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Katial JM. Contention and collaboration: the tenuous encounter of modern Ayurveda and Western medicine in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Med Humanit 2024; 50:185-190. [PMID: 37696601 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2023-012617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Complementary medicine systems are ascending to rapid popularity as the twenty-first century progresses. Often adapted from ancient systems of healing such as Ayurveda, these modern alternative medical movements reappraise millennia-old health traditions that found their inception at the confluence of religious philosophy and herbal healing. Naturally, contemporary global economic forces and a desire to market traditional medicine products in an enticing fashion have characterised how historic traditional medicine systems are presented in the modern context. By establishing a vision of complementary medicine born from ancient traditions, it becomes clear how traditional methods of healing can contend with Western biomedicine-the prevailing standard of care around the globe. The claims made by both sides parry along a line of scientific validity, efficacy and regulatory purview. India, the birthplace of Ayurveda and an epicentre of contemporary medical education, is a prime arena to study the friction between biomedicine and traditional medicine. In this piece, I focus on the modernisation of Ayurveda and how it has found conflict with allopathic medicine. I posit that Ayurveda has re-emerged since the early twentieth century as a key tenet of Indian modernity: and in doing so has found contention with Western medicine. I furthermore argue that despite existing discord, the two medical traditions are not inherently antithetical. They can be synergistic, so long as healthcare delivery and education recognise the limits of each and focus on coaction rather than contradiction.
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Saini S, Anand A, Singh A, Mahapatra B, Sirohi S, Singh S, Singh RK. Swarna Bhasma Induces Antigen-Presenting Abilities of Macrophages and Helps Antigen Experienced CD4 + T Cells to Acquire Th1 Phenotypes Against Leishmania donovani Antigens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:210-220. [PMID: 37088826 PMCID: PMC10123016 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In leishmaniasis, the protective immunity is largely mediated by proinflammatory cytokine producing abilities of T cells and an efficient parasite killing by phagocytic cells. Notwithstanding a substantial progress that has been made during last decades, the mechanisms or factors involved in establishing protective immunity against Leishmania are not identified. In ancient Indian literature, metallic "bhasma," particularly that of "swarna" or gold (fine gold particles), is indicated as one of the most prominent metal-based therapeutic medicine, which is known to impart protective and curative properties in various health issues. In this work, we elucidated the potential of swarna bhasma (SB) on the effector properties of phagocytes and antigen-activated CD4+ T cells in augmenting the immunogenicity of L. donovani antigens. The characterization of SB revealing its shape, size, composition, and measurement of cytotoxicity established the physiochemical potential for its utilization as an immunomodulator. The activation of macrophages with SB enhanced their capacity to produce nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, which eventually resulted in reduced uptake of parasites and their proliferation in infected cells. Further, in Leishmania-infected animals, SB administration reduced the generation of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine generation by antigen activated CD4+ T cells with increased frequency of double (IFNγ+/TNFα+) and triple (IFNγ+TNFα+IL-2+) positive cells and abrogated disease pathogeneses at the early days of infection. Our results also suggested that cow-ghee (A2) emulsified preparation of SB, either alone or with yashtimadhu, a known natural immune modulator which enhances the SB's potential in enhancing the immunogenicity of parasitic antigens. These findings suggested a definite potential of SB in enhancing the effector functions of phagocytes and CD4+ T cells against L. donovani antigens. Therefore, more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanistic details of SB and its potential in enhancing vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Anshul Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Baishakhi Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Shruti Sirohi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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Chatterjee A, Subramaniam S, Sankaranarayanan A. Scientific evaluation of Ayurvedic drugs - the use of N-of-1 clinical trials. Indian J Med Ethics 2024; IX:41-44. [PMID: 38375651 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2023.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite its ancient roots and prominence in India as an accepted alternative to modern medicine, Ayurveda's growth has been hampered by an inability to carry out clinical studies of its effectiveness and safety using modern scientific methods - while preserving the core of Ayurveda, which is personalised medicine. In this comment, we propose that the N-of-1 trial be used as a practical method to evaluate Ayurvedic treatments, which is simultaneously consistent with the canons of modern medicine and of Ayurveda. We emphasise the importance of doing this as a practical alternative that will benefit patients. We need not wait to resolve the epistemic inconsistency between Ayurveda and modern medicine to take steps in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arani Chatterjee
- Joint President, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Sarkhej-Dholka Road, Bhat, Ahmedabad 382210, INDIA
| | | | - A Sankaranarayanan
- President, Vivo Biotech, 3 Floor, Ilyas Mohammed Khan Estate, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, Telangana, INDIA
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Schmale IL, Nimmagadda SV, Ravikumar S, Babb CN, Man LX. Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review of randomized and non-randomized trials. J Complement Integr Med 2023; 20:675-688. [PMID: 36800361 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2022-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article provides a comprehensive systematic review and qualitative analysis of the current research investigating Ayurveda chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) treatment. CONTENT PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews was followed and our search utilized MEDLINE, Embase, Ayush Portal, and Cochrane Library databases. Articles published prior to March 2022, 10 or more patients that investigated Ayurveda as a treatment for CRS in humans were included. This resulted in thirteen articles meeting inclusion criteria. Ayurvedic treatments included herbal medications for oral consumption, nasal instillation, and steam inhalation used alone or in combination. All studies concluded that Ayurvedic therapy led to improvements in subjective CRS symptoms and objective radiographic and hematologic criteria. However, all 13 studies had a significant risk of bias due to study design and statistical methods utilized. SUMMARY Ayurvedic therapy may be a useful CRS treatment for some patients and overall appears to be well tolerated. However, definitive recommendation for when Ayurvedic treatments would be beneficial in the treatment of CRS remains not possible. OUTLOOK Given the overall positive effects shown in the current published evidence and growing interest in complementary and integrative therapies, Ayurvedic treatments for CRS deserve further investigation in the form of well-designed controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac L Schmale
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sai V Nimmagadda
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Saiganesh Ravikumar
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Charles N Babb
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Li-Xing Man
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Karthik KP, Shajin KJ. Deluded confession: Response to Kishor Patwardhan. Indian J Med Ethics 2023; VIII:323-326. [PMID: 38374672 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2023.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
"Confessions of an Ayurveda Professor", by Kishor Patwardhan, published in IJME, has set the stage for heated discussions within and outside the medical circles. It uses primitive philosophical criteria to argue that Ayurvedic principles relating to anatomy and physiology are obsolete, and that they need to be removed from the syllabus. As Ayurveda students, we explore the counterview to this, pointing out the fallacies behind each point raised, and suggest solutions that we find suitable for effective, competency-based Ayurveda education.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Karthik
- Post-graduate Scholar, Department of Ayurvedic Paediatrics, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - K J Shajin
- Post-graduate Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, INDIA
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Kaspar H, Abegg A, Reddy S. Of odysseys and miracles: A narrative approach on therapeutic mobilities for ayurveda treatment. Soc Sci Med 2023; 334:116152. [PMID: 37678112 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, health care has become a global market and transnational practice. An emerging body of literature examines the astounding variety of drivers, conditions, and experiences. However, the question of how traveling abroad for treatment emerges as an option and takes shape in people's illness trajectories has gained little attention thus far. This article attends to this gap by following the stories of people with chronic conditions who travel to India for Ayurveda treatment out of dissatisfaction with local biomedical health care. This study expands the focus of current research on transnational therapeutic mobilities in three ways: (1) by shifting the attention from being a foreign patient or medical traveler to becoming one, (2) by integrating quests for other-than-biomedical therapies, and (3) by applying a narrative approach to the field. Results show that apart from social, human, and financial resources, it takes certain patient-subjectivities to mobilize patients across borders and healing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Kaspar
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Competence Center Participatory Health Care, Murtenstrasse 10, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alwin Abegg
- Kalaidos University of Applied Sciences, Careum School of Health, Switzerland
| | - Sunita Reddy
- Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Patwardhan K. A case for testing and modifying theory in Ayurveda: Author's response. Indian J Med Ethics 2023; VIII:326-328. [PMID: 38374671 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2023.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This is my response to several recent criticisms that have challenged my views expressed in the article 'Confessions of an Ayurveda Professor' in this journal [1]. Some of these criticisms, such as the one by Karthik and Shajin, are directly expressed [2], while others, such as the one by Tubaki and Prasad, are indirect [3]. The criticism by Tubaki and Prasad is particularly significant because it is the only feedback I have received from the Ayush establishment thus far; and lists the President of the Board of Ayurveda, National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), as an author. Additionally, there have been many reactions published on IJME's website. I also address them in this response since many of them share a similar line of thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Patwardhan
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
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Abstract
As a curious undergraduate studying Ayurveda, the first concept that intrigued me was Sushruta's take on foetal sex determination. At the time of conception, if the man's semen is in excess, a male foetus results; if the woman's menstrual blood is in excess, a female foetus results; if semen and menstrual blood are in equal measure, an intersex is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Krishna
- Ayurveda physician and Homi Bhabha Fellow, Visiting scholar, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
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Alam A, Sofi G, Quamri A. The Perspective of Unani Medicine in Understanding Hyperthyroidism. Altern Ther Health Med 2023; 29:262-267. [PMID: 36455141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Context Hyperthyroidism, Kasrat-e-Ifraz-e-Darqiyya in Unani medicine, is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Its clinical features are excessive sweating, heat intolerance, increased bowel movements, a voracious appetite, insomnia, tremors, palpitations, and a rapid pulse. Objective This review intended to investigate the observations in ancient Unani literature, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Ayurveda that correspond to the clinical presentation of hyperthyroidism as well as to identify probable treatments in Unani medicine. Design The research team performed a narrative review to evaluate the concept of hyperthyroidism using classical Unani Medicine books, such as Firdaus-Ul-Hikmat (Wisdom of Paradise), Al-Havi Fit Tib (Liber Continence), Kamil- Us- Sana (Liber Regius), Al-Qanoon (The Canon of Medicine), and Zakheera Khvarazm Shahi (The Treasure of Medicine) to assess the perception of hyperthyroidism. The team also searched internet sources, such as Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Publons, and Google Scholar. using keywords such as Su-e-Mizaj Ha'ar Maddi, Ghair Tabayi Safra, Yang-Yin, Pitta, hyperthyroidism. The study was undertaken at National Institute of Unani medicine, Bengaluru, India. Results In TCM, a dominant Yang Qi is considered as cause of hyperthyroidism; in Ayurveda, excessive Pitta production is considered as its cause, and in Unani Medicine it is due to an excess of abnormal bile (Ghair Tabayi Safra). Thus, the traditional systems all view the disease as a manifestation of excessive energy production. Conclusions The clinical symptoms of the hot temperament of bile (Su-e-Mizaj Ha'ar Maddi) and hyperthyroidism are similar in the literature. The resemblance may help medical practitioners to recommend a better approach for preventing, treating, and reducing the condition's devastating complications using the treatment approach of Unani medicine. It approaches hyperthyroidism with recommendations for reducing excessive energy production, with the help of restoration of the imbalance in temperament (Mizaj).
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Gitelman J, An H, Spilchuk V, Kim J. Lead toxicity from Ayurvedic medicines. CMAJ 2023; 195:E1010-E1012. [PMID: 37553150 PMCID: PMC10446152 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.230592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gitelman
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Gitelman, Kim); Division of Internal Medicine (An), St. Joseph's Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto; Ontario Poison Centre (An), The Hospital for Sick Children; Division of Occupational Medicine (Spilchuk), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Environmental and Occupational Health (Spilchuk, Kim), Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Howard An
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Gitelman, Kim); Division of Internal Medicine (An), St. Joseph's Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto; Ontario Poison Centre (An), The Hospital for Sick Children; Division of Occupational Medicine (Spilchuk), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Environmental and Occupational Health (Spilchuk, Kim), Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - Vincent Spilchuk
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Gitelman, Kim); Division of Internal Medicine (An), St. Joseph's Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto; Ontario Poison Centre (An), The Hospital for Sick Children; Division of Occupational Medicine (Spilchuk), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Environmental and Occupational Health (Spilchuk, Kim), Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - JinHee Kim
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Gitelman, Kim); Division of Internal Medicine (An), St. Joseph's Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto; Ontario Poison Centre (An), The Hospital for Sick Children; Division of Occupational Medicine (Spilchuk), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Environmental and Occupational Health (Spilchuk, Kim), Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ont
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Patwardhan B. Where lies the future of Ayurveda-inspired drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:947-949. [PMID: 37345376 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2228201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Patwardhan
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Duggal H, Singh G, Kapil A, Mehta D, Kumar S. Elemental and Chemical Phase Analyses of Ras-Family Ayurvedic Medicinal Products. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3099-3116. [PMID: 35982259 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen Ayurvedic medicines of Ras-family (herbo-mineral-metallic preparations) from three reputed manufactures were analysed for elemental quantification and their chemical phase identification using the energy-dispersive (ED) and wavelength-dispersive (WD) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, respectively. The low-Z elements C, H, N, S and O constituting a major portion of these medicines were also determined by CHNSO analyser and further used as input for XRF analyses. The elements of concern, Hg, Pb and As, are identified in different medicine products with disquiet concentration values (maximum concentration values range ~ 4-10%) and that too with substantial variations in the products from different manufacturers. These elements are identified mainly in the cinnabar (α-HgS)/metacinnabar (β-HgS), litharge (PbO) and alacranite (As4S4) phases in different medicines. Keeping in view the high concentration of chemicals of the Hg, Pb and As elements in the Ras-family medicines, it is vitally required to investigate their bioaccessibility and surmise the associated toxicological aspects. It is suggested that the formation of the bioaccessible toxic chemical forms of the Hg, Pb and As elements be avoided during preparation of the mineral ingredients or these soluble chemical forms be removed at suitable stage of the preparation. In view of large variations observed for the Hg, Pb and As based ingredients in the Ras family Ayurvedic medicine products from different manufacturers, adequate quality control mechanisms and production regulations are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Duggal
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gurjot Singh
- Department of Physics, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India
| | - Ashutosh Kapil
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - D Mehta
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Physics, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector-32 C, Chandigarh, India.
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Lakhotia SC. "Confessions of an Ayurveda professor" - A wake up call. Indian J Med Ethics 2023; VIII:143-145. [PMID: 36880461 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2023.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Kishor Patwardhan's 'confession' in this journal [1] has initiated the expected debate, which I hope leads to some good developments for the teaching and practice of Ayurveda. Before, commenting on this issue, I should myself confess that I am neither formally trained in Ayurveda nor practising it. A basic research interest in Ayurvedic biology [2] led me to learn about the "fundamental principles" of Ayurveda and to experimentally examine effects of some Ayurvedic formulations using animal models like Drosophila and mouse at organismic, cellular, and molecular levels. During the past 16 to 17 years of my active engagement with Ayurvedic Biology, I had multiple opportunities to discuss the principles and philosophies of Ayurveda with formally trained Ayurvedacharyas and others who have an interest in this classical healthcare system. These experiences enhanced my appreciation of the wisdom of ancient scholars that led them to methodically compile the elaborate details of treatment for various health conditions in the classical Samhitas and, as noted earlier [3], gave me a "ring-side" view of Ayurveda. Despite the above limitations, an advantage of the "ring-side" view is the possibility of comprehending the philosophies and practices prevalent in Ayurveda in an unbiased manner and weighing them against contemporary practices in other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Lakhotia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, INDIA
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Singh A, Agrawal S, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S. Overlooked contributions of Ayurveda literature to the history of physiology of digestion and metabolism. Hist Philos Life Sci 2023; 45:13. [PMID: 36947245 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ayurveda is a traditional system of healthcare that is native to India and has a rich documented literature of its own. Most of the historians agree that the documentation of core Ayurveda literature took place approximately in between 400 BCE and 200 CE, while acknowledging that the roots of its theoretical framework can be traced back to a much earlier period. For multiple reasons many significant contributions of Ayurveda literature to various streams of biological and medical sciences have remained under-recognized while recounting the historical milestones of development. This is true in the context of the physiology of digestion and metabolism too. In this communication we try to reconstruct a picture of the processes of digestion and metabolism as had been understood by ancient Ayurveda scholars. Though this understanding was primitive and insufficient in many ways, we argue that this deserves to be documented and acknowledged. To help with grasping the importance of these contributions, we juxtapose them with the corresponding insights pertaining to this subject reported by prominent western scientists. The major contributions of Ayurveda that have been recounted in this paper are those related to the description of three distinct phases of digestion (Avasthapaka), multiple sets of transformative entities acting at different levels of metabolism (Agni), and the roles ascribed to various internal and external factors in executing these physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Singh
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Sonam Agrawal
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Kishor Patwardhan
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
| | - Sangeeta Gehlot
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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J V SA, K M, A RK, S B. Halimeda gracilis (Kadarpassi chooranam) Phytochemical analysis and biological significance - a novel Siddha drug. J Complement Integr Med 2023; 20:165-171. [PMID: 36087298 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2022-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate biological activity and the phytochemical analysis of kadarpassi chooranam. Seaweeds are the marine macro algae, species belonging to Protista kingdom that has no true system, internal vascular systems, seeds and flowers. It has a lot of biological activity and has been proven to have a lot of medicinal benefits. Since time immemorial, their usage in traditional medicine has been recognized. METHODS Halimeda gracilis has been standardized as per siddha pharmacopoeia standard protocol guidelines and prepared kadarpassi Chooranam curtained for Phytochemical analysis (qualitative and quantitative) and carried out various pharmacological activity. RESULTS The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer actions of kadarpassi Chooranam have been associated to alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, and diterpenes. CONCLUSIONS The Siddha medicine, kadarpassi chooranam has various phytochemical bioactive compounds, and because of its pharmacological activity can be a potential drug candidate for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Anandh J V
- Department of Pharmacology, MGMCRI, SBV University, Puducherry, India
| | - Manimekalai K
- Department of Pharmacology, MGMCRI, SBV University, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar A
- Siddha Regional Research Institute (under CCRS), Puducherry, India
| | - Bragadeeswaran S
- Deputy Director for Directorate of Research and Development, CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, India
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Arora S, Sharma A. Exploring the Role of Mentha in Gut Microbiota: A Modern Perspective of an Ancient Herb. Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric 2023; 14:94-106. [PMID: 37055892 DOI: 10.2174/2772574x14666230411101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota includes the microbes present in the gut; these microbes are an essential component in maintaining a healthy gut. Gut microbiota has a wide range of functions, including effects on colonization, pathogen resistance, intestinal epithelial maintenance, metabolizing food and pharmaceutical chemicals, and influencing immunological functions. Every disease associated with the gut starts due to a disbalance in the composition of the gut microorganisms and can be managed by balancing the composition of gut bacteria using various herbal remedies. Mentha herbs are a variety of perennial herbs that are grown commercially in various parts of the world. Mentha is a potent herb that shows anticholinergic action and can block PGE2 and GM1 receptors and interact with cholera toxins; it is used traditionally in different systems of medicines to treat various gastrointestinal diseases associated with the gut. Mentha herbs have potent bactericidal, viricidal, and fungicidal properties. Mentha has been used to cure stomach and digestion issues as well as to treat a variety of disorders. This review article summarizes diseases associated with the gut, the composition, and function of gut microbiota, and mentha's effectiveness along with its extraction methods and traditional uses. Research findings revealed that mentha could be an essential source against a wide range of diseases, especially gastrointestinal disorders. From its ayurvedic claims to its present use, various confirmed its clinically effective for human health. The present work also describes the mechanism of action along with the bioactives present in this well-known herb from Ayurveda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Arora
- Kharvel Subharti College of Pharmacy, Meerut Kharvel Subharti College of Pharmacy, Meerut, 250005, U.P., India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, MIET, Meerut, 250005, U.P., India
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Patwardhan K. Confessions of an Ayurveda professor. Indian J Med Ethics 2023; VIII:61-64. [PMID: 36694399 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2022.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this essay, I narrate my experiences of teaching Ayurveda physiology through an approach that involved laborious re-interpretation of ancient literature using the recent advances in the field of medical physiology. Though this approach made the ancient concepts and theories appear modern and relevant, it did not contribute much except for apparently reducing cognitive dissonance among students. I cite examples describing the processes of formation of shukra (semen) and rakta (blood) to show how we often overinterpret Ayurveda concepts to make them sound rational by proposing ad hoc conjectures. I illustrate why my previous writings were faulty by applying the falsification principle proposed by Karl Popper. I further explain how this approach made these concepts only verifiable but not refutable, and hence, non-falsifiable. I argue that instead of using such re-interpretation to prove obsolete concepts, they can be dropped altogether from the curricula of Ayurveda programmes. There is a need to develop a reliable method to identify such outdated content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Patwardhan
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
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Kanagarathinam DV, Lourdusamy JB. Rise of Siddha medicine: causes and constructions in the Madras Presidency (1920-1930s). Med Hist 2023; 67:42-56. [PMID: 37461276 PMCID: PMC10357311 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of 'national medicine' based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Kanagarathinam
- Department of History, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John Bosco Lourdusamy
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lopus M. Nano-ayurvedic medicine and its potential in cancer treatment. J Integr Med 2022; 21:117-119. [PMID: 36610811 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nano-ayurvedic medicine is an emerging field in which nanoparticles are functionalized with active principles of potent ayurvedic herbs to enhance their efficacy and target-specific delivery. Scientific advances in the past couple of decades have revealed the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer potential of several ayurvedic herbs, attributed chiefly to their secondary metabolites including polyphenols and other active substances. With the advancement of nanotechnology, it has been established that size-, shape-, and surface-chemistry-optimized nanoparticles can be utilized as synergizing carriers for these phytochemicals. Nano-ayurvedic medicine utilizes herbs that are commonly used in Ayurveda to functionalize different nanoparticles and thereby enhance their potency and target specificity. Studies have shown that the active phytochemicals of such herbs can be coated onto the nanoparticles of different metals, such as gold, and that they work more efficiently than the free herbal extract, for example, in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Recently, an Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)-based clinical trial in humans indicated the anticancer potential of such formulations. Nano-ayurvedic medicine is emerging as a potential treatment option for hyperproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Lopus
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai Kalina Campus, Vidyanagari, Mumbai 400098, India.
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Devadasa Acharya S, Ullal SD, Blossom V, Parida A, Noushida N. Levetiracetam exposure during prenatal and postnatal period induces cognitive decline in rat offsprings, not completely prevented by Bacopa monnieri. J Complement Integr Med 2022; 19:897-903. [PMID: 34284529 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic recommended during pregnancy. Bacopa monneri is a medicinal herb used in Ayurveda for improvement of cognition. Data on effects of LEV and Bacopa on cognition is inadequate. The study evaluated the cognitive effects of LEV on rat offspring of dams exposed to LEV and whether pretreatment with Bacopa monnieri, inhibits the potential cognitive decline by LEV. METHODS Pregnant rats were allocated into four groups of three rats each. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 received 2% gum acacia, LEV 270 mg/kg, LEV 270 mg/kg + Bacopa 100 mg/kg and LEV 270 mg/kg + Bacopa 200 mg/kg respectively during pregnancy and lactation. Three pups from all dams were chosen at random and exposed to passive avoidance, Hebb-Williams and Morris water maze tests to check for their cognition and relevant histopathology was done. RESULTS In the passive avoidance model groups 3 and 4, showed an increase in escape latency compared with group 2, demonstrating an improved learning (p=0.05). In Hebb-Williams maze, the time taken to reach reward chamber by group 2 increased compared to group 1, p=0.006, showing cognitive decline. Neuronal count in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex decreased significantly in group 2, which improved in group 3 & 4 however there was distortion of architecture in group 4. CONCLUSIONS LEV exposure in intrauterine and neonatal period induced cognitive decline in rat offsprings and Bacopa 100 mg/kg prevented LEV induced cognitive decline. However safety of exposure to Bacopa during the gestation period has to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Devadasa Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 575001 Karnataka, India
| | - Sheetal D Ullal
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 575001 Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Blossom
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amrita Parida
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nadira Noushida
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 575001 Karnataka, India
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Horiuchi T, Narimatsu K, Hokari R. Imported Ayurvedic Medicine and Lead Poisoning. Intern Med 2022; 61:3313. [PMID: 35342137 PMCID: PMC9683814 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9178-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Japan
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Aldakheel RK, Gondal MA, Alsayed HN, Almessiere MA, Nasr MM, Shemsi AM. Rapid Determination and Quantification of Nutritional and Poisonous Metals in Vastly Consumed Ayurvedic Herbal Medicine (Rejuvenator Shilajit) by Humans Using Three Advanced Analytical Techniques. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4199-4216. [PMID: 34800280 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Shilajit is used commonly as Ayurvedic medicine worldwide which is Rasayana herbo-mineral substance and consumed to restore the energetic balance and to prevent diseases like cognitive disorders and Alzheimer. Locally, Shilajit is applied for patients diagnosed with bone fractures. For safety of the patients, the elemental analysis of Shilajit is imperative to evaluate its nutritional quality as well as contamination from heavy metals. The elemental composition of Shilajit was conducted using three advanced analytical techniques (LIBS, ICP, and EDX). For the comparative studies, the two Shilajit kinds mostly sold globally produced in India and Pakistan were collected. Our main focus is to highlight nutritional eminence and contamination of heavy metals to hinge on Shilajit therapeutic potential. In this work, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Shilajit. Our LIBS analysis revealed that Shilajit samples composed of several elements like Ca, S, K, Mg, Al, Na, Sr, Fe, P, Si, Mn, Ba, Zn, Ni, B, Cr, Co, Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Se, and Ti. Indian and Pakistani Shilajits were highly enriched with Ca, S, and K nutrients and contained Al, Sr, Mn, Ba, Zn, Ni, B, Cr, Pb, As, and Hg toxins in amounts that exceeded the standard permissible limit. Even though the content of most elements was comparable among both Shilajits, nutrients, and toxins, in general, were accentuated more in Indian Shilajit with the sole detection of Hg and Ti. The elemental quantification was done using self-developed calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) method, and LIBS results are in well agreement with the concentrations determined by standard ICP-OES/MS method. To verify our results by LIBS and ICP-OES/MS techniques, EDX spectroscopy was also conducted which confirmed the presence above mentioned elements. This work is highly significant for creating awareness among people suffering due to overdose of this product and save many human lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Aldakheel
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Gondal
- Laser Research Group, Physics Department, IRC-Hydrogen & Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hasan N Alsayed
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University and King Fahd Hospital of the University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Almessiere
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Nasr
- Physics Department, Riyadh Elm University, P.O. Box 321815, Riyadh, 11343, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Shemsi
- Center for Environment and Marine Study, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Yamuna Sisupalan A, Changuli Krishna Bhat P, Soman D, Puthanmadom Venkatraramana Sharma A. A review on the concept of aging in Ayurveda literature. J Complement Integr Med 2022; 19:173-179. [PMID: 34015865 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various aspects of aging in Ayurveda literature has been explored and correlated it with modern biological understanding. CONTENT The concept of longevity is better understood upon the baseline understanding of Aging ie. Jara. Manda Jara or Ajara is synonymous with longevity. Vriddhavastha/Jirnavastha/Jara (old age) is the period after 60 or 70 years of age. This stage of life becomes very crucial as degenerative changes occur in the body. Deterioration occurs to Dhatus, Indriya (perception power), Bala (strength), Virya (potency), Utsaha (enthusiasm), Paurusha (masculinity), Parakrama (valour), Grahana (reception), Dharana (retention), Smarana (memory), Vachana (speech). Brihatrayis and Laghutrayis were reviewed to analyze the various aspects of Ayu and Jara and correlated with research papers establishing the concept of aging in terms of evidence-based technological advancements. Databases like PubMed, Scopus were searched using keywords like Jara, Ayu Lakshana, Aging, Old age, Senescence, biomarkers, DNA, blood biochemistry, proteomics, genomics, microbiota, microbiome, androgen, estrogen, lipolysis, peripheral blood monocytes, collagen, cognitive function; with the help of Boolean operators. SUMMARY Various aspects of Jara in Ayurveda have been analyzed by taking ample references from evidence-based technological advancements related to the physiology of aging. The indicators of biological aging based on recent researches like genomic irregularities, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, altered protein expression, immunological markers, oxidative stress, pathological microbiota profile, telomere shortening in peripheral blood monocytes, lipolysis, and many other factors have been put forward for basic evidence in relation with Jara Lakshana. OUTLOOK Understanding the physiology of aging will give the insight to manage the elderly. So, the need of the hour is to develop strategies or to conduct more researches which prevent senile disorders and thus increase the health span for the future generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Yamuna Sisupalan
- Department of Panchakarma, Amrita School of Ayurveda, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | | | - Devipriya Soman
- Department of Kayachikitsa, Amrita School of Ayurveda, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
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Dasgupta A, Sengupta TK, Trinh EM, Russell A. Technical Note: Negative Interference of Ashwagandha, an Indian Ayurveda Medicine Indicated for Preventing COVID-19, in IL-6 Immunoassay. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2022; 52:336-338. [PMID: 35414513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ashwagandha, an Indian Ayurvedic medicine is indicated to prevent COVID-19 infection. Because IL-6 and C-reactive protein are widely measured to determine risk of cytokine storm in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we studied potential interference of ashwagandha on these two assays. Previous studies indicated that ashwagandha may interfere with digoxin assay, so we also studied potential interference with digoxin assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained one ashwagandha product from India (liquid extract) and one product from US (Herb Pharma; liquid extract). We prepared two serum pool each for IL-6, C-reactive protein and digoxin by combining appropriate left-over specimens submitted to our hospital laboratory for such tests. Then aliquots of each pools were supplemented with 10, 25 or 50 µL of ashwagandha extract followed by re-analysis for appropriate analyte and comparing values with original pool. RESULTS We observed negative interference of ashwagandha with IL-6 assay only (Indian product showed more negative interference) but C-reactive protein assay and digoxin assay were not affected. Negative interference of ashwagandha in IL-6 assay has not been reported before. CONCLUSION We conclude ashwagandha caused negative interference in IL-6 assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tamal K Sengupta
- Department of Surgery, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Elaine M Trinh
- Laboratory Services, Memorial-Hermann Hospital at Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alejandra Russell
- Laboratory Services, Memorial-Hermann Hospital at Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Justin A, Thomas P, Narasimha Rao G, Jeyabalan JB, Narendar C, Ponnusankar S, Selvaraj J, R H. Chandamarutha Chenduram, an Indian traditional Siddha preparation attenuated the neuronal degeneration in ischemic mice through ameliorating cytokines and oxy-radicals mediated EAAT-2 dysfunction. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 284:114827. [PMID: 34774684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chandamarutha Chenduram (CC), an Indian traditional Siddha preparation officially recorded in the Siddha formulary of India and its composition are widely used in the Siddha practice of neurological disorders like stroke/paralysis in India. However, the scientific validation and mechanistic evidence is lacking and yet to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To establish the scientific evidences and to explore the possible neuroprotective mechanism of CC in cerebral ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical standardization of the CC was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis. Acute toxicity study for CC in mice was performed in accordance with OECD 423 guidelines. CC (5 mg/kg) and CC (10 mg/kg) were investigated in bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCCAo) model in mice. After, behavioral assessments, the brain samples were collected and the hippocampus region was micro-dissected for neurotransmitter, neurobiochemicals and inflammatory cytokines estimation. The excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (EAAT-2) expressions was analyzed by RT-PCR to understand the possible molecular mechanism. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin staining of CA1 hippocampal brain region was performed to support the neuroprotective effect of CC in ischemic condition. RESULTS Chemical standardization analysis showed that CC has acceptable range of mercury (0.82 ppm) and elemental sulphur (11% w/w). Also, other heavy metal limits were found to be less or not detectable. Toxicity study also evidenced the safety profile of CC. CC has significantly reversed the behavioral dysfunctions (p < 0.001) in global ischemic mice. Treatment with CC has attenuated the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, lipid peroxide, nitric oxide, cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) (p < 0.001) and increased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH) and EAAT-2 expression level (p < 0.001) in ischemic brain. The hematoxylin and eosin staining in CA1 region of hippocampus also evidence the neuroprotective effect exhibited by CC. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with CC has exhibited dose dependent effect and CC10 has shown significant protective effect in comparison to CC5 in most of the parameters studied. CC prevented further degeneration of neurons in cerebral ischemic mice through ameliorating inflammatory cytokines and oxy-radicals mediated EAAT-2 dysfunction and subsequent excitotoxicity in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Peet Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gaddam Narasimha Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Chintha Narendar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivasankaran Ponnusankar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Hariprasad R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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Li X, Wu L, Wu R, Sun M, Fu K, Kuang T, Wang Z. Comparison of medicinal preparations of Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 284:114775. [PMID: 34742863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ayurveda is the main traditional healthcare system in Indian medicine. Tibetan medicine (TM), Mongolian medicine (MM), Buddhist medicine (BM), Dai medicine (DM), and Uyghur medicine (UM) are main traditional medicines practiced in China. These are existing traditional medical systems that still play a role in disease prevention and treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY To reveal the similarities and differences of traditional medicinal preparations between Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China to deepen medical exchanges and cooperation between the two countries and beyond. METHODS All preparations were extracted from statutory pharmacopoeias, ministry standards, and prescription textbooks from China and India. The information of each preparation, such as therapeutic uses, medicinal materials, and preparation forms, was recorded in Excel for statistical analysis and visual comparison. RESULTS A total of 645 Ayurvedic preparations, 458 TM preparations, 164 MM preparations, 616 BM preparations, 227 DM preparations, and 94 UM preparations were identified. Preparations of the six traditional medicines were mostly used for treating digestive, respiratory, and urogenital system diseases. The preparation forms of these six traditional medicines are mainly pills and powders. There are 38 shared-use medicinal materials in Ayurveda and TM preparations, 25 in Ayurveda and MM preparations, 30 in Ayurveda and BM preparations, 39 in Ayurveda and DM preparations, and 31 in Ayurveda and UM preparations. Finally, we selected one important shared-use preparation (Triphala) and 51 medicinal materials to research traditional use and modern pharmacology. CONCLUSIONS These preparations are used by different prescribers and users of medicinal materials in different medical systems with the similarities and differences. The similarities may reflect the historical exchanges of traditional medicines between the two countries. The differences showed that traditional medicines in China have absorbed some theories, diagnoses, and treatments from Ayurveda but also retained their own ethnic and regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tingting Kuang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Research Institute of Traditional Indian Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Research Institute of Traditional Indian Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Jose SP, M R, S S, Rajan S, Saji S, Narayanan V, S S. Anti-inflammatory effect of Kaba Sura Kudineer (AYUSH approved COVID-19 drug)-A Siddha poly-herbal formulation against lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in RAW-264.7 macrophages cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 283:114738. [PMID: 34653521 PMCID: PMC8507575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal importance and potential activity of Siddha herbal formulations have proved over several centuries against a wide range of causative agents as Influenza, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Tuberculosis. The traditional medicine system of Siddha is a valuable therapeutic approach for treating viral respiratory infections like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and can be effectively employed to target the host response and preventive care to boost the immune system. Kaba Sura Kudineer (KSK), an official polyherbal formulation has been used in Siddha traditional medicine for centuries. However, the role of KSK in regulating inflammation and the underlying molecular mechanisms has remained elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY The goal of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of KSK using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Raw 264.7 murine macrophage cells were used for this study. The Inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The NF-κB nulcear translocation and protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 was analyzed with westernblot. RESULTS KSK supplementation decreased LPS mediated TLR-4 production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2 and PGE-2. Moreover, it inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and thereby inhibited the expression of iNOS in the cell. The Western blot analysis further confirmed that KSK strongly prevented the LPS-induced degradation of IκB which is normally required for the activation of NF-κB and hereby suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 was significantly decreased with the presence of KSK treatment. Results suggested that KSK manipulates its anti-inflammatory effects mainly through blocking the TLR mediated NF-κB signal transduction pathways. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study has proven that KSK could be a potential therapeutic drug for alleviating excessive inflammation in many inflammation-associated diseases like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenia P Jose
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Ratheesh M
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India.
| | - Sheethal S
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Sony Rajan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Sangeeth Saji
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Vimal Narayanan
- Siddha Clinical Research Unit SRCU, Safdarjung Hospital, A Unit of Central Council for Research in Siddha, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandya S
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science IISc, Bangalore, India
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Li XL, Wu L, Wang Z. [A brief introduction of Ayurvedic medical classics]. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi 2022; 52:33-40. [PMID: 35570355 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112155-20210423-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ayurveda can be traced back to 3000BC. It is the principal part of traditional medicine in India and other South Asian countries. It was divided into four historical periods according to the academic circle in India, ie. the Vedic period, the Samhita period, the Sangraha period and the modern period. The literature in the Vedic period mainly included Vedic Samhitas Brahmanas, Ramayana, Mahabharata. In the Samhita period, the "BrihatTrayee", namely, Caraka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Astanga Hrdaya Samhita were published, indicating that Ayurveda had developed into a full-fledged medical system. In the Sangraha period, the "Laghu Trayee", namely, Madhava Nidana, Sarangadhara Samhita and Bhava Prakasa were published. At this time, a large number of annotated texts for these medical books emerged, which kept driving Ayurveda improvements. Since the modern period, Ayurvedic classical works were rearranged, edited and translated into different languages as cultural heritage, drawing attention worldwide. While the research to these works has been conducted widely in China, they are still short of systematic and professional translation and in-depth studies. This paper attempts to introduce the literature related to Ayurveda systematically, to pave the way for further research of Ayurvedic literature in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - L Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Z Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Sebastian CD. RESEARCH ARTICLE: Ayurveda and the medical knowledge in ancient India: Shadows and realities. Indian J Med Ethics 2022; VII:1-16. [PMID: 35712838 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2021.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ayurveda is the Indian system of professional medicine that has come down to us from ancient times. In this paper, I look at the system from a researcher's point of view, critically examining the given or perceived view on Ayurveda in recent times. In this sense, it might look like a contrarian view or counter position to the narrative that one sees around with regard to its origin, place of origin, date, non/religious background, etc. The paper deals with Ayurveda as an independent tradition of medicine sans ascription to any religion, the possible influences of other systems on Ayurveda, and the three great luminaries of the system, namely, Caraka, Susruta, and Vagbhata.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Sebastian
- Professor of Indian Philosophy, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400 076 INDIA
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Krishna GL. COMMENT: Ayurveda awaits a new dawn. Indian J Med Ethics 2022; VII:1-10. [PMID: 35712837 DOI: 10.20529/ijme.2021.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ayurveda is a valuable legacy bequeathed to us by ancient Indian sage-physicians. The present paper discusses the epistemology of this ancient science and the misconceptions surrounding it. Diligent research, both theoretical and experimental, in the twentieth century could have ensured the graduation of this proto-science into a full-fledged science. Instead, epistemological misconceptions and intellectual sloth have thwarted its refinement and progress. The paper appeals for an epistemological break that would facilitate an evidence-based appraisal of Ayurveda's theories and practices. Such an appraisal would help realise Ayurveda's full potential in serving India's healthcare needs, especially at the level of primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Krishna
- Ayurveda Physician and Independent Researcher, Malleswaram, Bengaluru, 560 003 INDIA
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Sultana T, Okla MK, Ahmed M, Akhtar N, Al-Hashimi A, Abdelgawad H, Haq IU. Withaferin A: From Ancient Remedy to Potential Drug Candidate. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247696. [PMID: 34946778 PMCID: PMC8705790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a pivotal withanolide that has conquered a conspicuous place in research, owning to its multidimensional biological properties. It is an abundant constituent in Withania somnifera Dunal. (Ashwagandha, WS) that is one of the prehistoric pivotal remedies in Ayurveda. This article reviews the literature about the pharmacological profile of WA with special emphasis on its anticancer aspect. We reviewed research publications concerning WA through four databases and provided a descriptive analysis of literature without statistical or qualitative analysis. WA has been found as an effective remedy with multifaceted mechanisms and a broad spectrum of pharmacological profiles. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiherpetic, antifibrotic, antiplatelet, profibrinolytic, immunosuppressive, antipigmentation, antileishmanial, and healing potentials. Evidence for wide pharmacological actions of WA has been established by both in vivo and in vitro studies. Further, the scientific literature accentuates the role of WA harboring a variable therapeutic spectrum for integrative cancer chemoprevention and cure. WA is a modern drug from traditional medicine that is necessary to be advanced to clinical trials for advocating its utility as a commercial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.O.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.-u.-H.)
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 43600, Pakistan;
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.O.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Hamada Abdelgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Ihsan-ul- Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.-u.-H.)
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Khan MI, Maqsood M, Saeed RA, Alam A, Sahar A, Kieliszek M, Miecznikowski A, Muzammil HS, Aadil RM. Phytochemistry, Food Application, and Therapeutic Potential of the Medicinal Plant ( Withania coagulans): A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226881. [PMID: 34833974 PMCID: PMC8622323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal plants have been utilized to treat and cure various health-related problems since ancient times. The use of Ayurvedic medicine is very significant because of its least reported side effects and host of advantages. Withania coagulans (Family; Solanaceae), a valuable medicinal plant, has been used to cure abnormal cell growth, wasting disorders, neural as well as physical problems, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, acute and chronic hepatic ailments. This review provides critical insight regarding the phytochemistry, biological activities, and pharmacognostic properties of W. coagulans. It has been known to possess diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidative, and anti-mutagenic properties owing to the existence of withanolides, an active compound present in it. Apart from withanolides, W. coagulans also contains many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, and β-sterols. Several studies indicate that various parts of W. coagulans and their active constituents have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic properties and thus can be considered as a new drug therapy against multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.K.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Maria Maqsood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Raakia Anam Saeed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amna Alam
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amna Sahar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Miecznikowski
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hafiz Shehzad Muzammil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.K.); (R.M.A.)
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Aphale S, Shinde K, Pandita S, Mahajan M, Raina P, Mishra JN, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Panchvalkala, a traditional Ayurvedic formulation, exhibits antineoplastic and immunomodulatory activity in cervical cancer cells and C57BL/6 mouse papilloma model. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 280:114405. [PMID: 34260879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panchvalkala, an Ayurvedic traditional formulation has references in Charak Samhita and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu for the treatment of women with endometriosis-related problems, leucorrhea and vaginal ailments. The formulation comprises of equal ratios of the barks from Ficus glomerata, Ficus virens, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, and Thespesia populnea. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Panchvalkala (PVaq) against cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of PVaq on disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in cervical cancer cell lines, SiHa and HeLa, was studied by using JC1 dye. The expression of generic caspases in the cells after treatment with PVaq was evaluated by ELISA kit. The expression of pRb, p53, E6 and E7 proteins were evaluated by western blotting. Acute oral toxicity and DRF studies were performed in Swiss albino mice by following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. Tumor retardation study was done in C57BL/6 mouse papilloma model. The mice were divided into six groups: No tumor control (NTC), Tumor control (TC), Cisplatin (Cis) (4 mg/kg b.w.), PVaq 100, 200 mg/kg b.w and combination of PVaq (200 mg/kg b.w.) and Cisplatin (4 mg/kg b.w.). The mice were orally gavaged with PVaq daily for 14 days and cisplatin was given intravenously on every 1st, 5th and 9th day. Hematological and biochemical parameters were studied by using hematology analyzer and kits, respectively. E6 and E7 gene expression in the tumor samples was determined by qPCR. Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS PVaq induced mitochondrial depolarization in SiHa and HeLa, and increased the expression of generic caspases, resulting into apoptosis. PVaq upregulated the expression of tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and pRb) and reduced the expression of viral oncoproteins (E6 and E7). Acute toxicity study displayed non-toxicity of PVaq while DRF study ensured its safe dose for further efficacy studies. PVaq reduced tumor volume and weight in mouse papilloma model and induced immunomodulation in the animals. It increased serum levels of IL-2 (Th1) with a concomitant decrease in IL-10 (Th2) cytokines. The drug did not affect body weight, food consumption and organ histopathology of the animals. CONCLUSIONS PVaq exhibited anticancer and immunomodulatory activities against cervical cancer cells and female mouse papilloma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Aphale
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kavita Shinde
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Savita Pandita
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Minal Mahajan
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Prerna Raina
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - J N Mishra
- Bharat Sewa Sansthan, Moti Mahal, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar
- Cancer Research Lab, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India.
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Jayaraman S, Variyar EJ. Role of taraxerone isolated from Leucas lavandulifolia, as an immunomodulator. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114307. [PMID: 34107329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Indian tradition system of medicine enlists a large number of plants for basic health care. Leucas lavandulifolia is mentioned in the ayurvedic medicinal system and also used among the folklores. The plant is used for the treatment of fever, asthma, psoriasis, dermatitis and healing snake bites. The scientific validation of the plant for their traditional use in different immune related disorders are yet to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to isolate immunomodulatory active compound from Leucas lavandulifolia and evaluating its efficiency in immune related disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The immunomodulatory activity of the phytocompound is evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. The compound purification and identification were done by chromatography and LC/Q-TOF respectively. Its immunomodulatory activity was evaluated in cells like PBMC, neutrophils and macrophages by MTT assay and cell cycle analysis. Animal studies were performed on Swiss albino mice. The levels of IL-4 and IL-6 cytokines were also evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS Leucas lavandulifolia stem portion was found to have good modulatory property. An active immunomodulator was isolated from the methanol extract of the plant. LC/Q-TOF data revealed the isolated compound to be taraxerone. In PBMC, the compound was capable of suppressing the proliferation rate of the compound indicated by a decrease in cell numbers. The activated IL-4 and IL-6 production was also suppressed actively at 25 μg/ml of taraxerone. Similar inhibitory effects were seen in RAW 264.7 and THP-1 macrophage cell lines. An IC50 value of 17.5 μg/ml was obtained for taraxerone in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. The NO level, IL-4, IL-6 and phagocytosis in the LPS stimulated macrophage was effectively lowered by 25 μg/ml of taraxerone. In PMA stimulated THP-1 Macrophage Cell Lines, taraxerone was capable of suppressing the cell number and IL-6. The compound didn't show any effect on IL-4 levels. The compound exhibited an immunosuppressive activity in PHA induced PMN cells by suppressing the respiratory burst and interleukins IL-4 and IL-6. TX could also suppress the proliferation of DNCB induced monocyte cells and IL-4. The haematological parameters exhibited a significant suppression for the high dose group of taraxerone. The antibody titre and phagocytic index was suppressed by the high dose group, whereas the low dose group did not have any effect. So taraxerone at 50 mg/kg body weight is capable of modulating the B-lymphocytes and macrophages. But the compound has exhibited insignificant effect on the DTH hypersensitivity response and organ index. CONCLUSION Taraxerone at high concentration was capable of suppressing stimulated PBMC, macrophage and PMN. The activated nitric oxide, IL-4, IL-6 production and phagocytosis was also suppressed. The haematological parameters, antibody titre and phagocytic index was also lowered in antigenically challenged mice. The terpenoid taraxerone exhibits a good modulatory effect on the immune system and proves to be a potent drug for the treatment of many allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. E. K Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kannur, 670661, Kerala, India.
| | - E Jayadevi Variyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. E. K Janaki Ammal Campus, Thalassery, Kannur, 670661, Kerala, India.
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Pisani-Conway C. Ayurveda for Modern Obstetrics. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 64:589-601. [PMID: 34323235 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ayurveda is a system of holistic medicine that integrates health with lifestyle to restore balance and remove disease by resolving the imbalance that causes it. Ayurvedic techniques that support digestion, immunity, vitality, and rejuvenation can help assist women with a healthy conception, pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. Ayurvedic approaches can help common but bothersome pregnancy symptoms as well as potentially prevent more serious pregnancy complications. Specific techniques, including developing a daily routine and the practice of pranayama to support vitality through breathing exercises are described to help guide modern obstetrical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pisani-Conway
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Pandit R, Travadi T, Sharma S, Joshi C, Joshi M. DNA meta-barcoding using rbcL based mini-barcode revealed presence of unspecified plant species in Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations. Phytochem Anal 2021; 32:804-810. [PMID: 33527609 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ayurveda takes advantage of the beneficial properties of medicinal plants. High demands in combination with inadequate availability of botanicals and a lack of knowledge with respect to their precise identification lead to adulterations in herbal products. Identification becomes more difficult in complex herbal formulations. Four different polyherbal formulations have been analyzed for the present paper. The targeted plants have different pharmacological properties for various ailments. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the rbcL gene based plant DNA mini-barcode to identify target and non-target plants in polyherbal formulations by using high-throughput next generation sequencing. METHODS Degenerate primers of the selected mini-barcode region have been identified from the literature. A blend of 30 authentic medicinal plant species was used to examine the species resolution capacity of the mini-barcode. DNA was isolated from herbal formulations, an amplicon library was prepared, and sequencing was performed on an IonS5 system. Data were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Analysis of control pooled samples revealed the optimum resolving power of the DNA mini-barcode. Data analysis of the commercial samples revealed that only one herbal formulation contained all plants and matched with listed contents. In two formulations, only 10 out of 21 and 11 out of 20 plants were detected, respectively. Additionally, several non-listed plants were also detected in these formulations. Two formulations contained >20% reads assigned to non-target plants. Overall, 21.98% of the reads were assigned to non-target plants. CONCLUSION The present study clearly demonstrated the successful application and potential of meta-barcoding in the quality control of complex herbal matrices. The results strongly suggest that this approach can be used in pharmacovigilance of processed herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Pandit
- Department of Science and Technology, Gov. of Gujarat, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Tasnim Travadi
- Department of Science and Technology, Gov. of Gujarat, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sonal Sharma
- Department of Science and Technology, Gov. of Gujarat, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Department of Science and Technology, Gov. of Gujarat, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Department of Science and Technology, Gov. of Gujarat, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, India
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Rohit S, Gurudatta A, Suhas D, Rahul M. Ayurveda and Dietary Modification for T2DM Management. J Assoc Physicians India 2021; 69:11-12. [PMID: 34585903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sane Rohit
- CEO, Madhavbaug Multidisciplinary Cardiac Clinics and Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra
| | - Amin Gurudatta
- Head of Medical Operations, Madhavbaug Multidisciplinary Cardiac Clinics and Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra
| | - Dawkhar Suhas
- Head of Patient Engagement Department, Madhavbaug Multidisciplinary Cardiac Clinics and Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra
| | - Mandole Rahul
- Head of Research and Development Deptartment, Madhavbaug Multidisciplinary Cardiac Clinics and Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Tm
- Department of Shalya Tantra, TMAE's Society Ayurvedic Medical College, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathish Hs
- Department of Shalya Tantra, TMAE'S Ayurvedic Medical College, Shimoga, Karnataka, India.
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Banerjee S, Kar A, Mukherjee PK, Haldar PK, Sharma N, Katiyar CK. Immunoprotective potential of Ayurvedic herb Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) against respiratory viral infections - LC-MS/MS and network pharmacology analysis. Phytochem Anal 2021; 32:629-639. [PMID: 33167083 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunity boosting has emerged as a global strategy to fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic situation. In India, AYUSH systems of medicine have been promoted as an immune-protection strategy. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Nees (AP) mentioned in Ayurveda has been widely used for treating sore throat, flu, and upper respiratory tract infections which may provide possible novel therapeutic approaches, exclusively targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its pathways. OBJECTIVES The present work uses liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics and combination synergy analysis based on network pharmacology to mine multimode evidence to understand the possible mechanism of action, diseases association, protein-protein interaction and major pathways involved therein. MATERIAL AND METHODS Metabolite profiling was performed by Agilent QTOF LC-MS/MS system. Network pharmacology analysis was performed by using functional annotation analysis based on databases like Binding DB, STRING, DAVID and KEGG for further data mining. Further combination synergy was evaluated using "neighbourhood approach" and networks were constructed through Cytoscape 3.2.1. RESULTS The molecules from kalmegh provides immune-protection and anti-viral response via involving different pathways, like toll-like receptor pathway, PI3/AKT pathway and MAP kinase pathways against COVID-19 infection. The KEGG analysis showed that in a vast majority of the most enriched pathways, AP were associated with viral infections and upper respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a synergy between andrographolide and other molecules identified as safe and efficacious anti-inflammatory agent having effects on upper respiratory tract infections and can significantly decrease the production of cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Banerjee
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Kar
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Pulok K Mukherjee
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, An Autonomous Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Pallab K Haldar
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, An Autonomous Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
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Marathe PA, Satam SD, Raut SB, Shetty YC, Pooja SG, Raut AA, Kale PP, Rege NN. Effect of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal aqueous root extract on reinstatement using conditioned place preference and brain GABA and dopamine levels in alcohol dependent animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 274:113304. [PMID: 32920131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS), a known'Rasayana' (rejuvenating agent) as per Ayurveda is prescribed to promote health, to increase longevity and to hasten recovery in disease convalescent stages. WS has demonstrated protective effect on alcohol dependence and withdrawal anxiety in previous experimental studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate effect of WS on conditioned place behavioral paradigm (model of relapse) and on GABA and dopamine levels in critical brain areas in alcohol dependent animals. METHODOLOGY Following Animal Ethics Committee permission, the mice (n = 24) were divided into the following study groups for experiment 1: 1 -distilled water (vehicle control), 2 -WS and 3 -Naltrexone. They were conditioned on conditioned place preference (CPP) using alcohol (2 gm/kg)/saline (1 ml) administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. WS and Naltrexone were administered during the period of extinction (6-8 days). Effect of WS (650 mg/kg) on reinstating behaviour of mice (time spent in alcohol paired compartment) primed with alcohol injection was noted. In experiment 2, effect of WS (450 mg/kg/) on GABA and dopamine levels in the midbrain, striatum and cortex (ng/gm) were measured in alcohol dependent rats (n = 24) following the first phase of standardisation assay (n = 36). The rats were made alcohol dependent for 15 days (intermittent access model) and WS was administered concurrently. GABA and dopamine levels were measured on Day 16. RESULTS WS group showed decrease in time spent in alcohol paired compartment alike Naltrexone and it differed significantly compared to the distilled water control group (p < 0.05) Alcohol-dependent rats showed significant decrease in GABA and increase in dopamine levels vs distilled water in the midbrain, striatum and cortex. WS and Naltrexone administration showed rise in GABA and fall in dopamine in all the isolated brain parts in the respective groups (p < 0.05 vs alcohol treated group). CONCLUSION Withania somnifera protected animals from relapse and showed beneficial effects on the brain neurotransmitters involved in alcohol dependence. The study provides substantial evidence for its potential application in alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Marathe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - S D Satam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - S B Raut
- School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, 7250, Australia
| | - Y C Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| | - S G Pooja
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - A A Raut
- Medical Research Centre of Kasturba Health Society, Vile Parle (west), Mumbai, India
| | - P P Kale
- SVKMs Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle, Mumbai, India
| | - N N Rege
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Seth Gordhandas Sundardas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
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Jeelani SM, Singh J, Sharma A, Rather GA, Ali SA, Gupta AP, Singh S, Lattoo SK. In-vitro cytotoxicity in relation to chemotypic diversity in diploid and tetraploid populations of Gentiana kurroo Royle. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 274:113966. [PMID: 33647427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana kurroo is a multipurpose critically endangered medicinal herb prescribed as medicine in Ayurveda in India and exhibits various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer activity. The species is rich repository of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites together with secoiridoidal glycosides. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to investigate the chemical diversity in different populations/cytotypes prevailing in G. kurroo to identify elite genetic stocks in terms of optimum accumulation/biosynthesis of desired metabolites and having higher in-vitro cytotoxicity potential in relation to chemotypic diversity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The wild plants of the species were collected from different ranges of altitudes from the Kashmir Himalayas. For cytological evaluation, the standard meiotic analysis was performed. The standard LC-MS/MS technique was employed for phytochemical analysis based on different marker compounds viz. sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside. Different tissues such as root-stock, aerial parts, and flowers were used for chemo-profiling. Further, the methanolic extracts of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes were assessed for cytotoxic activity by using MTT assay against four different human cancer cell lines. RESULTS The quantification of major bioactive compounds based on tissue- and location-specific comparison, as well as in-vitro cytotoxic potential among extant cytotypes, was evaluated. The comprehensive cytomorphological studies of the populations from NW Himalayas revealed the occurrence of different chromosomal races viz. n = 13, 26. The tetraploid cytotype was hitherto unreported. The tissue-specific chemo-profiling revealed relative dominance of different phytoconstituents in root-stock. There was a noticeable increase in the quantity of the analyzed compounds in relation to increasing ploidy status along the increasing altitudes. The MTT assay of methanolic extracts of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes displayed significant cytotoxicity potential in tetraploids. The root-stock extracts of tetraploids were highly active extracts with IC50 value ranges from 5.65 to 8.53 μg/mL against HCT-116 colon cancer. CONCLUSION The chemical evaluation of major bioactive compounds in diverse cytotypes from different plant parts along different altitudes presented an appreciable variability in sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside contents. Additionally, the concentrations of these phytoconstituents varied for cytotoxicity potential among different screened cytotypes. This quantitative difference of active bio-constituents was in correspondence with the growth inhibition percentage of different tested cancer cell lines. Thus, the present investigation strongly alludes towards a prognostic approach for the identification of elite cytotypes/chemotypes with significant pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mudassir Jeelani
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Jasvinder Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Gulzar A Rather
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Sheikh Abid Ali
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Branch Laboratory, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Ajai Prakash Gupta
- Quality Control and Quality Assurance Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shashank Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
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Kumari S, Bhatt V, Suresh PS, Sharma U. Cissampelos pareira L.: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 274:113850. [PMID: 33485976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cissampelos pareira, a well-known medicinal climber-plant of the Menispermaceae family, has been extensively used in the traditional medicinal system since the ancient time for the treatment of numerous diseases such as ulcer, wound, rheumatism, fever, asthma, cholera, diarrhoea, inflammation, snakebite, malaria, rabies, and also recommended for blood purification. AIM OF THE REVIEW The main purpose of this review is to provide updated information on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis, pharmacology, and toxicology of C. pareira along with the possible future research. This information will help to provide a foundation for plant-based drug discovery in the near future. MATERIAL AND METHODS The online databases such as Scifinder, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to collect electronically available literature data on C. pareira. Ayurveda text is searched for the traditional uses of this plant in India. The published books are also searched for the information on this plant. Our search was based on traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potential by using "Cissampelos pareira" as the keyword. RESULTS To date, approximately 54 phytomolecules have been isolated and characterized from C. pareira including mainly isoquinoline alkaloids along with few flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and fatty acids. The crude extracts of C. pareira have shown various pharmacological activities such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antiulcer, antidiabetic, anticancer, antifertility, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antivenom, antimalarial, and immunomodulatory, etc. The chemical fingerprinting of C. pareira carried out using HPTLC, HPLC, UPLC, LC-MS, and GC-MS, revealed the presence of alkaloids (isoquinoline alkaloids), fatty acids, and flavonoid glycosides. Moreover, the toxicological assessment of C. pareira has been moderately investigated, which requires further comprehensive studies. CONCLUSION Comprehensive literature survey reveals that till date, remarkable growth has been made on phytochemistry and pharmacology of C. pareira reflecting the great medicinal potential of this plant. Although some of the traditional uses have been well clarified and documented by modern pharmacological analysis, the correlation between its pharmacological activities and particular phytoconstituents still needs to be validated. Furthermore, there is partial data available on most of the pharmacological studies, along with incomplete toxicological screening. Future research needs to pay more attention to pharmacological studies of C. pareira via pre-clinical and clinical trials. Additionally, scientific validation of traditional knowledge of C. pareira is vital for ensuring safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action before clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surekha Kumari
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vinod Bhatt
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India
| | - Patil Shivprasad Suresh
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Rajan S, Munjal Y, Shamkuwar M, Nimabalkar K, Sharma A, Jindal N, Idris M, Manchanda RK, Kumar Tanwar A, Arazzum S, Verma J, Parmar N, Garg N, Yadav M, Kumar M, Sharma I. Prakriti Analysis of COVID 19 Patients: An Observational Study. Altern Ther Health Med 2021; 27:12-17. [PMID: 33609346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE The concept of Prakriti is unique to Ayurveda, which is used for deciding the preventive and curative strategy to be adopted in the treatment of patients. It is the total of anatomical, physiological, and psychological domains of an individual. The diseases often manifest by susceptibility that depends upon Prakriti of individuals. COVID 19 is a new disease, where the status of the susceptibility of its victim in terms of Prakriti is not known. This study has been undertaken to determine the Prakriti of COVID 19 positive patients. METHOD The validated instrument CCRAS Prakriti assessment scale has been applied to the COVID 19 positive patients admitted between 16 May 2020 to 10 June 2020 at COVID hospital. RESULT Data of 117 patients aged 10 to 80 years have been analyzed. The ratio of male-female patients was 1.8:1. Most patients belonged to Vata-KaphaPrakriti (27%).Individuals with their Prakriti found in order of frequency were Pitta-Kapha (21%), Kapha (20%), Vata (13%), Vata-Pitta (11%), Sama (4%) and Pitta (3%). CONCLUSION Patients with Vata-Kapha, Pitta-Kapha, and Kapha dominant Prakriti have been found more in COVID19. The treatment strategies can be accordingly decided in respect of each patient.
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Abstract
Swarna bindu prashana (SBP) is a metallic medicinal preparation widely used in Ayurveda pediatrics. The main ingredients of SBP are swarna prashan (gold nanoparticle), gou ghrita (cow ghee), madhu (honey), and other medhya dravyas (drugs which enhance intellectual, memory). According to the Indian classical text, SBP has been proposed as a potent medicine for immunotherapies and vaccine development due to its indefinite size, shapes, charges, and surface functionality. In this review, we describe the plausible mechanism of SBP in dendritic cells maturation and subsequent T cell activation. But being herbo-metallic preparation, its safety and efficacy are well supported by the classical publications of Ayurveda. To conclude, SBP is an immune booster for infants against any viral disease, and it is necessary to validate its safety and efficacy through systematic methodological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhudas Nelaturi
- Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be university), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, 607403, India
| | - Prithiviraj Nagarajan
- Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be university), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, 607403, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Sabapathy
- Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be university), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, 607403, India
| | - Ravikumar Sambandam
- Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be university), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, 607403, India.
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Tiwari S, Gupta SK, Pathak AK. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera dunal.) root extract in improving cardiorespiratory endurance and recovery in healthy athletic adults. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 272:113929. [PMID: 33600918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ashwagandha is a reputed herb in traditional Ayurveda, used for various ailments and improving general well-being. Improved cardiorespiratory endurance can aid in attaining better physiological, metabolic, and functional abilities in humans. According to Ayurveda, Ashwagandha has such potential to improve human health. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha root extract in enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy athletic adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty healthy athletic adults were selected randomly and equally allocated to Ashwagandha and placebo groups. The Ashwagandha group received 300 mg of Ashwagandha root extract capsules, twice daily, for 8-weeks. Cardiorespiratory endurance was assessed by measuring the maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max). Estimation of stress management was done through Total Quality Recovery Scores (TQR), Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ), and Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) questionnaires along with the antioxidant level measurement. RESULTS At the end of the study, a statistically significant improvement in VO2 max outcome was observed in the Ashwagandha group when compared to the placebo group (P = 0.0074). The subjects in the Ashwagandha group also displayed a statistically significant increase at the end of the study when compared to the baseline (P < 0.0001). Significantly improved TQR scores were observed in the Ashwagandha group members compared to their placebo counterparts (P < 0.0001). DALDA questionnaire analysis in the Ashwagandha group was found statistically significant (P < 0.0001) compared to the placebo group. RESTQ assessment also yielded better outcomes, especially for fatigue recovery (P < 0.0001), lack of energy (P < 0.0001), and fitness analysis (P < 0.0001). The enhanced antioxidant level was significant (P < 0.0001) in the Ashwagandha group. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that Ashwagandha root extract can successfully enhance cardiorespiratory endurance and improve the quality of life in healthy athletic adults. No adverse events were reported by any of the subjects in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Tiwari
- OM Research Centre, SA-17/3, P-4, Sri Krishna Nagar, Paharia Ghazipur Road, Varanasi, 221002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sandeep Kumar Gupta
- M V Hospital and Research Centre, 314/30 Mirza Mandi, Post Office, Chowk, Lucknow, 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Joshi N, Dash MK, Jayakumar R. Transmission modes of COVID-19 disease pandemic in the light of ancient wisdom of Ayurveda medicine: a review. J Complement Integr Med 2021; 19:71-82. [PMID: 34002582 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human-to-human transmission of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurs most often when people are in the incubation stage of the disease or are carriers and have no symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 transmission on different levels showed that the cold and dry climate, hot wind and relative humid wind, maximum wind speed, turbulent wind, intensified recirculating flow were causing transmission higher than factors. The role of environmental factors described in Ayurveda like air, water, soil, season, frequent earthquakes, sunlight exposure, frequent thunderstorm with lightening, and factors from arthropods were revalidated in perspective of COVID-19 transmission. The authors searched the information regarding epidemic diseases in Ayurveda textbooks. Pubmed, Science Direct, Wikipedia, Elsevier, Lancet, and Springer were approached for the latest knowledge relating to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Google Scholar search engine was thoroughly checked upon for scientific evidence regarding the Ayurveda drugs. Various environmental factors like soil, air, water, frequent earthquake disasters, wildlife animals, aquatic birds, space, inevitable disastrous factors, weather or seasonal hazards, violent thunderstorm with lightning, intermediate hosts, sunlight exposure etc. were considered for their role in the genesis of the disease. The Ayurvedic concepts behind the etiology and development of epidemics are the same as modern epidemiological theories. The mysteries of many aspects of the current pandemic might be deciphered by traditional medicine knowledge and thus adding upon to the integrative medicine concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Joshi
- Department of Rasashastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Dash
- Department of Rasashastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Remya Jayakumar
- Department of Rasashastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India
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Namdeo AG, Ingawale DK. Ashwagandha: Advances in plant biotechnological approaches for propagation and production of bioactive compounds. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 271:113709. [PMID: 33346029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera is one of the most extensively delved Ayurvedic medicine. Apart from rejuvenation and increasing longevity, it has several other properties such as immunomodulation, anti-cancer, anti-stress and neuroprotection. Because of its prevailing use and increasing demand, it becomes prudent to scientifically evaluate and document both its propagation and production of desired phytoconstituents. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to highlight the research progress achieved on various biotechnological and tissue culture aspects of Withania somnifera and to cover up-to-date information regarding in-vitro propagation and production of withanolides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Significant published studies were identified for the years 2000-2018 using Elsevier-Science Direct, Pubmed and Google scholar and several research studies in our laboratory. Following keywords such as "plant extracts", "in vitro cultures", "callus and suspension culture", "micropropagation", "hairy root cultures" were used. Further, "Withania somnifera", "secondary metabolites specially withanolides", "molecular techniques" and "in vitro conservation" were used to cross-reference the keywords. RESULTS Ashwagandha comprises a broad spectrum of phytochemicals with a wide range of pharmacological properties. W. somnifera seeds have reduced viability and germination rates; thus, its regular cultivation method fails to achieve commercial demands mainly for the production of desired phytoconstituents. Cultivation of plant cells/tissues under in vitro conditions and development of various biotechnological strategies will help to build an attractive alternative to provide adequate quality and quantity raw materials. Recently, a large number of in vitro protocols has developed for W. somnifera not only for its propagation but for the production of secondary metabolites as well. Present work highlights a variety of biotechnological strategies both for prompt propagation and production of different bioactive secondary metabolites. CONCLUSION The present review focuses on the development and opportunities in various biotechnological approaches to accomplish the global demand of W. somnifera and its secondary metabolites. This review underlines the advances in plant biotechnological approaches for the propagation of W. somnifera and production of its bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay G Namdeo
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Erandawane, Pune, 411038, India.
| | - Deepa K Ingawale
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Erandawane, Pune, 411038, India
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kaur R, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Ohri P, Sharma A, Ahmad A, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. Phytomedicine 2021; 85:153361. [PMID: 33485605 PMCID: PMC7532351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current scenario depicts that world has been clenched by COVID-19 pandemic. Inevitably, public health and safety measures could be undertaken in order to dwindle the infection threat and mortality. Moreover, to overcome the global menace and drawing out world from moribund stage, there is an exigency for social distancing and quarantines. Since December, 2019, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have came into existence and up till now world is still in the state of shock.At this point of time, COVID-19 has entered perilous phase, creating havoc among individuals, and this has been directly implied due to enhanced globalisation and ability of the virus to acclimatize at all conditions. The unabated transmission is due to lack of drugs, vaccines and therapeutics against this viral outbreak. But research is still underway to formulate the vaccines or drugs by this means, as scientific communities are continuously working to unravel the pharmacologically active compounds that might offer a new insight for curbing infections and pandemics. Therefore, the topical COVID-19 situation highlights an immediate need for effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Towards this effort, the present review discusses the vital concepts related to COVID-19, in terms of its origin, transmission, clinical aspects and diagnosis. However, here, we have formulated the novel concept hitherto, ancient means of traditional medicines or herbal plants to beat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ravdeep Kaur
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Kumar R, Arora R, Sarangi SC, Ganeshan N S, Agarwal A, Kaleekal T, Gupta YK. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 270:113784. [PMID: 33429032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (CA) is commonly used herbal medicine for treatment of epilepsy. CA has CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes inhibition property and used as an adjuvant therapy with conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). That may be responsible for herb-drug interaction. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was planned to evaluate interactions profile of hydroalcoholic extract Centella asiatica (HECA) with antiepileptic drugs in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats (175-200 g) were used. In the pharmacodynamic interaction study, seizures were induced using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and maximal electroshock seizure (MES) (70 mA for 0.2 s). The therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses of valproate (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT) were co-administrated with HECA in PTZ and MES model of seizures respectively. Behavioural parameters were assessed using elevated plus maze test and passive avoidance paradigm. Rat brain oxidative stress parameters were also assessed. In the pharmacokinetic interaction study, the serum levels of the VPA and PHT were estimated at different time intervals by HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by WinNonlin software. RESULTS The VPA and PHT produced complete protection against seizures in their therapeutic doses but not with sub-therapeutic doses. However, co-administration of HECA with a sub-therapeutic dose of VPA and PHT enhanced the protection of seizures and significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated the seizure induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment. It also significantly increased (p < 0.001) serum levels of VPA and PHT. The alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum serum concentration, area under the curve, clearance) of AEDs were also found with co-administration of HECA. CONCLUSION The results suggested that co-administration of HECA could improve the therapeutic efficacy of VPA and PHT. But, alteration in pharmacokinetic parameters revel that needs critical medical supervision to avoid any toxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shankar Ganeshan N
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Thomas Kaleekal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.
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50
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Singh N, Yadav SS, Rao AS, Nandal A, Kumar S, Ganaie SA, Narasihman B. Review on anticancerous therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 270:113704. [PMID: 33359918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, is an important medicinal herb belonging to family Solanaceae. It is widely used in folkloric and Ayurvedic medicines since antiquity. Traditionally, the plant is highly practiced throughout the globe as immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, anti-parkinson, anti-alzheimer, cardio protective, neural and physical health enhancer, neurodefensive, anti-diabetic, aphrodisiac, memory boosting etc. The plant is also effective in combating various types of cancer and other related problems of colon, mammary, lung, prostate, skin, blood, liver and kidney. AIM OF THIS REVIEW The present review represents the critical assessment of the literature available on the anticancerous role of W. somnifera. The present study throws light on its diverse chemical compounds and the possible mechanisms of action involved. This review also suggests further research strategies to harness the therapeutic potential of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present review is the outcome of a systematic search of scientific literature about 'Withania somnifera and its role in cancer prevention'. The scientific databases viz. Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed and Web of Science were searched from 2001 to 2019. Textbooks, magazines and newspapers were also consulted. This review summarizes all the published literature about its therapeutic potential for the treatment of different types of cancers. RESULTS W. somnifera has been widely used in traditional and ayurvedic medicines for treatment of numerous problems related to health and vitality. The plant is a reservoir of diverse phytoconstituents like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, nitrogen containing compounds and trace elements. Withanolides are the major alkaloids which renders its anticancer potential due to its highly oxygenated nature. The plant is highly effective in combating various types of cancers viz. colon, mammary, lung, prostate, skin, blood, liver and kidney. Previous studies depict that this plant is more effective against breast cancer followed by colon, lung, prostate and blood cancer. Furthermore, from different clinical studies it has been observed that the active constituents of the plant like withaferin-A, withanolide-D have least toxic effects. CONCLUSION The present review confirms the various medicinal values of W. somnifera without any significant side effects. Withaferin-A (WA) and Withanolides are its most promising anticancer compounds that play a major role in apoptosis induction. Keeping in mind the anticancerous potential of this plant, it is suggested that this plant may further be investigated and more clinical studies can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124 001, India
| | - S S Yadav
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124 001, India.
| | - Amrender Singh Rao
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124 001, India
| | - Abhishek Nandal
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124 001, India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ch. Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - S A Ganaie
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124 001, India
| | - B Narasihman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124 001, India
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