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Segura JA, Dibernardo A, Manguiat K, Waitt B, Rueda ZV, Keynan Y, Wood H, Gutiérrez LA. Molecular surveillance of microbial agents from cattle-attached and questing ticks from livestock agroecosystems of Antioquia, Colombia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 105:102113. [PMID: 38176202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate ectoparasites and vectors of pathogens affecting health, agriculture, and animal welfare. This study collected ticks from the cattle and questing ticks of 24 Magdalena Medio Antioquia region cattle farms. Genomic DNA was extracted from the specimens (individual or pools) of the 2088 adult ticks collected from cattle and 4667 immature questing ticks collected from pastures. The molecular detection of Babesia, Anaplasma, Coxiella and Rickettsia genera was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and subsequent DNA sequencing. In a total of 6755 Rhipicephalus microplus DNA samples, Anaplasma marginale was the most detected with a frequency of 2% (Confidence Interval- CI 1.68-2.36), followed by Babesia bigemina with 0.28% (CI 0.16-0.44), Coxiella spp. with 0.15% (CI 0.07-0.27), and Rickettsia spp. with 0.13% (CI 0.06-0.25). Molecular analysis of the DNA sequences obtained from the tick samples revealed the presence of Coxiella-like endosymbiont and R. felis. These results demonstrated the diversity of microorganisms present in R. microplus ticks predominantly associated with cattle and questing ticks from livestock agroecosystems, suggesting their role as reservoirs and potential biological vectors of these microorganisms on the studied sites. Also, it emphasizes the need to combine acarological surveillance with clinical diagnoses and control strategies on regional and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Segura
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a No 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Antonia Dibernardo
- One Health, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathy Manguiat
- One Health, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brooks Waitt
- One Health, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Zulma V Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Grupo de investigación en Salud Pública, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- One Health, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a No 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia.
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Talebi R, Javadi Mamaghani A, Kheirandish F, Karimi A, Ebrahimzadeh F, Kazempour M, Zebardast N, Fallahi S. Molecular evaluation of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding calves of Lorestan province Western Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:363-371. [PMID: 36534036 PMCID: PMC9857120 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic intestinal protozoans with global distribution and are of great importance as zoonotic protozoans are common to humans and domestic animals, including cattle and calves. Identification and detection of parasite species using precise methods including molecular methods can be an effective step in treating and controlling parasites. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium among breeding calves of Khorramabad city, Lorestan province, Western Iran, using PCR. METHODS The faecal samples were taken from 181 healthy and diarrhoeal calves and after the Ziehl Neelsen Acid-fast staining and microscopic evaluation, the genomic DNA was extracted for molecular evaluations. To detect Cryptosporidium species, specific primers targeting the SAM-1 gene of Cryptosporidium and a commercial master mix were used for PCR. RESULTS Out of 181 faecal samples of breeding calves in Khorramabad city, 9 samples (5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant statistical relationship between Cryptosporidium infection of the calves and variables of age, breed, type of water consumption, clinical signs of diarrhoea, and sampling location, while parasite infection had a significant relationship with calf gender so that all Cryptosporidium positive samples were from male calves (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Considering the presence of Cryptosporidium infection, the region's traditional grazing system, and the close relationship between livestock and humans, there is a possibility of human infection in the region. So preventive measures such as periodic animal testing with sensitive and accurate diagnostic techniques including PCR, pharmacological treatment of livestock, water hygiene and the use of industrial grazing instead of traditional grazing to improve the hygiene of food consumed by livestock are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Talebi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Hepatitis Research CenterSchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical ScienceKhorramabadIran
| | - Farnaz Kheirandish
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research CenterSchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Azadeh Karimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Farzad Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health and NutritionLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Mohamad Kazempour
- Department of ChemistryTabriz BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTabrizIran
| | - Nozhat Zebardast
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSchool of MedicineGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and MycologySchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
- Hepatitis Research CenterSchool of MedicineLorestan University of Medical ScienceKhorramabadIran
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Berger DJ, Léger E, Sankaranarayanan G, Sène M, Diouf ND, Rabone M, Emery A, Allan F, Cotton JA, Berriman M, Webster JP. Genomic evidence of contemporary hybridization between Schistosoma species. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010706. [PMID: 35939508 PMCID: PMC9387932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization between different species of parasites is increasingly being recognised as a major public and veterinary health concern at the interface of infectious diseases biology, evolution, epidemiology and ultimately control. Recent research has revealed that viable hybrids and introgressed lineages between Schistosoma spp. are prevalent across Africa and beyond, including those with zoonotic potential. However, it remains unclear whether these hybrid lineages represent recent hybridization events, suggesting hybridization is ongoing, and/or whether they represent introgressed lineages derived from ancient hybridization events. In human schistosomiasis, investigation is hampered by the inaccessibility of adult-stage worms due to their intravascular location, an issue which can be circumvented by post-mortem of livestock at abattoirs for Schistosoma spp. of known zoonotic potential. To characterise the composition of naturally-occurring schistosome hybrids, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 21 natural livestock infective schistosome isolates. To facilitate this, we also assembled a de novo chromosomal-scale draft assembly of Schistosoma curassoni. Genomic analyses identified isolates of S. bovis, S. curassoni and hybrids between the two species, all of which were early generation hybrids with multiple generations found within the same host. These results show that hybridization is an ongoing process within natural populations with the potential to further challenge elimination efforts against schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating major neglected tropical disease affecting both humans and livestock. Increasingly, zoonotic spillover of livestock infections, facilitated by hybridization between different Schistosoma species, is increasingly being recognised as a risk to human health. Multiple surveys conducted within endemic regions have found a high prevalence of these hybrid lineages. However, it is often unclear whether these lineages are derived from recent hybridization events, suggesting hybridization is ongoing and may be linked to anthropogenic environmental change, or simply indicators of introgression from ancient hybridization events. To understand the origin and evolution of these hybrid lineages, we produced a chromosomal-scale assembly of Schistosoma curassoni and performed whole-genome sequencing of 21 natural livestock-infective S. curassoni, S. bovis and hybridized schistosome isolates, including multi-stage sampling from the same hosts. Our analyses exclusively identified early generation hybrid lineages, including multiple unrelated generations within the same hosts, suggesting that these hybrids are viable and derived from multiple independent hybridization events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J. Berger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (EL); (MB); (JPW)
| | - Elsa Léger
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (EL); (MB); (JPW)
| | | | - Mariama Sène
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d’Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Nicolas D. Diouf
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d’Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Muriel Rabone
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan Emery
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Allan
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom
- Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (EL); (MB); (JPW)
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DB); (EL); (MB); (JPW)
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Alimam HMS, Moosa DA, Ajaj EA, Dahl MO, Al-Robaiee IA, Allah SFH, Al-Jumaa ZM, Hadi ED. Proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264121. [PMID: 35192671 PMCID: PMC8863285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several local studies have examined evidence of blood parasites in different animals in Mosul; however, information about the most prevalent parasite and the seasonality of the infection remains limited. The objective of the study conducted here was to investigate the proportion and seasonality of blood parasites in animals in Mosul using the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Lab data. Laboratory records for a period of 25 months were used for data retrieval. In all included animals, Giemsa-stained blood smears were examined by an attending clinical pathologist for the presence of parasites. Seasons were assigned on a basis of examination date, and the seasonality was quantified by estimating season-to-season ratio. The results indicated that 61.77% of examined animals were tested positive for blood parasites. The most evident parasites were Trypanosoma spp., Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and then Anaplasma spp., with evidence of mixed infection. The odds of the infection did not significantly vary in different age groups. There was a marked linear pattern in the seasonality of the infection with Trypanosoma spp. and Anaplasma spp. An increase of the infection during spring and autumn with Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. was also evident. In conclusion, infection with blood parasites in different animals in Mosul is common with substantial burden, the effect of age-related infection is negligible, and the seasonality of the infection is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam M. S. Alimam
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Dhiyaa A. Moosa
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Eva A. Ajaj
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Mohammad O. Dahl
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
- * E-mail:
| | - Israa A. Al-Robaiee
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Semaa F. Hasab Allah
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
- Office of Vice President for Scientific Affairs, University of Al-Hamdaniya, Bartella, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Zahraa M. Al-Jumaa
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Eman D. Hadi
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq
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Ali A, Zaidi F, Fatima SH, Munir S. Modelling the occurrence and spatial distribution of screwworm species in Northern Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:772. [PMID: 34739583 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We use binomial kriging to model the spatial distribution of myiasis by three species namely Chrysomya bezziana, Wohlfahrtia magnifica and Lucilia cuprina in the livestock of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Traditional species distribution models are usually based on assumption of independence of observations. Species data often come in presence-only form for which background points are generated based on some covariates using statistical and machine learning techniques such as MaxEnt. We assume a symmetric binomial distribution based on the principle of maximum entropy in order to decide the number of pseudo-absences. Our results showed that the spatial models fitted very well and prediction distributions were estimated with excellent accuracy. Moreover kriging maps were more accurate as most of the non-spatial variation has been picked up by external drift with higher values of the sensitivity focusing partial AUC for all the three species. Land-use-land-cover was a common factor significantly affecting spatial distribution of all the three species suggesting that for established species anthropogenic factors such as land use become a strong determinant of their spatial distribution. Our results also revealed that for invading species like W. magnifica elevation acts as a barrier to species dispersal and therefore is more limiting to distribution. Furthermore the higher overall prediction accuracy demonstrated that our models performed well in predicting the distributions of the three species, which would lead to better understanding and management of the larval infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Farrah Zaidi
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Hira Fatima
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Said Munir
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, S1, Sheffield, 3JD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula MacGregor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - R. Ellen R. Nisbet
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Tucker MS, O’Brien CN, Jenkins MC, Rosenthal BM. Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258157. [PMID: 34597342 PMCID: PMC8486141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria parasites cause enteric disease in livestock and the closely related Cyclosporacayetanensis causes human disease. Oocysts of these coccidian parasites undergo maturation (sporulation) before becoming infectious. Here, we assessed transcription in maturing oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, a widespread chicken parasite, predicted gene functions, and determined which of these genes also occur in C. cayetanensis. RNA-Sequencing yielded ~2 billion paired-end reads, 92% of which mapped to the E. acervulina genome. The ~6,900 annotated genes underwent temporally-coordinated patterns of gene expression. Fifty-three genes each contributed >1,000 transcripts per million (TPM) throughout the study interval, including cation-transporting ATPases, an oocyst wall protein, a palmitoyltransferase, membrane proteins, and hypothetical proteins. These genes were enriched for 285 gene ontology (GO) terms and 13 genes were ascribed to 17 KEGG pathways, defining housekeeping processes and functions important throughout sporulation. Expression differed in mature and immature oocysts for 40% (2,928) of all genes; of these, nearly two-thirds (1,843) increased their expression over time. Eight genes expressed most in immature oocysts, encoding proteins promoting oocyst maturation and development, were assigned to 37 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways. Fifty-six genes underwent significant upregulation in mature oocysts, each contributing at least 1,000 TPM. Of these, 40 were annotated by 215 GO assignments and 9 were associated with 18 KEGG pathways, encoding products involved in respiration, carbon fixation, energy utilization, invasion, motility, and stress and detoxification responses. Sporulation orchestrates coordinated changes in the expression of many genes, most especially those governing metabolic activity. Establishing the long-term fate of these transcripts in sporulated oocysts and in senescent and deceased oocysts will further elucidate the biology of coccidian development, and may provide tools to assay infectiousness of parasite cohorts. Moreover, because many of these genes have homologues in C. cayetanensis, they may prove useful as biomarkers for risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Tucker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Celia N. O’Brien
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abro Z, Kassie M, Muriithi B, Okal M, Masiga D, Wanda G, Gisèle O, Samuel A, Nguertoum E, Nina RA, Mansinsa P, Adam Y, Camara M, Olet P, Boucader D, Jamal S, Garba ARI, Ajakaiye JJ, Kinani JF, Hassan MA, Nonga H, Daffa J, Gidudu A, Chilongo K. The potential economic benefits of controlling trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254558. [PMID: 34283848 PMCID: PMC8291668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a significant productivity-limiting livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to poverty and food insecurity. In this paper, we estimate the potential economic gains from adopting Waterbuck Repellent Blend (WRB). The WRB is a new technology that pushes trypanosomiasis-transmitting tsetse fly away from animals, improving animals’ health and increasing meat and milk productivity. We estimate the benefits of WRB on the production of meat and milk using the economic surplus approach. We obtained data from an expert elicitation survey, secondary and experimental sources. Our findings show that the adoption of WRB in 5 to 50% of the animal population would generate an economic surplus of US$ 78–869 million per annum for African 18 countries. The estimated benefit-cost ratio (9:1) further justifies an investment in WRB. The technology’s potential benefits are likely to be underestimated since our estimates did not include the indirect benefits of the technology adoption, such as the increase in the quantity and quality of animals’ draught power services and human and environmental health effects. These benefits suggest that investing in WRB can contribute to nutrition security and sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Abro
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Menale Kassie
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Muriithi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Okal
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gift Wanda
- African Union, Coordinator of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ouedraogo Gisèle
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Abah Samuel
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Etienne Nguertoum
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Rock Aimé Nina
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Philémon Mansinsa
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Yahaya Adam
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Pamela Olet
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Diarra Boucader
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Susana Jamal
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Abdoul Razak Issa Garba
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Joseph Joachim Ajakaiye
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Jean Felix Kinani
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Mohamed Adam Hassan
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Hezron Nonga
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Joyce Daffa
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Ambrose Gidudu
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Country Coordinators of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis (T&T) Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, respectively
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9
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Barnes AN, Davaasuren A, Baasandavga U, Lantos PM, Gonchigoo B, Gray GC. Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009543. [PMID: 34237083 PMCID: PMC8266129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important zoonotic enteric pathogens of One Health concern for humans, animals, and the environment. For this study, we investigated parasite prevalence and risk factors among rural, peri-urban, and urban households and environments of Mongolia. METHODS This cross-sectional study implemented a household risk factor survey at 250 home sites along with sample collection from humans, animals, flies, and drinking water. Multiplex real-time PCR analysis was conducted to look for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or Giardia duodenalis within household samples. RESULTS Lab analysis found one or both zoonotic parasites at 20% of the participating households (51/250). Human samples had a parasite prevalence of 6.4% (27/419), domestic animals at 3.3% (19/570), pooled filth flies at 14.8% (17/115), and drinking water samples at 2% (5/250). Parasite presence at the household was significantly associated with a household's use of an improved drinking water source (OR 0.27; CI 0.12-0.61; p = < 0.01), having an indoor handwashing site (OR 0.41; CI 0.19-0.92; p = 0.03), domestic animal ownership (OR 2.40; CI 1.02-5.65; p = 0.05), and rural location (OR 0.50; CI 0.25-0.98; p = 0.04). Household use of an improved drinking water source remained significant in the multivariate model (OR 0.16; CI 0.04-0.68; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION In Mongolia, public and veterinary health are intertwined, particularly for rural herding households. Increased access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure could help prevent further transmission of zoonotic enteric parasites. Public health interventions, policy and messaging should utilize a One Health framework employing joint leadership from local human and animal health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Barnes
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anu Davaasuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Communicable Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Uyanga Baasandavga
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Paul M. Lantos
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory C. Gray
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Global Health Research Institute, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Schulz A, Barry Y, Stoek F, Ba A, Schulz J, Haki ML, Sas MA, Doumbia BA, Kirkland P, Bah MY, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal's age. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009228. [PMID: 33844691 PMCID: PMC8081336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is one of the most widespread zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses in many parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. It belongs to the family of Nairoviridae in the genus of Orthonairovirus. The main reservoir and vector are ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Livestock animals (such as cattle, small ruminants and camels) develop a viremias lasting up to two weeks with absence of clinical symptoms, followed by seroconversion. This study was carried out to assess risk factors that affect seroprevalence rates in different species. In total, 928 livestock animal samples (cattle = 201; sheep = 247; goats = 233; camels = 247) from 11 out of 13 regions in Mauritania were assayed for CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (including a novel indirect camel-IgG-specific CCHFV ELISA). Inconclusive results were resolved by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). A generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was used to draw conclusions about the impact of certain factors (age, species, sex and region) which might have influenced the CCHFV antibody status of surveyed animals. In goats and sheep, about 15% of the animals were seropositive, whereas in cattle (69%) and camels (81%), the prevalence rate was significantly higher. On average, cattle and camels were up to twice to four times older than small ruminants. Interestingly, the seroprevalence in all species was directly linked to the age of the animals, i.e. older animals had significantly higher seroprevalence rates than younger animals. The highest CCHFV seroprevalence in Mauritania was found in camels and cattle, followed by small ruminants. The large proportion of positive animals in cattle and camels might be explained by the high ages of the animals. Future CCHFV prevalence studies should at least consider the age of surveyed animals in order to avoid misinterpretations. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a silent threat that repeatedly causes severe hemorrhagic disease in humans who have been in close contact with livestock of endemic countries. The detection of CCHFV IgG antibodies in livestock can be a first indication whether the virus circulates in a given region and is thus a valuable diagnostic tool for determining the endemic status. Interestingly, earlier data from Mauritania showed a noticeable difference in IgG prevalence between sheep (18%) and cattle (67%). In contrast to sheep and cattle, current monitoring data on CCHFV IgG antibody presence in camels and goats in Mauritania is very limited. This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive up-to-date overview of CCHFV seroprevalences in the four most important Mauritanian livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats and camels). It attempts to highlight the role of potential risk factors responsible for deviating prevalences. In addition, we developed a camel-specific IgG ELISA, which can be used in future CCHFV seroprevalence studies. Furthermore, findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the current epidemiological CCHFV situation in sub-Saharan Africa and which role different livestock species play regarding the viral circulation in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yahya Barry
- L’Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Franziska Stoek
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Aliou Ba
- L’Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Jana Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mohamed L. Haki
- L’Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Miriam A. Sas
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Mohamed Y. Bah
- Ministère du Développement Rural, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Martin Eiden
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Nnko HJ, Gwakisa PS, Ngonyoka A, Sindato C, Estes AB. Potential impacts of climate change on geographical distribution of three primary vectors of African Trypanosomiasis in Tanzania's Maasai Steppe: G. m. morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. swynnertoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009081. [PMID: 33571190 PMCID: PMC7904224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Maasai Steppe, public health and economy are threatened by African Trypanosomiasis, a debilitating and fatal disease to livestock (African Animal Trypanosomiasis -AAT) and humans (Human African Trypanosomiasis—HAT), if not treated. The tsetse fly is the primary vector for both HAT and AAT and climate is an important predictor of their occurrence and the parasites they carry. While understanding tsetse fly distribution is essential for informing vector and disease control strategies, existing distribution maps are old and were based on coarse spatial resolution data, consequently, inaccurately representing vector and disease dynamics necessary to design and implement fit-for-purpose mitigation strategies. Also, the assertion that climate change is altering tsetse fly distribution in Tanzania lacks empirical evidence. Despite tsetse flies posing public health risks and economic hardship, no study has modelled their distributions at a scale needed for local planning. This study used MaxEnt species distribution modelling (SDM) and ecological niche modeling tools to predict potential distribution of three tsetse fly species in Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe from current climate information, and project their distributions to midcentury climatic conditions under representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 scenarios. Current climate results predicted that G. m. morsitans, G. pallidipes and G swynnertoni cover 19,225 km2, 7,113 km2 and 32,335 km2 and future prediction indicated that by the year 2050, the habitable area may decrease by up to 23.13%, 12.9% and 22.8% of current habitable area, respectively. This information can serve as a useful predictor of potential HAT and AAT hotspots and inform surveillance strategies. Distribution maps generated by this study can be useful in guiding tsetse fly control managers, and health, livestock and wildlife officers when setting surveys and surveillance programs. The maps can also inform protected area managers of potential encroachment into the protected areas (PAs) due to shrinkage of tsetse fly habitats outside PAs. Spatial variation of African Trypanosomiasis burden depends on distribution of biotopes necessary for tsetse flies to thrive. Therefore, mapping the occurrence of the tsetse fly species is a useful predictor of African Trypanosomiasis transmission risk areas. Climate is a major determining factor for occurrence and survival of tsetse flies, the vector responsible for both HAT and AAT. Since resources for prevention and control of tsetse fly species and the disease they transmit are generally scarce in endemic settings, understanding potential impacts of climate change on tsetse fly species distribution in space and time is essential for informing coherent strategies for vector and disease control at a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Calvin Sindato
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro Tanzania
| | - Anna Bond Estes
- Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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12
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Garcia-Rejon JE, Tzuc-Dzul JC, Cetina-Trejo R, Madera-Navarrete MI, Cigarroa-Toledo N, Chan-Perez JI, Ortega-Pacheco A, Torres-Chable O, Pietri JE, Baak-Baak CM. Identification of parasitic arthropods collected from domestic and wild animals in Yucatan, Mexico. Ann Parasitol 2021; 67:647-658. [PMID: 35247305 DOI: 10.17420/ap6704.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The morphological characterization of ectoparasites from domestic and wild animals is crucial to distinguish those that may be involved in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. The objectives of this work were to identify parasitic arthropods collected from several hosts in Yucatan State, Mexico and to determine the prevalence of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in sylvatic specimens of Triatoma dimidiata. Morphological traits and scanning electron microscopy were used to confirm some parasitic identities. In total, 834 parasitic arthropods of various taxa were identified. Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma parvum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were identified from dogs, horses, sheep, and deer. The flea Ctenocephalides felis was identified from dogs and the human flea, Pulex irritans was found on horses and sheep. The Neotropical deer ked Lipoptena mazamae was identified from brown brocket deer Mazama pandora. The chewing lice Chelopistes meleagridis, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Myrsidea sp. and Lipeurus caponis were identified from poultry (Meleagris gallopavo and Gallus gallus). Other chewing lice, Tyranniphilopterus sp., Columbicola columbae, and Physconelloides eurysema were identified from wild birds Pachyramphus aglaiae, Patagioenas flavirostris and Zenaida asiatica, respectively. Trypanosoma cruzi was present in 52.5% of sylvatic adult T. dimidiata. Several of these findings represent new records of ectoparasites for Yucatan and new distribution areas in Mexico. The implications for human and animal health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97225 México
| | - Julio C Tzuc-Dzul
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97225 México
| | - Rosa Cetina-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97225 México
| | - Miguel I Madera-Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97225 México
| | - Nohemi Cigarroa-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97000 México
| | - Jose I Chan-Perez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97000 México
| | - Antonio Ortega-Pacheco
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97100 México
| | - Oswaldo Torres-Chable
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales y Transmitidas por Vector, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, CP 86040 Mexico
| | - Jose E Pietri
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, 57069 South Dakota
| | - Carlos M Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, CP 97225 México
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13
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Rose Vineer H, Morgan ER, Hertzberg H, Bartley DJ, Bosco A, Charlier J, Chartier C, Claerebout E, de Waal T, Hendrickx G, Hinney B, Höglund J, Ježek J, Kašný M, Keane OM, Martínez-Valladares M, Mateus TL, McIntyre J, Mickiewicz M, Munoz AM, Phythian CJ, Ploeger HW, Rataj AV, Skuce PJ, Simin S, Sotiraki S, Spinu M, Stuen S, Thamsborg SM, Vadlejch J, Varady M, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Rinaldi L. Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: creation and meta-analysis of an open database. Parasite 2020; 27:69. [PMID: 33277891 PMCID: PMC7718593 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections are ubiquitous in grazing ruminant production systems, and are responsible for significant costs and production losses. Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) in parasites is now widespread throughout Europe, although there are still gaps in our knowledge in some regions and countries. AR is a major threat to the sustainability of modern ruminant livestock production, resulting in reduced productivity, compromised animal health and welfare, and increased greenhouse gas emissions through increased parasitism and farm inputs. A better understanding of the extent of AR in Europe is needed to develop and advocate more sustainable parasite control approaches. A database of European published and unpublished AR research on gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) was collated by members of the European COST Action "COMBAR" (Combatting Anthelmintic Resistance in Ruminants), and combined with data from a previous systematic review of AR in GIN. A total of 197 publications on AR in GIN were available for analysis, representing 535 studies in 22 countries and spanning the period 1980-2020. Reports of AR were present throughout the European continent and some reports indicated high within-country prevalence. Heuristic sample size-weighted estimates of European AR prevalence over the whole study period, stratified by anthelmintic class, varied between 0 and 48%. Estimated regional (country) prevalence was highly heterogeneous, ranging between 0% and 100% depending on livestock sector and anthelmintic class, and generally increased with increasing research effort in a country. In the few countries with adequate longitudinal data, there was a tendency towards increasing AR over time for all anthelmintic classes in GIN: aggregated results in sheep and goats since 2010 reveal an average prevalence of resistance to benzimidazoles (BZ) of 86%, macrocyclic lactones except moxidectin (ML) 52%, levamisole (LEV) 48%, and moxidectin (MOX) 21%. All major GIN genera survived treatment in various studies. In cattle, prevalence of AR varied between anthelmintic classes from 0-100% (BZ and ML), 0-17% (LEV) and 0-73% (MOX), and both Cooperia and Ostertagia survived treatment. Suspected AR in F. hepatica was reported in 21 studies spanning 6 countries. For GIN and particularly F. hepatica, there was a bias towards preferential sampling of individual farms with suspected AR, and research effort was biased towards Western Europe and particularly the United Kingdom. Ongoing capture of future results in the live database, efforts to avoid bias in farm recruitment, more accurate tests for AR, and stronger appreciation of the importance of AR among the agricultural industry and policy makers, will support more sophisticated analyses of factors contributing to AR and effective strategies to slow its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rose Vineer
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - Eric R. Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Biological Sciences 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast BT9 5DL UK
| | | | - David J. Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Antonio Bosco
- University of Naples Federico II, Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR Via Delpino, 1 80137 Napoli Italy
| | | | | | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University B9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Theo de Waal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin Dublin D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | | | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna Veterinärplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology P.O. Box 7036 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jožica Ježek
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana Gerbičeva 60 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno 611 37 Czech Republic
| | - Orla M. Keane
- Animal Bioscience Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93 Ireland
| | | | - Teresa Letra Mateus
- CISAS – Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Àlvares 4900-347 Viana do Castelo Portugal
- EpiUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto Rua das Taipas, nº 135 4050-091 Porto Portugal
| | - Jennifer McIntyre
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ana Maria Munoz
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária – Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Av. Campo Grande 376 1749-024 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Clare Joan Phythian
- Institute for Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Sandnes 4325 Norway
| | - Harm W. Ploeger
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Yalelaan 1 3584 CL Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Vergles Rataj
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana Gerbičeva 60 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Philip J. Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Stanislav Simin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad 21101 Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Section for Parasitology, HAO-DEMETER, Thermi 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca 400372 Romania
| | - Snorre Stuen
- Institute for Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Sandnes 4325 Norway
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen DK-1870 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamycka 129 165 00 Prague Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Marian Varady
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Kosice 040 01 Slovakia
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7–13 14163 Berlin Germany
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR Via Delpino, 1 80137 Napoli Italy
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14
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Marciano AF, Golo PS, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Camargo MG, Fiorotti J, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Perinotto WMS, Bittencourt VREP. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) oil-in-water emulsions drastically reduced Rhipicephalus microplus larvae outbreak population on artificially infested grass. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:488-492. [PMID: 32293047 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini, 1887 (Arachnida: Ixodidae) is a mandatory bloodsucking ectoparasite, and it is considered one of the main sanitary problems in livestock. In the development of new technologies for controlling ticks, Metarhizium anisopliae complex (M. anisopliae s. l.) Sorokın, 1883 (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) have been shown to be an effective and safe alternative. However, when applied in the field, abiotic factors may directly influence their microbial activity, and different oily adjuvants enhance fungal efficacy, stability and viability under environmental conditions. Here, the efficacy of two Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates (CG 148 and CG 347) were compared in mineral oil (MO) or vegetable oil (VO) emulsions to control cattle ticks under semi-natural conditions, as well as their persistence in the soil over time. Engorged female ticks were placed on the soil of grass pots previously treated or not with conidial oil-in-water emulsions. Both M. anisopliae s.l. oil-in-water emulsions tested were able to control R. microplus, achieving up to 100% daily efficacy, and remained viable in the soil for up to 60 days after treatment. These results show the prospective applicability of Metarhizium spp. to control the cattle tick and a real possibility for its control in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Marciano
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P S Golo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - M G Camargo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Fiorotti
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Mesquita
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T A Corrêa
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W M S Perinotto
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológica, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - V R E P Bittencourt
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Li SS, Wang L, Li AH, Zhang WJ. [Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City from 2015 to 2019]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 32:646-648. [PMID: 33325204 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City from 2015 to 2019, so as to provide the scientific basis for the consolidation of schistosomiasis control achievements and timely treatment of risk factors. METHODS A total of 7 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites were assigned in Zhenjiang City from 2015 to 2019. According to the National Scheme for Schistosomiasis Surveillance (2014 version), Schistosoma japonicum infections were monitored in local residents, floating populations and livestock, and snail habitats were surveyed in Zhenjiang City from 2015 to 2019. The results of schistosomaisis surveillance in Zhenjiang City from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed. RESULTS There were 15 848 and 7 779 person-times of local residents and floating populations receiving serological screening of schistosomiasis in 7 national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City from 2015 to 2019, and the seroprevalence rates were 0.95% to 1.75% and 0.14% to 0.91% among local residents and floating populations, respectively; however, no egg-positives were identified. A total of 1 885 herd-times of livestock were detected, and no egg-positives were found. During the 5-year period, snail survey was conducted in snail habitats and suspected snail habitats covering 3 333.79 hm2, and there were 108.71 hm2 snail habitats identified, including 50.97 hm2 re-emerging snail habitats. The density of living snails was 0.007 to 0.125 snails/0.1 m2 from 2015 to 2019, which showed a trend for a rise year by year (χ2 = 2 732.626, P < 0.01); however, no S. japonicum infections were detected in snails. CONCLUSIONS The endemic situation of schistosomiasis has been maintained at a low level in Zhenjiang City, and schistosomiasis control achievements are consolidated. However, snails are widely distributed in the city, and there are still risk factors associated with schistosomiasis transmission. Further integrated interventions require to be reinforced to timely manage the risk of transmission of schistosomiasis and promote the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Li
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
| | - L Wang
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
| | - A H Li
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
| | - W J Zhang
- Zhenjiang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212004, China
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Abstract
Control of gastrointestinal nematodes has been based on anthelmintics. However, this strategy is unsustainable owing to anthelmintic resistance. Parasitic nematodes have biologic and genetic features that favor the development of drug resistance, making the emergence of resistant nematodes inevitable. The rate of resistance development is affected controllable factors. There is a need to change the paradigm of how gastrointestinal nematodes are controlled to decrease the rate at which resistance develops. This article reviews the biology and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, and provides recommendations for diagnosing resistance and for strategies that should be implemented to reduce the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Otgonsuren D, Sivakumar T, Amgalanbaatar T, Enkhtaivan B, Narantsatsral S, Tuvshintulga B, Zoljargal M, Munkhgerel D, Davkharbayar B, Baatarjargal P, Davaasuren B, Myagmarsuren P, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Yokoyama N. Molecular epidemiological survey of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia sp. Mymensingh infections in Mongolian cattle. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102107. [PMID: 32205192 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia species is an economically significant disease of cattle. Severe clinical babesiosis in cattle is caused by Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and the recently discovered Babesia sp. Mymensingh. Mongolia is an agricultural country with a large cattle inventory. Although previous studies have detected active infections of B. bovis and B. bigemina in Mongolian cattle, only a few provinces were surveyed. Additionally, the endemicity of Babesia sp. Mymensingh in Mongolia remains unknown. We screened blood DNA samples from 725 cattle reared in 16 of the 21 Mongolian provinces using B. bovis-, B. bigemina-, and Babesia. sp. Mymensingh-specific PCR assays. The overall positive rates of B. bovis, B. bigemina, and Babesia sp. Mymensingh were 27.9% (n = 202), 23.6% (n = 171), and 5.4% (n = 39), respectively. B. bovis and B. bigemina were detected in cattle in all surveyed provinces; whereas Babesia sp. Mymensingh was detected in 11 of the 16 surveyed provinces. On a per province basis, the B. bovis- B. bigemina-, and Babesia sp. Mymensingh-positive rates were 5.9-52.0%, 9.1-76.3%, and 0-35.7%, respectively. In conclusion, this is the first report of Babesia sp. Mymensingh in Mongolia. In addition, we found that species of Babesia that are capable of causing bovine clinical babesiosis, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, and Babesia sp. Mymensingh, are widespread throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tovuu Amgalanbaatar
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sandagdorj Narantsatsral
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Myagmar Zoljargal
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dalantai Munkhgerel
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Davkharbayar
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Purevdorj Baatarjargal
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Punsantsogvoo Myagmarsuren
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; OIE Reference Laboratory for Bovine Babesiosis and Equine Piroplasmosis, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Widmer G, Köster PC, Carmena D. Cryptosporidium hominis infections in non-human animal species: revisiting the concept of host specificity. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:253-262. [PMID: 32205089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasites in the genus Cryptosporidium, phylum Apicomplexa, are found worldwide in the intestinal tract of many vertebrate species and in the environment. Driven by sensitive PCR methods, and the availability of abundant sequence data and reference genomes, the taxonomic complexity of the genus has steadily increased; 38 species have been named to date. Due to its public health importance, Cryptosporidium hominis has long attracted the interest of the research community. This species was initially described as infectious to humans only. This perception has persisted in spite of an increasing number of observations of natural and experimental infections of animals with this species. Here we summarize and discuss this literature published since 2000 and conclude that the host range of C. hominis is broader than originally described. The evolving definition of the C. hominis host range raises interesting questions about host specificity and the evolution of Cryptosporidium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Widmer
- Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Pareyn M, Kochora A, Van Rooy L, Eligo N, Vanden Broecke B, Girma N, Merdekios B, Wegayehu T, Maes L, Caljon G, Lindtjørn B, Leirs H, Massebo F. Feeding behavior and activity of Phlebotomus pedifer and potential reservoir hosts of Leishmania aethiopica in southwestern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007947. [PMID: 32196501 PMCID: PMC7112221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health concern in Ethiopia. However, knowledge about the complex zoonotic transmission cycle is limited, hampering implementation of control strategies. We explored the feeding behavior and activity of the vector (Phlebotomus pedifer) and studied the role of livestock in CL transmission in southwestern Ethiopia. METHODS Blood meal origins of engorged sand flies were determined by sequencing host DNA. A host choice experiment was performed to assess the feeding preference of P. pedifer when humans and hyraxes are equally accessible. Ear and nose biopsies from livestock were screened for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Sand flies were captured indoor and outdoor with human landing catches and CDC light traps to determine at which time and where P. pedifer is mostly active. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 180 P. pedifer sand flies were found to bite hosts of 12 genera. Humans were the predominant blood meal source indoors (65.9%, p < 0.001), while no significant differences were determined outdoors and in caves. In caves, hyraxes were represented in blood meals equally as humans (45.5% and 42.4%, respectively), but the host choice experiment revealed that sand flies have a significant preference for feeding on hyraxes (p = 0.009). Only a single goat nose biopsy from 412 animal samples was found with Leishmania RNA. We found that P. pedifer is predominantly endophagic (p = 0.003), but occurs both indoors and outdoors. A substantial number of sand flies was active in the early evening, which increased over time reaching its maximum around midnight. CONCLUSION In contrast to earlier suggestions of exclusive zoonotic Leishmania transmission, we propose that there is also human-to-human transmission of CL in southwestern Ethiopia. Livestock does not play a role in CL transmission and combined indoor and outdoor vector control measures at night are required for efficient vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe Pareyn
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (MP); (FM)
| | - Abena Kochora
- Biology Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Luca Van Rooy
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nigatu Eligo
- Biology Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nigatu Girma
- Biology Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Behailu Merdekios
- Public Health Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Teklu Wegayehu
- Biology Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Biology Department, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: (MP); (FM)
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20
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Shahnazi M, Ebadi M, Abbaspoor Z, Hajialilo E, Javadi A, Heydarian P, Saraei M, Alizadeh SA. Molecular Characterization of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium Species Isolated from Ruminant Livestock in Qazvin, Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:737-742. [PMID: 31595853 DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666191009143043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fascioliasis and dicrocoeliasis are the most frequent zoonotic diseases with increasing human health problems in different parts of Iran. Two species, Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) and Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica), are spread in the country. Molecular approaches have a decisive role in identifying both the species. The aim of this study was to detect Fasciola spp. and Dicrocoelium spp. by amplifying the ITS-2 and 28S rDNA gene sequence. METHODS Overall, 30 infected liver samples were collected from the livestock of Qazvin, Iran. The adult flukes were collected from different livestock. DNA extraction and PCR amplification of ribosomal RNA gene region (ITS2) and 28S rDNA gene fragment were conducted and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. RESULT All the isolates obtained from the cattle (No: 7) and 82.6% (No: 19) of sheep isolates were infected with F. hepatica species, whereas 17.4% (No: 4) of sheep isolates were infected with F. gigantica. It was also shown that F. hepatica was the predominant species of Fasciola present in the region. All the specimens were infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum (D. dendriticum). CONCLUSION Both the species of Fasciola were found in Qazvin. D. dendriticum was the sole infecting species of the Dicrocoelium genus in the livestock of the city of Qazvin. Further research studies are needed to determine the intermediate host of the parasites in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shahnazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbaspoor
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Saraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Safar Ali Alizadeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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21
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Abstract
The chronic infection with the liver fluke of the genus Fasciola spp. is the most prevalent foodborne trematodiasis, affecting at least one-fourth of the world livestock grazing in areas where the parasite is present. Moreover, fascioliasis is considered a major zoonosis mainly in rural areas of central South America, Northern Africa, and Central Asia. Increasing evidences of resistance against triclabendazole may compromise its use as drug of choice; thus, novel control strategies are desperately needed. Functional genomic approaches play a key role in the validation and characterization of new targets for drug and vaccine development. So far, RNA interference has been the only gene silencing approach successfully employed in liver flukes of the genus Fasciola spp. Herein, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform gene silencing mediated by RNAi in Fasciola hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - Nicolás Dell'Oca
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estela Castillo
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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22
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Webster BL, Alharbi MH, Kayuni S, Makaula P, Halstead F, Christiansen R, Juziwelo L, Stanton MC, LaCourse EJ, Rollinson D, Kalua K, Stothard JR. Schistosome Interactions within the Schistosoma haematobium Group, Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1245-1247. [PMID: 31107237 PMCID: PMC6537718 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular analysis of atypical schistosome eggs retrieved from children in Malawi revealed genetic interactions occurring between human (Schistosoma haematobium) and livestock (S. mattheei and S. bovis) schistosome species. Detection of hybrid schistosomes adds a notable new perspective to the epidemiology and control of urogenital schistosomiasis in central Africa.
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23
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Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Pereira DL, Pereira CL, Viola LB, Neves L, Camargo EP, Gibson W, Teixeira MMG. Expanding our knowledge on African trypanosomes of the subgenus Pycnomonas: A novel Trypanosoma suis-like in tsetse flies, livestock and wild ruminants sympatric with Trypanosoma suis in Mozambique. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 78:104143. [PMID: 31837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the subgenera of African tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock, the least known is the subgenus Pycnomonas, which contains a single species, Trypanosoma suis (TSU), a pathogen of domestic pigs first reported in 1905 and recently rediscovered in Tanzania and Mozambique. Analysis by Fluorescent Fragment Length Barcoding (FFLB) revealed an infection rate of 20.3% (108 out of 530 tsetse flies) in a recent study in the Gorongosa and Niassa wildlife reserves in Mozambique, and demonstrated two groups of Pycnomonas trypanosomes: one (14.1%, 75 flies) showing an FFLB profile identical to the reference TSU from Tanzania, and the other (6.2%, 33 flies) differing slightly from reference TSU and designated Trypanosoma suis-like (TSU-L). Phylogenetic analyses tightly clustered TSU and TSU-L from Mozambique with TSU from Tanzania forming the clade Pycnomonas positioned between the subgenera Trypanozoon and Nannomonas. Our preliminarily exploration of host ranges of Pycnomonas trypanosomes revealed TSU exclusively in warthogs while TSU-L was identified, for the first time for a member of the subgenus Pycnomonas, in ruminants (antelopes, Cape buffalo, and in domestic cattle and goats). The preferential blood meal sources of tsetse flies harbouring TSU and TSU-L were wild suids, and most of these flies concomitantly harboured the porcine trypanosomes T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, and T. godfreyi. Therefore, our findings support the link of TSU with suids while TSU-L remains to be comprehensively investigated in these hosts. Our results greatly expand our knowledge of the diversity, hosts, vectors, and epidemiology of Pycnomonas trypanosomes. Due to shortcomings of available molecular diagnostic methods, a relevant cohort of trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies to ungulates, especially suids, has been neglected or most likely misidentified. The method employed in the present study enables an accurate discrimination of trypanosome species and genotypes and, hence, a re-evaluation of the "lost" subgenus Pycnomonas and of porcine trypanosomes in general, the most neglected group of African trypanosomes pathogenic to ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Lopes Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC), Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Luis Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil.
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24
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Zhang JF, Li W, Feng Y, Yao YY, Wang XY, Xiong CR, Liu L, Yang K. [Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 31:599-602. [PMID: 32064802 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and investigate the changing trend of the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating strategies for schistosomiasis control. METHODS From 2011 to 2014, the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites were set in seven schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) across Jiangsu Province as according to the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2011 version), and from 2015 to 2018, the national surveillance sites were assigned in all 64 counties (cities, districts) endemic for schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province according to the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2014 version). Schistosoma japonicum infections in local populations, mobile populations and livestock, and snail status were monitored in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018, and the monitoring data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The sero-prevalence of S. japonicum infections was 1.50% to 4.61% among local populations in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018, and a higher sero-prevalence was seen in men than in women, with the sero-positives predominantly detected in local populations at ages of over 50 years. The positive rate of stool examinations was 0 to 0.14% among sero-positive local populations in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018, and no acute case was found in local populations during the study period. The sero-prevalence of S. japonicum infections was 0.46% to 15.97% among mobile populations in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018, and no egg-positives were identified. A total of 1 453 livestock were tested in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2018, and no S. japonicum infections were detected. During the period from 2011 through 2018, snail survey was conducted in an area of 216 million m2 in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province, and 1 291.01 hm2 snail habitats were identified, with snail densities ranging from 0.01 to 0.47 snails/0.1 m2; however, no S. japonicum infections were identified in snails. CONCLUSIONS The overall endemic situation of schistosomiasis appears a tendency towards a decline in Jiangsu Province, and S. japonicum infection remains at a low level in both humans and livestock. No S. japonicum infection has been identified in local populations in Jiangsu Province since 2012. In the future, monitoring and management of imported sources of S. japonicum infections should be intensified in Jiangsu Province, and the capability building of passive surveillance of schistosomiasis should be improved in sentinel hospitals in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province. In addition, the examination of schistosomiasis should be strengthened in mobile populations in Jiangsu Province, a sensitive and effective surveillance-response system for schistosomiasis is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - W Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Y Feng
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Y Y Yao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - X Y Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - C R Xiong
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - L Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - K Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
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Cai-Ying S, Xue-Hui L, Yan-Jun J, Xi-Hong L, Xiao-Qin G, Sheng-Jun F, Yi-Ming T. [Surveillance of schistosomiasis 34 years after transmission interruption in Songjiang District, Shanghai City]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 31:434-435. [PMID: 31612683 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the surveillance data after schistosomiasis transmission interruption from 1985 to 2018, so as to provide scientific basis for the future prevention and control of schistosomiasis. METHODS The data pertaining to snail survey, surveillance of schistosomiasis in humans and livestock, and health education were collected and analyzed in Songjiang District after schistosomiasis transmission interruption from 1985 to 2018. RESULTS From 1985 to 2018, there were 8 townships, 68 villages and 1 462 settings with snails in Songjiang District, covering an area of 96.399 hm2. There were 4 townships and 59 villages with snails newly identified in previously schistosomiasis non-endemic areas, with emerging snail habitats of 60.161 hm2. A total of 26 148 snails were captured, and no infections were detected. The snail habitats were mainly distributed in the river course, ditches and farmlands, which accounted for 45.28%, 33.17% and 21.55% of total snail habitats, respectively. A total of 245 955 humans were subjected to the serological test, with a positive rate of 0.03%, and 37 humans were subjected to the parasitological test, with 3 positives detected. These three egg-positives were all imported chronic cases with schistosomiasis. A total of 9 109 livestock were detected using the serological test, and no infection was found. Most of the awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the rate of correct behavior formation were over 80% in residents and students. CONCLUSIONS The achievements of schistosomiasis control are consolidated in Songjiang District; however, there are still risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission, including residual snails, snail diffusion and importation of external source of infection. The future surveillance of schistosomiasis should focus on snails and sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Cai-Ying
- Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lu Xue-Hui
- Songjiang District Health Commission, Shanghai City, China
| | - Jin Yan-Jun
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lü Xi-Hong
- Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guo Xiao-Qin
- Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fei Sheng-Jun
- Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tang Yi-Ming
- Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, Shanghai 201620, China
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Selmi R, Dhibi M, Ben Said M, Ben Yahia H, Abdelaali H, Ameur H, Baccouche S, Gritli A, Mhadhbi M. Evidence of natural infections with Trypanosoma, Anaplasma and Babesia spp. in military livestock from Tunisia. Trop Biomed 2019; 36:742-757. [PMID: 33597496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Livestock constitute habitual hosts and carriers for several infectious pathogens which may represent a serious public health concern affecting the readiness of military forces and lead to wide economic losses. The present report aimed to investigate the prevalence of some haemopathogens infecting military livestock, particularly, dromedaries, sheep and horses using Giemsa-stained blood smears. A total of 300 animals (100 from each species) were selected, clinically examined and sampled. Trypanosoma spp. (22.0%), Anaplasma spp. (17.0%) and Babesia spp. (1.0%) were identified in camels' blood. Six dromedaries were found to be co-infected by Trypanosoma and Anaplasma organisms (6.0%). Camels of female gender, infested by ticks and showing clinical signs were statistically more infected by Trypanosoma spp., compared to those of male gender, free of ticks and apparently healthy (P= 0.027, 0.000 and 0.004, respectively). Babesia spp. infection (1.0%) was identified, for the first time in Tunisia, in one adult female camel that presented abortion and anemia. Anaplasma spp. was the only haemopathogen identified in examined sheep (6.0%) and horses (17.0%). Horses infested by Hippobosca equina flies and sheep infested by Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks were more infected by Anaplasma spp. than other non-infested animals (P=0.046 and 0.042, respectively). Hyalomma dromedarii, H. impeltatum and H. excavatum were the most prevalent diagnosed ticks removed from camels with an intensity of infestation of 1.2 ticks per animal. However, in sheep, only R. turanicus was identified. H. equina and Tabanus spp. were the potential hematophagous flies found in dromedaries and horses herds. This useful data must be taken into consideration during animal treatment and vectors' control programs in Tunisian military farms which help to limit the diffusion of vector-borne diseases, keep our livestock healthy and reduce economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selmi
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire. Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
- Institut Nationale Agronomique de Tunis. Université de Carthage, Tunisia
| | - M Dhibi
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - M Ben Said
- Service de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - H Ben Yahia
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire. Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Abdelaali
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire. Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Ameur
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire. Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Baccouche
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire. Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Gritli
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire. Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Mhadhbi
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
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Abstract
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of a wide variety of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The coccidia are responsible for major economic losses of the livestock industry. For example, the annual cost due to coccidiosis to the global poultry industry has been estimated to exceed US$ 3 billion annually. Currently available drugs for the control of this disease are either polyether ionophorous antibiotics that are derived from fermentation products, or synthetic compounds, produced by chemical synthesis. Unfortunately, no new drugs in either category have been approved for use for decades. Resistance has been documented for all those of the drugs currently employed and therefore the discovery of novel drugs with unique modes of action is imperative if chemotherapy is to remain the principal means to control this disease. This chapter aims to give an overview of the efficacy and mode of action of the current compounds used to control coccidiosis in livestock and provides a brief outlook of research needs for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Noack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Hendrickx E, Thomas LF, Dorny P, Bobić B, Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Eichenberger RM, Gabriël S, Saratsis A, Torgerson PR, Robertson LJ, Dermauw V. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in West and Central Africa. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:324. [PMID: 31248445 PMCID: PMC6598244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic tapeworm Taenia saginata, although causing only minor discomfort in humans, is responsible for considerable economic losses in the livestock sector due to condemnation or downgrading of infected beef carcasses. An overview of current knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of this parasite in West and Central Africa is lacking. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, collecting information on published and grey literature about T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis from 27 countries/territories in West and Central Africa, published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. RESULTS The literature search retrieved 1672 records, of which 51 and 45 were retained for a qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. Non-specified human taeniosis cases were described for Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic Congo, Guinea, and Ivory Coast (seven out of 27 countries/territories), while T. saginata taeniosis specifically was only reported for Cameroon. Most prevalence estimates for taeniosis ranged between 0-11%, while three studies from Nigeria reported prevalence estimates ranging between 23-50%. None of the studies included molecular confirmation of the causative species. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported for Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tristan da Cunha (14 out of 27 countries/territories). Prevalence estimates ranged between 0-29%. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review has revealed that human taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis are seriously understudied in West and Central Africa. The high prevalence estimates of both conditions suggest an active dissemination of this parasite in the region, calling for a concerted One Health action from public health, veterinary health and food surveillance sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Greece
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Obanda V, Maingi N, Muchemi G, Ng’ang’a CJ, Angelone S, Archie EA. Infection dynamics of gastrointestinal helminths in sympatric non-human primates, livestock and wild ruminants in Kenya. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217929. [PMID: 31181093 PMCID: PMC6557494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal parasites are neglected infections, yet they cause significant burden to animal and human health globally. To date, most studies of gastrointestinal parasites focus on host-parasite systems that involve either a single parasite or a host species. However, when hosts share habitat and resources, they may also cross-transmit generalist gastrointestinal parasites. Here we explore multi-host-parasite interactions in a single ecosystem to understand the infection patterns, especially those linked to livestock-wildlife interfaces and zoonotic risk. METHODS We used both coprological methods (flotation and sedimentation; N = 1,138 fecal samples) and molecular identification techniques (rDNA and mtDNA; N = 18 larvae) to identify gastrointestinal parasites in nine sympatric host species (cattle, sheep, goats, wildebeest, Grant's gazelles, Thomson's gazelles, impala, vervet monkeys and baboons) in the Amboseli ecosystem, Kenya. RESULTS We found that the host community harbored a diverse community of gastrointestinal helminths, including 22 species and/or morphotypes that were heterogeneously distributed across the hosts. Six zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths were identified: Trichuris spp., Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Enterobius spp. Oesophagostomum bifurcum, Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni. The dominant parasite was Trichuris spp, whose ova occurred in two morphological types. Baboons were co-infected with Strongyloides fuelleborni and S. stercoralis. CONCLUSIONS We found that the interface zone shared by wild ungulates, livestock and non-human primates is rich in diversity of gastrointestinal helminths, of which some are extensively shared across the host species. Closely related host species were most likely to be infected by the same parasite species. Several parasites showed genetic sub-structuring according to either geography or host species. Of significance and contrary to expectation, we found that livestock had a higher parasite richness than wild bovids, which is a health risk for both conservation and livestock production. The zoonotic parasites are of public health risk, especially to pastoralist communities living in areas contiguous to wildlife areas. These results expand information on the epidemiology of these parasites and highlights potential zoonotic risk in East African savanna habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Obanda
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ndichu Maingi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald Muchemi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chege J. Ng’ang’a
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samer Angelone
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda, Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla, Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies (IEU), University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A. Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
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Greige S, El Safadi D, Khaled S, Gantois N, Baydoun M, Chemaly M, Benamrouz-Vanneste S, Chabé M, Osman M, Certad G, Hamze M, Viscogliosi E. First report on the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in dairy cattle in Lebanon and assessment of zoonotic transmission. Acta Trop 2019; 194:23-29. [PMID: 30878470 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is frequently identified in a wide range of animal hosts, including bovids. Because of its burden and zoonotic potential, this parasite has been sought in domestic cattle from various countries, since this livestock may also represent a possible reservoir of human infection. However, epidemiological data regarding the prevalence and ST distribution of Blastocystis sp. in this animal group is lacking in Lebanon. Therefore, faecal samples were collected from a total of 254 dairy cattle raised on 55 farms located in the North Lebanon region and screened for the presence of the parasite by quantitative real-time PCR. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was shown to reach 63.4% in cattle livestock. Sequence analysis of positive samples indicated the presence of seven STs, with predominance of ST10 (44.0%) and ST14 (36.8%) and lower proportions of ST2 (8.0%), ST1 (7.2%), ST5 (2.4%), ST3 and ST7 (0.8% each). This survey was the first conducted worldwide reporting ST2 and ST7 in domestic cattle and confirmed that ST10 and ST14 represent cattle-adapted STs in view of their high prevalence. Faecal samples from in-contact dairy farmers and patients hospitalised in the same Lebanese governorate who reported no contact with cattle livestock were also analysed for the presence of Blastocystis sp. The same three STs were identified in both human cohorts, with predominance of ST3, followed either by ST1 or ST2 depending of the group. No other STs, including ST10 or ST14, have been reported. Moreover, even though ST1, ST2 and ST3 were found to be common to dairy cattle and farmers cohorts, only one ST3 isolate showed 100% sequence identity between both hosts. Consequently, the presence and low prevalence of ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5 and ST7 identified herein in domestic cattle, most of which exhibit low host specificity, could be derived from occasional direct exposure to faecal material from human and non-human hosts or by ingestion of contaminated drinking water or food in the enclosure of the farms. Together with the absence of ST10 and ST14 in the human population, these data suggest that cattle play a negligible role as zoonotic reservoirs of Blastocystis sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Greige
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Rue Mitein, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Dima El Safadi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Rue Mitein, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Salma Khaled
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Rue Mitein, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Martha Baydoun
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz-Vanneste
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Magali Chabé
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Rue Mitein, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France; Département de la Recherche Médicale, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Faculté de Médecine et Maïeutique, Université Catholique de Lille, 51 Boulevard de Belfort, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Rue Mitein, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France.
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Cheng-Gong J, Min L, Shi-Jun C, Shui-Ming L, Xiao-Lei W. [Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site of Jurong City, 2015-2017]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 31:210-211. [PMID: 31184061 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the endemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis through the surveillance in a national surveillance site of Jurong City, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control measures. METHODS According to the National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Scheme (2014 Edition), the surveillance of schistosome infection in Oncomelania hupensis snails, residents and livestock was performed in the Kongqing Village, a national surveillance site of Jurong City, from 2015 to 2017. RESULTS The areas with snails were 0, 0, and 0.63 hm2 in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively; the average densities of living snails were 0, 0, and 0.19 snails/0.1 m2 in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively. No schistosome-infected snails were found. The positive rates of blood tests for schistosomiasis in the local residents were 7.72%, 7.45% and 3.45%, and the positive rates of blood tests in the floating population were 4.90%, 3.47% and 0.97% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. No positives were found in the schistosome etiology detection in the crowd and livestock. CONCLUSIONS The effect of schistosomiasis prevention and control is obvious in Jurong City, but O. hupensis snails are still of recurrence. Therefore, the monitoring and control efforts should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cheng-Gong
- Jurong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Jurong 212400, China
| | - Liu Min
- Jurong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Jurong 212400, China
| | - Chen Shi-Jun
- Jurong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Jurong 212400, China
| | - Li Shui-Ming
- Jurong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Jurong 212400, China
| | - Wang Xiao-Lei
- Jurong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, Jurong 212400, China
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Terefe Y, Addy F, Alemu S, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Wassermann M. Genetic characterization of Echinococcus species in eastern Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 17:100302. [PMID: 31303217 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease with considerable economic and public health burden worldwide, particularly affecting developing countries like Ethiopia. To initiate effective prevention and control of CE, comprehensive data on the local lifecycles of the various species/genotypes of Echinococcus are needed. In the present study, conducted in eastern Ethiopia, a total of 1106 livestock animals were examined at three slaughterhouses, which resulted in combined prevalence of morphologically and molecularly confirmed CE of 8.4% (75/891) in cattle, 1.1% (1/95) in sheep, 0.0% (0/95) in goats and 12.0% (3/25) in camels. All cystic lesions recovered during post mortem examination were assessed for cyst condition and underwent molecular characterization by PCR and sequencing of a 1081 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. A total of 175 cysts belonged to E. granulosus s.s. (n = 165), E. ortleppi (n = 6) and E. canadensis G6/7 (n = 4). Of all examined cysts, only 14 were fertile and contained protoscoleces, all from the lungs of cattle: 5 were E. granulosus s.s., 6 E. ortleppi and 3 E. canadensis G6/7. In sheep, only one sterile liver cyst of E. granulosus s.s. was found, while in camels seven sterile or caseated/calcified cysts of E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis G6/7 were found in liver and lungs. In conclusion, the prevalence of CE was rather low compared to other regions of Ethiopia, and, based on the number of fertile cysts, three Echinococcus spp. contributed almost equally to transmission. Cattle seem to be, epidemiologically, the most important livestock species. Our data provide a substantial basis for more detailed investigations of the transmission dynamics of CE in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dira Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - F Addy
- Department of Biotechnology, University for Development Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Tamale, Ghana
| | - S Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dira Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - U Mackenstedt
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Brunn A, Fisman DN, Sargeant JM, Greer AL. The Influence of Climate and Livestock Reservoirs on Human Cases of Giardiasis. Ecohealth 2019; 16:116-127. [PMID: 30350000 PMCID: PMC6430827 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is an intestinal parasite which causes diarrhoeal illness in people. Zoonotic subtypes found in livestock may contribute to human disease occurrence through runoff of manure into multi-use surface water. This study investigated temporal associations among selected environmental variables and G. duodenalis occurrence in livestock reservoirs on human giardiasis incidence using data collected in the Waterloo Health Region, Ontario, Canada. The study objectives were to: (1) evaluate associations between human cases and environmental variables between 1 June 2006 and 31 December 2013, and (2) evaluate associations between human cases, environmental variables and livestock reservoirs using a subset of this time series, with both analyses controlling for seasonal and long-term trends. Human disease incidence exhibited a seasonal trend but no annual trend. A Poisson multivariable regression model identified an inverse association with water level lagged by 1 month (IRR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.01, 0.85, P < 0.05). Case crossover analysis found varying associations between lagged variables including livestock reservoirs (1 week), mean air temperature (3 weeks), river water level (1 week) and flow rate (1 week), and precipitation (4 weeks). This study contributes to our understanding of epidemiologic relationships influencing human giardiasis cases in Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Brunn
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David N Fisman
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amy L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Sargison ND, Shahzad K, Mazeri S, Chaudhry U. A high throughput deep amplicon sequencing method to show the emergence and spread of Calicophoron daubneyi rumen fluke infection in United Kingdom cattle herds. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:9-15. [PMID: 30981312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of C. daubneyi infection in the United Kingdom has increased, but despite the potential for rumen flukes to cause production loss in ruminant livestock, understanding of their emergence and spread is poor. Here we describe the development of a method to explore the multiplicity of C. daubneyi infection and patterns of the parasite's emergence and spread, based on Illumina MiSeq deep sequencing of meta barcoded amplicons of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mt-COX-1) locus. Our results show high levels of genetic diversity in 32 C. daubneyi populations derived from finished prime cattle consigned to slaughter from northern United Kingdom. The results are consistent with a single introduction of C. daubneyi infection to some of the farms where the cattle had been grazed during their lifetime and multiple introductions to most. The results illustrate the impact of high levels of animal movements in the United Kingdom, whereby multiple common mt-COX-1 haplotypes were identified in 26 populations in the absence of geographical clustering of clades. This has implications for the adaptability of environmental and intermediate host stages of the parasite to changing climatic and animal management conditions, or of parasitic stages to exposure to anthelmintic drugs; potentially allowing for greater pathogenicity, or the development of anthelmintic resistance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kashif Shahzad
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Skovde, Sweden
| | - Stella Mazeri
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Charvet CL, Guégnard F, Courtot E, Cortet J, Neveu C. Nicotine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors are relevant pharmacological targets for the control of multidrug resistant parasitic nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:540-549. [PMID: 30502120 PMCID: PMC6287576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The control of parasitic nematodes impacting animal health relies on the use of broad spectrum anthelmintics. However, intensive use of these drugs has led to the selection of resistant parasites in livestock industry. In that respect, there is currently an urgent need for novel compounds able to control resistant parasites. Nicotine has also historically been used as a de-wormer but was removed from the market when modern anthelmintics became available. The pharmacological target of nicotine has been identified in nematodes as acetylcholine-gated ion channels. Nicotinic-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (N-AChRs) therefore represent validated pharmacological targets that remain largely under-exploited. In the present study, using an automated larval migration assay (ALMA), we report that nicotinic derivatives efficiently paralyzed a multiple (benzimidazoles/levamisole/pyrantel/ivermectin) resistant field isolate of H. contortus. Using C. elegans as a model we confirmed that N-AChRs are preferential targets for nornicotine and anabasine. Functional expression of the homomeric N-AChR from C. elegans and the distantly related horse parasite Parascaris equorum in Xenopus oocytes highlighted some striking differences in their respective pharmacological properties towards nicotine derivative sensitivity. This work validates the exploitation of the nicotine receptors of parasitic nematodes as targets for the development of resistance-breaking compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elise Courtot
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Cedric Neveu
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Caron Y, Hong R, Gauthier L, Laillou A, Wieringa FT, Berger J, Poirot E. Stunting, Beyond Acute Diarrhoea: Giardia Duodenalis, in Cambodia. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1420. [PMID: 30282952 PMCID: PMC6213534 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse outcomes of malnutrition on the development of a child are well acknowledged as are the broad variety of contextual factors that may impact child nutritional status. Adequate nutrient intake and the adoption of appropriate water, sanitation and hygiene measures are largely documented for their positive influence on health. Improved sanitation and protection from human feces can significantly lower the incidence of diarrhea and environmental enteropathy. However, the impact of excessive exposure to animal feces on child health is less well documented. OBJECTIVES This study tests the hypothesis that there is a positive association between exposure to animal feces, morbidity and anthropometric outcomes in children under 5 years of age, in Cambodia. It aims to improve insights that can contribute to discerning high-impact policies that promote children can develop to their full potential. METHODS Data for this study was drawn from the third follow-up round of the MyHealth project cohort study that is conducted in six districts of three Cambodian provinces (Phnom Penh, Kratie and Ratanak Kiri). The analysis included a sample of 639 children under 5 years of age. RESULTS The presence of livestock and more particularly, pigs near the main household dwelling was found a risk factor associated with Giardia duodenalis infection (23%). Giardia duodenalis infection was found to be a protective factor for acute diarrhea, yet, associated with stunting in the univariate model. CONCLUSIONS Preventive measures that protect from extensive exposure to animal feces may be most effective to prevent infection with Giardia duodenalis and consequent stunting, thereby improving the potential for a healthy development in young Cambodian children. The results support the need for cross-sector policy measures that reinforce comprehensive early childhood interventions towards improving nutritional status as part of a wider set of child welfare and development measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Caron
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Laboratory of Medical Biology, 5 Boulevard Monivong, P.O. Box 983, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia.
| | - Rathmony Hong
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Integrated Early Childhood Development, Exchange Square, 5th Floor, No. 19&20, Street 106, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia.
| | | | - Arnaud Laillou
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Integrated Early Childhood Development, Exchange Square, 5th Floor, No. 19&20, Street 106, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia.
| | - Frank T Wieringa
- Institute of Research for Development (IRD), UMR Nutripass IRD-UM2-UM1, 3400 Montpellier, France.
| | - Jacques Berger
- Institute of Research for Development (IRD), UMR Nutripass IRD-UM2-UM1, 3400 Montpellier, France.
| | - Etienne Poirot
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Integrated Early Childhood Development, Exchange Square, 5th Floor, No. 19&20, Street 106, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh 12100, Cambodia.
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Fantozzi MC, Tarragona EL, Dayenoff P, Cuervo PF, Mera Y Sierra R, Nava S. Report of Amblyomma parvitarsum infesting goats in Midwestern Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2018; 14:99-102. [PMID: 31014746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult ticks were collected from goats on September 2012 in the locality of Trintrica (35° 17' 19″ S - 68° 44' 6″ W, 1430 m.a.s.l.), Mendoza, Argentina. The specimens were identified as seven females and three males of Amblyomma parvitarsum Neumann, 1901. This record represents the new occurrence of A. parvitarsum in the province of Mendoza, as well as the first report of the parasitism in goats along the geographical range of A. parvitarsum.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Fantozzi
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Evelina Luisa Tarragona
- Laboratorio de Parasitología e Inmunología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricio Dayenoff
- Cátedra Producción Caprina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Ambientales, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo Fernando Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Roberto Mera Y Sierra
- Centro de Investigación en Parasitología Regional (CIPAR), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Ambientales, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Laboratorio de Parasitología e Inmunología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Seyyed-Zadeh SJ, Bozorg-Omid F, Telmadarraiy Z, Terenius O, Chavshin AR. Evidence for the presence of Ctenocephalides orientis in livestock dwellings in northwest Iran. Med Vet Entomol 2018; 32:383-387. [PMID: 29808620 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fleas are important vectors of diseases such as murine typhus, tularaemia, hymenolepiasis and plague. The presence of active foci and history of human- and flea-transmitted plague in northwest Iran prompted the present group to collect and identify fleas from human and livestock dwellings across West Azerbaijan Province. Adult fleas were collected and identified using routine taxonomic keys. Species designation was confirmed by sequencing the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Of the collected specimens (n = 989), 104 were collected off-host (30 from human dwellings and 74 in light traps) and the rest were found on hosts (107 on animals and 778 by human bait). Of these fleas, 394 (40%) were male and 595 (60%) were female. The collected specimens belonged to the species Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides orientis and Pulex irritans (all: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). The amplified COI fragment, in addition to confirming the morphological identification of species, showed good efficacy in separating the different species in the phylogenetic analysis. In addition to the identification of fleas from human and livestock dwellings using morphological and molecular characteristics, the current paper represents the first report of the presence of C. orientis in northwest Iran. This finding suggests that changing climate conditions may have expanded the distribution of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Seyyed-Zadeh
- Social Determinants of Health, Research Centre, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - F Bozorg-Omid
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Z Telmadarraiy
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - O Terenius
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A R Chavshin
- Social Determinants of Health, Research Centre, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Peña-Espinoza M, Valente AH, Thamsborg SM, Simonsen HT, Boas U, Enemark HL, López-Muñoz R, Williams AR. Antiparasitic activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and its natural bioactive compounds in livestock: a review. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:475. [PMID: 30134991 PMCID: PMC6106872 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing drug resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of livestock and concerns about chemical residues in animal products and the environment are driving the development of alternative control strategies that are less reliant on the use of synthetic drugs. An increasingly investigated approach is the use of bioactive forages with antiparasitic properties as part of the animal's diet (nutraceuticals) or as potential sources of novel, natural parasiticides. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a multi-purpose crop and one of the most promising bioactive forages in temperate regions, and numerous in vivo trials have explored its potential against parasitic nematodes in livestock. However, it is unclear whether chicory can induce a direct and broad activity against various GI parasites in different livestock species, and the levels of chicory in the diet that are required to exert an efficient antiparasitic effect. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to the reported parasiticidal activity of chicory are still largely unknown, and its bioactive phytochemicals have only recently been investigated. In this review, we summarise the progress in the study of the antiparasitic activity of chicory and its natural bioactive compounds against GI parasites in livestock, through examination of the published literature. The available evidence indicates that feeding chicory can reduce faecal egg counts and/or worm burdens of abomasal nematodes, but not infections with intestinal worms, in ruminants. Highly chicory-rich diets (≥ 70% of chicory dry matter in the diet) may be necessary to directly affect abomasal parasitism. Chicory is known to synthesise several bioactive compounds with potential antiparasitic activity, but most research has been devoted to the role of sesquiterpene lactones (SL). Recent in vitro studies have confirmed direct and potent activity of SL-rich extracts from chicory against different GI helminths of livestock. Chicory SL have also been reported to exhibit antimalarial properties and its potential antiprotozoal activity in livestock remains to be evaluated. Furthermore, the detailed identification of the main antiparasitic metabolites of chicory and their pharmacokinetics need further confirmation. Research gaps and perspectives on the potential use of chicory as a nutraceutical forage and a source of bioactive compounds for parasite control in livestock are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Angela H. Valente
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stig M. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik T. Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi L. Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, N-0106 Oslo, Sentrum Norway
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Liang-Cai H, Jia-Song W, Mei-Zhi Y, Xin-Fu P, Xian-Hui L, Ke-Li W, Wen S. [Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in surveillance sites of Jingzhou City, 2017]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2018; 30:691-693. [PMID: 30891988 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To grasp the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating prevention strategies. METHODS According to the requirements of National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Program (2014), Hubei Schistosomiasis Surveillance Program (2015) and Jingzhou Schistosomiasis Surveillance Program, the local population infection monitoring, mobile population infection monitoring, livestock disease monitoring, snail monitoring, and wild manure monitoring were carried out at 71 monitoring sites throughout the city. RESULTS Among the 71 surveillance sites, 44 118 local residents received the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) for schistosomiasis and 1 925 persons were positive, with the positive rate of 4.36%, However, no stool examination positive cases were found. Totally 2 175 mobile people received the IHA for schistosomiasis and 93 persons were positive, with the positive rate of 4.28%, but no stool examination positive cases were found. A total of 1 937 head of cattle received the stool examination for schistosome infection, but no positives were found. Totally 1 302 Oncomelania hupensis habitats were found in 69 surveillance sites, with 1 923.64 hm2 area with snails. Totally 348 756 frames were surveyed, and the occurrence rate of snails was 17.19%. A total of 142 494 living snails were captured, with the average density of 0.41 snail/0.1 m2. No schistosome-infected snails were found. Totally 596 cases of wild manure were picked up in 41 environments with snails among 23 surveillance sites, but schistosome infested wild manure was not found. CONCLUSIONS In 2017, the level of schistosomiasis epidemic was very low in Jingzhou City. However, the risk of epidemic rebound still exists, and therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring work to further consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liang-Cai
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jingzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Wang Jia-Song
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jingzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Yuan Mei-Zhi
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jingzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Peng Xin-Fu
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jingzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Lu Xian-Hui
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jingzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Wu Ke-Li
- Institute of Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jingzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Su Wen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei, China
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Zahedi A, Lee GKC, Greay TL, Walsh AL, Blignaut DJC, Ryan UM. First report of Cryptosporidium parvum in a dromedary camel calf from Western Australia. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:422-427. [PMID: 29654683 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important enteric parasite that can contribute large numbers of infectious oocysts to drinking water catchments. As a result of its resistance to disinfectants including chlorine, it has been responsible for numerous waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Wildlife and livestock play an important role in the transmission of Cryptosporidium in the environment. Studies conducted outside Australia have indicated that camels may also play a role in the transmission of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium. Despite Australia being home to the world's largest camel herd, nothing is known about the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium infecting camels in this country. In the present study, C. parvum was identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of a formalin-fixed intestinal tissue specimen from a one-week old dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Subtyping analysis at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus identified C. parvum subtype IIaA17G2R1, which is a common zoonotic subtype reported in humans and animals worldwide. Histopathological findings also confirmed the presence of large numbers of variably-sized (1-3 µm in diameter) circular basophilic protozoa - consistent with Cryptosporidium spp.- adherent to the mucosal surface and occasionally free within the lumen. Further analysis of the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium in camel populations across Australia are essential to better understand their potential for contamination of drinking water catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zahedi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Gary K C Lee
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Telleasha L Greay
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Audra L Walsh
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - David J C Blignaut
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Una M Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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Ondiba IM, Oyieke FA, Ong’amo GO, Olumula MM, Nyamongo IK, Estambale BBA. Malaria vector abundance is associated with house structures in Baringo County, Kenya. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198970. [PMID: 29889888 PMCID: PMC5995440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a major cause of morbidity and mortality, is the most prevalent vector borne disease in Baringo County; a region which has varied house designs in arid and semi-arid areas. This study investigated the association between house structures and indoor-malaria vector abundance in Baringo County. The density of malaria vectors in houses with open eaves was higher than that for houses with closed eaves. Grass thatched roof houses had higher density of malaria vectors than corrugated iron sheet roofs. Similarly, mud walled houses had higher vector density than other wall types. Houses in the riverine zone were significantly associated with malaria vector abundance (p<0.000) possibly due to more varied house structures. In Kamnarok village within riverine zone, a house made of grass thatched roof and mud wall but raised on stilts with domestic animals (sheep/goats) kept at the lower level had lower mosquito density (5.8 per collection) than ordinary houses made of same materials but at ground level (30.5 mosquitoes per collection), suggestive of a change in behavior of mosquito feeding and resting. House modifications such as screening of eaves, improvement of construction material and building stilted houses can be incorporated in the integrated vector management (IVM) strategy to complement insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spray to reduce indoor malaria vector density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Macrae M. Olumula
- Division of Research Innovation and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Isaac K. Nyamongo
- Cooperative Development, Research and Innovation, The Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson B. A. Estambale
- Division of Research Innovation and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
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Percoma L, Sow A, Pagabeleguem S, Dicko AH, Serdebéogo O, Ouédraogo M, Rayaissé JB, Bouyer J, Belem AMG, Sidibé I. Impact of an integrated control campaign on tsetse populations in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:270. [PMID: 29703229 PMCID: PMC5923030 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human and animal trypanosomosis. In Burkina Faso, a project aiming to create zones free of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis was executed from June 2006 to December 2013. After the determination of tsetse distribution in the intervention area from December 2007 to November 2008, the control campaign was launched in November 2009 and ended in December 2013. The goal was to eliminate tsetse flies from 40,000 km2 of area, through an integrated control campaign including insecticide targets, traps and cattle, sequential aerial treatment (SAT) and the mass treatment of livestock using trypanocides. The campaign involved assistance of the beneficiary communities at all the steps of the control strategy with insecticide impregnated targets. METHODS This study was carried out to assess the impact of the control project on tsetse apparent density per trap per day (ADT). To evaluate the effectiveness of tsetse control, 201 sites were selected based on the baseline survey results carried out from December 2007 to November 2008. These sites were monitored bi-monthly from January 2010 to November 2012. At the end-of-study in 2013 a generalized entomological survey was carried out in 401 infested sites found during the longitudinal survey done before the control. Barrier and tsetse persistence areas were treated by ground spraying and evaluated. Controls were also done before and after aerial spraying. RESULTS In the insecticide-impregnated target area, the control showed that ADT of tsetse flies declined from 10.73 (SD 13.27) to 0.43 (SD 2.51) fly/trap/day from the third month of campaign onwards (P < 0.0001) and remained low thereafter. At the end of the campaign in 2013, an 83% reduction of ADT was observed for Glossina palpalis gambiensis and a 92% reduction for G. tachinoides. Tsetse flies were captured only in 29% of the sites found infested in 2008. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse flies could be suppressed efficiently but their elimination from the targeted area may require the use integrated methods including the Sterile Insect Technique, which is programmed through the development of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC Burkina) insectarium. The challenge will remain the sustainability of the achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassané Percoma
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sow
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
- Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie et de Radio-Immunologie, BP. 5077 Dakar Fann, Senegal
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA « AnimalS, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems », Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Ahmadou H. Dicko
- Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) - humdata.org, OCHA ROWCA regional office. VDN Sacre Coeur III, Villa 9364 BP 16 922, Fann Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumarou Serdebéogo
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
| | - Mariam Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire Régional d’Elevage de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP 345 Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA « AnimalS, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems », Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien M. G. Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
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Metwally DM, Qassim LE, Al-Turaiki IM, Almeer RS, El-Khadragy MF. Gene-based molecular analysis of COX1 in Echinococcus granulosus cysts isolated from naturally infected livestock in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195016. [PMID: 29668701 PMCID: PMC5905957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity and importance of Echinococcus species in domesticated animals in Saudi Arabia are poorly understood. In this study, 108 singular (hydatid) cysts were collected from goats (n = 25), sheep (n = 56) and camels (n = 27). DNA was extracted from the protoscoleces of individual fertile cysts and used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial subunit 1 of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Amplicon sequencing results revealed the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensustricto (s.s.) (genotypes G1–G3) in 16 of the17 sheep cysts and 2 of the 27 camel cysts.of these samples, 18 (2 camel and 16 sheep) were divided into genotypes G1, G2, and G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M. Metwally
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Latifa E. Qassim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra M. Al-Turaiki
- Information Technology Department, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa S. Almeer
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Léger E, Garba A, Hamidou AA, Webster BL, Pennance T, Rollinson D, Webster JP. Introgressed Animal Schistosomes Schistosoma curassoni and S. bovis Naturally Infecting Humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2212-2214. [PMID: 27869609 PMCID: PMC5189150 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Cash-Goldwasser S, Maze MJ, Rubach MP, Biggs HM, Stoddard RA, Sharples KJ, Halliday JEB, Cleaveland S, Shand MC, Mmbaga BT, Muiruri C, Saganda W, Lwezaula BF, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, Crump JA. Risk Factors for Human Brucellosis in Northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:598-606. [PMID: 29231152 PMCID: PMC5929176 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the epidemiology of human brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa. This hampers prevention and control efforts at the individual and population levels. To evaluate risk factors for brucellosis in northern Tanzania, we conducted a study of patients presenting with fever to two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Serum taken at enrollment and at 4-6 week follow-up was tested by Brucella microagglutination test. Among participants with a clinically compatible illness, confirmed brucellosis cases were defined as having a ≥ 4-fold rise in agglutination titer between paired sera or a blood culture positive for Brucella spp., and probable brucellosis cases were defined as having a single reciprocal titer ≥ 160. Controls had reciprocal titers < 20 in paired sera. We collected demographic and clinical information and administered a risk factor questionnaire. Of 562 participants in the analysis, 50 (8.9%) had confirmed or probable brucellosis. Multivariable analysis showed that risk factors for brucellosis included assisting goat or sheep births (Odds ratio [OR] 5.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 24.6) and having contact with cattle (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.4). Consuming boiled or pasteurized dairy products was protective against brucellosis (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02, 0.93). No participants received a clinical diagnosis of brucellosis from their healthcare providers. The under-recognition of brucellosis by healthcare workers could be addressed with clinician education and better access to brucellosis diagnostic tests. Interventions focused on protecting livestock keepers, especially those who assist goat or sheep births, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Holly M. Biggs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robyn A. Stoddard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katrina J. Sharples
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Shand
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Charles Muiruri
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Rudovick R. Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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Yi-Li L, Yun-Hua W, Xiao-Ju X, Li X. [Measures and effects of schistosomiasis elimination in Wujin District, Changzhou City]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2017; 29:770-772. [PMID: 29469462 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2017219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the measures and effects of schistosomiasis elimination in Wujin District, Changzhou City, so as to provide the reference for other similar areas. METHODS The data of schistosomiasis prevention and control were collected and analyzed in Wujin District, Changzhou City from 1995 to 2015. RESULTS From 1995 to 2015, the accumulated area for investigating Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats was 15 934.01 hm2 in Wujin District, and the accumulated area with snail habitats was 34.61 hm2, but no schistosome-infected snails were found. The area of snail control by molluscicides was 234.59 hm2, and the area of snail control by environmental reform was 84.48 hm2 in 18 key points. There were 259.3 thousand person-times receiving the examinations for schistosomiasis, and there were 17 314 head of livestock receiving the examinations for schistosomiasis, but no schistosome-infected cases were found. There were 204 2 person-times receiving the extensive chemotherapy. The popularizing rate of sanitary toilets was 99.25% in the whole district. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge was 98.08% and the formation rate of proper behaviors was 97.82% in the population. CONCLUSIONS In Wujin District, the aim of schistosomiasis elimination has been performed through the active control measures. However, there are still social and natural risk factors of re-endemic of schistosomiasis, and therefore, the schistosomiasis monitoring work still should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yi-Li
- Wujin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, China
| | - Wang Yun-Hua
- Wujin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, China
| | - Xuan Xiao-Ju
- Wujin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, China
| | - Xu Li
- Wujin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213000, China
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Ghatee MA, Haghdoost AA, Kooreshnia F, Kanannejad Z, Parisaie Z, Karamian M, Moshfe A. Role of environmental, climatic risk factors and livestock animals on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in newly emerging focus in Iran. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:425-433. [PMID: 29287805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occurrence of leishmaniasis is affected by various biological and environmental factors. Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad (K-B) province is an emerging focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Southwest Iran. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To elucidate some angles of occurrence of CL in this province, climatic and environmental factors and close proximity to livestock were studied by univariate and two multivariate logistic regression models. The dwelling addresses of 275 CL patients were obtained from Health Centers records for a 5 years period. The effect of mean annual temperature, minimum mean annual temperature, maximum mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, slope, elevation, land covers and close proximity to cattle and sheep/goat sheds on the occurrence of CL were analysed using geographical information systems (GIS) approach. RESULTS CL occurred in all counties with the most cases in Northwest, West and South semi-arid and warm regions. Land cover, slope, elevation and close proximity to cattle sheds, were the most effective factors. Urban, dry farm and thin rangeland were found as the most important land covers. Slope and elevation decreased the probability of disease. Close proximity to cattle sheds notably increased the chance of CL. The importance of other factors such as rainfall, temperature and close proximity to sheep/goat sheds only were shown when their effects were evaluated independently from other factors. So regions with urban, dry farm and thin rangeland covers with lower slope and altitude where in close proximity of cattle sheds seems to be potentially most high risk areas. CONCLUSION Distribution of CL cases is influenced by combination of environmental, ecological factors and close proximity to livestock sheds but control programs should be focused on cities and villages in the above-mentioned most high risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ghatee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Ali A Haghdoost
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Kooreshnia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zahra Kanannejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zafar Parisaie
- Province Health Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Abdolali Moshfe
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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Nnko HJ, Gwakisa PS, Ngonyoka A, Saigilu M, Ole-Neselle M, Kisoka W, Sindato C, Estes A. Pastoralists' Vulnerability to Trypanosomiasis in Maasai Steppe. Ecohealth 2017; 14:718-731. [PMID: 29098491 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of both livestock and humans. Although pastoral communities of the Maasai Steppe have been able to adapt to trypanosomiasis in the past, their traditional strategies are now constrained by changes in climate and land regimes that affect their ability to move with their herds and continually shape the communities' vulnerability to trypanosomiasis. Despite these constraints, information on communities' vulnerability and adaptive capacity to trypanosomiasis is limited. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted in Simanjiro and Monduli districts of the Maasai Steppe to establish pastoralists' vulnerability to animal trypanosomiasis and factors that determined their adaptation strategies. A weighted overlay approach in ArcGIS 10.4 was used to analyze vulnerability levels while binomial and multinomial logistic regressions in R 3.3.2 were used to analyze the determinants of adaptation. Simanjiro district was the most vulnerable to trypanosomiasis. The majority (87.5%, n = 136) of the respondents were aware of trypanosomiasis in animals, but only 7.4% (n = 136) knew about the human form of the disease. Reported impacts of animal trypanosomiasis were low milk production (95.6%, n = 136), death of livestock (96.8%, n = 136) and emaciation of animals (99.9%, n = 136). Crop farming was the most frequently reported animal trypanosomiasis adaptation strategy (66%, n = 136). At a 95% confidence interval, accessibility to livestock extension services (β = 7.61, SE = 3.28, df = 135, P = 0.02), years of livestock keeping experience (β = 6.17, SE = 1.95, df = 135, P = 0.001), number of cattle owned (β = 5.85, SE = 2.70, df = 135, P = 0.03) and membership in associations (β = - 4.11, SE = 1.79, df = 135, P = 0.02) had a significant impact on the probability of adapting to animal trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happiness J Nnko
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha-Tengeru Campus, Arusha, Tanzania.
- University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | | | - Anibariki Ngonyoka
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha-Tengeru Campus, Arusha, Tanzania
- University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Meshack Saigilu
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha-Tengeru Campus, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Moses Ole-Neselle
- Emergence Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease, FAO Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - William Kisoka
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dare es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Anna Estes
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha-Tengeru Campus, Arusha, Tanzania
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Haile A, Hassen H, Gatew H, Getachew T, Lobo RNB, Rischkowsky B. Investigations into nematode parasites of goats in pastoral and crop livestock systems of Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:643-650. [PMID: 29177851 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We generated epidemiological information on the prevalence of nematode parasites and possible resistance/resilience of goats in three areas, Bati, Shinille, and Borana, of Ethiopia. A total of 350 breeding does were randomly selected and monitored for one year. Fecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), body weight (BW), body condition score (BC), and fecal larvae identification were done. In Borana, the long rainy season had higher FEC, lower PCV, lower BC, and smaller BW compared to dry and short rainy seasons (p < 0.01). For Bati and Shinille, the differences between the seasons were significant (p < 0.01) but not clear-cut. Breed differences were also evident (p < 0.01) on FEC, PCV, and BW. The mean FEC for Borana goat was 158.5 ± 1.12, whereas for Bati it was 38.9 ± 1.12. Age differences did not have effect on FECs, PCV, and BC. No differences in parasite load, as reflected by FEC, was verified between male and female goats. In the wet season, large numbers of larvae were recovered from the study sites except for Bati. In the three sites, Haemonchus contortus followed by Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the dominant species. In the dry season, however, very little number of larvae was recovered, only of H. contortus in Bati and of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in Borana. Generally, the level of nematode infection was low. Therefore, nematode parasites are not a major problem and strategic control program using broad spectrum anthelmintic is not advisable. Rather, monitoring parasite load and selective de-worming should be sufficient to reduce productivity loses and pasture contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haile
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), c/o ILRI, 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - H Hassen
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), c/o ILRI, 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H Gatew
- Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - T Getachew
- Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - R N B Lobo
- EMBRAPA Goats and Sheep, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - B Rischkowsky
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), c/o ILRI, 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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