic nature of the glycolic acid segment than that of the lactic acid segment. The efficient water absorption in PLGA/PLA NPs with lower molecular weight could cause a significant reduction of Tg as it has lower hydrophobicity. CUR release tests from the PLGA/PLA NPs exhibited enhanced CUR release with increasing temperatures, irrespective of polymer species. By fitting the CUR release profiles into mathematical models, the CUR release process was well described by an initial burst release followed by a diffusion-controlled release. The wet Tg and particle size of the PLGA/PLA NPs affected the amount and temperature dependence of the initial burst release of CUR. Above the wet Tg of NPs, the initial burst release of CUR increased sharply. Smaller particle sizes of PLGA/PLA NPs led to a higher fraction of initial CUR burst release, which was more pronounced above the wet Tg of NPs. The wet Tg and particle sizes of the PLGA/PLA NPs also influenced the diffusion-controlled CUR release. The diffusion rate of CUR in the NPs increased as the wet Tg values of the NPs decreased. The diffusion path length of CUR was affected by the particle size, with larger particle size resulting in a prolonged diffusion-controlled release of CUR. This study highlighted that for the formulation development of PLGA/PLA NPs, suitable PLGA/PLA polymers should be selected considering the physicochemical properties of PLGA/PLA NPs and their correlation with the release behavior of encapsulated drugs at the application temperature.

In vitro plasma hydrolysis of phenolic esters and their absorption kinetics in rats: Controlled release of phenolic compounds and enhanced health benefits

Phenolic esters are considered as promising functional food ingredients. However, their digestion, absorption and metabolism are still unclear. Tyrosol acyl esters (TYr-Es), hydroxytyrosol acyl esters (HTy-Es) and alkyl gallates (A-GAs) were hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase in plasma and exhibited slow release of polyphenols (phenolic acids). In vitro hydrolysis degrees initially increased and then decreased with the increasing carbon chain length (C2-C16). TYr-Es exhibited higher hydrolysis degrees compared to HTy-Es, and hydrolysis degrees of TYr-Es and HTy-Es were markedly higher than those of A-GAs. Due to the fast hydrolysis rates of TYr-Es and HTy-Es, they were undetectable in all rat plasma samples collected at several times within 24 h after administration. Whereas, A-GAs could be detected in rat plasmas and three absorption peaks were found in the pharmacokinetic profiles. Importantly, the T1/2, MRT, AUC0-∞, AUC0-t in octyl gallate group were longer (or stronger) than those in propyl gallate and dodecyl gallate groups.

Efficacy of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics Versus Oral Antipsychotics in Preventing Psychiatric Rehospitalizations

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND

Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental illness that incurs a large economic burden. Decreasing hospital readmissions is a priority in health care to improve patient quality of life and decrease health care costs. Determining ways to prevent readmissions such as improving access to long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics is important to assess.

METHODS/PROCEDURES

A single-center retrospective review was conducted comparing readmission rates of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder discharged on LAI or oral antipsychotics between August 1, 2019, and June 30, 2022. The primary outcome was the 30-day psychiatric readmission rate. Secondary outcomes included chlorpromazine equivalent doses and use of anticholinergic medications.

FINDINGS/RESULTS

The 30-day readmission rate was 1.9% for the LAI antipsychotic group and 8.3% for the oral antipsychotic group ( P = 0.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-20.02). The average chlorpromazine equivalent antipsychotic dose of patients discharged on LAI versus oral antipsychotic medications was 477.3 and 278.6 mg/d, respectively ( P < 0.001). In addition, the prevalence of medications used to treat extrapyramidal symptom was 22.3% (n = 23) for the LAI antipsychotic group and 30.8% (n = 74) for the oral antipsychotic group ( P = 0.12). Sixty-four percent of LAI antipsychotics utilized were obtained from pharmaceutical company hospital inpatient free trial programs.

IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS

Long-acting injectable antipsychotics showed a statistically significant reduction in 30-day rehospitalizations as compared with oral antipsychotics and hospital inpatient free trial programs aided in LAI antipsychotic acquisition.