A mathematical model for predicting the spatiotemporal response of breast cancer cells treated with doxorubicin

Tumor heterogeneity contributes significantly to chemoresistance, a leading cause of treatment failure. To better personalize therapies, it is essential to develop tools capable of identifying and predicting intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneities. Biology-inspired mathematical models are capable of attacking this problem, but tumor heterogeneity is often overlooked in in-vivo modeling studies, while phenotypic considerations capturing spatial dynamics are not typically included in in-vitro modeling studies. We present a data assimilation-prediction pipeline with a two-phenotype model that includes a spatiotemporal component to characterize and predict the evolution of in-vitro breast cancer cells and their heterogeneous response to chemotherapy. Our model assumes that the cells can be divided into two subpopulations: surviving cells unaffected by the treatment, and irreversibly damaged cells undergoing treatment-induced death. MCF7 breast cancer cells were previously cultivated in wells for up to 1000 hours, treated with various concentrations of doxorubicin and imaged with time-resolved microscopy to record spatiotemporally-resolved cell count data. Images were used to generate cell density maps. Treatment response predictions were initialized by a training set and updated by weekly measurements. Our mathematical model successfully calibrated the spatiotemporal cell growth dynamics, achieving median [range] concordance correlation coefficients of > .99 [.88, >.99] and .73 [.58, .85] across the whole well and individual pixels, respectively. Our proposed data assimilation-prediction approach achieved values of .97 [.44, >.99] and .69 [.35, .79] for the whole well and individual pixels, respectively. Thus, our model can capture and predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of MCF7 cells treated with doxorubicin in an in-vitro setting.

Investigating the effect of hesperetin on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression, phosphorylation and activity in MCF-7 cells

PURPOSE

The most common malignancy among women worldwide is breast cancer. The estrogen receptor plays a vital role in this cancer. One of the most well-known mechanisms that affects the activity of this receptor is its phosphorylation by protein kinase pathways. Hesperetin, a flavonoid abundant in citrus species such as lemons, grapefruits, and oranges, is the aglycone form of hesperidin. It has undergone thorough evaluation for its potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in the context of breast cancer. Studies have shown that hesperetin has an effect on intracellular kinase pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hesperetin on the expression, phosphorylation and activity of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

MCF-7 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 phenol red-free medium supplemented with charcoal-stripped FBS and treated with hesperetin. The MTT method was used to evaluate cell survival. The levels of the ERα protein and its phosphorylated form (Ser118) were determined via western blotting. A luciferase reporter vector was used to evaluate ERE activity.

RESULTS

The results of this study indicated that hesperetin reduced the survival of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The expression and phosphorylation (at Ser118) of the ERα significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the groups treated with hesperetin. Hesperetin increased the activity of the ERα in the absence of E2, although these differences were not statistically significant. Conversely, in the presence of E2, hesperetin caused a significant decrease in receptor activity.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that hesperetin has a significant effect on ERα expression, phosphorylation and activity.

Monitoring the electroactive cargo of extracellular vesicles can differentiate various cancer cell lines

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are pivotal in cell-to-cell communication due to the array of cargo contained within these vesicles. EVs are considered important biomarkers for identification of disease, however most measurement approaches have focused on monitoring specific surface macromolecular targets. Our study focuses on exploring the electroactive component present within cargo from EVs obtained from various cancer and non-cancer cell lines using a disk carbon fiber microelectrode. Variations in the presence of oxidizable components were observed when the total cargo from EVs were measured, with the highest current detected in EVs from MCF7 cells. There were differences observed in the types of oxidizable species present within EVs from MCF7 and A549 cells. Single entity measurements showed clear spikes due to the detection of oxidizable cargo within EVs from MCF7 and A549 cells. These studies highlight the promise of monitoring EVs through the presence of varying electroactive components within the cargo and can drive a wave of new strategies towards specific detection of EVs for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases.

A hydrodynamic-based dual-function microfluidic chip for high throughput discriminating tumor cells

A hydrodynamic-based microfluidic chip consisted of two function units that could not only separate tumor cells (TCs) from whole blood but also remove residual blood cells was designed. The separation of TCs was achieved by a straight contraction-expansion array (CEA) microchannel on the front end of the chip. The addition of contractive structure brought a micro-vortex like Dean vortex that promoted cell focusing in the channel, while when cells entered the dilated region, the wall-induced lift force generated by the channel wall gave cells a push away from the wall. As the wall-induced lift force is proportional to the third power of the cell diameter, TCs with larger diameter will have a larger lateral migration under the wall-induced lift force, realizing the separation of TCs from blood sample. Fluorescent particles with diameters of 19.3 μm and 4.5 μm were used to simulate TCs and red blood cells, respectively, to verify the separation capacity of the proposed CEA microchannel for particles with different diameter. And a separation efficiency 98.7% for 19.3 μm particles and a removal rate 96.2% for 4.5 μm particles was observed at sample flow rate of 10 μL min-1 and sheath flow rate of 190 μL min-1. In addition, a separation efficiency about 96.1% for MCF-7 cells (stained with DiI) and removal rates of 96.2% for red blood cells (RBCs) and 98.7% for white blood cells (WBCs) were also obtained under the same condition. However, on account of the large number of blood cells in the blood, there will be a large number of blood cells remained in the isolated TCs, so a purification unit based on hydrodynamic filtration (HDF) was added after the separation microchannel. The purification channel is a size-dictated cell filter that can remove residual blood cells but retain TCs, thus achieving the purification of TCs. Combined the CEA microchannel and the purifier, the microchip facilitates sorting of MCF-7 cells from whole blood with a separation rate about 95.3% and a removal rate over 99.99% for blood cells at a sample flow rate of 10 μL min-1, sheath flow rate of 190 μL min-1 and washing flow rate of 63 μL min-1.

Regulation of inflammatory response by LINC00346 via miR-25-3p-mediated modulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway

Long intergenic non-coding RNA 346 (LINC00346) has been reported to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis and specific cancers by affecting signaling pathways. However, its function in inflammation has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, its expression pattern and function were determined in the human macrophage-like cell line THP-1. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment induced the expression of LINC00346. LPS-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression were suppressed or enhanced by the overexpression or knockdown of LINC00346, respectively. Analyses using dual luciferase assay and decoy RNAs that could block RNA-RNA interactions indicated that LINC00346 improves phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression by sponging miR-25-3p. Subsequently, PTEN suppresses phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-mediated conversion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) as well as consequent activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and NF-κB. Interestingly, database analysis revealed that the expression levels of LINC00346 and PTEN were simultaneously decreased in breast cancer tissues. Further analyses conducted using a breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, confirmed the functional relationship among LINC00346, miR-25-3p, and PTEN in LPS-induced activation of NF-κB. These results indicate that miR-25-3p-sponging activity of LINC00346 affects the balance between PTEN and PI3K as well as the downstream activation of AKT/NF-κB pathway in inflammatory conditions.

Hyaluronic acid/dextran-based polymeric micelles co-delivering ursolic acid and doxorubicin to mitochondria for potentiating chemotherapy in MDR cancer

Cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) dramatically hindered the efficiency of standard chemotherapy. Mitochondria are highly involved in the occurrence and development of MDR; thus, inducing its malfunction will be an appealing strategy to treat MDR tumors. In this paper, a natural polysaccharides-based nanoplatform (TDTD@UA/HA micelles) with cell and mitochondria dual-targeting ability was facilely fabricated to co-deliver ursolic acid (UA) and doxorubicin (DOX) for combinatorial MDR therapy. TDTD@UA/HA micelles featured a spherical morphology, narrow size distribution (∼140 nm), as well as favorable drug co-loading capacity (DOX: 8.41 %, UA: 9.06 %). After hyaluronic acid (HA)-mediated endocytosis, the lysosomal hyaluronidase promoted the degradation of HA layer and then the positive triphenylphosphine groups were exposed, which significantly enhanced the mitochondria-accumulation of nano micelles. Subsequently, DOX and UA were specifically released into mitochondria under the trigger of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by severe mitochondrial destruction through generating ROS, exhausting mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocking energy supply, etc.; ultimately contributing to the susceptibility restoration of MCF-7/ADR cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, TDTD@UA/HA micelles performed potent anticancer efficacy without distinct toxicity on the MDR tumor-bearing nude mice model. Overall, the versatile nanomedicine represented a new therapeutic paradigm and held great promise in overcoming MDR-related cancer.

Enhanced prokaryotic expression, purification, and biological activities of human keratinocyte growth factor

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also known as fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), plays a critical role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, and differentiation. However, efficient production of recombinant KGF remains a challenge due to its low expression levels and high tendency for aggregation in Escherichia coli. This study aimed to enhance the expression and solubility of KGF by employing different protein tags-PDIb'a', MBP, and His-fused to the N-terminus of KGF. Among these, H-PDIb'a'-KGF demonstrated superior stability and was selected for large-scale production and purification. The purified KGF was confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis, which showed an 81% fragment mass identification coverage. Biological activity assessments using human breast cancer MCF-7 cells indicated that purified KGF significantly increased cell proliferation, with an EC50 of 6.4 ± 0.5 pM. Interestingly, PDIb'a' alone also exhibited a stimulatory effect on MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the purified KGF enhanced the wound healing of HaCaT keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. These findings provide valuable insights into the efficient production and functional characterization of recombinant KGF for potential applications in therapeutic interventions.

An analysis of the prognostic role of reactive oxygen species-associated genes in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to type breast cancer in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS), clinical indicators, single nucleotide variant (SNV) mutations, functional differences, immune infiltration, and predictive responses to immunotherapy or chemotherapy, and constructing a prognostic model.

METHODS

We used uniCox analysis, ConsensusClusterPlus, and the proportion of ambiguous clustering (PAC) to analyze The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data to determine optimal groupings and obtain differentially expressed ROS-related genes. Clinical indicators were then combined with the classification results and the Chi-square test was used to assess differences. We further examined SNV mutations, and functional differences using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, immune cell infiltration, and response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. A prognostic model for breast cancer was constructed using these differentially expressed genes, immunotherapy or chemotherapy responses, and survival curves. RT-qPCR was used to detect the differences in the expression of LCE3D, CA1, PIRT and SMR3A in breast cancer cell lines and normal breast epithelial cell line.

RESULTS

We identified two distinct tumor types with significant differences in ROS-related gene expression, clinical indicators, SNV mutations, functional pathways, and immune infiltration. The response to specific chemotherapy drugs and immunotherapy treatments also documented significant differences. The prognostic model constructed with 16 genes linked to survival could efficiently divide patients into high- and low-risk groups. The high-risk group showed a poorer prognosis, higher tumor purity, distinct immune microenvironment, and lower immunotherapy response. RT-qPCR results showed that LCE3D, CA1, PIRT and SMR3A are highly expressed in breast cancer.

CONCLUSION

Our methodical examination presented an enhanced insight into the molecular and immunological heterogeneity of breast cancer. It can contribute to the understanding of prognosis and offer valuable insights for personalized treatment strategies. Further, the prognostic model can potentially serve as a powerful tool for risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in clinical settings.

Induction of breast cancer cell apoptosis by novel thiouracil-fused heterocyclic compounds through boosting of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and DFT study

Breast cancer is a common public health disease causing mortality worldwide. Thus, providing novel chemotherapies that tackle breast cancer is of great interest. In this investigation, novel pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 3,4,(6a-c),(8a,b),9-20 were synthesized and characterized using a variety of spectrum analyses. The geometric and thermal parameters of the novel thiouracil derivatives 3,4,6a,(8a,b),11,12,17,18, 19 were measured using density functional theory (DFT) via DFT/B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) basis set. All synthesized compounds were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) method using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancerous cells, compound 17 had the maximum anticancer activity against both breast cancerous cells, recording the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (56.712 μg/mL for MCF-7 cells and 48.743 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231 cells). The results were confirmed in terms of the intrinsic mechanism of apoptosis, where compound 17 had the highest percentage in the case of both cancer cells and recorded Bax (Bcl-2 associated X)/Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) ratio 17.5 and 96.667 for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while compound 19 came after 17 in the ability for induction of apoptosis, where the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was 15.789 and 44.273 for both cancerous cells, respectively. Also, compound 11 recorded a high Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for both cells. The safety of the synthesized compounds was applied on normal WI-38 cells, showing minimum cytotoxic effect with undetectable IC50. Compounds 17, 11, and 19 recorded a significant increase of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression levels in the cancerous cells. The DFT method was also used to establish a connection between the experimentally determined values of the present investigated compounds and their predicted quantum chemical parameters. It was concluded that Compounds 17, 11, and 19 had anti-breast cancer potential through the induction of apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 and PUMA expression levels.

Exosomal miR-122-3p represses the growth and metastasis of MCF-7/ADR cells by targeting GRK4-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer whose incidence continues to grow while its medical progress has stagnated. miRNAs are vital messengers that facilitate communications among different cancer cells. This study was to reveal the correlation of miR-122-3p expression with BC metastasis and Adriamycin (ADM) resistance and its mechanism of inhibiting BC metastasis. We found that expression of miR-122-3p is negatively correlated with BC metastasis and is lower in MCF-7/ADR cells. Overexpression of miR-122-3p in MCF-7/ADR cancer cells impairs their ability to migrate, invade, and stimulate blood vessel formation. Further research found that miR-122-3p directly binds to the 3' UTR of GRK4, reducing the phosphorylation of LRP6, which activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, facilitating BC development and metastasis. In addition, we observed that miR-122-3p is present in MCF-7  cells, and treatment of MCF-7/ADR cells with MCF-7-derived exosomes, but not with exosomes from miR-122-3p-deficient MCF-7 cells, has identical effects to miR-122-3p overexpression. Data from xenograft experiments further suggest that excess miR-122-3p and MCF-7-derived exosomes inhibit the growth and metastasis of MCF-7/ADR cancer cells in vivo. In conclusion our data reveal that exosomal miR-122-3p may negatively regulate BC growth and metastasis, potentially serving as a diagnostic and druggable target for BC treatment.

Does Boric Acid Inhibit Cell Proliferation on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells in Monolayer and Spheroid Cultures by Using Apoptosis Pathways?

Most breast cancers originate in the lobules or ducts of the breast. Breast cancer as the second main cause of death among women in the world is the most common kind of cancer in women. Studies have been conducted to find the optimal treatment for breast cancer. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of different drugs and substances on this disease have been intensively researched. Boric acid accounts for 96% of the boron content in body fluids, and its derivatives are absorbed by the human body. It is assumed to be represented as (B(OH)2). Experimental studies have shown a reduction of cell proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis in some melanoma, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines through boric acid. The aim of this study was to investigate if boric acid could be used for treating breast cancer. The impacts of boric acid on the human breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were studied with TUNEL, BrdU, caspase-3, and endo-G immunohistochemical studies in 3D and 2D culture systems. Furthermore, we conducted a qRT-PCR study to show changes in the expression of some genes involved in apoptosis. Suppression of cell proliferation through boric acid-inducing apoptosis was observed both in 3D and 2D culture conditions. These results are compatible with the gene expression results. The ENDOG, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9 gene expression significantly changed at all time intervals in MCF-7 and MD-MB-231 cell lines boric acid can potentially treat breast cancer as an anti-cancer agent candidate.

Efficient assembly and anti-tumor evaluation of novel polycyclic [1,2-a]-fused indoles

Structurally diverse cyclopenta[4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles heterocycles were smoothly constructed in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) with excellent diastereoselectivities (>19:1 dr) through a novel and facile strategy based on BF3-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation/Aldol/Dehydrative cyclization cascade reaction. The anti-proliferative activity of these newly synthesized polycyclic indoles was screened, and all the functionalized reductive derivatives exhibited favorable anti-tumor activity. Notably, compound 4ae displayed the remarkable inhibitory activity against MCF-7 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 4.62 μM and 7.71 μM, respectively. Mechanistically, the representative compound 4ae could effectively induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in crediting to up-regulate the relative expression of apoptotic protein BAX/Bcl-2, subsequently activate Pro-caspase 9 and cleave PARP, simultaneously block the cell cycle through down- and up-regulate the expression of cyclin B1 and p53, respectively. Moreover, compound 4ae also exhibited promising antineoplastic efficacy in subcutaneous MCF-7 xenograft mice which manifest significant shrunken tumors conspicuous nuclear apoptotic signal and minimal systemic toxicity. This strategy not only established a novel and efficient method for the assembly of structurally complex indole heterocycles, but also provided a series of compounds possessing attractive anti-cancer activity, which holds immense potential for future biomedical applications.

Apoptosis Induction by ZnFe2O4-Ag Biosynthesized by Chlorella vulgaris in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

The incidence and mortality of breast cancer are growing which indicates the inefficiency of the current chemotherapy drugs. Due to the anticancer potential of Zn and Ag and the magnetic feature of iron oxide, in this work, we synthesized ZnFe2O4-Ag nanocomposite using Chlorella vulgaris and investigated its anticancer effect on breast cancer cell line. Physicochemical characterization was performed by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, VSM, EDS mapping, UV, and zeta potential assays. Cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis frequency were studied by the MTT and flow cytometry assays. Also, cell cycle analysis, Hoechst staining, and measuring ROS (reactive oxygen species) level were performed. The synthesized particles were almost spherical with a size range of 14-52 nm. The FT-IR and XRD assays confirmed the proper synthesis of the particles and VSM analysis showed that particles had magnetic property and the maximum saturation magnetization was 0.8 Emu/g. Also, the EDS mapping of the nanocomposite showed the Zn, Fe, O, and Ag elements. The MTT assay showed that the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ZnFe2O4-Ag for breast cancer and normal cells were 28 and 154 µg/mL, respectively, and the nanocomposite had stronger anticancer activity than cisplatin (IC50 = 84 µg/mL). Flow cytometry analysis showed that the exposure to the nanocomposite induced cell apoptosis by 77.5% and significantly induced ROS generation. Also, treating breast cancer cells with the nanocomposite induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic features, including chromatin condensation and fragmentation. In conclusion, ZnFe2O4-Ag nanocomposite synthesized by C. vulgaris could suppress the proliferation of breast cancer cells by the generation of oxidative stress, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest.

Unveiling the Mechanism of the ChaiShao Shugan Formula Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Background

The ChaiShao Shugan Formula (CSSGF) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula with recently identified therapeutic value in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CSSGF in TNBC treatment.

Methods

TNBC targets were analyzed using R and data were from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The major ingredients and related protein targets of CSSGF were explored via the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and an ingredient-target network was constructed via Cytoscape to identify hub genes. The STRING database was used to construct the PPI network. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed via R to obtain the main targets. The online tool Kaplan‒Meier plotter was used to identify the prognostic genes. Molecular docking was applied to the core target genes and active ingredients. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines were used to verify the efficacy of the various drugs.

Results

A total of 4562 genes were screened as TNBC target genes. The PPI network consisted of 89 nodes and 845 edges. Our study indicated that quercetin, beta-sitosterol, luteolin and catechin might be the core ingredients of CSSGF, and EGFR and c-Myc might be the latent therapeutic targets of CSSGF in the treatment of TNBC. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that the anticancer effect of CSSGF on TNBC was mainly associated with DNA binding, transcription factor binding, and other biological processes. The related signaling pathways mainly involved the TNF-a, IL-17, and apoptosis pathways. The molecular docking data indicated that quercetin, beta-sitosterol, luteolin, and catechin had high affinity for EGFR, JUN, Caspase-3 and ESR1, respectively. In vitro, we found that CSSGF could suppress the expression of c-Myc or promote the expression of EGFR. In addition, we found that quercetin downregulates c-Myc expression in two BC cell lines.

Conclusion

This study revealed the effective ingredients and latent molecular mechanism of action of CSSGF against TNBC and confirmed that quercetin could target c-Myc to induce anti-BC effects.

Selective impact of ALK and MELK inhibition on ERα stability and cell proliferation in cell lines representing distinct molecular phenotypes of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of global cancer-related mortality in women, necessitating accurate tumor classification for timely intervention. Molecular and histological factors, including PAM50 classification, estrogen receptor α (ERα), breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 expression, contribute to intricate BC subtyping. In this work, through a combination of bioinformatic and wet lab screenings, followed by classical signal transduction and cell proliferation methods, and employing multiple BC cell lines, we identified enhanced sensitivity of ERα-positive BC cell lines to ALK and MELK inhibitors, inducing ERα degradation and diminishing proliferation in specific BC subtypes. MELK inhibition attenuated ERα transcriptional activity, impeding E2-induced gene expression, and hampering proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Synergies between MELK inhibition with 4OH-tamoxifen (Tam) and ALK inhibition with HER2 inhibitors revealed potential therapeutic avenues for ERα-positive/PR-positive/HER2-negative and ERα-positive/PR-negative/HER2-positive tumors, respectively. Our findings propose MELK as a promising target for ERα-positive/PR-positive/HER2-negative BC and highlight ALK as a potential focus for ERα-positive/PR-negative/HER2-positive BC. The synergistic anti-proliferative effects of MELK with Tam and ALK with HER2 inhibitors underscore kinase inhibitors' potential for selective treatment in diverse BC subtypes, paving the way for personalized and effective therapeutic strategies in BC management.

O-Glycome Profiling of Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Understand Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women and a major source of brain metastases. Despite the increasing incidence of brain metastasis from breast cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Altered glycosylation is known to play a role in various diseases including cancer metastasis. However, profiling studies of O-glycans and their isomers in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) are scarce. This study analyzed the expression of O-glycans and their isomers in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, HTB131, and HTB22), a brain cancer cell line (CRL-1620), and a brain metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231BR) using nanoLC-MS/MS, identifying 27 O-glycan compositions. We observed significant upregulation in the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc2 and HexNAc2Hex3, whereas the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 was downregulated in MDA-MB-231BR compared to other cell lines. In our isomeric analysis, we observed notable alterations in the isomeric forms of the O-glycan structure HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 in a comparison of different cell lines. Our analysis of O-glycans and their isomers in cancer cells demonstrated that changes in their distribution can be related to the metastatic process. We believe that our investigation will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the significance of O-glycans and their isomers in BCBM.

Determination of anti-cancer effects of Nigella sativa seed oil on MCF7 breast and AGS gastric cancer cells

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic, apoptotic, invasion, metastasis, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) effects of N. sativa oil on breast and gastric cancer cells.

METHODS

We assessed the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of various concentrations of N. sativa oil (10-50-100-200 µg/mL) on MCF7 breast cancer and AGS, an adenocarcinoma of the gastric cell line, at 24, 48 and 72 h using the MTT test. Additionally, the expression of the Caspase-3, BCL2/Bax, MMP2-9 and HSP60-70 gene was examined using RT-PCR in cell lines treating with N. sativa.

RESULTS

The MTT experiments demonstrate that N. sativa has a time and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MCF7 and AGS cancer cells. The vitality rates of MCF7 and AGS cells treated with N. sativa were 77.04-67.50% at 24 h, 65.28-39.14% at 48 h, and 48.95-32.31% at 72 h. The doses of 100 and 200 µg/mL were shown to be the most effective on both cancer cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that N. sativa oil extract increased caspase-3 levels in both cell lines at higher concentrations and suppressed BCL2/Bax levels. Exposure of MCF7 and AGS cell lines to N. sativa caused a significant decrease in the expression of MMP2-9 and HSP60-70 genes over time, particularly at a dosage of 200 µg/mL compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that N. sativa oil has a dose-dependent effect on cytotoxicity and the expression of apoptotic, heat shock proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases genes in breast and gastric cancer.

Piperlongumine inhibits antioxidant enzymes, increases ROS levels, induces DNA damage and G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast cell lines

Piperlongumine (PLN) is a biologically active alkaloid/amide derived from Piper longum, with known promising anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to compare the antiproliferative activity of PLN in human breast MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cell line with effects in HB4a normal mammary epithelial non-tumor cell line. The parameters examined were cell growth, viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA damage, as well as the effects on the modulating targets responsible through regulation of these pathways. PLN increased ROS levels and expression of the SOD1 antioxidant enzyme. PLN inhibited the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, TRx1, and PRx2. The ability of PLN to inhibit antioxidant enzyme expression was associated with the oxidative stress response. PLN induced genotoxicity in both cell lines and upregulated the levels of GADD45A mRNA and p21 protein. The DNA damage response ATR protein was downregulated in both cell lines and contributed to an enhanced PLN genotoxicity. In HB4a cells, Chk1 protein, and mRNA levels were also decreased. In response to elevated ROS levels and DNA damage induction, the cells were arrested at the G2/M phase, probably in an attempt to promote cell survival. Although cell viability was reduced in both cell lines, only HB4a cells underwent apoptotic cell death, whereas other types of cellular death may be involved in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these data provide insight into the anticancer mechanisms attributed to PLN effects, which acts as an inhibitor of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins and antioxidant enzymes.

Proliferation Patterns of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells in Lipoaspirate Conditioned Media

INTRODUCTION

Autologous fat grafting (AFG) is a common technique used to enhance aesthetic outcomes in postmastectomy breast reconstruction patients. Adipokines are hormones secreted by adipose tissue that play a critical role in regulating metabolic processes and the immune system. However, dysregulated adipokine secretion and signaling can contribute to the development and progression of cancer by promoting angiogenesis, altering the immune response, and inducing the epithelial mesenchymal transition. We aimed to assess how breast cancer cells behave in conditioned media derived from fat grafting lipoaspirates and gain a better understanding of the potential interactions that may occur within the tumor microenvironment.

METHODS

Patients who were undergoing AFG as a part of breast reconstruction at NY-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center between March 2021 and July 2023 were consented and enrolled in the study. This study was approved by the Weill Cornell Medicine Institutional Review Board (#20-10022850-14). Conditioned media is created using 20% of patient lipoaspirate secretome and 80% starving media. The growth of MCF-7, a human ER/PR+ breast cancer cell line, in conditioned media is assessed using CyQUANT.

RESULTS

The breast cancer cells incubated in conditioned media displayed similar growth trends as those in complete media, which is enriched for cell growth (P > 0.05). MCF-7 cell behavior in conditioned media differed significantly from their proliferation patterns when serum starved in 100% starving media (P < 0.05).

DISCUSSION

Our results suggest that there may be inherent factors within the lipoaspirate that may promote MCF-7 proliferation. One potential implication is that AFG used for breast reconstruction should be delayed until local-regional disease control has been established. In addition, based on the in vitro proliferation patterns of breast cancer cells in conditioned media, the safety profile of AFG may be enhanced if the procedure is performed after attaining negative margins and the completion breast cancer treatment.

Potent anticancer activity of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in pancreatic cancer cells

This current study reports, for the first time, on the potent cytotoxicity of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, as well as its cellular and molecular apoptotic mechanisms against Panc1 cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of three compounds, namely (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), gallic acid (2), and pyrogallol (3), which were isolated from C. rotang leaf, was investigated against certain cancer and normal cells using the MTT assay. The cellular apoptotic activity and Panc1 cell cycle impact of compound (1) were examined through flow cytometry analysis and Annexin V-FITC cellular apoptotic assays. Additionally, RT-PCR was employed to evaluate the effect of compound (1) on the Panc1 apoptotic genes Casp3 and Bax, as well as the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity against Panc1 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 7.6 µM. In comparison, gallic acid exhibited an IC50 value of 21.8 µM, and pyrogallol showed an IC50 value of 198.2 µM. However, (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside displayed minimal or no significant cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cells as well as WI-38 normal cells, with IC50 values of 45.8 µM, 108.7 µM, and 194. µM, respectively. (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10 µM) was demonstrated to induce cellular apoptosis and cell growth arrest at the S phase of the cell cycle in Panc1 cells. These findings were supported by RT-PCR analysis, which revealed the upregulation of apoptotic genes (Casp3 and Bax) and the downregulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. This study emphasizes the significant cellular potency of (Z)-3-hexenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in specifically inducing cytotoxicity in Panc1 cells.

Design, synthesis, and anticancer evaluation of N-sulfonylpiperidines as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors, apoptotic inducers

A new panel of N-sulfonylpiperidine derivatives has been designed and synthesized as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) inhibitors. Anti-proliferative activities of the synthesized members were tested against colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Compounds 3a, 4, 8, and 9 showed the highest activities against the tested cell lines. In particular, compound 8 showed excellent activities against HCT-116, HepG-2, and MCF-7 with IC50 values of 3.94, 3.76, and 4.43 μM, respectively. Such IC50 values are comparable to vinblastine (IC50 = 3.21, 7.35, 5.83 μM, respectively) and doxorubicin (IC50 = 6.74, 7.52, 8.19 μM, respectively). In vitro VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity of the most promising molecules (3a, 4, 8, and 9) indicated that compound 8 is the highest VEGFR-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.0554 μM, compared to sorafenib (IC50 = 0.0416 μM). The most promising candidates (3a, 4, 8, and 9) were subjected to flow cytometry analyses to assess their effects on the cell cycle behavior and the apoptotic power against the three tested cell lines (HCT-116, HepG-2, and MCF-7). The tested compound arrested the tumor cells at both the G2/M and Pre-G1 phases. In addition, compound 9 was proved as the most effective apoptotic inducer among the tested compounds against the tested cells. Molecular docking studies against VEGFR-2 (PDB ID: 2OH4) revealed good binding modes of the synthesized compound similar to that of sorafenib. Computational investigation of ADMET parameters revealed the drug-likeness of the synthesized compounds.

Ginsenoside Rg3 overcomes tamoxifen resistance through inhibiting glycolysis in breast cancer cells

Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance poses a significant clinical challenge in human breast cancer and exhibits high heterogeneity among different patients. Rg3, an original ginsenoside known to inhibit tumor growth, has shown potential for enhancing TAM sensitivity in breast cancer cells. However, the specific role and underlying mechanisms of Rg3 in this context remain unclear. Aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic process, has been implicated in chemotherapeutic resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that elevated glycolysis plays a central role in TAM resistance and can be effectively targeted and overcome by Rg3. Mechanistically, we observed upregulation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key mediator of glycolysis, in TAM-resistant MCF-7/TamR and T-47D/TamR cells. Crucially, PFKFB3 is indispensable for the synergistic effect of TAM and Rg3 combination therapy, which suppresses cell proliferation and glycolysis in MCF-7/TamR and T-47D/TamR cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of PFKFB3 in MCF-7 cells mimicked the TAM resistance phenotype. Importantly, combination treatment significantly reduced TAM-resistant MCF-7 cell proliferation in an in vivo model. In conclusion, this study highlights the contribution of Rg3 in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of TAM in breast cancer, and suggests that targeting TAM-resistant PFKFB3 overexpression may represent a promising strategy to improve the response to combination therapy in breast cancer.

Optimizing therapeutic targets for breast cancer using boolean network models

Studying gene regulatory networks associated with cancer provides valuable insights for therapeutic purposes, given that cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease. However, as the number of genes in the system increases, the complexity arising from the interconnections between network components grows exponentially. In this study, using Boolean logic to adjust the existing relationships between network components has facilitated simplifying the modeling process, enabling the generation of attractors that represent cell phenotypes based on breast cancer RNA-seq data. A key therapeutic objective is to guide cells, through targeted interventions, to transition from the current cancer attractor to a physiologically distinct attractor unrelated to cancer. To achieve this, we developed a computational method that identifies network nodes whose inhibition can facilitate the desired transition from one tumor attractor to another associated with apoptosis, leveraging transcriptomic data from cell lines. To validate the model, we utilized previously published in vitro experiments where the downregulation of specific proteins resulted in cell growth arrest and death of a breast cancer cell line. The method proposed in this manuscript combines diverse data sources, conducts structural network analysis, and incorporates relevant biological knowledge on apoptosis in cancer cells. This comprehensive approach aims to identify potential targets of significance for personalized medicine.

Differences in nonoxidative sulfur metabolism between normal human breast MCF-12A and adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell lines

Recent studies have revealed the role of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the development of breast cancer. The capacity of cells to generate H2S and the activity and expression of the main enzymes (cystathionine beta synthase; CBS, cystathionase γ-lyase; CGL, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase; MPST and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase; TST) involved in H2S metabolism were analyzed using an in vitro model of a non-tumourigenic breast cell line (MCF-12A) and a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7). In both cell lines, MPST, CGL, and TST expression was confirmed at the mRNA (RT-PCR) and the protein (Western Blot) level, while CBS expression was detected only in MCF-7 cells. Elevated levels of GSH, sulfane sulfur and increased CBS and TST activity were presented in the MCF-7 compared to the MCF-12A cells. It appears that cysteine might be mainly a substrate for GSH synthesis in breast adenocarcinoma. Increased capacity of the cells to generate H2S was shown for MCF-12A compared to MCF-7 cell line. Results suggest an important function of CBS in H2S metabolism in breast adenocarcinoma. The presented work may contribute to further research on new therapeutic possibilities for breast cancer - one of the most frequently diagnosed types of cancer among women.

DNAJC12 causes breast cancer chemotherapy resistance by repressing doxorubicin-induced ferroptosis and apoptosis via activation of AKT

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy is a primary treatment for breast cancer (BC), yet many patients develop resistance over time. This study aims to identify critical factors contributing to chemoresistance and their underlying molecular mechanisms, with a focus on reversing this resistance.

METHODS

We utilized samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and West China Hospital to identify and validate genes associated with chemoresistance. Functional studies were conducted using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines, involving gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified potential mechanisms. We examined interactions between DNAJC12, HSP70, and AKT using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays and established cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) models for in vivo validations.

RESULTS

Boruta analysis of four GEO datasets identified DNAJC12 as highly significant. Patients with high DNAJC12 expression showed an 8 % pathological complete response (pCR) rate, compared to 38 % in the low expression group. DNAJC12 inhibited doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cell death through both ferroptosis and apoptosis. Combining apoptosis and ferroptosis inhibitors completely reversed DOX resistance caused by DNAJC12 overexpression. RNA-seq suggested that DNAJC12 overexpression activated the PI3K-AKT pathway. Inhibition of AKT reversed the DOX resistance induced by DNAJC12, including reduced apoptosis and ferroptosis, restoration of cleaved caspase 3, and decreased GPX4 and SLC7A11 levels. Additionally, DNAJC12 was found to increase AKT phosphorylation in an HSP70-dependent manner, and inhibiting HSP70 also reversed the DOX resistance. In vivo studies confirmed that AKT inhibition reversed DNAJC12-induced DOX resistance in the CDX model.

CONCLUSION

DNAJC12 expression is closely linked to chemoresistance in BC. The DNAJC12-HSP70-AKT signaling axis is crucial in mediating resistance to chemotherapy by suppressing DOX-induced ferroptosis and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that targeting AKT and HSP70 activities may offer new therapeutic strategies to overcome chemoresistance in BC.

Transporter targeted-carnitine modified pectin-chitosan nanoparticles for inositol hexaphosphate delivery to the colon: An in silico and in vitro approach

Orally targeted delivery systems have attracted ample interest in colorectal cancer management. In this investigation, we developed Inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) loaded Tripolyphosphate (Tr) crosslinked Pectin (Pe) Chitosan (Ch) nanoparticles (IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs) and modified them with l-Carnitine (CE) (CE-IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs) to improve uptake in colon cells. The formulated CE-IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs displayed a monodisperse distribution with 219.3 ± 5.5 nm diameter and 30.17 mV surface charge. Cell-line studies revealed that CE-IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs exhibited excellent biocompatibility in J774.2 and decreased cell viability in DLD-1, HT-29, and MCF7 cell lines. More cell internalization was seen in HT-29 and MCF7 due to overexpression of the OCTN2 and ATB0,+ transporter (CE transporters) compared to DLD-1. The cell cycle profile, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential assays were performed to explore the chemo-preventive mechanism of CE-IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs. Moreover, the in-silico docking studies revealed enhanced interactive behavior of CE-IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs, thereby proving their targeting ability. All the findings suggested that CE-IHP@Tr*Pe-Ch-NPs could be a promising drug delivery approach for colon cancer targeting.

Isolation and characterizations of multidrug-resistant human cancer cells by a biodegradable nano-sensor

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a significant challenge in cancer therapy, with inherent and acquired resistance distinct. While conventional drug selection processes enable the isolation of cancer cells with acquired multidrug resistance, identifying cancer cells with inherent drug resistance remains challenging. Herein, we proposed a molecular beacon (MB)-based strategy to identify and isolate the inherent MDR cancer cells. A lipid/PLGA core-shell nanoparticulate system (DNCP) was designed to deliver MB for intracellular MDR1 mRNA imaging. DNCP-MB - possess a surface potential of -8 mV and a size of 150 nm - demonstrated effective delivery of MB, remarkable selectivity towards the selected intracellular mRNA targets, and low cytotoxicity. Following DNCP transfection, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was employed to differentiate MCF-7 cells into two distinct sub-populations: the Top 10 cells with a high level of MDR gene expression and the Bottom 10 cells with a low level of MDR gene expression, which represent inherent drug-resistant and non-drug-resistant cells, respectively. Intriguingly, we observed a positive correlation between elevated MDR1 mRNA expression and increased migration, enhanced proliferation rate, and tighter spheroid formation. Moreover, we conducted RNA sequencing analysis on the Top 10, Bottom 10, and MCF-7/ADR cells. The findings revealed a notable disparity in the gene ontology enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between the Top 10 and Bottom 10 cells when compared to the Bottom 10 and MCF-7/ADR cells. This novel approach provides a promising avenue for isolating inherent drug-resistant cells and holds significant potential in unraveling the mechanisms underlying inherent drug resistance.

Characterization of KIF20B as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer

Despite advances in treatment and early detection, breast cancer remains one of the most common types of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer in women. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancer. Based on gene expression profiles and subsequent screening performed in a preliminary study, kinesin family member 20B (KIF20B) was selected as a candidate target molecule, because it was highly and frequently expressed in all subtypes of breast cancer and barely detected in normal tissues. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting revealed that KIF20B mRNA and protein expression levels were upregulated in most breast cancer cell lines but were scarcely expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray showed that KIF20B was detected in 145 out of 251 (57.8%) breast cancer tissues. Strong KIF20B expression was significantly related to advanced pathological N stage. Moreover, patients with breast cancer and strong KIF20B expression exhibited a significantly worse prognosis than those with weak or negative KIF20B expression (P<0.0001, log‑rank test). In multivariate analysis, strong expression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, knockdown of KIF20B expression by small interfering RNA inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. In addition, Matrigel cell invasion assays revealed that the invasiveness of breast cancer cells was significantly decreased by KIF20B silencing. Since KIF20B is an oncoprotein that is strongly expressed in highly malignant clinical breast cancer and serves a pivotal role in breast cancer cell proliferation, survival and invasion, KIF20B could be considered a candidate biomarker for prognostic prediction and a potential molecular target for developing new therapeutics, such as small molecule inhibitors, for a wide variety of breast cancers.

Selection of internalizing RNA aptamers into human breast cancer cells derived from primary sites

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Although chemotherapy is still broadly used in its treatment, adverse effects remain a challenge. In this scenario, aptamers emerge as a promising alternative for theranostic applications. Studies using breast cancer cell lines provide useful information in laboratory and preclinical investigations, most of which use cell lines established from metastatic sites. However, these cell lines correspond to cell populations of the late stage of tumor progression. On the other hand, studies using breast cancer cells established from primary sites make it possible to search for new theranostic approaches in the early stages of the disease. Therefore, this work aimed to select RNA aptamers internalized by MGSO-3 cells, a human breast cancer cell line, derived from a primary site previously established in our laboratory. Using the Cell-Internalization SELEX method, we have selected two candidate aptamers (ApBC1 and ApBC2). We evaluated their internalization efficiencies, specificities, cellular localization by Reverse Transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) and confocal microscopy assays. The results suggest that both aptamers were efficiently internalized by human breast cancer cells, MACL-1, MDA-MB-231, and especially by MGSO-3 cells. Furthermore, both aptamers could effectively distinguish human breast cancer cells derived from normal human mammary cell (MCF 10A) and prostate cancer cell (PC3) lines. Therefore, ApBC1 and ApBC2 could be promising candidate molecules for theranostic applications, even in the early stages of tumor progression.

Evaluation of heteroscorpionate ligands as scaffolds for the generation of Ruthenium(II) metallodrugs in breast cancer therapy

The modular synthesis of the heteroscorpionate core is explored as a tool for the rapid development of ruthenium-based therapeutic agents. Starting with a series of structurally diverse alcohol-NN ligands, a family of heteroscorpionate-based ruthenium derivatives was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as an alternative to platinum therapy for breast cancer therapy. In vitro, the antitumoral activity of the novel derivatives was assessed in a series of breast cancer cell lines using UNICAM-1 and cisplatin as metallodrug control. Through this approach, a bimetallic heteroscorpionate-based metallodrug (RUSCO-2) was identified as the lead compound of the series with an IC50 value range as low as 3-5 μM. Notably, RUSCO-2 was found to be highly cytotoxic in TNBC cell lines, suggesting a mode of action independent of the receptor status of the cells. As a proof of concept and taking advantage of the luminescent properties of one of the complexes obtained, uptake was monitored in human breast cancer MCF7 cell lines by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to reveal that the compound is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and that the incorporation of the heteroscorpionate ligand protects it from aqueous processes, conversion in another entity, or the loss of the chloride group. Finally, ROS studies were conducted, lipophilicity was estimated, the chloride/water exchange was studied, and stability studies in simulated biological media were carried out to propose structure-activity relationships.

Effects of matcha tea extract on cell viability and estrogen receptor-β expression on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

PURPOSE

In the following work, we investigated the effect of matcha green tea extract (MTE) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell viability and estrogen receptor-beta expression (ERβ).

METHODS

MCF-7 cells were stimulated with MTE at concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/ml. Cell viability was assessed using a water-soluble tetrazolium assay (WST-1 assay) after an incubation time of 72 h. ERβ was quantified at gene level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A western blot (WB) was carried out for the qualitative assessment of the expression behavior of on a protein level.

RESULTS

The WST-1 test showed a significant inhibition of viability in MFC-7 cells after 72 h at 10 µg/ml. The WB demonstrated a significant quantitative decrease of ERβ at protein level with MTE concentrations of 10 µg/ml. In contrast, the PCR did not result in significant downregulation of ERβ.

CONCLUSION

MTE decreases the cell viability of MCF-7 cells and furthermore leads to a decrease of ERβ at protein level.

Analysis of the responsiveness to antiandrogens in multiple breast cancer cell lines

Antiandrogens were originally developed as therapeutic agents for prostate cancer but are also expected to be effective for breast cancer. However, the role of androgen signaling in breast cancer has long been controversial due to the limited number of experimental models. Our study aimed to comprehensively investigate the efficacy of antiandrogens on breast cancer. In the present study, a total of 18 breast cancer cell lines were treated with the agonist or antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR). Among the 18 cell lines tested, only T-47D cells proliferated in an androgen-dependent manner, while the other cell lines were almost irresponsive to AR stimulation. On the other hand, treatment with AR antagonists at relatively high doses suppressed the proliferation of not only T-47D cells but also some other cell lines including AR-low/negative cells. In addition, expression of the full-length AR and constitutively active AR splice variants, AR-V7 and ARV567es, was not correlated with sensitivity to AR antagonists. These data suggest that the antiproliferative effect of AR antagonists is AR-independent in some cases. Consistently, proliferation of AR-knockout BT-549 cells was inhibited by AR antagonists. Identification of biomarkers would be necessary to determine which breast cancer patients will benefit from these drugs.

PDP1 promotes the progression of breast cancer through STAT3 pathway

This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern and mechanisms of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit 1 (PDP1) in the progression of breast cancer (BC). PDP1, known for its involvement in cell energy metabolism, was found to be overexpressed in BC tissues. Notably, low PDP1 expression aligns with improved overall survival (OS) in BC patients. In this study, we found that PDP1 was overexpressed among BC tissues and low PDP1 expression showed a better prognosis for the patients with BC. PDP1 knockdown suppressed cell amplification and migration and triggered cell apoptosis in BC cells. In vivo assessments through a xenograft model unveiled the pivotal role and underlying mechanisms of PDP1 knockdown. RNA sequencing and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis of RNAs from PDP1 knockdown and normal MCF7 cells revealed 1440 differentially expressed genes, spotlighting the involvement of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in BC progression. Western blot results implied that PDP1 knockdown led to a loss of p-STAT3, whereas overexpression of PDP1 induced the p-STAT3 expression. Cell counting kit-8 assay showed that PDP1 overexpression significantly raised MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell viability while STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 recovered the cell growth to normal level. To summarize, PDP1 promotes the progression of BC through STAT3 pathway by regulating p-STAT3. The findings contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying BC progression, and opening avenues for targeted therapeutic approaches.

Design, synthesis and bioactivity study on oxygen-heterocyclic-based pyran analogues as effective P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in MCF-7/ADR cell

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) imparts multi-drug resistance (MDR) on the cancers cell and malignant tumor clinical therapeutics. We report a class of newly designed and synthesized oxygen-heterocyclic-based pyran analogues (4a-l) bearing different aryl/hetaryl-substituted at the 1-postion were synthesized, aiming to impede the P-gp function. These compounds (4a-l) have been tested against cancerous PC-3, SKOV-3, HeLa, and MCF-7/ADR cell lines as well as non-cancerous HFL-1 and WI-38 cell lines to determine their anti-proliferative potency.The findings demonstrated the superior potency of 4a-c with 4-F, 2-Cl, and 3-Cl derivatives and 4h,g with 4-NO2, 4-MeO derivatives against PC-3, SKOV-3, HeLa, and MCF-7/ADR cell lines.Compounds 4a-c were tested for P-gp inhibition and demonstrated significant vigour against MCF-7/ADR cells with IC50 = 5.0-10.7 μM. The Rho123 accumulation assay showed that compounds 4a-c adequately inhibited P-gp function, as predicted. Furthermore, 4a or 4b administration resulted in MCF-7/ADR cell accumulation in the S phase, while compound 4c induced apoptosis by causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M. The molecular docking was applied to understand the likely modes of action and guide us in the rational design of more potent analogs. The investigate derivatives showed their good binding potential for p-gp active site with excellent docking scores and interactions. Finally, the majority of investigated derivatives 4a-c derivatives showed high oral bioavailability, but they did not cross the blood-brain barrier. These results suggest that they have favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, these compounds could serve as leads for designing more potent and stable drugs in the future.

Hinokitiol Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro Stemness-Progression and Self-Renewal with Apoptosis and Autophagy Modulation via the CD44/Nanog/SOX2/Oct4 Pathway

Breast cancer (BC) represents one of the most prevalent malignant threats to women globally. Tumor relapse or metastasis is facilitated by BC stemness progression, contributing to tumorigenicity. Therefore, comprehending the characteristics of stemness progression and the underlying molecular mechanisms is pivotal for BC advancement. Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin), a tropolone-related compound abundant in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants, exhibits antimicrobial activity. In our study, we employed three BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T47D) to assess the expression of stemness-, apoptosis-, and autophagy-related proteins. Hinokitiol significantly reduced the viability of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that hinokitiol enhances apoptosis by increasing the levels of cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and phospho-p53. It also induces dysfunction in autophagy through the upregulation of LC3B and p62 protein expression. Additionally, hinokitiol significantly suppressed the number and diameter of cancer cell line spheres by reducing the expression of cluster of differentiation44 (CD44) and key transcription factors. These findings underscore hinokitiol's potential as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer, particularly as a stemness-progression inhibitor. Further research and clinical studies are warranted to explore the full therapeutic potential of hinokitiol in the treatment of breast cancer.

PFDN4 as a Prognostic Marker Was Associated with Chemotherapy Resistance through CREBP1/AURKA Pathway in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and its incidence is increasing. It is currently mainly treated by clinical chemotherapy, but chemoresistance remains poorly understood. Prefolded proteins 4 (PFDN4) are molecular chaperone complexes that bind to newly synthesized polypeptides and allow them to fold correctly to stabilize protein formation. This study aimed to investigate the role of PFDN4 in chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer. Our study found that PFDN4 was highly expressed in breast cancer compared to normal tissues and was statistically significantly associated with stage, nodal status, subclasses (luminal, HER2 positive and triple negative), triple-negative subtype and disease-specific survival by TCGA database analysis. CRISPR knockout of PFDN4 inhibited the growth of 89% of breast cancer cell lines, and the triple-negative cell line exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than the non-triple-negative cell line. High PFDN4 expression was associated with poor overall survival in chemotherapy and resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel through the CREBP1/AURKA pathway in the triple-negative MDAMB231 cell line. This study provides insightful evidence for the value of PFDN4 in poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer patients.

Transcriptomic Changes in Cisplatin-Resistant MCF-7 Cells

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Cisplatin is used for treatment, but the development of resistance in cancer cells is a significant concern. This study aimed to investigate changes in the transcriptomes of cisplatin-resistant MCF7 cells. We conducted RNA sequencing of cisplatin-resistant MCF7 cells, followed by differential expression analysis and bioinformatic investigations to identify changes in gene expression and modified signal transduction pathways. We examined the size and quantity of extracellular vesicles. A total of 724 genes exhibited differential expression, predominantly consisting of protein-coding RNAs. Notably, two long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), NEAT1 and MALAT, were found to be dysregulated. Bioinformatic analysis unveiled dysregulation in processes related to DNA synthesis and repair, cell cycle regulation, immune response, and cellular communication. Additionally, modifications were observed in events associated with extracellular vesicles. Conditioned media from resistant cells conferred resistance to wild-type cells in vitro. Furthermore, there was an increase in the number of vesicles in cisplatin-resistant cells. Cisplatin-resistant MCF7 cells displayed differential RNA expression, including the dysregulation of NEAT1 and MALAT long non-coding RNAs. Key processes related to DNA and extracellular vesicles were found to be altered. The increased number of extracellular vesicles in resistant cells may contribute to acquired resistance in wild-type cells.

Minocycline induced apoptosis and suppressed expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the breast cancer MCF-7 cells

BACKGROUND

In women, breast cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer. Looking for new and effective cancer-specific therapies with little to no adverse effects on healthy cells is critical.

OBJECTIVE

Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, has shown anticancer effects by targeting multiple pathways in various cancers. This study aimed to determine minocycline effects on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of the human MCF-7 cells.

METHODS

MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of minocycline on the cells. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate the induction of apoptosis and the cell cycle progression. The expression levels of apoptotic and migration proteins and genes were assessed by western blotting and qRT-PCR. The scratch test was performed to evaluate the anti-migration effect of the drug.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the IC50 value of minocycline for MCF-7 cells was 36.10 µM. Minocycline treatment caused sub-G1 cell accumulation, indicating a significant apoptotic effect on the MCF-7 cells. Annexin-V/PI staining revealed a significant rise in early and late apoptotic cell percentages. Minocycline up-regulated Bax and Caspase-3 expression and down-regulated Bcl-2 and Pro-Cas3. The scratch test revealed significant anti-migration effects for minocycline. Furthermore, it caused down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a concentration-dependent method.

CONCLUSION

These findings further confirmed the anticancer effect of minocycline and highlighted that minocycline maybe considered as potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment.

Overcoming radioresistance of breast cancer cells with MAP4K4 inhibitors

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. In this study, we explored the biological function of MAP4K4 in radioresistant breast cancer cells using two MAP4K4 inhibitors, namely PF06260933 and GNE-495. Radioresistant SR and MR cells were established by exposing SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to 48-70 Gy of radiation delivered at 4-5 Gy twice a week over 10 months. Surprisingly, although radioresistant cells were derived from two different subtypes of breast cancer cell lines, MAP4K4 was significantly elevated regardless of subtype. Inhibition of MAP4K4 with PF06260933 or GNE-495 selectively targeted radioresistant cells and improved the response to irradiation. Furthermore, MAP4K4 inhibitors induced apoptosis through the accumulation of DNA damage by inhibiting DNA repair systems in radioresistant cells. Notably, Inhibition of MAP4K4 suppressed the expressions of ACSL4, suggesting that MAP4K4 functioned as an upstream effector of ACSL4. This study is the first to report that MAP4K4 plays a crucial role in mediating the radioresistance of breast cancer by acting upstream of ACSL4 to enhance DNA damage response and inhibit apoptosis. We hope that our findings provide a basis for the development of new drugs targeting MAP4K4 to overcome radioresistance.

Development of Cytotoxic GW7604-Zeise's Salt Conjugates as Multitarget Compounds with Selectivity for Estrogen Receptor- Positive Tumor Cells

(E/Z)-3-(4-((E)-1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)acrylic acid (GW7604) as a carrier was esterified with alkenols of various lengths and coordinated through the ethylene moiety to PtCl3, similar to Zeise's salt (K[PtCl3(C2H4)]). The resulting GW7604-Alk-PtCl3 complexes (Alk = Prop, But, Pent, Hex) degraded in aqueous solution only by exchange of the chlorido ligands. For example, GW7604-Pent-PtCl3 coordinated the amino acid alanine in the cell culture medium, bound the isolated nucleotide 5'-GMP, and interacted with the DNA (empty plasmid pSport1). It accumulated in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells primarily via cytosolic vesicles, while it was only marginally taken up in ER-negative SKBr3 cells. Accordingly, GW7604-Pent-PtCl3 and related complexes were inactive in SKBr3 cells. GW7604-Pent-PtCl3 showed high affinity to ERα and ERβ without mediating agonistic or ER downregulating properties. GW7604-Alk ligands also increased the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitory potency of the complexes. In contrast to Zeise's salt, the GW7604-Alk-PtCl3 complexes inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 to the same extent.

Overexpression of Transmembrane Phosphatase with Tensin homology (TPTE) in prostate cancer is clinically significant, suggesting its potential as a valuable biomarker

PURPOSE

Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are a family of proteins typically expressed in male testicles but overexpressed in various cancer cell types. Transmembrane Phosphatase with Tensin homology (TPTE) is expressed only in the testis of healthy individuals and is a member of the family of CTAs. The current study, for the first time, examined the significance of TPTE expression in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues by generating a novel antibody marker targeting TPTE protein.

METHODS

Polyclonal antibodies were prepared for TPTE-p1 and TPTE-p2 peptides, which are derived from the extracellular domains of TPTE. Anti-TPTE-p2 antibody was then used to study the extent and pattern of TPTE expression in 102 PCa and 48 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. The viability of cancer cell lines (PC-3 and MCF-7 cells) was also evaluated in the presence of anti-TPTE-p2 antibody using the MTT test.

RESULTS

The immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in cytoplasmic and membrane TPTE expression in the PCa samples compared to the BPH group (both P < 0.0001). Cytoplasmic TPTE expression was positively correlated with Gleason score and PSA levels (P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). Significant correlations were identified between the levels of PSA and perineural invasion and the membrane expression (P = 0.01, P = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, anti-TPTE-p2 antibody inhibited PC-3 and MCF-7 cells proliferation compared to the control group for 24 h (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) as well as for 48 h (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that increased TPTE expression is associated with progression of disease. The ability of anti-TPTE-p2 antibody to recognize and target the TPTE protein makes it a potential biomarker to assess and/or target the PCa.

Transcriptome-wide analysis of the differences between MCF7 cells cultured in DMEM or αMEM

MCF7 cells have been used as an experimental model for breast cancer for decades. Typically, a culture medium is designed to supply cells with the nutrients essential for their continuous proliferation. Each medium has a specific nutritional composition. Therefore, cells cultured in different media may exhibit differences in their metabolism. However, only a few studies have investigated the effects of media on cells. In this study, we compared the effects of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and minimum essential medium alpha modification (αMEM) on MCF7 cells. The two media differentially affected the morphology, cell cycle, and proliferation of MCF7 cells, but had no effect on cell death. Replacement of DMEM with αMEM led to a decrease in ATP production and an increase in reactive oxygen species production, but did not affect the cell viability. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed 721 significantly upregulated and 1247 downregulated genes in cells cultured in αMEM for 48 h compared with that in cells cultured in DMEM. The enriched gene ontology terms were related to mitosis and cell proliferation. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis revealed cell cycle and DNA replication as the top two significant pathways. MCF7 cells were hypoxic when cultured in αMEM. These results show that the culture medium considerably affects cultured cells. Thus, the stability of the culture system in a study is very important to obtain reliable results.

Estrogen-receptor status determines differential regulation of α1- and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated cell survival, angiogenesis, and intracellular signaling responses in breast cancer cell lines

Psychosocial stress promotes cancer pathogenesis involving angiogenesis through alterations in neuroendocrine-immune functions that may involve adrenoceptor (AR)-dependent signaling mechanisms in the brain, lymphoid organs, and cancerous cells. Various concentrations of α1- and α2- AR-specific agonists and antagonists were incubated in vitro with estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) MCF-7, and ER (-) MDA MB-231 cells to examine the secretions of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and nitric oxide (NO), and expression of signaling molecules- p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines. Cellular proliferation, VEGF-A and NO secretion, expression of p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt were enhanced in MCF-7 cells treated with α1-AR agonist while VEGF-C secretion alone was enhanced in MDA MB-231 cells. Treatment of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells with α2- AR agonist similarly enhanced proliferation and decreased NO production and p-CREB expression while VEGF-C secretion was decreased in MCF-7 cells and p-Akt expression was decreased in MDA MB-231 cells. α1-AR inhibition reversed cellular proliferation and VEGF-A secretion by MCF-7 cells while α2-AR inhibition reversed the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells and VEGF-C secretion by MCF-7 cells. Taken together, breast cancer pathogenesis may be influenced by distinct α-AR-mediated signaling mechanisms on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis that are dependent on estrogen receptor status.

Alstoboonine, an Ulean-Type Indole Alkaloid from Alstonia boonei Leaves

Alstonia boonei De Wild is a common plant in West Africa used in traditional medicine for various indications. While the stem bark has frequently been investigated, not much is known about the phytochemistry and bioactivity of the leaves. Within the current study, the major alkaloids of a hydroethanolic leaf extract were therefore isolated and characterized by MS, NMR, and ECD. This led to the identification of alstoboonine 1, a new ulean-type alkaloid, along with eight previously reported indole alkaloids, 15-hydroxyangustilobine A (2), 6,7-seco-angustilobine B (3), 6,7-seco-19,20-α-epoxyangustilobine B (4), alstrostine E (5), alstrostine C (6), alstrostine D (7), 12-methoxyechitamidine (8), and 19-oxo-12-methoxyechitamidine (9). 1 was moderately active in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum NF54 (IC50 6.9 μM), but inactive against other protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani). No significant cytotoxic effects were observed in L6 rat skeletal myoblast cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Similarly, compounds 3 to 9 did not show cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. Due to the reported traditional use of the plant as an anthelmintic, the major alkaloids 2, 5, 6, and 8 were tested against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematicidal effects were observed for 6 (LC50 400 μM), whereas 2, 5, and 8 were inactive.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selective covalent inhibitors of FGFR4

Aberrant signaling via fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19)/fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) has been identified as a driver of tumorigenesis and the development of many solid tumors, making FGFR4 is a promising target for anticancer therapy. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of bis-acrylamide covalent FGFR4 inhibitors and evaluated their inhibitory activity against FGFRs, FGFR4 mutants, and their antitumor activity. CXF-007, verified by mass spectrometry and crystal structures to form covalent bonds with Cys552 of FGFR4 and Cys488 of FGFR1, exhibited stronger selectivity and potent inhibitory activity for FGFR4 and FGFR4 cysteine mutants. Moreover, CXF-007 exhibited significant antitumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and breast cancer cell lines through sustained inhibition of the FGFR4 signaling pathway. In summary, our study highlights a novel covalent FGFR4 inhibitor, CXF-007, which has the potential to overcome drug-induced FGFR4 mutations and might provide a new strategy for future anticancer drug discovery.

Novel naphthoquinone-1H-1,2,3-triazole hybrids: Design, synthesis and evaluation as inductors of ROS-mediated apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells

The search for novel anticancer drugs is essential to expand treatment options, overcome drug resistance, reduce toxicity, promote innovation, and tackle the economic impact. The importance of these studies lies in their contribution to advancing cancer research and enhancing patient outcomes in the battle against cancer. Here, we developed new asymmetric hybrids containing two different naphthoquinones linked by a 1,2,3-1H-triazole nucleus, which are potential new drugs for cancer treatment. The antitumor activity of the novel compounds was tested using the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, using the non-cancer cell line MCF10A as control. Our results showed that two out of twenty-two substances tested presented potential antitumor activity against the breast cancer cell lines. These potential drugs, named here 12g and 12h were effective in reducing cell viability and promoting cell death of the tumor cell lines, exhibiting minimal effects on the control cell line. The mechanism of action of the novel drugs was assessed revealing that both drugs increased reactive oxygen species production with consequent activation of the AMPK pathway. Therefore, we concluded that 12g and 12h are novel AMPK activators presenting selective antitumor effects.

The discovery of potent USP2/USP8 dual-target inhibitors for the treatment of breast cancer via structure guided optimization of ML364

USP2 and USP8 are crucial in the development and progression of breast cancer, primarily through the stabilization of protein substrates such as Her2 and ERα. The dual-target inhibitor ML364, targeting both USP2 and USP8, has garnered significant interest in recent research. In this study, we developed a series of ML364 derivatives using ligand-based drug design strategies. The standout compound, LLK203, demonstrated enhanced inhibitory activity, showing a 4-fold increase against USP2 and a 9-fold increase against USP8, compared to the parent molecule. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, LLK203 effectively degraded key proteins involved in cancer progression and notably inhibited cell proliferation. Moreover, LLK203 exhibited potent in vivo efficacy in the 4T1 homograft model, while maintaining a low toxicity profile. These results underscore the potential of LLK203 as a promising dual-target inhibitor of USP2/USP8 for breast cancer treatment.

Design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of novel indole-selenide derivatives as P-glycoprotein inhibitors against multi-drug resistance in MCF-7/ADR cell

The inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has emerged as an intriguing strategy for circumventing multidrug resistance (MDR) in anticancer chemotherapy. In this study, we have designed and synthesized 30 indole-selenides as a new class of P-gp inhibitors based on the scaffold hopping strategy. Among them, the preferred compound H27 showed slightly stronger reversal activity (reversal fold: 271.7 vs 261.6) but weaker cytotoxicity (inhibition ratio: 33.7% vs 45.1%) than the third-generation P-gp inhibitor tariquidar on the tested MCF-7/ADR cells. Rh123 accumulation experiments and Western blot analysis demonstrated that H27 displayed excellent MDR reversal activity by dose-dependently inhibiting the efflux function of P-gp rather than its expression. Besides, UIC-2 reactivity shift assay revealed that H27 could bind to P-gp directly and induced a conformation change of P-gp. Moreover, docking study revealed that H27 matched well in the active pockets of P-gp by forming some key H-bonding interactions, arene-H interactions and hydrophobic contacts. These results suggested that H27 is worth to be a starting point for the development of novel Se-containing P-gp inhibitors for clinic use.

Role of beta-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan derived from yeast on natural killer (NK) cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D cultures

BACKGROUND

Beta-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan is a complex polysaccharide, which is found in the cell wall of various fungi, yeasts, bacteria, algae, barley, and oats and has immunomodulatory, anticancer and antiviral effects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of beta-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan derived from yeast on the proliferation of primary NK cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models, and on the cytotoxicity of primary NK cells against breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models.

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of yeast-derived beta-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of human NK cells and breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models using the XTT cell proliferation assay and the CellTiter-Glo® 2.0 assay to determine the cytotoxicity of human NK cells on breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models.

RESULTS

We found that the co-incubation of NK cells with beta-glucan in the absence of IL2 at 48 h significantly increased the proliferation of NK cells, whereas the co-incubation of NK cells with beta-glucan in the presence of IL2 (70 U/ml) increased the proliferation of NK cells but not significantly. Moreover, beta-glucan significantly inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in 2D model and induced a weak, non-significant growth inhibitory effect on breast cancer multicellular tumor spheroids (3D). In addition, the cytotoxicity of NK cells against breast cancer cell lines was examined in 2D and 3D models, and beta-glucan significantly increased the cytotoxicity of NK cells against MCF-7 (in 2D).

CONCLUSIONS

Yeast derived beta-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucan could contribute to the treatment of cancer by enhancing NK cell immune response as well as contributing to inhibition of breast cancer cell growth.

Biological Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Produced by Tag-Free Lipoate Ligase A Modification

The concept of tag-free protein modification has attracted considerable interest in chemical biology because of its flexible and straightforward reaction process. In 2021, a groundbreaking approach using lipoate ligase A (LplA) for tag-free enzymatic modification of antibodies was unveiled, demonstrating its potential for the generation of precise antibody conjugates. In this study, to further explore LplA-mediated antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) synthesis, we performed initial biological evaluations of ADCs synthesized using LplA. Using the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab, we introduced octanoic acid azide using LplA and subsequently obtained an ADC using click chemistry with the drug DBCO-VC-PAB-MMAE. The bioactivity of the synthesized anti-HER2-ADC was evaluated using HER2-positive SKBR-3 and HER2-negative MCF7 cells. Its toxicity and selectivity were found to be comparable to those of the FDA-approved Kadcyla. In addition, a stability study involving rat and human plasma demonstrated the stability of the LplA-mediated ADC. Additionally, the affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was retained after conjugation. These preliminary in vitro evaluations suggested that LplA-derived ADCs can have considerable pharmaceutical potential. Our results can set the stage for further in vivo evaluations and safety assessments. We suggest that the integration of tag-free LplA methods into the production of ADCs can offer a novel and promising approach for biopharmaceutical manufacturing.