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Wan S, Wang M. Population mobility : spatial spillover effect of government health expenditure in China. Glob Health Action 2024; 17:2319952. [PMID: 38465634 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2319952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the 20th century, pursuing Universal Health Coverage (UHC) has emerged as an important developmental objective in numerous countries and across the global health community. With the intricate ramifications of population mobility (PM), the government faces a mounting imperative to judiciously deploy health expenditure to realise UHC effectively. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct a comprehensive UHC index for China, assess the spatial effects of Government Health Expenditure (GHE) on UHC, and explore the moderating effects of PM on this association. METHOD A Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (DSDM) was employed to investigate the influence of the GHE on UHC. Therefore, we tested the moderating effect of PM. RESULTS In the short-term, the GHE negatively impacted local UHC. However, it enhanced the UHC in neighbouring regions. Over the long term, GHE improved local UHC but decreased UHC in neighbouring regions. In the short-term, when the PM exceeded 1.42, the GHE increased the local UHC. Over the long term, when the PM exceeded 1.107, the GHE impeded local UHC. If the PM exceeded 0.91 in the long term, the GHE promoted UHC in neighbouring regions. The results of this study offer a partial explanation of GHE decisions and behaviours. CONCLUSIONS To enhance UHC, a viable strategy involves augmenting vertical transfer payments from the central government to local governments. Local governments should institute healthcare systems tailored to the urban scale and developmental stages, with due consideration for PM. Optimising the information disclosure mechanism is also a worthwhile endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Wan
- School of Public Finance & Public Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- School of Public Finance & Public Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
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Welch L. Understanding the Legal Rights and Mental Health Needs of Unaccompanied Immigrant Children in US Government Custody and Beyond. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2024; 33:151-161. [PMID: 38395502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This article addresses the mental health rights of unaccompanied children, the ways in which the US immigration system does not sufficiently support children's mental health, and how clinicians can play a role in meeting immigrant children's mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leecia Welch
- Children's Rights, 88 Pine Street, Suite 800, New York, NY 10005, USA.
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3
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Colville S, Lockey S, Gillespie N, Jane Kelly S. Compliance with COVID-19 preventative health measures in the United Kingdom: a latent profile analysis. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daae007. [PMID: 38430508 PMCID: PMC10908350 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Governments have adopted unprecedented measures to assist in slowing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, but compliance varies among individuals. This UK study uses latent profile analysis to identify four classes of individuals on factors believed to influence compliance. Those who sought health information from authoritative sources and actively sought information from multiple sources were most compliant. Profile differences in compliance and vaccination status were also primarily driven by trust in healthcare institutions over trust in government. These findings contribute to understanding compliance profiles and emphasise the importance of authoritative information and trust in healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Colville
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Business, 2 George Street, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Steven Lockey
- The University of Queensland, School of Management, Cambell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Nicole Gillespie
- The University of Queensland, School of Management, Cambell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Sarah Jane Kelly
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Business, 2 George Street, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
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4
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Guo Y. Investigating the impact of culture dimensions on Chinese citizens' continuous use of e- government websites: A cultural model-based study. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 244:104196. [PMID: 38447486 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Drawing upon Hofstede's cultural model, this study establishes a framework for examining the factors influencing citizens' continuous use of e-government websites. This paper, employing quantile regression, reveals that collectivism, masculinity, long-term orientation, and constraint culture exhibit varying degrees of influence on different levels of continuous use of China's e-government websites. Moreover, it has been observed that masculine culture exerts a limiting effect on the continuous use of e-government websites by the Chinese public, but this restriction diminishes beyond the 50th percentile of continuous usage level. In contrast, constraint-oriented culture consistently influences the Chinese public's continuous usage behavior of e-government websites. Both collectivist culture and long-term orientation culture demonstrate their impact on the continuous use of e-government websites among the Chinese public once a certain threshold of continuous usage level is achieved. In light of these findings, the study suggests that the government should pay attention to the cultural aspects of e-government websites and provide culturally adaptive e-government services to better meet the public's needs and expectations.
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5
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Henaff L, Zavadska D, Melgar M, Fihman J, Steffen C, Hombach J. The role of NITAGs in government decisions on vaccine use: insights from the Fifth Global NITAG Network meeting. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:e214-e215. [PMID: 38373425 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
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6
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Wang ZJ, Zhou RF, Ma YF, Wang YJ. Carbon tax and low-carbon credit: Which policy is more beneficial to the capital-constrained manufacturer's remanufacturing activities? Environ Res 2024; 246:118079. [PMID: 38160967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Remanufacturing has attracted much attention for its enormous potential in resource recycling and low-carbon emission reduction. To investigate the effects of different government intervention policies on remanufacturing and carbon emissions, two profit maximization models of the capital-constrained manufacturer under carbon tax and low-carbon credit policies are constructed respectively. Then, through theoretical and numerical analyses, some significant findings are drawn: (1) Both carbon tax and low-carbon credit policies can encourage capital-constrained manufacturers to produce more remanufactured products, but which intervention policy is more advantageous also depends on the carbon emission cost of new products or financing cost of the remanufactured products. (2) Although carbon tax policy can effectively control carbon emissions, it is always at the expense of both capital-constrained manufacturers and consumers; while low-carbon credit policy can help capital-constrained manufacturers achieve the goal of win-win economic and environmental benefits when the remanufacturing carbon savings advantages are more apparent. (3) From the perspective of consumer benefits, carbon tax is more advantageous when the consumer willingness to pay for remanufactured products is higher; otherwise, low-carbon credit policy should be implemented. (4) The higher the environmental damage coefficient is, the more it can highlight the advantages of the two intervention policies in social welfare enhancement, especially the carbon tax policy; and when the environmental damage coefficient is given, the stronger the consumers' willingness to pay for remanufactured products is, the more it is conducive to reducing the negative effects caused by the carbon tax or low-carbon credit policy in social welfare enhancement, or increasing the corresponding positive effects. Based on above findings, some managerial insights and policy implications are provided to capital-constrained manufacturers and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Jie Wang
- School of Business Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China; Institute of Gui-An New District, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China
| | - Ru-Fu Zhou
- School of Business Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Feng Ma
- School of Business Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Jian Wang
- Business School, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China.
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Jeong JS, Kim SY. Risk Perception and Preventive Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic : Testing the Effects of Government Trust and Information Behaviors. Health Commun 2024; 39:376-387. [PMID: 36650123 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2166698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the absence of COVID-19 treatments, the best way to control the spread of the virus is to break the chain of infection by increasing public participation in preventive behaviors recommended by health authorities. This study proposes a moderated mediation model of information behaviors (e.g. information seeking and information verification) and trust in government that explores the relationship between risk perception and preventive behaviors regarding COVID-19. Using a survey study in South Korea, we conducted the moderated mediation analysis with latent moderated structural equation modeling (LMS). We found serial mediation effects for risk perception, information behaviors, and preventive behaviors, as people both seek out information and verify that information before adopting preventive behaviors. Additionally, trust in government moderated information behaviors in the relationship between risk perception and preventive behaviors, suggesting that trust in government encourages people to adopt more preventive actions via information seeking and information verification. Further implications are discussed to promote public understanding of the health crisis and public participation in preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seon Jeong
- Debiasing and Lay Informatics (DaLI) Lab, Center for Applied Social Research, University of Oklahoma
| | - Soo Yun Kim
- Department of Communication, University of Texas - Rio Grande Valley
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Choi SI, Kim S, Jin Y, Valentini C, Badham M, Colleoni E, Romenti S. Effects of Individuals' Cultural Orientations and Trust in Government Health Communication Sources on Behavioral Intentions During a Pandemic: A Cross-Country Study. Health Commun 2024; 39:107-121. [PMID: 36576168 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2022.2159975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Public health messages disseminated by trusted government authorities are likely to have more influence over individuals' intentions and behaviors. However, individuals worldwide have different levels of trust in government authorities, which leads to varying levels of compliance intentions. Additionally, these trust levels may vary during major public crises, such as pandemics. Based on a COVID-19 pandemic communication survey (N = 3,065) disseminated throughout six countries (Australia, Finland, Italy, South Korea, Sweden, and the United States), this study examined the association among trust in distinct government sources, cultural orientations, and health behavioral intentions. Findings indicated that trust in official health communication sources at four governmental levels (i.e. national government, the head of the national government, the national health authority, and the chief representative of the national health authority) was related to vaccination intentions and other behavioral compliance intentions (i.e. willingness to prevent COVID-19 infection in other ways). Meanwhile, these direct associations were mediated by the cultural orientations of power distance and uncertainty avoidance. Findings also revealed that the direct association of trust in government sources and the indirect relationship through the above cultural orientations varied by country. This study offers insight into the important role of credible sources and individuals' cultural orientations in the domain of health communication aimed at influencing behavioral intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Choi
- Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia
| | - Sungsu Kim
- School of Communication, Kookmin University
| | - Yan Jin
- Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia
| | | | - Mark Badham
- Leeds Business School, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Elanor Colleoni
- Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behavior, IULM University
| | - Stefania Romenti
- Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behavior, IULM University
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Arzo S, Hong M. A roadmap to SDGs-emergence of technological innovation and infrastructure development for social progress and mobility. Environ Res 2024; 246:118102. [PMID: 38185219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to conduct a thorough investigation on understanding how infrastructure growth and technological innovation affect social mobility and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to illuminate the underlying mechanisms by exploring the mediating function of psychological empowerment and the moderating impact of community satisfaction. The study carefully chose a sizeable sample of 370 connected to the mega project CPEC. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire-based approach. Notably, the study confirmed the large and favorable influence of technical innovation and infrastructural development on both the SDGs-13 (climate change) and social mobility. Furthermore, this study provided light on the critical function of environmental impacts identifying it as an important mediating mechanism that magnifies the effects of innovation and infrastructure on long-term development outcomes. It gives decision-makers in government, business, international organizations, and local communities useful information by offering empirical data and insights. This study offers a novel perspective and explores the relationship between infrastructure growth, technological innovation, social mobility, and SDGs-13-climate change. It uncovers the pivotal roles of psychological empowerment and community satisfaction, offering fresh insights into global development strategies influencing SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Arzo
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mi Hong
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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DeVito NJ, Morley J, Goldacre B. Barriers and best practices to improving clinical trials transparency at UK public research institutions: A qualitative interview study. Health Policy 2024; 142:104991. [PMID: 38417375 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since 2017, the UK government has made concerted efforts to ensure the dissemination of clinical trials conducted at public research institutions. This study aims to understand how stakeholders within these institutions responded to these pressures and modified internal policies and processes while identifying best practices and barriers to improved transparency practice. METHODS Research governance and trial management staff from UK public research institutions (i.e., Universities and NHS Trusts) in England, Scotland and Wales participated in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis, aided by the framework method. RESULTS Between November 2020 and July 2021, 14 individual participants were recruited from 11 different institutions. They worked in research governance, administration, and management. Almost universally, new policies and procedures have been established to ensure investigators are aware of, and supported in, fulfilling their transparency commitments, however challenges remain. Trials of medicinal products, as the most closely regulated research, consequently received the most attention. National professional networks aid in sharing knowledge and best practice within this community. CONCLUSIONS Investment in the institutional governance of transparency is essential to achieving optimal transparency practices. Universities and hospitals share responsibility for ensuring research is performed and reported to regulatory standards. Facing political pressure, public research institutions in the UK have made efforts to improve their transparency practice which can provide key insights for similar efforts elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J DeVito
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Jessica Morley
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Goldacre
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Beard TA, Donaldson SI, Unger JB, Allem JP. Examining Tobacco-Related Social Media Research in Government Policy Documents: Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:421-426. [PMID: 37712553 PMCID: PMC10959066 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media data have been used to describe tobacco industry marketing practices, user experiences with tobacco, and youth-oriented protobacco content. OBJECTIVE Examine the extent to which tobacco-related social media research is cited in government policy documents. SEARCH METHODS Peer-reviewed tobacco-related social media studies were searched for on Web of Science, PubMed, and other databases from 2004 to 2022. The DOI number for each identified article was then used to search the Overton database to find policy documents citing such research. A secondary, manual search of national and international governmental agency websites was also conducted. SELECTION CRITERIA Documents were included in this study if they were tobacco-related, written in English, cited social media research in the document text and reference section, and were published by a governmental office or agency. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The analytic sample consisted of (n = 38) government policy documents, and were coded for content themes, agency type, document type, and subsequent citations. MAIN RESULTS When this research was utilized, it was often in the context of highlighting tobacco industry marketing practices, bringing attention to an issue (eg, youth e-cigarette use), and/or describing how social media platforms can be used as a data source to understand tobacco-related attitudes and behaviors. Agencies that often cited this research were the WHO, FDA, and CDC. The document types included research reports, policy recommendations, industry guidance, legal complaints, and practice-based recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco-related social media research has been utilized by government agencies in the last decade to guide the policy process. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco-related social media research has been used in government policy documents to detail tobacco industry marketing and bring attention to youth exposure to protobacco content online. Continued surveillance of social media may be necessary to track the changing tobacco landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista A Beard
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott I Donaldson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon-Patrick Allem
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Limb M. Government criticised over failure to implement patient safety recommendations. BMJ 2024; 384:q727. [PMID: 38519062 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
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13
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Hewitt C. "Broken" mental health services: government promises must be monitored. BMJ 2024; 384:q703. [PMID: 38514078 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
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14
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Tanne JH. US president expands government research into women's health issues. BMJ 2024; 384:q713. [PMID: 38514076 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
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15
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Casassus B. French government looks to immigration to help plug health workers gap, but candidates are not always up to scratch. BMJ 2024; 384:q652. [PMID: 38514048 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
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16
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O'Dowd A. Social care problems left unsolved despite government promises, say MPs. BMJ 2024; 384:q696. [PMID: 38508669 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
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Akhtar-Schuster M, Stringer LC, Barger N. Fast-tracking action on the Sustainable Development Goals by enhancing national institutional arrangements. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298855. [PMID: 38507393 PMCID: PMC10954137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Six years remain to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite some progress, institutional effectiveness for SDG achievement has not been delivered at a national level. Identification and establishment of an institutional framework to operationalise the 2030 Agenda within national plans, giving science-based coordination of SDG implementation a central role, is urgently required to accelerate progress. This paper tackles this challenge. Drawing on literature analysis, it asks: 1) What are the deficiencies in institutional national arrangements that hinder SDG implementation? 2) How can existing institutional deficiencies in SDG implementation be addressed? and 3) How can institutional changes support fast-tracking of SDG implementation processes at national level? Findings show that country-specific horizontal institutional arrangements are usually advanced. However, national visions to improve mainstreaming across decision-making at different levels to enable whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches to SDG implementation are commonly under-developed. Deficiencies are due to poor systematic engagement of scientific and technical expertise in operational day-to-day communication, as well as in the design, validation, implementation, monitoring and reporting of domestic SDG-related multi-stakeholder actions. Vertical institutional arrangements are complex, and risk resource-consuming, uncoordinated implementation. Our analyses suggest countries may benefit from establishing a national, centralised independent scientific and technical coordinating body for SDG implementation at national level, within existing science-based institutional arrangements. Such a body would not be led by governmental processes but would provide technical support to government agencies. We argue that scientific and technical skills in data and information management and quality control are central to coordinated and evidence-informed support, and could help to accelerate national SDG implementation. Such a supporting body would also enable a more joined-up approach between stakeholders working in the areas of science and technology, government and practice, improving orchestrated science-based actions and their auditing across sectors and stakeholder communities at national and sub-national levels. It would further guide actions to reduce trade-offs within national sustainable development aspirations, and would facilitate consideration of diverse values in advancing towards a durable and just transformative future. Such efforts are vital given the rapidly closing window of time for SDG achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay C. Stringer
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nichole Barger
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Wise J. RSV: Paediatricians call on government to expedite infant vaccination programme. BMJ 2024; 384:q706. [PMID: 38508680 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
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19
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Witt A, Womersley K, Strachan S, Hirst J, Norton R. Women's health needs beyond sexual, reproductive, and maternal health are missing from the government's 2024 priorities. BMJ 2024; 384:q679. [PMID: 38503444 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Witt
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kate Womersley
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Jane Hirst
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Robyn Norton
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, UK
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Jawad M, Awawda S, Abla R, Chalak A, Khader YS, Nakkash RT, Mostafa A, Salloum RG, Abu-Rmeileh NME. Impact of waterpipe tobacco taxation on consumption, government revenue and premature deaths averted in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine: a simulation study. Tob Control 2024; 33:e85-e90. [PMID: 36601792 PMCID: PMC10958304 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the high prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean region, evidence supporting its fiscal measures is limited. We modelled the impact of waterpipe tobacco-specific excise taxes on consumption, government revenue and premature deaths averted in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. METHODS We developed a simulation model using country-specific and market share-specific price, consumption and price elasticity data from WHO, UN Comtrade and nationally representative surveys. We modelled increases to specific excise taxes to meet a 35.9% tax burden on 20 g of waterpipe tobacco in Lebanon and Jordan, in line with the global average, and to double government revenues from excise duties in Palestine, which has surpassed this average. RESULTS Specific excise tax was raised by $1.14 ($0.18-$1.32) in Jordan, $2.41 ($0.03-$2.44) in Lebanon (alongside removal of ad valorem taxes) and $2.39 ($1.72-$4.11) in Palestine per 20 g of waterpipe tobacco. Government revenue increased by $126.3 million in Jordan, $53.8 million in Lebanon and $162.4 million in Palestine while waterpipes smoked decreased by 32.4% in Jordan, 71.0% in Lebanon and 16.3% in Palestine. The corresponding numbers of premature deaths averted annually were approximately 162 000; 1 000 000; and 52 000. DISCUSSION Increases in waterpipe tobacco-specific excise taxes substantially reduce smoking and increase government revenue and averted premature deaths in Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. This has positive implications for both public health and financing and should be considered a policy priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sameera Awawda
- Department of Economics and Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
| | - Ruba Abla
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Chalak
- Department of Agriculture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yousef S Khader
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rima T Nakkash
- Health Behaviour and Education Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aya Mostafa
- Department of Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Park D, Kim D, Park AH. Agendas on Nursing in South Korea Media: Natural Language Processing and Network Analysis of News From 2005 to 2022. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e50518. [PMID: 38393293 DOI: 10.2196/50518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Korean society has increasingly recognized the importance of nurses in the context of population aging and infectious disease control. However, nurses still face difficulties with regard to policy activities that are aimed at improving the nursing workforce structure and working environment. Media coverage plays an important role in public awareness of a particular issue and can be an important strategy in policy activities. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed data from 18 years of news coverage on nursing-related issues. The focus of this study was to examine the drivers of the social, local, economic, and political agendas that were emphasized in the media by the analysis of main sources and their quotes. This analysis revealed which nursing media agendas were emphasized (eg, social aspects), neglected (eg, policy aspects), and negotiated. METHODS Descriptive analysis, natural language processing, and semantic network analysis were applied to analyze data collected from 2005 to 2022. BigKinds were used for the collection of data, automatic multi-categorization of news, named entity recognition of news sources, and extraction and topic modeling of quotes. The main news sources were identified by conducting a 1-mode network analysis with SNAnalyzer. The main agendas of nursing-related news coverage were examined through the qualitative analysis of major sources' quotes by section. The common and individual interests of the top-ranked sources were analyzed through a 2-mode network analysis using UCINET. RESULTS In total, 128,339 articles from 54 media outlets on nursing-related issues were analyzed. Descriptive analysis showed that nursing-related news was mainly covered in social (99,868/128,339, 77.82%) and local (48,056/128,339, 48.56%) sections, whereas it was rarely covered in economic (9439/128,339, 7.35%) and political (7301/128,339, 5.69%) sections. Furthermore, 445 sources that had made the top 20 list at least once by year and section were analyzed. Other than "nurse," the main sources for each section were "labor union," "local resident," "government," and "Moon Jae-in." "Nursing Bill" emerged as a common interest among nurses and doctors, although the topic did not garner considerable attention from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Analyzing quotes showed that nurses were portrayed as heroes, laborers, survivors of abuse, and perpetrators. The economic section focused on employment of youth and women in nursing. In the political section, conflicts between nurses and doctors, which may have caused policy confusion, were highlighted. Policy formulation processes were not adequately reported. Media coverage of the enactment of nursing laws tended to relate to confrontations between political parties. CONCLUSIONS The media plays a crucial role in highlighting various aspects of nursing practice. However, policy formulation processes to solve nursing issues were not adequately reported in South Korea. This study suggests that nurses should secure policy compliance by persuading the public to understand their professional perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daemin Park
- School of Media & Communication, Sunmoon University, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- Home Visit Healthcare Team, Expert Group on Health Promotion for Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Hyun Park
- Tobacco Control Team, Expert Group on Health Promotion for Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Xian X, Neuwirth RJ, Chang A. Government-Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Collaboration in Macao's COVID-19 Vaccine Promotion: Social Media Case Study. JMIR Infodemiology 2024; 4:e51113. [PMID: 38502184 DOI: 10.2196/51113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic triggered unprecedented global vaccination efforts, with social media being a popular tool for vaccine promotion. OBJECTIVE This study probes into Macao's COVID-19 vaccine communication dynamics, with a focus on the multifaceted impacts of government agendas on social media. METHODS We scrutinized 22,986 vaccine-related Facebook posts from January 2020 to August 2022 in Macao. Using automated content analysis and advanced statistical methods, we unveiled intricate agenda dynamics between government and nongovernment entities. RESULTS "Vaccine importance" and "COVID-19 risk" were the most prominent topics co-occurring in the overall vaccine communication. The government tended to emphasize "COVID-19 risk" and "vaccine effectiveness," while regular users prioritized vaccine safety and distribution, indicating a discrepancy in these agendas. Nonetheless, the government has limited impact on regular users in the aspects of vaccine importance, accessibility, affordability, and trust in experts. The agendas of government and nongovernment users intertwined, illustrating complex interactions. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the influence of government agendas on public discourse, impacting environmental awareness, public health education, and the social dynamics of inclusive communication during health crises. Inclusive strategies, accommodating public concerns, and involving diverse stakeholders are paramount for effective social media communication during health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechang Xian
- Department of Publicity, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Rostam J Neuwirth
- Department of Global Legal Studies, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Angela Chang
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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Chen S, Guo L, Xie Y, Dong D, Saber R, Alluhidan M, Alamri A, Alfaisal A, Alazemi N, Al-Farsi YM, Al Ohaly YA, Zhang Y, Rakic S, Hamza M, Herbst CH, Tang S. Government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: good practices and lessons for future preparedness. Glob Health Res Policy 2024; 9:10. [PMID: 38486301 PMCID: PMC10941437 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-024-00349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically threatened the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which have a large proportion of foreign workers. The governments of GCC countries have proactively implemented a comprehensive set of policy measures, and up to our knowledge, a systematic analysis of qualitative and quantitative evidence on the government response is still lacking. We summarized the GCC countries' government response and quantitatively measured that response using four indexes-the Government Response Index, the Stringency Index, the Vaccine Index, and the Initial Response Index, to analyse their response for future pandemic preparedness. Overall, the government response of all the GCC countries to the COVID-19 pandemic has been comprehensive, stringent, and timely. Notably, the GCC countries have implemented comprehensive vaccine policies. In addition, they have worked actively to protect foreign workers to improve their access to health services and secure their essential living conditions, regardless of their immigrant status. All the GCC countries dynamically adjusted their response to the evolving COVID-19 epidemiological burden and started to relax the stringency of the control policies after the Omicron wave, though the governments had different response magnitudes as measured by the four indexes. These findings have provided several important lessons for future pandemic response and preparedness for countries with similar economic, demographic, and health contexts in (1) prompt actions of containment and closure policies with dynamic adjusting, (2) strengthening health system policies, (3) comprehensive vaccination policies with universal access, (4) equitable and free access to testing, diagnosis, and treatment for all, and (5) strengthening the resilience of health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lei Guo
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yewei Xie
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Di Dong
- World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Rana Saber
- General Directorate for National Health Economics and Policy, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alluhidan
- General Directorate for National Health Economics and Policy, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adwa Alamri
- General Directorate for National Health Economics and Policy, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alfaisal
- General Directorate for National Health Economics and Policy, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahar Alazemi
- General Directorate for National Health Economics and Policy, Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Yi Zhang
- World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | - Shenglan Tang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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24
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Aderinto N, Olatunji G, Kokori E, Abdulrahmon MA, Akinmeji A, Fatoye JO. Expanding surgical access in Africa through improved health insurance schemes: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37488. [PMID: 38489736 PMCID: PMC10939550 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgical access remains a pressing public health concern in African nations, with a substantial portion of the population facing challenges in obtaining safe, timely, and affordable surgical care. This paper delves into the impact of health insurance schemes on surgical accessibility in Africa, exploring the barriers, challenges, and future directions. It highlights how high out-of-pocket costs, reliance on traditional healing practices, and inadequate surgical infrastructure hinder surgical utilization. Financing mechanisms often need to be more effective, and health insurance programs face resistance within the informal sector. Additionally, coverage of the poor remains a fundamental challenge, with geographical and accessibility barriers compounding the issue. Government policies, often marked by inconsistency and insufficient allocation of resources, create further obstacles. However, strategic purchasing and fund integration offer avenues for improving the efficiency of health insurance programs. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations, emphasizing the importance of inclusive policies, streamlined financing mechanisms, coverage expansion, and enhanced strategic purchasing to bridge the surgical access gap in Africa. Decoupling entitlement from the payment of contributions, broadening the scope of coverage for outpatient medicines and related expenses, and enhancing safeguards against overall costs and charges, especially for individuals with lower incomes. Ultimately, by addressing these challenges and harnessing the potential of health insurance schemes, the continent can move closer to achieving universal surgical care and improving the well-being of its people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Gbolahan Olatunji
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Kokori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Ayodeji Akinmeji
- Department of Medicine, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun, Nigeria
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Ma M, Meng W, Huang B, Li Y. New energy vehicles' technology innovation coordination strategy based on alliance negotiation under dual credit policy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299915. [PMID: 38489345 PMCID: PMC10942065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is one of the effective ways to alleviate carbon emissions, environmental pollution, and energy scarcity in the transportation sector. The Chinese government has innovatively proposed the "dual credit policy," but it is still a hot topic whether it can promote the NEVs' technological innovation. In this study, we construct game models and obtain the technological innovation strategies for NEVs under the dual credit policy, considering that the NEV supply chain contains one manufacturer and N suppliers. Further, we construct bargaining game models and study how to encourage manufacturers and suppliers to enhance technological innovation, realize supply chain coordination, and give the alliance strategy to maximize suppliers' profit. We found that the dual credit policy can effectively stimulate technological innovation, and the higher the credit price or technological innovation credit factor, the higher the technical level of NEVs. The findings could guide the government to adjust and revise the policy. Second, we found that the bargaining games could coordinate the NEV supply chain so that decentralized enterprises can achieve optimal technological innovation under centralized decision-making. Third, we found that suppliers can improve their profits by choosing a suitable alliance strategy under the manufacturer's different negotiating power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ma
- School of Management, Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Meng
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Tefera Y, Kumie A, Hailemariam D, Wakuma S, Abegaz T, Tamire M, Yirsaw S. Impact of Covid -19 incidence rate and government-initiated risk communication measures on individual's NPI practices. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0283294. [PMID: 38483912 PMCID: PMC10939235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the most widely recognized public health measures recognized globally to prevent the spread of Covid-19. NPIs' effectiveness may depend on the type, combination of applied interventions, and the level of proper public compliance with the NPIs. The expected outcome of behavioural practices varies relative to the intervention duration. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the trend of community compliance to NPI with Covid-19 incidence and government-initiated interventions, and its variation by residence and sociodemographic characteristics of people. METHODS A weekly non-participatory field survey on individuals' NPI practices was observed from the 41st epidemiological week of October 5th, 2020, to the 26th epidemiological week of July 4th, 2021, a total of 39 weeks. The survey covered all 14 regional and national capital cities in Ethiopia. Data collection for the three NPI behaviours (i.e., respiratory hygiene, hand hygiene, and physical distance) was managed weekly at eight public service locations using the Open Data Kit (ODK) tool. The Covid- 19 incidence data and public health measures information from August 3rd, 2020 to July 4th, 2021 were obtained from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). RESULTS More than 180,000 individuals were observed for their NPI practice, with an average of 5,000 observations in a week. About 43% of the observations were made in Addis Ababa, 56% were male and 75% were middle age group (18-50 years). The overall level of NPI compliance was high at the beginning of the observation then peaked around the 13th- 15th epidemiological weeks then declined during the rest of the weeks. The peak NPI compliance periods followed the high Covid-19 death incidence and government-initiated intensive public health measures weeks. Respiratory hygiene had the highest compliance above 41% whereas hand hygiene was the lowest (4%). There was a significant difference between residents of the capital city and regional cities in their level of compliance with NPI. Females comply more than males, and individuals had increased NPI compliance at the bank service and workplaces compared to those in the transport services at P = 0.000. CONCLUSION An increased level of compliance with NPI was observed following intensive government-initiated Covid-19 prevention measures and an increased Covid-19 death incidence. Therefore, the intensity of government-initiated risk communication and public advocacy programs should be strengthened, possibly for similar respiratory disease pandemics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifokire Tefera
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Kumie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Damen Hailemariam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Wakuma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Abegaz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Tamire
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shibabaw Yirsaw
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Cakouros BE, Gum J, Levine DL, Lewis J, Wright AH, Dahn B, Talbert-Slagle K. Exploring equity in global health collaborations: a qualitative study of donor and recipient power dynamics in Liberia. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e014399. [PMID: 38485141 PMCID: PMC10946382 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
IntroductionGlobal health collaborations between individuals from high-resource and low-resource settings are complex and often built on hierarchical structures and power differentials that are difficult to change. There have been many calls and frameworks developed to facilitate more equity within these collaborations, yet little is known about the lived experiences of global health donors and recipients working within such collaborations and how those experiences can facilitate more equitable collaboration. Liberia, a postconflict, post-Ebola country, provides an ideal setting to study lived experiences of global health collaborations.MethodsOur qualitative analysis used key informant interviews representing the perspectives of those working on behalf of the Liberian government, Liberian academics, foreign donors and non-governmental organisations and implementing partners. Thematic analysis guided this analysis to explore topics such as financial control, accountability and decision making.ResultsThe first phase of the analysis mapped the existing patterns of priority setting. Priority-setting power was most strongly held by those with financial control (donors), and implementation plans tended to be built on metrics that aim to meet donor expectations. The second phase of the analysis explored the interplay between underlying factors that we identified in our data associated with driving collaborative inequity: history of prior of engagement, level of transparency and patterns of accountability.ConclusionsOur findings highlight that global health collaborations in Liberia are structured to hinder equitable partnerships. The power structure tied to financial ownership offers little space for recipients to have an equitable role in collaborations, which maintains dependence on external aid and ensures that weak systems remain weak. While our study is limited to Liberia, we anticipate that these dynamics are common elsewhere and reinforce the importance of intentional efforts to ensure equitable decision making and power structures in similar settings worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernice Dahn
- College of Health Sciences, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
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28
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Lupia A, Allison DB, Jamieson KH, Heimberg J, Skipper M, Wolf SM. Trends in U.S. public confidence in science and opportunities for progress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319488121. [PMID: 38437563 PMCID: PMC10945819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319488121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many questions have been raised about whether public confidence in science is changing. To clarify recent trends in the public's confidence and factors that are associated with these feelings, an effort initiated by the National Academies' Strategic Council for Research Excellence, Integrity, and Trust (the Strategic Council) analyzed findings from multiple survey research organizations. The Strategic Council's effort, which began in 2022, found that U.S. public confidence in science, the scientific community, and leaders of scientific communities is high relative to other civic, cultural, and governmental institutions for which researchers regularly collect such data. However, confidence in these institutions has fallen during the previous 5 years. Science's decline, while real, is similar to or less than that in the other groups. A recent study goes into greater detail by exploring public views of science. From these data, we observe that many of the surveyed U.S. public question the extent to which scientists share their values or overcome personal biases when presenting conclusions. At the same time, large majorities agree on certain types of actions that they want scientists to take. For example, 84% respond that it is "somewhat important" or "very important" for scientists to disclose their funders. Ninety-two percent (92%) offer the same responses to scientists "being open to changing their minds based on new evidence." Collectively, these data clarify how the U.S. public views science and scientists. They also suggest actions that can affect public confidence in science and scientists in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Lupia
- Office of the Vice President for Research and Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - David B. Allison
- Dean, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | | | - Jennifer Heimberg
- Policy and Global Affairs Division, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC20001
| | | | - Susan M. Wolf
- University of Minnesota Law School and Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
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29
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Hasan MZ, Ahmed S, Mehdi GG, Ahmed MW, Arifeen SE, Chowdhury ME. The effectiveness of a government-sponsored health protection scheme in reducing financial risks for the below-poverty-line population in Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan 2024; 39:281-298. [PMID: 38164712 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Government of Bangladesh is piloting a non-contributory health protection scheme called Shasthyo Surokhsha Karmasuchi (SSK) to increase access to quality essential healthcare services for the below-poverty-line (BPL) population. This paper assesses the effect of the SSK scheme on out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) for healthcare, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and economic impoverishment of the enrolled population. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Tangail District, where the SSK was implemented. From August 2019 to March 2020, a total of 2315 BPL households (HHs) (1170 intervention and 1145 comparison) that had at least one individual with inpatient care experience in the last 12 months were surveyed. A household is said to have incurred CHE if their OOPE for healthcare exceeds the total (or non-food) HH's expenditure threshold. Multiple regression analysis was performed using OOPE, incidence of CHE and impoverishment as dependent variables and SSK membership status, actual BPL status and benefits use status as the main explanatory variables. Overall, the OOPE was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the intervention areas (Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) 23 366) compared with the comparison areas (BDT 24 757). Regression analysis revealed that the OOPE, CHE incidence at threshold of 10% of total expenditure and 40% of non-food expenditure and impoverishment were 33% (P < 0.01), 46% (P < 0.01), 42% (P < 0.01) and 30% (P < 0.01) lower, respectively, in the intervention areas than in the comparison areas. Additionally, HHs that utilized SSK benefits experienced even lower OOPE by 92% (P < 0.01), CHE incidence at 10% and 40% threshold levels by 72% (P < 0.01) and 59% (P < 0.01), respectively, and impoverishment by 27% at 10% level of significance. These findings demonstrated the significant positive effect of the SSK in reducing financial burdens associated with healthcare utilization among the enrolled HHs. This illustrates the importance of the nationwide scaling up of the scheme in Bangladesh to reduce the undue financial risk of healthcare utilization for those in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahid Hasan
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 90 Byres Road, Glasgow G12 8TB, UK
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Ardudwy, Normal Site, Holyhead Road, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Gazi Golam Mehdi
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shams El Arifeen
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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30
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Ninan RJ, Cohen IG, Adashi EY. State Approaches to Stopping Violence Against Health Care Workers. JAMA 2024; 331:825-826. [PMID: 38386330 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint examines current state-level approaches to addressing the increased incidence of violence against health care workers, as well as how laws are adapting to protect health care personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Glenn Cohen
- Harvard Law School, Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Jiang W, Sargent TJ, Wang N, Yang J. Managing government debt. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318365121. [PMID: 38451950 PMCID: PMC10945843 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318365121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To construct a stochastic version of [R. J. Barro, J. Polit. Econ. 87, 940-971 (1979)] normative model of tax rates and debt/GDP dynamics, we add risks and markets for trading them along lines suggested by [K. J. Arrow, Rev. Econ. Stud. 31, 91-96 (1964)] and [R. J. Shiller, Creating Institutions for Managing Society's Largest Economic Risks (OUP, Oxford, 1994)]. These modifications preserve Barro's prescriptions that a government should keep its debt-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio and tax rate constant over time and also prescribe that the government insure its primary surplus risk by selling or buying the same number of shares of a Shiller macro security each period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Thomas J. Sargent
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY10003
- Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford California94305
| | - Neng Wang
- Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, Beijing100738, China
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA02138
- Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Jinqiang Yang
- School of Finance, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai200433, China
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32
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Shao P, Li M. Factors influencing public participation behavior relating to government microblogs on COVID-19 updates. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1337107. [PMID: 38525340 PMCID: PMC10957737 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the global COVID-19 pandemic, densely populated megacities engaged in active international exchanges have faced the most severe impacts from both the disease and the associated infodemic. This study examines the factors influencing public participation behavior on government microblogs in these megacities during the pandemic. It guides megacities in disseminating epidemic information, promoting knowledge on epidemic prevention, managing public opinion, and addressing related matters. Methods Utilizing the elaboration likelihood model's central and peripheral routes, drawing on an empirical analysis of 6,677 epidemic-related microblogs from seven Chinese megacities, this study analyses the influence mechanisms influencing public participation behavior and reveals the regulatory role of confirmed case numbers. Meanwhile,a qualitative comparative analysis examines and discusses diferent confgurations of ixn fuential factors. Results The study reveals that microblog content richness demonstrates a U-shaped impact on public participation behavior. Conversely, content interaction, content length, and the number of fans positively impact participation, while update frequency has a negative impact. Additionally, the number of new confrmed cases positively regulates the impact of microblog content and publisher characteristics on public participation behavior. Public participation behavior also varies based on publishing time and content semantic features. This study further revealed the different confgurations of influential factors by QCA method. Conclusion This study reveals the impact mechanism of the microblog content and publisher characteristics on public participation behavior. It also demonstrates the regulatory role of newly confrmed cases in the way content and publishers' characteristics influence public participation behavior. This study is of great significance for the operation of government microblogs, the release of emergency information, and the promotion of public participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shao
- School of Management, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an, China
| | - Menglei Li
- School of International Economics, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade and Commerce, Xi’an, China
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Saheb T. Mapping Ethical Artificial Intelligence Policy Landscape: A Mixed Method Analysis. Sci Eng Ethics 2024; 30:9. [PMID: 38451328 PMCID: PMC10920462 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
As more national governments adopt policies addressing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of policy documents on these topics can provide valuable insights into emerging concerns and areas of shared importance. This study critically examines 57 policy documents pertaining to ethical AI originating from 24 distinct countries, employing a combination of computational text mining methods and qualitative content analysis. The primary objective is to methodically identify common themes throughout these policy documents and perform a comparative analysis of the ways in which various governments give priority to crucial matters. A total of nineteen topics were initially retrieved. Through an iterative coding process, six overarching themes were identified: principles, the protection of personal data, governmental roles and responsibilities, procedural guidelines, governance and monitoring mechanisms, and epistemological considerations. Furthermore, the research revealed 31 ethical dilemmas pertaining to AI that had been overlooked previously but are now emerging. These dilemmas have been referred to in different extents throughout the policy documents. This research makes a scholarly contribution to the expanding field of technology policy formulations at the national level by analyzing similarities and differences among countries. Furthermore, this analysis has practical ramifications for policymakers who are attempting to comprehend prevailing trends and potentially neglected domains that demand focus in the ever-evolving field of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Saheb
- School of Business, Menlo College, Atherton, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Khan F, Abbass K, Qun W, Asif M. Investigating capital flight in South Asian countries: The dual influence of terrorism and corruption. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295695. [PMID: 38451934 PMCID: PMC10919607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This specific research initiative aims to intricately examine the intricate dynamics connecting terrorism, corruption, and capital flight within the context of South Asian economies, encompassing countries including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The principal objectives of this study entail a comprehensive investigation into the synergistic impacts of terrorism and corruption on the prevalence of capital flight. To realize these objectives, the study employs longitudinal data from 1990 to 2019, adopting the portfolio choice framework as its theoretical underpinning. In terms of methodology, the empirical inquiry uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique. The empirical findings derived from this analysis distinctly establish a statistically noteworthy and positive correlation between terrorism, corruption, and the occurrence of capital flight across multiple South Asian nations. In light of these discerning outcomes, it is strongly recommended that the governments of South Asian countries prioritize and actively pursue the fortification of their institutional governance mechanisms. This strategic approach is deemed crucial in efficaciously counteracting the escalation of capital flight. Specifically, a targeted focus on augmenting institutional governance practices, fostering transparency, fortifying anti-corruption measures, and intensifying counterterrorism efforts could collectively contribute to reducing capital flight tendencies. By undertaking these recommendations, South Asian governments can foster an environment of enhanced economic stability, attractiveness for investment, and sustainable growth, thereby deterring the adverse impact of capital flight while concurrently combatting the underlying challenges posed by terrorism and corruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Khan
- Department of Land Resource Management, College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kashif Abbass
- Riphah School of Business & Management, Riphah International University, Raiwind Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wu Qun
- Department of Land Resource Management, College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- China Resources Environment and Development Academy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Realty Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Asif
- UE Business School, University of Education Lahore, Multan Campus, Multan, Pakistan
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Ngepah N, Mouteyica AEN. Factors influencing inequality in government health expenditures within African regional economic communities. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:311. [PMID: 38454438 PMCID: PMC10921763 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unequal distribution of government health spending within African regional economic groupings is a significant barrier to achieving Universal Health Coverage and reaching health-related Sustainable Development targets. It also hampers the progress toward achieving the African Union's vision of an integrated and prosperous Africa, free of its heavy disease burden. Based on panel data from 36 countries nested into eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs), this study probes the effects of countries' macro-level factors on government health expenditure disparities within eight regional economic communities from 2000 to 2019. METHOD We use the multilevel linear mixed-effect method to show whether countries' trade gains, life expectancy at birth, poverty, urbanization, information and communication technology, and population aging worsen or reduce the differences for two government health expenditure indicators. RESULTS The insignificant effect of GDP per capita suggests that in most regional economic groupings, the health sector is still not considered a high-priority sector regarding overall government expenditures. Countries' poverty levels and urbanization increase the domestic general government health expenditure disparities as a percentage of general government expenditure within the regional groupings. However, trade gains and ICT diffusion reduce these disparities. Furthermore, the results reveal that external health expenditure per capita and life expectancy at birth positively impact within-regional inequalities in the domestic general government health expenditure per capita. In contrast, GDP per capita and trade gains tend to reduce them. CONCLUSIONS This study enriches the research on the determinants of government health expenditure inequality in Africa. Policies that can spur growth in trade and ICT access should be encouraged. Countries should also make more efforts to reduce poverty. Governments should also develop policies promoting economic growth and planned urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ngepah
- School of Economics, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Clarke D, Cocozza A, Appleford G, Thabet A, Ross S, Boggs M. Data-driven governance and the private sector in mixed health systems. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 8:e014705. [PMID: 38453254 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Clarke
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Cocozza
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle Appleford
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aya Thabet
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan Ross
- Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Malia Boggs
- Public Health Institute, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
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Kang H, Lee JK, Lee EW, Toh C. The Roles of Trust in Government and Sense of Community in the COVID-19 Contact Tracing Privacy Calculus: Mixed Method Study Using a 2-Wave Survey and In-Depth Interviews. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024; 12:e48986. [PMID: 38451602 PMCID: PMC10958335 DOI: 10.2196/48986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact tracing technology has been adopted in many countries to aid in identifying, evaluating, and handling individuals who have had contact with those infected with COVID-19. Singapore was among the countries that actively implemented the government-led contact tracing program known as TraceTogether. Despite the benefits the contact tracing program could provide to individuals and the community, privacy issues were a significant barrier to individuals' acceptance of the program. OBJECTIVE Building on the privacy calculus model, this study investigates how the perceptions of the 2 key groups (ie, government and community members) involved in the digital contact tracing factor into individuals' privacy calculus of digital contact tracing. METHODS Using a mixed method approach, we conducted (1) a 2-wave survey (n=674) and (2) in-depth interviews (n=12) with TraceTogether users in Singapore. Using structural equation modeling, this study investigated how trust in the government and the sense of community exhibited by individuals during the early stage of implementation (time 1) predicted privacy concerns, perceived benefits, and future use intentions, measured after the program was fully implemented (time 2). Expanding on the survey results, this study conducted one-on-one interviews to gain in-depth insights into the privacy considerations involved in digital contact tracing. RESULTS The results from the survey showed that trust in the government increased perceived benefits while decreasing privacy concerns regarding the use of TraceTogether. Furthermore, individuals who felt a connection to community members by participating in the program (ie, the sense of community) were more inclined to believe in its benefits. The sense of community also played a moderating role in the influence of government trust on perceived benefits. Follow-up in-depth interviews highlighted that having a sense of control over information and transparency in the government's data management were crucial factors in privacy considerations. The interviews also highlighted surveillance as the most prevalent aspect of privacy concerns regarding TraceTogether use. In addition, our findings revealed that trust in the government, particularly the perceived transparency of government actions, was most strongly associated with concerns regarding the secondary use of data. CONCLUSIONS Using a mixed method approach involving a 2-wave survey and in-depth interview data, we expanded our understanding of privacy decisions and the privacy calculus in the context of digital contact tracing. The opposite influences of privacy concerns and perceived benefit on use intention suggest that the privacy calculus in TraceTogether might be viewed as a rational process of weighing between privacy risks and use benefits to make an uptake decision. However, our study demonstrated that existing perceptions toward the provider and the government in the contact tracing context, as well as the perception of the community triggered by TraceTogether use, may bias user appraisals of privacy risks and the benefits of contact tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kang
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Edmund Wj Lee
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cindy Toh
- Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Sarangarajan R, Ewuoso C. Does the South African government have a duty to fund influenza vaccination of adults 65 years and older? Front Public Health 2024; 12:1303949. [PMID: 38510358 PMCID: PMC10950910 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1303949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we draw on the thinking about solidarity, reciprocity and distributive justice grounded in Afro-communitarian ethics from the Global South to argue for institutions, particularly the South African (SA) government, have a prima facie duty to foster influenza vaccine uptake for adults 65 years and older. Although we focus specifically on the South African government to defend our position, we believe that our argument extends to all governments. Notably, these duties are that the SA government ought to make influenza vaccines freely available for the older adult in both the public and private health facilities, provided financial allocation and their extant relationships allow for this. Further, the SA government has a duty to improve influenza vaccine procurement and availability in the country, preferably through increasing manufacturing capabilities. This paper is intrinsically valuable to promote epistemic justice, thereby contributing toward the decolonization of the global healthcare system. Moreover, this project has social significance in contributing to mitigation efforts against future public health challenges associated with population aging in resource-limited developing African nations, wherein the impact of population transition will be felt most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruach Sarangarajan
- Steve Biko Center for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Arslan E, Koyuncu C, Yilmaz R. The influence of government ideology on the rate of e-waste recycling in the European Union countries. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297408. [PMID: 38446793 PMCID: PMC10917326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the impact of government ideology on e-waste recycling in 30 European countries from 2008 to 2018. This study seeks to enhance the e-waste recycling literature by introducing a novel determinant, examining the unexplored relationship between government ideology and e-waste recycling rates in European countries, thus addressing a substantial research gap. Utilizing panel quantile regression on an unbalanced dataset, the findings revealed that the increased influence of right-wing parties in government was associated with lower e-waste recycling rates. Conversely, greater influence of left-wing or center-wing parties was correlated with higher recycling rates across all quantiles analyzed. The estimation results remain robust when different indicators of government ideology were employed. Overall, the study underscores the importance of political ideology in shaping e-waste recycling policies and environmental sustainability efforts. It emphasizes that effective policies should align with the political commitment of the governing body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Arslan
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Koyuncu
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Rasim Yilmaz
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
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Øyri SF, Wiig S, Anderson JE, Bergerød IJ. External inspection approaches and involvement of stakeholders' views in inspection following serious incidents - a qualitative mixed methods study from the perspectives of regulatory inspectors. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:300. [PMID: 38448964 PMCID: PMC10919011 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to gain knowledge about how external inspections following serious incidents are played out in a Norwegian hospital context from the perspective of the inspectors, and whether stakeholders' views are involved in the inspection. METHODS Based on a qualitative mixed methods design, 10 government bureaucrats and inspectors situated at the National Board of Health Supervision and three County Governors in Norway, were strategically recruited, and individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. Key official government documents were selected, collected, and thematically analyzed along with the interview data. RESULTS Our findings overall demonstrate two overarching themes: Theme (1) Perspectives on different external inspection approaches of responding and involving stakeholders in external inspection following serious incidents, Theme (2) Inspectors' internal work practices versus external expectations. Documents and all participants reported a development towards new approaches in external inspection, with more policies and regulatory attention to sensible involvement of stakeholders. Involvement and interaction with patients and informal caregivers could potentially inform the case complexity and the inspector's decision-making process. However, stakeholder involvement was sometimes complex and challenging due to e.g., difficult communication and interaction with patients and/or informal caregivers, due to resource demands and/or the inspector's lack of experience and/or relevant competence, different perceptions of the principle of sound professional practice, quality, and safety. The inspectors considered balancing the formal objectives and expectations, with the expectations of the public and different stakeholders (i.e. hospitals, patients and/or informal caregivers) a challenging part of their job. This balance was seen as an important part of the continuous development of ensuring public trust and legitimacy in external inspection processes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study suggests that the regulatory system of external inspection and its available approaches of responding to a serious incident in the Norwegian setting is currently not designed to accommodate the complexity of needs from stakeholders at the levels of hospital organizations, patients, and informal caregivers altogether. Further studies should direct attention to how the wider system of accountability structures may support the internal work practices in the regulatory system, to better algin its formal objectives with expectations of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Furnes Øyri
- SHARE - Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Siri Wiig
- SHARE - Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Janet E Anderson
- SHARE - Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inger Johanne Bergerød
- SHARE - Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Piscopo J, Groot W, Pavlova M. Determinants of public health expenditure in the EU. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299359. [PMID: 38446804 PMCID: PMC10917289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health expenditure is one of the fastest-growing spending items in EU member states. As the population ages and wealth increases, governments allocate more resources to their health systems. In view of this, the aim of this study is to identify the key determinants of public health expenditure in the EU member states. METHODS This study is based on macro-level EU panel data covering the period from 2000 to 2018. The association between explanatory variables and public health expenditure is analyzed by applying both static and dynamic econometric modeling. RESULTS Although GDP and out-of-pocket health expenditure are identified as the key drivers of public health expenditure, there are other variables, such as health system characteristics, with a statistically significant association with expenditure. Other variables, such as election year and the level of public debt, result to exert only a modest influence on the level of public health expenditure. Results also indicate that the aging of the population, political ideologies of governments and citizens' expectations, appear to be statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Since increases in public health expenditure in EU member states are mainly triggered by GDP increases, it is expected that differences in PHE per capita across member states will persist and, consequently, making it more difficult to attain the health equity sustainable development goal. Thus, measures to reduce EU economic inequalities, will ultimately result in reducing disparities in public health expenditures across member states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Piscopo
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Groot
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Pavlova
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kawashita I, Baptista AA, Soares D, Andrade M. Open government data use: The Brazilian states and federal district cases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298157. [PMID: 38442119 PMCID: PMC10914293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper presents the results of an online survey and subsequent interviews investigating whether, how, and why public administrations of Brazilian states and the federal district (Federation Units) use open government data. According to the literature reviewed, the questions were categorized into four big groups: benefits, barriers, enablers, and drivers. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The Survey method, based on a questionnaire followed by interviews, was used to collect and analyze data from the open data officers of 26 Brazilian Federation Units. FINDINGS The use of open government data is controversial as responses from the questionnaires and interviews do not match and raise questions about how well-represented each Federation Unit was. Evidence of open government data use was found. Among others, findings showed that political leadership committed to using open data facilitates and motivates public agents to use these data. Additionally, interviews indicated that the lack of human resources with the knowledge, skills, and capabilities to use open data is a relevant barrier to data use. Findings also revealed that open government data mainly support policy and decision-making processes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This research contributed to the open data and public administration fields. It portrays diverse realities of open government data use and institutionalization in Brazilian state and district public administrations. In addition, it provides lists of open government data use benefits, barriers, drivers, and enablers from the perspective of these administrations so that they can benchmark against each other and improve their OGD use. ORIGINALITY AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS For academia, this research provides empirical evidence of the factors influencing public administrations' use of open government data at the subnational level in Brazil. Even though Brazil ranks high on OGD global assessments, few studies on its use and reuse in the public sector were identified. This is one of the first academic studies focusing on open government data use in the country. It also contributes by offering to the academic community two instruments, a questionnaire and an interview protocol, which can be applied to other public settings to expand this study's results or open new research paths by applying them to other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Kawashita
- College of Business and Information Technology, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ana Alice Baptista
- Department of Information Systems, Algoritmi Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Delfina Soares
- Operating Unit on Policy-Driven Electronic Governance (UNU-EGOV), United Nations University, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Morgana Andrade
- Department of Information Systems, Algoritmi Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
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Ramachandran R. If Left Unchecked: Lessons Learned from Unfettered U.S. Government Support of the NIH-Moderna Vaccine. J Law Med Ethics 2024; 51:41-45. [PMID: 38433676 PMCID: PMC10911987 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2023.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The NIH-Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccine's steep price increase raises concerns that this will be the new anchor for continued price hikes and underscores the need for upstream government intervention to enable greater accountability and stewardship of public biomedical research investment.
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Liu S, Kuang J, Ding D, Madsen DØ, Shi X, Fan X. Low-carbon governance, fiscal decentralization, and enterprise green development: Evidence from China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296490. [PMID: 38437210 PMCID: PMC10911605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously achieving economic development and environmental protection is a shared global challenge. While the positive effect of environmental regulations on protecting the environment has been widely recognized, the attention paid to low-carbon governance and corporate green transformation remains insufficient. Based on the two-stage least square regression model (2SLS) of instrumental variables, this paper utilizes panel data from China to identify the influence mechanism of government low-carbon governance on enterprise green development. It explores the effect of low-carbon governance on enterprise green development from the perspective of fiscal decentralization. The findings show that (1) Low-carbon governance significantly promotes corporate green development, primarily through improving industrial structure and technological innovation; (2) Low-carbon governance notably promotes the green development of private enterprises but has little effect on state-owned enterprises. There are also geographical differences, and the results are better in Eastern China than in the Central and Western parts of China; (3) Fiscal decentralization at both central and local levels inhibits the effect of low-carbon governance on driving corporate green development by causing a mismatch of human resources. Therefore, to promote corporate green development, low-carbon governance must prioritize green development, actively guide industrial structural upgrading and enterprise technological innovation, implement differentiated low-carbon governance measures tailored to different ownership enterprises, and optimize the assessment indicators for fiscal decentralization. This paper helps deepen the understanding of the relationship between government low-carbon governance and enterprise green development in developing countries. It can be used as a reference for government departments to formulate relevant policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Liu
- Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, China
| | - Jinsong Kuang
- School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China
| | - Dezhi Ding
- School of Economics and Finance, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dag Øivind Madsen
- Davis School of Business, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado, United States of Ameria
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Business Department, Hubei Branch, Bank of Communications, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianyang Fan
- School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China
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Howe S, Ouakrim DA, Blakely T, Gartner CE. The Australian Government's new vaping policy should be part of a larger plan towards a tobacco endgame. Med J Aust 2024; 220:180-183. [PMID: 38146631 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Howe
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Driss Ait Ouakrim
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Tony Blakely
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Coral E Gartner
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
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46
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Kesselheim AS. Government Support of Meaningful Drug and Device Innovation: Pathways and Challenges. J Law Med Ethics 2024; 51:7-15. [PMID: 38433671 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2024.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The US government supports drug innovation. It is therefore crucial that it distinguish between high-value and low-value innovation in purchasing expensive prescription drugs and medical devices and ensure the continued discovery of transformative drugs and that patient and taxpayer funds are not wasted.
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47
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Heenan MA, Randall GE, Evans JM, Reid EM. Multiple case study of processes used by hospitals to select performance indicators: do they align with best practices? Int J Qual Health Care 2024; 36:mzae011. [PMID: 38445667 PMCID: PMC10915788 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Several health policy institutes recommend reducing the number of indicators monitored by hospitals to better focus on indicators most relevant to local contexts. To determine which indicators are the most appropriate to eliminate, one must understand how indicator selection processes are undertaken. This study classifies hospital indicator selection processes and analyzes how they align with practices outlined in the 5-P Indicator Selection Process Framework. This qualitative, multiple case study examined indicator selection processes used by four large acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Data were collected through 13 semistructured interviews and document analysis. A thematic analysis compared processes to the 5-P Indicator Selection Process Framework. Two types of hospital indicator selection processes were identified. Hospitals deployed most elements found within the 5-P Indicator Selection Process Framework including setting clear aims, having governance structures, considering indicators required by health agencies, and categorizing indicators into strategic themes. Framework elements largely absent included: adopting evidence-based selection criteria; incorporating finance and human resources indicators; considering if indicators measure structures, processes, or outcomes; and engaging a broader set of end users in the selection process. Hospitals have difficulty in balancing how to monitor government-mandated indicators with indicators more relevant to local operations. Hospitals often do not involve frontline managers in indicator selection processes. Not engaging frontline managers in selecting indicators may risk hospitals only choosing government-mandated indicators that are not reflective of frontline operations or valued by those managers accountable for improving unit-level performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Heenan
- DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M4, Canada
| | - Glen E Randall
- DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M4, Canada
| | - Jenna M Evans
- DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M4, Canada
| | - Erin M Reid
- DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M4, Canada
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48
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Feldman R, Rosen Z. NIH Licensing Would Benefit from Free-Market Provisions. J Law Med Ethics 2024; 51:24-27. [PMID: 38433679 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Government encouragement of free markets is a highly effective means of fostering pharmaceutical innovation; the NIH, by including "free-market provisions" in its licensing agreements that discourage anti-competitive and research-impeding behavior, can do a great deal to support this goal even without legislative overhaul.
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49
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Marzetti H, Cooper C, Mason A, van Eijk NL, Gunn Iii J, Kavalidou K, Zortea TC, Nielsen E. LGBTQ+ Suicide - A Call to Action for Researchers and Governments on the Politics, Practices, and Possibilities of LGBTQ+ Suicide Prevention. Crisis 2024; 45:87-92. [PMID: 38487858 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Marzetti
- School of Health in Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlie Cooper
- Orygen, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre Mason
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - John Gunn Iii
- Department of Psychology, Gwynedd Mercy University, PA, USA
| | - Katerina Kavalidou
- National Suicide Research Foundation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance and Research in Suicide Prevention, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Tiago C Zortea
- The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Nielsen
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Nottingham, UK
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50
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Nguyen P, Bochnak P. A policy analysis of Bill-124 and the nursing shortage. Healthc Manage Forum 2024; 37:90-94. [PMID: 37965708 DOI: 10.1177/08404704231212576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Nurses comprise the largest portion of the healthcare workforce across Canada, yet there have been ongoing shortages for the last decade. This shortage has been pronounced with the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare spending has also been increasing steadily in Canada. The Canadian provincial governments, such as Ontario, see this as an opportunity to stabilize its fiscal healthcare spending by implementing a policy to freeze nurses' wages. The focus of this policy analysis is to address the question: how did Bill-124 reach the Ontario government's agenda in the midst of a nursing shortage? Why was this specific policy action successful in being implemented as a possible solution to remediate provincial debt burden? The authors will be using the Kingdon's framework to help analyze this policy. They will also articulate the impacts of such government decisions; and provide recommendations with strategies on how to tackle the challenge.
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