Chicoric acid advanced PAQR3 ubiquitination to ameliorate ferroptosis in diabetes nephropathy through the relieving of the interaction between PAQR3 and P110α pathway

PURPOSE

This study aimed to examine the impact of CA on DN and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms of inflammation.

METHODS

We fed C57BL/6 mice injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. In addition, we stimulated NRK-52E cells with 20 mmol/L d-glucose to mimic the diabetic condition.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrated that CA effectively reduced blood glucose levels, and improved DN in mice models. Additionally, CA reduced kidney injury and inflammation in both mice models and in vitro models. CA decreased high glucose-induced ferroptosis of NRK-52E cells by inducing GSH/GPX4 axis. Conversely, the ferroptosis activator or the PI3K inhibitor reversed positive effects of CA on DN in both mice and in vitro models. CA suppressed PAQR3 expression in DN models to promote PI3K/AKT activity. The PAQR3 activator reduced the positive effects of CA on DN in vitro models. Moreover, CA directly targeted the PAQR3 protein to enhance the ubiquitination of the PAQR3 protein.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study has uncovered that CA promotes the ubiquitination of PAQR3, leading to the attenuation of ferroptosis in DN. This effect is achieved through the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by disrupting the interaction between PAQR3 and the P110α pathway. These findings highlight the potential of CA as a viable therapeutic option for the prevention of DN and other forms of diabetes.

Aerobic exercise attenuates high-fat diet-induced renal injury through kidney metabolite modulation in mice

PURPOSE

To investigate the preventive effect of aerobic exercise on renal damage caused by obesity.

METHODS

The mice in the Control (Con) and Control + Exercise (Con + Ex) groups received a standard chow diet for the 21-week duration of the study, while the High-fat diet (HFD) group and High-fat diet + Exercise (HFD + Ex) group were fed an HFD. Mice were acclimated to the laboratory for 1 week, given 12 weeks of being on their respective diets, and then the Con + Ex and HFD + Ex groups were subjected to moderate intensity aerobic treadmill running 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

We found that HFD-induced obesity mainly impacts kidney glycerin phospholipids, glycerides, and fatty acyls, and aerobic exercise mainly impacts kidney glycerides, amino acids and organic acids as well as their derivatives. We identified 18 metabolites with significantly altered levels that appear to be involved in aerobic exercise mediated prevention of HFD-induced obesity and renal damage, half of which were amino acids and organic acids and their derivatives.

CONCLUSION

Aerobic exercise rewires kidney metabolites to reduce high-fat diet-induced obesity and renal injury.

Immunocompetent mouse models revealed that S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages facilitate long-term Zika virus infection in the testes

During its global epidemic, Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted widespread attention due to its link with various severe neurological symptoms and potential harm to male fertility. However, the understanding of how ZIKV invades and persists in the male reproductive system is limited due to the lack of immunocompetent small animal models. In this study, immunocompetent murine models were generated by using anti-IFNAR antibody blocked C57BL/6 male mice and human STAT2 (hSTAT2) knock in (KI) male mice. After infection, viral RNA could persist in the testes even after the disappearance of viremia. We also found a population of ZIKV-susceptible S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages that were recruited into testes from peripheral blood and played a crucial role for ZIKV infection in the testis. By using single-cell RNA sequencing, we also proved that S100A4+ monocytes/macrophages had a great impact on the microenvironment of ZIKV-infected testes, thus promoting ZIKV-induced testicular lesions. In conclusion, this study proposed a novel mechanism of long-term ZIKV infection in the male reproductive system.

An extracellular humanized IFNAR immunocompetent mouse model for analyses of human interferon alpha and subtypes

Type I interferons (IFN-Is) have key roles in immune defense and treatments for various diseases, including chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. All IFN-Is signal through a shared IFN-I heterodimeric receptor complex comprising IFN-α receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and IFNAR2 subunits, but differences in antiviral and immunomodulatory responses among IFN-I subtypes remain largely unknown. Because the IFN-IFNAR interactions are species-specific, mice exhibit weak responses to human IFN-I. To more fully characterize the actions of human IFN-α and its subtypes in vivo, a gene targeting strategy was employed to generate gene knock-in mice with extracellular-humanized IFNAR1/2 (IFNAR-hEC) in the C57BL/6N strain. IFNAR-hEC mice actively responded to human IFN-I, and endogenous mouse IFN-I signalling remained active in heterozygous mice (IfnarhEC/+). Analyses of IFNAR-hEC mice and isolated cells showed that human IFN-α2 and α14 subtypes exerted differential effect on the activation of JAK-STAT signalling and immune responses. Compared with IFN-α2, IFN-α14 induced greater activation of STAT1/2 and IFN-stimulated genes, synergistically elicited IFN-α and -γ signalling, and induced higher numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, IFNAR-hEC mice with HBV replication displayed long-term viral suppression upon treatment with the clinically-used PEGylated hIFN-α2. These results indicate that IFNAR-hEC mice may be useful for elucidating antiviral and immunomodulatory functions of human IFN-Is and for conducting preclinical studies. A better understanding of the distinct activities of IFN-α subtypes can provide insights concerning the development of improved IFN-based therapy.

Elucidating the role of Rhodiola rosea L. in sepsis-induced acute lung injury via network pharmacology: emphasis on inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and the PI3K-AKT pathway

CONTEXT

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) (RR) and its extracts have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and lung-protective effects.

OBJECTIVE

This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of RR against sepsis-induced ALI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The pivotal targets of RR against sepsis-induced ALI and underlying mechanisms were revealed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide for 0.5 h and treated with 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL RR for 24 h. Then, the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HUVECs were subjected to cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), enzyme-linked immunosorbent, apoptosis, and Western blot analyses. C57BL/6 mice were divided into sham, model, low-dose (40 mg/kg), mid-dose (80 mg/kg), and high-dose (160 mg/kg) RR groups. The mouse model was constructed through caecal ligation and puncture, and histological, apoptosis, and Western blot analyses were performed for further validation.

RESULTS

We identified six hub targets (MPO, HRAS, PPARG, FGF2, JUN, and IL6), and the PI3K-AKT pathway was the core pathway. CCK-8 assays showed that RR promoted the viability of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HUVECs [median effective dose (ED50) = 18.98 μg/mL]. Furthermore, RR inhibited inflammation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and PI3K-AKT activation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HUVECs and ALI mice, which was consistent with the network pharmacology results.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

This study provides foundational knowledge of the effective components, potential targets, and molecular mechanisms of RR against ALI, which could be critical for developing targeted therapeutic strategies for sepsis-induced ALI.

Tribbles pseudokinase 3 promotes enterovirus A71 infection via dual mechanisms

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the main pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and occasionally associated with neurological diseases such as aseptic meningitis, brainstem encephalitis (BE) and acute flaccid paralysis. We report here that cellular pseudokinase tribbles 3 (TRIB3) facilitates the infection of EV-A71 via dual mechanisms. In one hand, TRIB3 maintains the metabolic stability of scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2), the bona fide receptor of EV-A71, to enhance the infectious entry and spreading of the virus. On the other hand, TRIB3 facilitates the replication of EV-A71 RNA in a SCARB2-independent manner. The critical role of TRIB3 in EV-A71 infection and pathogenesis was further demonstrated in vivo in mice. In comparison to wild-type C57BL/6 mice, EV-A71 infection in TRIB3 knockdown mice (Trib3+/-) resulted in significantly lower viral loads in muscular tissues and reduced lethality and severity of clinical scores and tissue pathology. In addition, TRIB3 also promoted the replication of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in vitro. In conclusion, our results suggest that TRIB3 is one of key host cellular proteins required for the infection and pathogenesis of EV-A71 and some other human enteroviruses and may thus be a potential therapeutic target for combating the infection of those viruses.

Dysregulated CXCL12 expression in osteoblasts promotes B-lymphocytes preferentially homing to the bone marrow in MRL/lpr mice

Objective: Todetect the abnormal distribution of B-lymphocytes between peripheral and bone marrow (BM) compartments and explore the mechanism of abnormal chemotaxis of B-lymphocytes in lupus subjects. Methods: The proportions of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4+ B cells and CFDA-labeled MRL/lpr-derived B cells were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12in peripheral blood (PB)were measured by ELISA. The migrated B cells to osteoblasts (OBs) was measured by transwell migration assay. The relative spatial position of B cells, OBs and CXCL12 was presented by Immunofluorescence assay. Results: Firstly, we found that the percentage of CXCR4+ B cells was lower in PB and higher in the BM from both MRL/lpr mice and patientswith Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Secondly, OBs from MRL/lpr mice produced more CXCL12 than that from C57BL/6 mice. Besides, MRL/lpr-derived OBs demonstrated more potent chemotactic ability toward B-lymphocytes than control OBs by vitro an vivo. Additionally, more B-lymphocytes were found to co-localize with OBs within the periosteal zone of bone in MRL/lpr mice. Lastly, the percentages of CXCR4+B cells were found to be negatively correlated with serum Immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration, moreover, BM CXCL12 levels were found to be positively correlated with SLE disease activity index Score and negatively correlated with serum Complement3 (C3) concentration. Conclusions: our results indicated that there is a shifted distribution of B-lymphocytes between BM and peripheral compartments in both SLE patients and MRL/lpr mice. Besides, the up-regulated levels of CXCL12 in OBs was indicated to contribute to the enhanced chemotactic migration and anchorage of B-lymphocytes to OBs.

Investigation of genomic and pathogenicity characteristics of Streptococcus suis ST1 human strains from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GX) between 2005 and 2020 in China

Streptococcus suis is a significant and emerging zoonotic pathogen. ST1 and ST7 strains are the primary agents responsible for S. suis human infections in China, including the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GX). To enhance our understanding of S. suis ST1 population characteristics, we conducted an investigation into the phylogenetic structure, genomic features, and virulence levels of 73 S. suis ST1 human strains from GX between 2005 and 2020. The ST1 GX strains were categorized into three lineages in phylogenetic analysis. Sub-lineage 3-1a exhibited a closer phylogenetic relationship with the ST7 epidemic strain SC84. The strains from lineage 3 predominantly harboured 89K-like pathogenicity islands (PAIs) which were categorized into four clades based on sequence alignment. The acquirement of 89K-like PAIs increased the antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of corresponding transconjugants. We observed significant diversity in virulence levels among the 37 representative ST1 GX strains, that were classified as follows: epidemic (E)/highly virulent (HV) (32.4%, 12/37), virulent plus (V+) (29.7%, 11/37), virulent (V) (18.9%, 7/37), and lowly virulent (LV) (18.9%, 7/37) strains based on survival curves and mortality rates at different time points in C57BL/6 mice following infection. The E/HV strains were characterized by the overproduction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum and promptly established infection at the early phase of infection. Our research offers novel insights into the population structure, evolution, genomic features, and pathogenicity of ST1 strains. Our data also indicates the importance of establishing a scheme for characterizing and subtyping the virulence levels of S. suis strains.

Phage cocktail alleviated type 2 diabetes by reshaping gut microbiota and decreasing proinflammatory cytokines

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a global health concern, is closely associated with the gut microbiota. Restoration of a balanced microbiota and intestinal homeostasis benefit therapy of T2D. Some special phages may selectively alter the gut microbiota without causing dysbiosis, such as MS2 and P22. However, scarcely systematic analysis of cascading effects triggered by MS2 and P22 phages on the microbiota, as well as interactions between specific gut bacteria and systemic metabolism, seriously inhibit the development of positive interventions of phages. Based on multi-omic analysis, we analyzed the intrinsic correlations among specific microbiota, their bioactive metabolites, and key indicators of T2D. We found that gavage of the MS2-P22 phage cocktail could significantly alter the gut microbiome to attenuate dysbiosis of diabetic C57BL/6 mice caused by high-fat diets (HFDs) and streptozotocin (STZ), by affecting microbial compositions as well as their metabolic pathways and metabolites, especially increasing amounts of short-chain fatty acid-producing (SCFA-producing) bacteria (e.g., Blautia and Romboutsia) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Correspondingly, a noteworthy reduction in the number of several opportunistic pathogens occurred, e.g., Candidatus Saccharimonas, Aerococcus, Oscillibacter, Desulfovibrio, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1. Synchronously, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced to recover gut barrier function in T2D mice. These findings might benefit the development of a new dietary intervention for T2D based on phage cocktails. KEY POINTS: • Intestinal barrier integrity of T2D mice is improved by a phage cocktail • Negative relationship between Muribaculaceae and Corynebacterium reshaped gut microbiota • Acetate, propionate, and butyrate decreased the level of proinflammatory factors.

Lung-delivered IL-10 therapy elicits beneficial effects via immune modulation in organic dust exposure-induced lung inflammation

Efficacious therapeutic options capable of resolving inflammatory lung disease associated with environmental and occupational exposures are lacking. This study sought to determine the preclinical therapeutic potential of lung-delivered recombinant interleukin (IL)-10 therapy following acute organic dust exposure in mice. Here, C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally instilled with swine confinement organic dust extract (ODE) (12.5%, 25%, 50% concentrations) with IL-10 (1 μg) treatment or vehicle control intratracheally-administered three times: 5 hr post-exposure and then daily for 2 days. The results showed that IL-10 treatment reduced ODE (25%)-induced weight loss by 66% and 46% at Day 1 and Day 2 post-exposure, respectively. IL-10 treatment reduced ODE (25%, 50%)-induced lung levels of TNFα (-76%, -83% [reduction], respectively), neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 (-51%, -60%), and lavage fluid IL-6 (-84%, -89%). IL-10 treatment reduced ODE (25%, 50%)-induced lung neutrophils (-49%, -70%) and recruited CD11cintCD11b+ monocyte-macrophages (-49%, -70%). IL-10 therapy reduced ODE-associated expression of antigen presentation (MHC Class II, CD80, CD86) and inflammatory (Ly6C) markers and increased anti-inflammatory CD206 expression on CD11cintCD11b+ cells. ODE (12.5%, 25%)-induced lung pathology was also reduced with IL-10 therapy. In conclusion, the studies here showed that short-term, lung-delivered IL-10 treatment induced a beneficial response in reducing inflammatory consequences (that were also associated with striking reduction in recruited monocyte-macrophages) following acute complex organic dust exposure.

Notoginsenoside R1 improves intestinal microvascular functioning in sepsis by targeting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial quality imbalance

CONTEXT

Sepsis can result in critical organ failure, and notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) offers mitochondrial protection.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether NGR1 improves organ function and prognosis after sepsis by protecting mitochondrial quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A sepsis model was established in C57BL/6 mice using cecum ligation puncture (CLP) and an in vitro model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 µg/mL)-stimulated primary intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (IMVECs) and then determine NGR1's safe dosage. Groups for each model were: in vivo-a control group, a CLP-induced sepsis group, and a CLP + NGR1 treatment group (30 mg/kg/d for 3 d); in vitro-a control group, a LPS-induced sepsis group, and a LPS + NGR1 treatment group (4 μM for 30 min). NGR1's effects on survival, intestinal function, mitochondrial quality, and mitochondrial dynamic-related protein (Drp1) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Sepsis resulted in approximately 60% mortality within 7 days post-CLP, with significant reductions in intestinal microvascular perfusion and increases in vascular leakage. Severe mitochondrial quality imbalance was observed in IMVECs. NGR1 (IC50 is 854.1 μM at 30 min) targeted Drp1, inhibiting mitochondrial translocation, preventing mitochondrial fragmentation and restoring IMVEC morphology and function, thus protecting against intestinal barrier dysfunction, vascular permeability, microcirculatory flow, and improving sepsis prognosis.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Drp1-mediated mitochondrial quality imbalance is a potential therapeutic target for sepsis. Small molecule natural drugs like NGR1 targeting Drp1 may offer new directions for organ protection following sepsis. Future research should focus on clinical trials to evaluate NGR1's efficacy across various patient populations, potentially leading to novel treatments for sepsis.

Gut microbiota in the association between obesity and kidney function decline: a metagenomics-based study in a rat model

OBJECTIVES

Obesity can induce dysbiosis in the gut microbiota and is considered a separate risk factor for kidney function decline. Nonetheless, the precise function of intestinal microorganisms in facilitating the connection between obesity and kidney function decline remains uncertain. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in the gut microbiota composition that take place during obesity and their correlations with renal function utilizing a rat model.

METHODS

For 20 weeks, 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal-fat normal diet (ND). Physiological indices, peripheral plasma, kidney tissue, and colon contents were collected for comparison between groups. Metagenomic analysis of intestinal flora was performed.

RESULTS

The HFD group demonstrated significantly increased levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in the peripheral blood. Additionally, the HFD rats exhibited a significantly larger glomerular diameter compared to the ND group, accompanied by the presence of glomerulosclerosis, tubular vacuolar transformation, and other pathological changes in certain glomeruli. Metagenomics analysis revealed a notable rise in the prevalence of the Firmicutes phylum within the HFD group, primarily comprising the Rumenococcus genus. Functional analysis indicated that the gut microbiota in the HFD group primarily correlated with infectious diseases, signal transduction, and signaling molecules and interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides evidence that the consumption of a HFD induces modifications in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome in rats, which may serve as a potential mechanism underlying the relationship between obesity and the progression of kidney function decline.

Berberine decreases S100B generation to regulate gut vascular barrier permeability in mice with burn injury

Context: Berberine (BBR) can regulate enteric glial cells (EGCs) and the gut vascular barrier (GVB).Objective: To explore whether BBR regulates GVB permeability via the S100B pathway.Materials and methods: GVB hyperpermeability in C57BL/6J mice was induced by burns or S100B enema. BBR (25 or 50 mg/kg/d, 3 d) was gavaged preburn. S100B monoclonal antibody (S100BmAb) was i.v. injected postburn. Mouse intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (MIMECs) were treated with S100B, S100B plus BBR, or Z-IETD-FMK. GVB permeability was assayed by FITC-dextran, S100B by ELISA, caspase-8, β-catenin, occludin and PV-1 by immunoblot.Results: Burns elevated S100B in serum and in colonic mucosa to a peak (147.00 ± 4.95 ng/mL and 160.30 ± 8.50 ng/mg, respectively) at 36 h postburn, but BBR decreased burns-induced S100B in serum (126.20 ± 6.30 or 90.60 ± 3.78 ng/mL) and in mucosa (125.80 ± 12.40 or 91.20 ± 8.54 ng/mg). Burns raised GVB permeability (serum FITC-dextran 111.40 ± 8.56 pg/mL) at 48 h postburn, but BBR reduced GVB permeability (serum FITC-dextran 89.20 ± 6.98 or 68.60 ± 5.50 ng/mL). S100B enema (1 μM) aggravated burns-raised GVB permeability (142.80 ± 8.07 pg/mL) and PV-1, but the effect of S100B was antagonized by BBR. Z-IETD-FMK (5 μM) increased S100B-induced permeability to FITC-dextran (205.80 ± 9.70 to 263.80 ± 11.04 AUs) while reducing β-catenin in MIMECs. BBR (5 μM) reduced S100B-induced permeability (104.20 ± 9.65 AUs) and increased caspase-8, β-catenin and occludin.Discussion and conclusion: BBR decreases burns-induced GVB hyperpermeability via modulating S100B/caspase-8/β-catenin pathway and may involve EGCs.

Potential mechanism of Qinggong Shoutao pill alleviating age-associated memory decline based on integration strategy

CONTEXT

Qinggong Shoutao Wan (QGSTW) is a pill used as a traditional medicine to treat age-associated memory decline (AAMI). However, its potential mechanisms are unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study elucidates the possible mechanisms of QGSTW in treating AAMI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches were utilized to identify the potential pathway by which QGSTW alleviates AAMI. C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into control, model, and QGSTW groups. A mouse model of AAMI was established by d-galactose, and the pathways that QGSTW acts on to ameliorate AAMI were determined by ELISA, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting after treatment with d-gal (100 mg/kg) and QGSTW (20 mL/kg) for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology demonstrated that the targets of the active components were significantly enriched in the cAMP signaling pathway. AKT1, FOS, GRIN2B, and GRIN1 were the core target proteins. QGSTW treatment increased the discrimination index from -16.92 ± 7.06 to 23.88 ± 15.94% in the novel location test and from -19.54 ± 5.71 to 17.55 ± 6.73% in the novel object recognition test. ELISA showed that QGSTW could increase the levels of cAMP. Western blot analysis revealed that QGSTW could upregulate the expression of PKA, CREB, c-Fos, GluN1, GluA1, CaMKII-α, and SYN. Immunostaining revealed that the expression of SYN was decreased in the CA1 and DG.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

This study not only provides new insights into the mechanism of QGSTW in the treatment of AAMI but also provides important information and new research ideas for the discovery of traditional Chinese medicine compounds that can treat AAMI.

A Histomorphometric and Computational Investigation of the Stabilizing Role of Pectinate Ligaments in the Aqueous Outflow Pathway

Murine models are commonly used to study glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Glaucoma is associated with elevated intra-ocular pressure (IOP), which is regulated by the tissues of the aqueous outflow pathway. In particular, pectinate ligaments (PLs) connect the iris and trabecular meshwork (TM) at the anterior chamber angle, with an unknown role in maintenance of the biomechanical stability of the aqueous outflow pathway, thus motivating this study. We conducted histomorphometric analysis and optical coherence tomography-based finite element (FE) modeling on three cohorts of C57BL/6 mice: "young" (2-6 months), "middle-aged" (11-16 months), and "elderly" (25-32 months). We evaluated the age-specific morphology of the outflow pathway tissues. Further, because of the known pressure-dependent Schlemm's canal (SC) narrowing, we assessed the dependence of the SC lumen area on varying IOPs in age-specific FE models over a physiological range of TM/PL stiffness values. We found age-dependent changes in morphology of outflow tissues; notably, the PLs were more developed in older mice compared to younger ones. In addition, FE modeling demonstrated that murine SC patency is highly dependent on the presence of PLs and that increased IOP caused SC collapse only with sufficiently low TM/PL stiffness values. Moreover, the elderly model showed more susceptibility to SC collapse compared to the younger models. In conclusion, our study elucidated the previously unexplored role of PLs in the aqueous outflow pathway, indicating their function in supporting TM and SC under elevated IOP.

Remodeling of Murine Branch Pulmonary Arteries Under Chronic Hypoxia and Short-Term Normoxic Recovery

Chronic hypoxia plays a central role in diverse pulmonary pathologies, but its effects on longitudinal changes in the biomechanical behavior of proximal pulmonary arteries remain poorly understood. Similarly, effects of normoxic recovery have not been well studied. Here, we report hypoxia-induced changes in composition, vasoactivity, and passive biaxial mechanics in the main branch pulmonary artery of male C57BL/6J mice exposed to 10% FiO2 for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. We observed significant changes in extracellular matrix, and consequently wall mechanics, as early as 1 week of hypoxia. While circumferential stress and stiffness returned toward normal values by 2-3 weeks of hypoxia, area fractions of cytoplasm and thin collagen fibers did not return toward normal until after 1 week of normoxic recovery. By contrast, elastic energy storage and overall distensibility remained reduced after 3 weeks of hypoxia as well as following 1 week of normoxic recovery. While smooth muscle and endothelial cell responses were attenuated under hypoxia, smooth muscle but not endothelial cell responses recovered following 1 week of subsequent normoxia. Collectively, these data suggest that homeostatic processes were unable to preserve or restore overall function, at least over a brief period of normoxic recovery. Longitudinal changes are critical in understanding large pulmonary artery remodeling under hypoxia, and its reversal, and will inform predictive models of vascular adaptation.

Development of a tamarind-based functional beverage with partially-hydrolyzed agave syrup and the health effects of its consumption in C57BL/6 mice

Excess consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with a global rise in metabolic diseases. Tamarind and partially-hydrolyzed agave syrup have potential for developing healthier beverages. Our objective was to develop a functional beverage using these ingredients (PH-AS-B). We also evaluate shelf-life stability (physicochemical, microbiological, and antioxidant properties) and health effects in C57BL/6 mice compared with tamarind beverages sweetened with glucose or fructose. Optimal tamarind extraction conditions were a 1:10 ratio (g pulp/mL water) and boiling for 30 min, and the resulting beverage had a shelf life of two months at 4 °C. Non-volatile metabolites were identified using HPLC/MS. PH-AS-B was associated with decreased blood cholesterol (5%) and triglyceride (20-35%) concentrations in healthy mice as well as lower lipid (82%) concentrations and evidence of protein oxidation (42%) in the liver, compared with glucose- and fructose-sweetened tamarind beverages. In conclusion, PH-AS-B was stable and associated with beneficial metabolic properties in healthy mice.

An alkali-extracted neutral heteropolysaccharide from Phellinus nigricans used as an immunopotentiator in immunosuppressed mice by activating macrophages

A neutral heteropolysaccharide (PNANb) was isolated with alkali (0.1 M NaOH) from mycelia of Phellinus nigricans, and the structure, immunostimulating activity and some of the underlying molecular mechanisms of action of PNANb were explored in the current study. PNANb (14.95 kDa) predominantly consisted of Gal, Glc, and Man with minor Fuc. GC-MS and NMR analyses indicated that the backbone of PNANb was mainly composed of 6-α-Galp, 2,6-α-Galp with minor 3,6-β-Glcp, which was substituted with complex side chains at C-2 of 2,6-α-Galp and C-3 of 3,6-β-Glcp. Notably, PNANb (50 or 100 mg/kg) possessed immunoprotective effects in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice, which was supported by evidence including the enhancement of spleen and thymus indices, levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10), and macrophage activity. However, the immunostimulation effects of PNANb were decreased when macrophages were depleted, underscoring the essential role of macrophages in the beneficial effects of PNANb in Cy-induced immunosuppressed mice. Further investigations in vitro indicated that PNANb activated macrophages through MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways mediated by Toll-like receptor 4. Therefore, PNANb can serve as a prospective immunopotentiator in immunosuppression.

Penthorum chinense Pursh leaf tea debittering mechanisms via green tea manufacturing process and its influence on NAFLD-alleviation activities

The green-tea manufacturing process showed good effect of flavor improving, debittering and shaping in making Penthorum chinensePursh leaf (PL) tea (PLT), which serves as a polyphenol dietary supplement and beverage raw material. GC-MS results showed that its unpleasant grassy odor decreased by 42.8% due to dodecanal, geranylacetone, and (E)-2-nonenal reduction, coupled with 1-hexadecanol increasing. UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS identified 95 compounds and showed that the debittering effect of green-tea manufacturing process was attributed to decreasing of flavonols and lignans, especially quercetins, kaempferols and luteolins, and increasing of dihydrochalcones which act as sweeteners bitterness-masking agents, while astringency was weakened by reducing delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside chloride, kaempferol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, and tannins. The increase of pinocembrins and catechins in aqueous extracts of PLT, maintained its hepatoprotective, NAFLD-alleviation, and hepatofibrosis-prevention activities similar to PL in high fat-diet C57BL/6 mice, with flavonoids, tannins, tannic acids, and some newfound chemicals, including norbergenin, gomisin K2, pseudolaric acid B, tanshinol B, as functional ingredients.

The metabolism and transformation of casein-bound lactulosyllysine in vivo: Promoting dicarbonyl stress and the formation of advanced glycation end products accompanied by systemic inflammation

Lactulosyllysine (LL) widely exists in thermally processed dairy products, while the metabolism and transformation of LL remain poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathways of LL and its impact on body health by subjecting C57BL/6 mice to a short-term ll-fortified casein diet. Our findings indicated that casein-bound LL might be metabolized and transformed into 3-deoxyglucosone through fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) in vivo, which promoted α-dicarbonyl stress, ultimately leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in various tissues/organs, accompanied by systemic inflammation. The levels of AGEs formation in tissues/organs at various stages of casein-bound LL intake exhibited dynamic changes, correlating with alterations in the expression of FN3K and α-dicarbonyl compounds metabolic detoxification enzymes. The negative effects induced by casein-bound LL cannot be fully reversed by switching to a standard diet for equal periods. Consumption of dairy products rich in LL raises concerns as a potential risk factor for healthy individuals.

Gigantol ameliorates DSS-induced colitis via suppressing β2 integrin mediated adhesion and chemotaxis of macrophage

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dendrobium, recognized as "Shihu" in traditional Chinese medicine, holds a rich history of medicinal utilization documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Ancient texts like "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing" extol Dendrobium's virtues as a superior herbal medicine fortifying "Yin" and invigorating the five viscera. Dendrobium is extensively employed for the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, showcasing significant therapeutic efficacy, particularly against ulcerative colitis (UC), within the realm of Chinese ethnopharmacology. Dendrobium plays crucial pharmacological roles due to its rich content of polysaccharides, alkaloids, phenanthrenes, and bibenzyls. Gigantol, a prominent bibenzyl compound, stands out as one of the most vital active constituents within Dendrobium, the gigantol content of Dendrobium leaves can reach approximately 4.79 μg/g. Its significance lies in being recognized as a noteworthy anti-inflammatory compound derived from Dendrobium.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Given the pivotal role of gigantol as a primary active substance in Dendrobium, the therapeutic potential of gigantol for gastrointestinal diseases remains enigmatic. Our present investigation aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of gigantol on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and reveal its potential mechanism in countering UC activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The protective efficacy of gigantol against colitis was assessed by examining the histopathological changes and conducting biochemical analyses of colon from DSS-challenged mice. Assessments focused on gigantol's impact on improving the intestinal epithelial barrier and its anti-inflammatory effects in colonic tissues of colitis mice. Investigative techniques included the exploration of the macrophage inflammatory signaling pathway via qPCR and Western blot analyses. In vitro studies scrutinized macrophage adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis utilizing transwell and Zigmond chambers. Furthermore, F-actin and Rac1 activation assays detailed cellular cytoskeletal remodeling. The potential therapeutic target of gigantol was identified and validated through protein binding analysis, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay. The binding sites between gigantol and its target were predicted via molecular docking.

RESULTS

Gigantol ameliorated symptoms of DSS-induced colitis, rectified damage to the intestinal barrier, and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissues. Intriguingly, gigantol significantly curtailed NF-κB signaling activation in the colons of DSS-induced colitis mice. Notably, gigantol impaired the β2 integrin-dependent adhesion and migratory capacity of RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, gigantol notably influenced the cytoskeleton remodeling of RAW264.7 cells by suppressing Vav1 phosphorylation and Rac1 activation. Mechanistically, gigantol interacted with β2 integrin, subsequently diminishing binding affinity with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, these findings elucidate that gigantol ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by antagonizing β2 integrin-mediated macrophage adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis, thus it may impede macrophage recruitment and infiltration into colonic tissues. This study suggests that gigantol shows promise as a viable candidate for clinical colitis therapy.

Network pharmacology-based investigation of the effects of Shenqi Fuzheng injection on glioma proliferation and migration via the SRC/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In the clinic, Shenqi Fuzheng Injection (SFI) is used as an adjuvant for cancer chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanism is unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We screened potential targets of SFI action on gliomas by network pharmacology and performed experiments to validate possible molecular mechanisms against gliomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We consulted relevant reports on the SFI and glioma incidence from PubMed and Web of Science and focused on the mechanism through which the SFI inhibits glioma. According to the literature, two primary SFI components-Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge-have been found. All plant names have been sourced from "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). The cell lines U87, T98G and GL261 were used in this study. The inhibitory effects of SFI on glioma cells U87 and T98G were detected by CCK-8 assay, EdU, plate cloning assay, scratch assay, Transwell assay, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and Western blot. A subcutaneous tumor model of C57BL/6 mice was constructed using GL261 cells, and the SFI was evaluated by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. The targets of glioma and the SFI were screened using network pharmacology.

RESULTS

A total of 110 targets were enriched, and a total of 26 major active components in the SFI were investigated. There were a total of 3,343 targets for gliomas, of which 79 targets were shared between the SFI and glioma tissues. SFI successfully prevented proliferation and caused cellular S-phase blockage in U87 and T98G cells, thus decreasing their growth. Furthermore, SFI suppressed cell migration by downregulating EMT marker expression. According to the results of the in vivo tests, the SFI dramatically decreased the development of tumors in a transplanted tumour model. Network pharmacological studies revealed that the SRC/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may be the pathway through which SFI exerts its anti-glioma effects.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings revealed that the SRC/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may be involved in the mechanism through which SFI inhibits the proliferation and migration of glioma cells.

Banxia Xiexin Decoction delays colitis-to-cancer transition by inhibiting E-cadherin/β-catenin pathway via Fusobacterium nucleatum FadA

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Colitis is an important risk factor for the occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC), and the colonization of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) in the intestines accelerates this transformation process. Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD), originating from Shanghanlun, is a classic prescription for treating gastrointestinal diseases. Current researches indicate that BXD can effectively delay the colitis-to-cancer transition, but it is still unclear whether it can inhibit Fn colonization to achieve this delaying effect.

AIM OF STUDY

This study explored the effect and mechanism of BXD in inhibiting Fn intestinal colonization to delay colitis-to-cancer transition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We constructed a mouse model of colitis-to-cancer transition by regularly gavaging Fn combined with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and administered BXD by gavage. We monitored the body weight of mice, measured the length and weight of their colons, and calculated the disease activity index (DAI) score. The growth status of colon tumors was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and the changes in gut microbiota in each group of mice were detected by 16S rDNA analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in colon tissues, and immunofluorescence was used to observe the infiltration of M2 macrophages in colon tissues. In cell experiments, we established a co-culture model of Fn and colon cancer cells and intervened with BXD-containing serum. Malignant behaviors such as cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were detected, as well as changes in their cell cycle. We examined the protein levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, Axin2, and Cyclin D1 in each group were detected by Western blot. We used US1 strain (fadA-) as a control and observed the effects of BXD-containing serum on Fn attachment and invasion of colon cancer cells through attachment and invasion experiments.

RESULTS

BXD can inhibit the colitis-to-cancer transition in mice infected with Fn, reduce crypt structure damage, improve gut microbiota dysbiosis, upregulate E-cadherin and decrease β-catenin expression, and reduce infiltration of M2 macrophages, thus inhibiting the process of colitis-to-cancer transition. Cell experiments revealed that BXD-containing serum can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells infected with Fn and regulate their cell cycle. More importantly, we found that BXD-containing serum can inhibit the binding of Fn's FadA adhesin to E-cadherin, reduce Fn's attachment and invasion of colon cancer cells, thereby downregulating the E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings show that BXD can inhibit Fn colonization by interfering with the binding of FadA to E-cadherin, reducing the activation of the E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling pathway, and ultimately delaying colitis-to-cancer transition.

Si-Wu-Tang attenuates hepatocyte PANoptosis and M1 polarization of macrophages in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by influencing the intercellular transfer of mtDNA

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a burgeoning challenge for public health with potential progression to malignant liver diseases. PANoptosis, an avant-garde conceptualization of cell deaths, is closely associated with mitochondrial damage and linked to multiple liver disorders. Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a traditional Chinese herbal prescription renowned for regulating blood-related disorders and ameliorating gynecological and hepatic diseases, has been demonstrated to alleviate liver fibrosis by regulating bile acid metabolism and immune responses.

AIM OF THE STUDY

However, the mechanisms by which mtDNA is released from PANoptotic hepatocytes, triggering macrophage activation and hepatitis and whether this process can be reversed by SWT remain unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Here, sophisticated RNA-sequencing complemented by molecular approaches were applied to explore the underlying mechanism of SWT against NAFLD in methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced mice and relative in vitro models.

RESULTS

We revealed that SWT profoundly repaired mitochondrial dysfunction, blocked mitochondrial permeability transition and mtDNA released to the cytoplasm, subsequently reversing hepatocyte PANoptosis and macrophage polarization both in MCD-stimulated mice and in vitro. Mechanically, loaded lipids dramatically promoted the opening of mPTP and oligomerization of VDAC2 to orchestrate mtDNA release, which was combined with ZBP1 to promote hepatocyte PANoptosis and also taken by macrophages to trigger M1 polarization via the FSTL1 and PKM2 combination. SWT effectively blocked NOXA signaling and reversed all these detrimental outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Our findings show that SWT protects against hepatitis-mediated hepatocyte PANoptosis and macrophage M1 polarization by influencing intrahepatic synthesis, release and intercellular transfer of mtDNA, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for ameliorating NAFLD.

Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by promoting restitution, restoring barrier function, and modulating IL-17/Notch1/FoxP3 pathway in intestinal cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sarcandra glabra is officially named Zhong Jie Feng as a traditional medicine. In the nationality of Yao and Zhuang, it has been used to treat digestive diseases like stomachache and dysentery. Similarly, in Dai nationality, it has been used to treat intestinal diseases like gastric ulcers. However, the effect and mechanism of S. glabra on experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) are known.

AIM OF STUDY

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of S. glabra on experimental UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components in the water extract of S. glabra (ZJF) were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS method. The HCoEpiC cell line was used to assess the promotive effect on intestinal proliferation and restitution. RAW264.7 cells were used to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of ZJF. The 3% DSS-induced colitis model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of ZJF (4.5 g/kg and 9.0 g/kg). Mesalazine (0.5 g/kg) was used as the positive drug. ELISA, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and multiplex immunohistochemical experiments were used to test gene levels in the colon tissue. The H&E staining method was used to monitor the pathological changes of colon tissue. TUNEL assay kit was used to detect apoptosis of epithelial colonic cells.

RESULTS

ZJF could alleviate the DSS-caused colitis in colon tissues, showing a comparative effect to that of the positive drug mesalazine. Mechanism study indicated that ZJF could promote normal colonic HCoEpiC cell proliferation and restitution, inhibit overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, restore the M1/M2 ratio, decrease epithelial colonic cell apoptosis, rescue tight junction protein levels, and modulate IL-17/Notch1/FoxP3 pathway to treat experimental UC.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that S. glabra can promote intestinal cell restitution, balance immune response, and modulate IL-17/Notch1/FoxP3 pathway to treat experimental UC.

4'-fluorocannabidiol associated with capsazepine restrains L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian mice: Contribution of anti-inflammatory and anti-glutamatergic mechanisms

We tested the efficacy of 4'-fluorocannabidiol (4'-F-CBD), a semisynthetic cannabidiol derivative, and HU-910, a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist in resolving l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Specifically, we were interested in studying whether these compounds could restrain striatal inflammatory responses and rescue glutamatergic disturbances characteristic of the dyskinetic state. C57BL/6 mice were rendered hemiparkinsonian by unilateral striatal lesioning with 6-OHDA. Abnormal involuntary movements were then induced by repeated i.p. injections of l-DOPA + benserazide. After LID was installed, the effects of a 3-day treatment with 4'-F-CBD or HU-910 in combination or not with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) or CB2 agonists HU-308 and JWH015 were assessed. Immunostaining was conducted to investigate the impacts of 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 (with CPZ) on inflammation and glutamatergic synapses. Our results showed that the combination of 4'-F-CBD + CPZ, but not when administered alone, decreased LID. Neither HU-910 alone nor HU-910+CPZ were effective. The CB2 agonists HU-308 and JWH015 were also ineffective in decreasing LID. Both combination treatments efficiently reduced microglial and astrocyte activation in the dorsal striatum of dyskinetic mice. However, only 4'-F-CBD + CPZ normalized the density of glutamate vesicular transporter-1 (vGluT1) puncta colocalized with the postsynaptic density marker PSD95. These findings suggest that 4'-F-CBD + CPZ normalizes dysregulated cortico-striatal glutamatergic inputs, which could be involved in their anti-dyskinetic effects. Although it is not possible to rule out the involvement of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, the decrease in striatal neuroinflammation markers by 4'-F-CBD and HU-910 without an associated reduction in LID indicates that they are insufficient per se to prevent LID manifestations.

Extract of Silphium perfoliatum L. improve lipid accumulation in NAFLD mice by regulating AMPK/FXR signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Globally, the incidence rate and number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are increasing, which has become one of the greatest threats to human health. However, there is still no effective therapy and medicine so far. Silphium perfoliatum L. is a perennial herb native to North America, which is used to improve physical fitness and treat liver and spleen related diseases in the traditional medicinal herbs of Indian tribes. This herb is rich in chlorogenic acids, which have the functions of reducing blood lipids, losing weight and protecting liver. However, the effect of these compounds on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Clarify the therapeutic effects and mechanism of the extract (CY-10) rich in chlorogenic acid and its analogues from Silphium perfoliatum L. on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and to determine the active compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A free fatty acid-induced steatosis model of HepG2 cells was established to evaluate the in vitro activity of CY-10 in promoting lipid metabolism. Further, a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model in C57BL/6 mice was established to detect the effects of CY-10 on various physiological and biochemical indexes in mice, and to elucidate the in vivo effects of the extract on regulating lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation and hepatoprotection, and nontarget lipid metabolomics was performed to analyze differential metabolites of fatty acids in the liver. Subsequently, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the target of the extract and elucidate its mechanism of action. Finally, the active compounds in CY-10 were elucidated through in vitro activity screening.

RESULTS

The results indicated that CY-10 significantly attenuated lipid droplet deposition in HepG2 cells. The results of in vivo experiments showed that CY-10 significantly reduce HFD-induced mouse body weight and organ index, improve biochemical indexes, oxidation levels and inflammatory responses in the liver and serum, thereby protecting the liver tissue. It can promote the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in the liver and reduce the generation of saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, it is clarified that CY-10 can promote lipid metabolism balance by regulating AMPK/FXR/SREPB-1c/PPAR-γ signal pathway. Ultimately, the main active compound was proved to be cryptochlorogenic acid, which has a strong promoting effect on the metabolism of fatty acids in cells. Impressively, the activities of CY-10 and cryptochlorogenic acid were stronger than simvastatin in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, it is clarified that the extract rich in chlorogenic acids and its analogues in Silphium perfoliatum L. have good therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is confirmed that cryptochlorogenic acid is the main active compound and has good potential for medicine.

PGC-1α in the hippocampus mediates depressive-like and stress-coping behaviours and regulates excitatory synapses in the dentate gyrus in mice

Decreased hippocampal synaptic plasticity is an important pathological change in stress-related mood disorders, including major depressive disorder. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. PGC-1α, a transcriptional coactivator, is a key factor in synaptic plasticity. We investigated the relationships between changes in hippocampal PGC-1α expression and depressive-like and stress-coping behaviours, and whether they are related to hippocampal synapses. Adeno-associated virus was used to alter hippocampal PGC-1α expression in male C57BL/6 mice. The sucrose preference test and forced swimming test were used to assess their depressive-like and stress-coping behaviours, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and stereology were used to calculate the total number of excitatory synapses in each hippocampal subregion (the cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and dentate gyrus). Immunofluorescence was used to visualize the changes in dendritic structure. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of hippocampal PGC-1α and mitochondrial-associated proteins, such as UCP2, NRF1 and mtTFAs. Our results showed that mice with downregulated PGC-1α expression in the hippocampus exhibited depressive-like and passive stress-coping behaviours, while mice with upregulated PGC-1α in the hippocampus exhibited increased stress-coping behaviours. Moreover, the downregulation of hippocampal PGC-1α expression resulted in a decrease in the number of excitatory synapses in the DG and in the protein expression of UCP2 in the hippocampus. Alternatively, upregulation of hippocampal PGC-1α yielded the opposite results. This suggests that hippocampal PGC-1α is involved in regulating depressive-like and stress-coping behaviours and modulating the number of excitatory synapses in the DG. This provides new insight for the development of antidepressants.

Binary classification model of machine learning detected altered gut integrity in controlled-cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury

Aim of the study: To examine the effect of controlled-cortical impact (CCI), a preclinical model of traumatic brain injury (TBI), on intestinal integrity using a binary classification model of machine learning (ML).Materials and methods: Adult, male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CCI surgery using a stereotaxic impactor (Impact One™). The rotarod and hot-plate tests were performed to assess the neurological deficits.Results: Mice underwent CCI displayed a remarkable neurological deficit as noticed by decreased latency to fall and lesser paw withdrawal latency in rotarod and hot plate test, respectively. Animals were sacrificed 3 days post-injury (dpi). The colon sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to integrate with machinery tool-based algorithms. Several stained colon images were captured to build a dataset for ML model to predict the impact of CCI vs sham procedure. The best results were obtained with VGG16 features with SVM RBF kernel and VGG16 features with stacked fully connected layers on top. We achieved a test accuracy of 84% and predicted the disrupted gut permeability and epithelium wall of colon in CCI group as compared to sham-operated mice.Conclusion: We suggest that ML may become an important tool in the development of preclinical TBI model and discovery of newer therapeutics.

Small extracellular vesicles derived from lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned dental follicle cells inhibit cell apoptosis and alveolar bone loss in periodontitis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the effects of small extracellular vesicles derived from lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned dental follicle cells (L-D-sEV) on periodontal ligament cells from periodontitis affected teeth (p-PDLCs) in vitro and experimental periodontitis in mice.

DESIGN

In vitro, the biological function of p-PDLCs and the underlying molecular mechanism were investigated by flow cytometry, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Eighteen-eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: control (Con), periodontitis (Peri), and L-D-sEV groups. Mice periodontitis model was induced by placing the 5-0 silk thread (around the maxillary second molar) and P.gingivalis (1 ×107 CFUs per mouse). In vivo, the alveolar bone loss, osteoclast activity, and macrophage polarization were measured by micro-computed tomography and histological analysis.

RESULTS

In vitro, the RANKL/OPG ratio and phosphorylation of JNK and P38 protein levels of p-PDLCs were significantly decreased after L-D-sEV administration. Besides, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR analysis showed that L-D-sEV reduced apoptosis of p-PDLCs, down-regulated apoptosis-related genes Caspase-3 and BCL-2-Associated X expression, and up-regulated B-cell lymphoma-2 gene levels. In vivo, L-D-sEV administration significantly reduced alveolar bone loss, inhibited osteoclast activity, and induced M2 polarization. The histological analysis showed that iNOS/CD206, RANKL/OPG, p-JNK/JNK, and p-P38/P38 ratios were significantly lower in the L-D-sEV group than in the Peri group.

CONCLUSIONS

L-D-sEV administration alleviated alveolar bone loss by mediating RANKL/OPG-related osteoclast activity and M2 macrophage polarization, alleviating p-PDLCs apoptosis and proliferation via the JNK and P38 pathways.

Psychobiotics Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JYLP-326: Antidepressant-like effects on CUMS-induced depressed mouse model and alleviation of gut microbiota dysbiosis

BACKGROUND

Depression affects a significant portion of the global population and has emerged as one of the most debilitating conditions worldwide. Recent studies have explored the relationship between depression and the microbiota of the intestine, revealing potential avenues for effective treatment.

METHODS

To evaluate the potential alleviation of depression symptoms, we employed a depression C57BL/6 mice model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). We administered Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JYLP-326 and conducted various animal behavior tests, including the open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and tail-suspension test (TST). Additionally, we conducted immunohistochemistry staining and analyzed the hippocampal and colon parts of the mice.

RESULTS

The results of the behavior tests indicated that L. plantarum JYLP-326 alleviated spontaneous behavior associated with depression. Moreover, the treatment led to significant improvements in GFAP and Iba1, suggesting its potential neuroprotective effects. Analysis of the hippocampal region indicated that L. plantarum JYLP-326 administration upregulated p-TPH2, TPH2, and 5-HT1AR, while downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the colon, the treatment inhibited the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and increased the levels of occludin and ZO-1, indicating improved intestinal barrier function. Additionally, the probiotic demonstrated a regulatory effect on the HMGB1-RAGE-TLR4 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that L. plantarum JYLP-326 exhibits significant antidepressant-like effects in mice, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic approach for depression through the modulation of gut microbiota. However, further investigations and clinical trials are required to validate its safety and efficacy for human use.

Senolytic treatment fails to improve ovarian reserve or fertility in female mice

Senescent cell number increases with age in different tissues, leading to greater senescent cell load, proinflammatory stress, and tissue dysfunction. In the current study, we tested the efficacy of senolytic drugs to reduce ovarian senescence and improve fertility in reproductive age female mice. In the first experiment, 1-month-old C57BL/6 female mice were treated every other week with D + Q (n = 24) or placebo (n = 24). At 3 and 6 months of age, female mice were mated with untreated males to evaluate pregnancy rate and litter size. In the second experiment, 6-month-old C57BL/6 female mice were treated monthly with D + Q (n = 30), fisetin (n = 30), or placebo (n = 30). Females were treated once a month until 11 months of age, then they were mated with untreated males for 30 days to evaluate pregnancy rate and litter size. In the first experiment, D + Q treatment did not affect pregnancy rate (P = 0.68), litter size (P = 0.58), or ovarian reserve (P > 0.05). Lipofuscin staining was lower in females treated with D + Q (P = 0.04), but expression of senescence genes in ovaries was similar. In the second experiment, D + Q or fisetin treatment also did not affect pregnancy rate (P = 0.37), litter size (P = 0.20), or ovarian reserve (P > 0.05). Lipofuscin staining (P = 0.008) and macrophage infiltration (P = 0.002) was lower in fisetin treated females. Overall, treatment with D + Q or fisetin did not affect ovarian reserve or fertility but did decrease some senescence markers in the ovary.

Cobalt protoporphyrin promotes heme oxygenase 1 expression and ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in long-term fasting mice

BACKGROUND

The association between malnutrition and cardiac dysfunction has been reported. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 played protective roles in the animals functioning as a myocardial infarction, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy model. We hypothesized that the administration of HO-1 inducer, cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) reduces oxidative stress and ameliorates cardiac systolic dysfunction in long-term fasting mice.

METHODS

C57BL/6 J mice were classified into three groups: fed mice (fed group), 48-h fasting mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of the corresponding vehicle (fasting group), and 48-h fasting mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg CoPP (CoPP group).

RESULTS

The fasting group showed a significant increase in heme and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) protein in the heart tissue, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when compared with the fed group. The CoPP group showed significantly increased protein levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 and HO-1, and increased mRNA expression levels of HO-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, forkhead box protein O1, sirtuin-1, cyclooxygenase 2, and superoxide dismutase 2, and reduced levels of heme and 4HNE protein when compared with the fasting group. LVEF were significantly higher in the CoPP group than in the fasting group.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of CoPP reduced heme accumulation and oxidative stress, and ameliorated cardiac systolic dysfunction in long-term fasting mice. This study suggests that heme accumulation may be associated with impaired cardiac function induced by long-term fasting and that HO-1 may be a key factor or therapeutic target.

The plasma metabolome is associated with preservation of physiological function following lifelong aerobic exercise in mice

Declines in physiological function with aging are strongly linked to age-related diseases. Lifelong voluntary aerobic exercise (LVAE) preserves physiological function with aging, possibly by increasing cellular quality control processes, but the circulating molecular transducers mediating these processes are incompletely understood. The plasma metabolome may predict biological aging and is impacted by a single bout of aerobic exercise. Here, we conducted an ancillary analysis using plasma samples, and physiological function data, from previously reported studies of LVAE in male C57BL/6N mice randomized to LVAE (wheel running) or sedentary (SED) (n = 8-9/group) to determine if LVAE alters the plasma metabolome and whether these changes correlated with preservation of physiological function with LVAE. Physical function (grip strength, coordination, and endurance) was assessed at 3 and 18 months of age; vascular endothelial function and the plasma metabolome were assessed at 19 months. Physical function was preserved (%decline; mean ± SEM) with LVAE vs SED (all p < 0.05)-grip strength, 0.4 ± 1.7% vs 12 ± 4.0%; coordination, 10 ± 4% vs 73 ± 10%; endurance, 1 ± 15% vs 61 ± 5%. Vascular endothelial function with LVAE (88.2 ± 2.0%) was higher than SED (79.1 ± 2.5%; p = 0.03) and similar to the young controls (91.4 ± 2.9%). Fifteen metabolites were different with LVAE compared to SED (FDR < 0.05) and correlated with the preservation of physiological function. Plasma spermidine, a polyamine that increases cellular quality control (e.g., autophagy), correlated with all assessed physiological indices. Autophagy (LC3A/B abundance) was higher in LVAE skeletal muscle compared to SED (p < 0.01) and inversely correlated with plasma spermidine (r =  - 0.5297; p = 0.054). These findings provide novel insight into the circulating molecular transducers by which LVAE may preserve physiological function with aging.

A preliminary therapeutic study of the effects of molecular hydrogen on intestinal dysbiosis and small intestinal injury in high-fat diet-loaded senescence-accelerated mice

OBJECTIVES

Aging and excessive fat intake may additively induce dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammatory damage. Here, we analyzed microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal injury in high-fat diet-loaded senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Additionally, we examined whether treatment with molecular hydrogen could improve the intestinal environment.

METHODS

SAMP8 and SAMR1 (control) mice were first fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 wk (n = 10 each group). Subsequently, HFD was supplemented with a placebo jelly or hydrogen-rich jelly (HRJ) for 4 wk. After treatment, isolated small intestinal tissues were used for hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence staining, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Furthermore, we analyzed alterations in the microbiota composition in cecal feces using 16S rRNA gene analysis for microbiota profiling. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t tests or one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

RESULT

HFD feeding reduced the expression of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the small intestine of SAMP8. HRJ treatment improved the reduction in CDX2 and BrdU and enhanced MDA levels. We performed a sequence analysis of the gut microbiota at the genus level and identified 283 different bacterial genera from the 30 samples analyzed in the study. Among them, Parvibacter positively correlated with both HFD intake and aging, whereas 10 bacteria, including Anaerofustis, Anaerosporobacter, Butyricicoccus, and Ruminococcus were negatively correlated with both HFD and aging. HRJ treatment increased Lactinobactor and decreased Akkermansia, Gracilibacter, and Marvinbryantia abundance.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that treatment with molecular hydrogen may affect microbiota profiling and suppress intestinal injury in HFD-loaded SAMP8.

Canonical pathways for validating steroid-associated osteonecrosis in mice

The present study aimed to establish and evaluate a preclinical model of steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) in mice. Sixteen 24-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish SAON by two intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by three subcutaneous injections of methylprednisolone (MPS). Each injection was conducted on working day, with an interval of 24 h. Six cycles of injections were conducted. Additional twelve mice (age- and gender-matched) were used as normal controls. At 2 and 6 weeks after completing induction, bilateral femora and bilateral tibiae were collected for histological examination, micro-CT scanning, and bulk RNA sequencing. All mice were alive until sacrificed at the indicated time points. The typical SAON lesion was identified by histological evaluation at week 2 and week 6 with increased lacunae and TUNEL+ osteocytes. Micro-CT showed significant bone degeneration at week 6 in SAON model. Histology and histomorphometry showed significantly lower Runx2+ area, mineralizing surface (MS/BS), mineral apposition rate (MAR), bone formation rate (BFR/BS), type H vessels, Ki67+ (proliferating) cells, and higher marrow fat fraction, osteoclast number and TNFα+ areas in SAON group. Bulk RNA-seq revealed changed canonical signaling pathways regulating cell cycle, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis in the SAON group. The present study successfully established SAON in mice with a combination treatment of LPS and MPS, which could be considered a reliable and reproducible animal model to study the pathophysiology and molecular mechanism of early-stage SAON and to develop potential therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of SAON.

Salvianic acid A sodium facilitates cardiac microvascular endothelial cell proliferation by enhancing the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha/vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway post-myocardial infarction

Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) are important cells surrounding the cardiomyocytes in the heart that maintain microenvironment homeostasis. Salvianic acid A sodium (SAAS) has been reported to prevent myocardial infarction (MI) injury. However, the role of SAAS on CMEC proliferation remains unclear. CEMCs exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to explore the angiogenic abilities of SAAS. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: sham, MI and SAAS + MI groups. Compared to OGD group, SAAS led to a reduction in the apoptotic rate and an increase of the proliferation in vitro. Additionally, SAAS increased the protein levels of Bcl2, HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with the reduction of Bax. In terms of the specific mechanisms, SAAS might inhibit HIF-1α ubiquitination and enhance the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway to increase CMEC proliferation. Furthermore, SAAS increased the density of vessels, inhibited myocardial fibrosis and improved cardiac dysfunction in vivo. The present study has revealed that SAAS could potentially be used as an active substance to facilitate CMEC proliferation post-MI.

Apelin-13 alleviates osteoclast formation and osteolysis through Nrf2-pyroptosis pathway

Wear particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis is the key to aseptic loosening after artificial joint replacement. Osteoclastogenesis plays a central role in this process. Apelin-13 is a member of the adipokine family with anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we report that apelin-13 alleviates RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation and titanium particle-induced osteolysis in mouse calvaria. Mechanistically, apelin-13 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In summary, apelin-13 is expected to be a potential drug for relieving aseptic osteolysis. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study reveals the molecular mechanism by which apelin-13 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis by promoting Nrf2. This study confirms that apelin-13 alleviates osteoclast activation by inhibiting pyroptosis. In vivo studies further confirmed that apelin-13 alleviated mouse skull osteolysis by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Targeting the differentiation of astrocytes by Bilobalide in the treatment of Parkinson's disease model

Background: The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, is multifactorial but not fully unknown. Until now, no drug has been proven to have neuroprotective or neuroregenerative effects in patients with PD. Objectives: To observe the therapeutic potential of Bilobalide (BB), a constituent of ginkgo biloba, in MPTP-induced PD model, and explore its possible mechanisms of action. Material and Methods: Mice were randomly divided into three groups: healthy group, MPTP group and MPTP + BB group. PD-related phenotypes were induced by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP into male C57BL/6 mice, and BB (40 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally given for 7 consecutive days at the end of modeling. The injection of saline was set up as the control in a similar manner. Results: BB induced M2 polarization of microglia, accompanied by inhibition of neuroinflammation in the brain. Simultaneously, BB promoted the expression of BDNF in astrocytes and neurons, and expression of GDNF in neurons. Most interestingly, BB enhanced the formation of GFAP+ astrocytes expressing nestin, Brn2 and Ki67, as well as the transformation of GFAP+ astrocytes expressing tyrosine hydroxylase around subventricular zone, providing experimental evidence that BB could promote the conversion of astrocytes into TH+ dopamine neurons in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: These results suggest the natural product BB may utilize multiple pathways to modify degenerative process of TH+ neurons, revealing an exciting opportunity for novel neuroprotective therapeutics. However, its multi-target and important mechanisms need to be further explored.

Early B Cell Factor 3 (EBF3) attenuates Parkinson's disease through directly regulating contactin-associated protein-like 4 (CNTNAP4) transcription: An experimental study

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a gradually debilitating neurodegenerative syndrome. Here, we analyzed GSE7621 chip data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to explore the pathogenesis of PD. Early B Cell Factor 3 (EBF3), a member of the highly evolutionarily conserved EBF-transcription factor family, is involved in neuronal development. EBF3 expression is low in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. However, whether EBF3 is implicated in dopaminergic neuron death during PD has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the potential anti-apoptotic effect and molecular mechanism of EBF3 in PD. We established a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model in vivo and a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+)-induced SH-SY5Y cell model in vitro. EBF3 was downregulated in the substantia nigra of PD mice and SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+, and the m6A methylation modification level was low. Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) siRNA upregulated m6A methylation modification of EBF3 and extended the EBF3 mRNA half-life. Functionally, as demonstrated by the results of the open-field test, pole test and gait analysis, EBF3 overexpression ameliorated MPTP-induced behavioral disorder. Further, EBF3 overexpression suppressed neuronal apoptosis in vivo, as evidenced by decreased TUNEL+ cells, and the increased activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Similar results were obtained in vitro, as reflected by increased cell viability, decreased LDH activity and restored mitochondrial function, collectively protecting SH-SY5Y cells from MPP+-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, the results of luciferase reporter, ch-IP and DNA pull-down assays confirmed that, as a transcription factor, EBF3 bound to the promoter of CNTNAP4 (a protein associated with neuronal differentiation) and directly regulated CNTNAP4 transcription. Strikingly, CNTNAP4 knockdown markedly abolished the effect of EBF3 on cell apoptosis, thus aggravating PD. In conclusion, the low level of m6A methylation modification may contribute to the low expression of EBF3 during PD. Additionally, EBF3 attenuates PD by activating CNTNAP4 transcription, suggesting that EBF3 may be a novel therapeutic target in PD.

Metformin treatment of juvenile mice alters aging-related developmental and metabolic phenotypes in sex-dependent and sex-independent manners

Metformin has attracted increasing interest for its potential benefits in extending healthspan and longevity. This study examined the effects of early-life metformin treatment on the development and metabolism of C57BL/6 J (B6) mice, with metformin administered to juvenile mice from 15 to 56 days of age. Metformin treatment led to decreased body weight in both sexes (P < 0.05, t-test). At 9 weeks of age, mice were euthanized and organ weights were recorded. The relative weight of retroperitoneal fat was decreased in females, while relative weights of perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat were decreased, and relative liver weight was increased in males (P < 0.05, t-test). Glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT) were conducted at the age of 7 weeks. ANOVA revealed a significant impairment in insulin sensitivity by the treatment, and a significantly interactive effect on glucose tolerance between sex and treatment, underscoring a disparity in GTT between sexes in response to the treatment. Metformin treatment reduced circulating insulin levels in fasting and non-fasting conditions for male mice, with no significant alterations observed in female mice. qRT-PCR analysis of glucose metabolism-related genes (Akt2, Glut2, Glut4, Irs1, Nrip1, Pi3k, Pi3kca, Pkca) in the liver and skeletal muscle reveals metformin-induced sex- and organ-specific effects on gene expression. Comparison with previous studies in heterogeneous UM-HET3 mice receiving the same treatment suggests that genetic differences may contribute to variability in the effects of metformin treatment on development and metabolism. These findings indicate that early-life metformin treatment affects development and metabolism in both sex- and genetics-dependent manners.

Combining raloxifene and mechanical loading improves bone composition and mechanical properties in a murine model of chronic kidney disease (CKD)

INTRODUCTION

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an alarming risk of fracture compared to age and sex-matched non-CKD individuals. Clinical and preclinical data highlight two key factors in CKD-induced skeletal fragility: cortical porosity and reduced matrix-level properties including bone hydration. Thus, strategies are needed to address these concerns to improve mechanical properties and ultimately lower fracture risk in CKD. We sought to evaluate the singular and combined effects of mechanical and pharmacological interventions on modulating porosity, bone hydration, and mechanical properties in CKD.

METHODS

Sixteen-week-old male C57BL/6J mice underwent a 10-week CKD induction period via a 0.2 % adenine-laced casein-based diet (n = 48) or remained as non-CKD littermate controls (Con, n = 48). Following disease induction (26 weeks of age), n = 7 CKD and n = 7 Con were sacrificed (baseline cohort) to confirm a steady-state CKD state was achieved prior to the initiation of treatment. At 27 weeks of age, all remaining mice underwent right tibial loading to a maximum tensile strain of 2050 μƐ 3× a week for five weeks with the contralateral limb as a non-loaded control. Half of the mice (equal number CKD and Con) received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mg/kg raloxifene (RAL) 5× a week, and the other half remained untreated (UN). Mice were sacrificed at 31 weeks of age. Serum biochemistries were performed, and bi-lateral tibiae were assessed for microarchitecture, whole bone and tissue level mechanical properties, and composition including bone hydration.

RESULTS

Regardless of intervention, BUN and PTH were higher in CKD animals throughout the study. In CKD, the combined effects of loading and RAL were quantified as lower cortical porosity and improved mechanical, material, and compositional properties, including higher matrix-bound water. Loading was generally responsible for positive impacts in cortical geometry and structural mechanical properties, while RAL treatment improved some trabecular outcomes and material-level mechanical properties and was responsible for improvements in several compositional parameters. While control animals responded positively to loading, their bones were less impacted by the RAL treatment, showing no deformation, toughness, or bound water improvements which were all evident in CKD. Serum PTH levels were negatively correlated with matrix-bound water.

DISCUSSION

An effective treatment program to improve fracture risk in CKD ideally focuses on the cortical bone and considers both cortical porosity and matrix properties. Loading-induced bone formation and mechanical improvements were observed across groups, and in the CKD cohort, this included lower cortical porosity. This study highlights that RAL treatment superimposed on active bone formation may be ideal for reducing skeletal complications in CKD by forming new bone with enhanced matrix properties.

Deciphering microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis post‑traumatic brain injury: The role of TYROBP in inflammation regulation networks

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) represents a significant public health challenge. Recovery from brain injury necessitates the collaborative efforts of various resident neural cells, predominantly microglia. The present study analyzed rat and mouse RNA expression micro‑arrays, high‑throughput RNA sequencing and single‑cell sequencing data sourced from public databases. To construct an inflammation regulation network around TYRO protein tyrosine kinase‑binding protein (TYROBP), to evaluate the role of TYROBP in cell death after TBI. These findings indicate that following TBI, neurons predominantly communicate with one another through the CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) and CC chemokine ligand (CCL) signaling pathways, employing a paracrine mechanism to activate microglia. These activated microglia intensify the pathological progression of brain injury by releasing factors such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‑α), vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor β via the NF‑κB pathway. Cells co‑culture experiments demonstrated that neurons, impaired by mechanical injury, interact with microglia through non‑contact mechanisms. Activated microglia secrete cytokines, including TNF‑α, CXCL‑8 and CCL2, which trigger an inflammatory response and facilitate neuronal apoptosis. TYROBP gene knockout in microglia was demonstrated to reduce this interaction and reduce neuronal cell apoptosis rates.

Mincle as a potential intervention target for the prevention of inflammation and fibrosis (Review)

Macrophage‑inducible C‑type lectin receptor (Mincle) is predominantly found on antigen‑presenting cells. It can recognize specific ligands when stimulated by certain pathogens such as fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This recognition triggers the activation of the nuclear factor‑κB pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory factors and contributing to the innate immune response of the host. Moreover, Mincle identifies lipid damage‑related molecules discharged by injured cells, such as Sin3‑associated protein 130, which triggers aseptic inflammation and ultimately hastens the advancement of renal damage, autoimmune disorders and malignancies by fostering tissue inflammation. Presently, research on the functioning of the Mincle receptor in different inflammatory and fibrosis‑associated conditions has emerged as a popular topic. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of research on the impact of Mincle in promoting long‑lasting inflammatory reactions and fibrosis. Additional investigation is required into the function of Mincle receptors in chronological inflammatory reactions and fibrosis of organ systems, including the progression from inflammation to fibrosis. Hence, the present study showed an overview of the primary roles and potential mechanism of Mincle in inflammation, fibrosis, as well as the progression of inflammation to fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to clarify the potential mechanism of Mincle in inflammation and fibrosis and to offer perspectives for the development of drugs that target Mincle.

Semaglutide alters gut microbiota and improves NAFLD in db/db mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). NAFLD can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and even cancer, all of which have a very poor prognosis. Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has been recognized as a specific drug for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, we used a gene mutation mouse model (db/db mice) to investigate the potential liver-improving effects of semaglutide. The results showed that semaglutide improved lipid levels and glucose metabolism in db/db mice. HE staining and oil red staining showed alleviation of liver damage and reduction of hepatic lipid deposition after injection of semaglutide. In addition, semaglutide also improved the integrity of gut barrier and altered gut microbiota, especially Alloprevotella, Alistpes, Ligilactobacillus and Lactobacillus. In summary, our findings validate that semaglutide induces modifications in the composition of the gut microbiota and ameliorates NAFLD, positioning it as a promising therapeutic candidate for addressing hepatic steatosis and associated inflammation.

Hippuric acid alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via suppressing inflammatory activity and modulating gut microbiota

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with metabolic disorder and gut dysbiosis. Decreased abundance of hippuric acid (HA) was found in patients with IBD. HA, metabolized directly from benzoic acid in the intestine and indirectly from polyphenols, serves as a marker of polyphenol catabolism. While polyphenols and benzoic acid have been shown to alleviate intestinal inflammation, the role of HA in this context remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects and mechanism of HA on DSS-induced colitis mice. The results revealed that HA alleviated clinical activity and intestinal barrier damage, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Metagenomic sequencing suggested that HA treatment restored the gut microbiota, including an increase in beneficial gut bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Eubacterium, Schaedlerella and Bifidobacterium_pseudolongum. Furthermore, we identified 113 candidate genes associated with IBD that are potentially under HA regulation through network pharmacological analyses. 10 hub genes including ALB, IL-6, HSP90AA1, and others were identified using PPI analysis and validated using molecular docking and mRNA expression analysis. Additionally, KEGG analysis suggested that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), NF-κB signaling and Rap1 signaling pathways were important pathways in the response of HA to colitis. Thus, HA may provide novel biotherapy options for IBD.

Lizhong decoction ameliorates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting ferroptosis of enterocytes via the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Traditional herbal medicines have been considered as a novel and effective way to treat many diseases. Lizhong decoction (LZD), a classical prescription composed of Zingiber officinale Rosc., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., has been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in clinical practices for thousands of years. However, the mechanism of LZD in alleviating ulcerative colitis (UC) is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to clarify the potential molecular mechanism of LZD in improving UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The amelioration of LZD on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice was evaluated by body weight, colon length, pathology of colon tissues, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins. Moreover, the gene expression profiles of UC patients were extracted to investigate potential pathological mechanisms of UC. The influence of LZD on ferroptosis was analyzed by iron load, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins. Meanwhile, the inhibition of LZD on oxidative stress (OS) was assessed by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as the expression levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Furthermore, the influence of LZD on ferroptosis was assessed by inhibiting nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 (Nrf2).

RESULTS

LZD showed significant therapeutic effects in UC mice, including reduction of intestinal injury and inflammation. Moreover, LZD treatment notably upregulated the expression of TJ proteins. Further investigation indicated that LZD significantly inhibited the ferroptosis of enterocytes by decreasing iron load and MDA, and increasing the expression levels of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in colon tissues. Furthermore, the decreased activity of SOD, reduced level of GSH, and increased content of GSSG in UC mice were notably reversed by LZD. Consistent with in vivo results, LZD could markedly inhibit ferroptosis and OS in RSL3-induced Caco-2 cells. Mechanistically, LZD alleviated ferroptosis by suppressing OS through the activation of Nrf2 signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, LZD remarkably improved intestinal pathological injury in UC mice, and its potential mechanism was the suppression of ferroptosis in enterocytes by the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway.

Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and ameliorating PPARα mediated lipotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prominent cause of liver-related death that poses a threat to global health and is characterized by severe hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning degeneration. To date, no Food and Drug Administration-approved medicine is commercially available. The Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction (CGGD) shows potential curative effects on regulation of blood lipids and blood glucose, mitigation of organism inflammation, and amelioration of hepatic function. However, the overall regulatory mechanisms underlying its effects on NASH remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of CGGD on methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD)-induced NASH and unravel its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

A NASH model of SD rats was established using an MCD diet for 8 weeks, and the efficacy of CGGD was evaluated based on hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and fibrosis. The effects of CGGD on the intestinal barrier, metabolic profile, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) profile were analyzed by integrating gut microbiota, metabolomics, and transcriptome sequencing to elucidate its mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

In MCD-induced NASH rats, pathological staining demonstrated that CGGD alleviated lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis in the hepatic tissue. After CGGD administration, liver index, liver weight, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) contents, liver triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFAs) were decreased, meanwhile, it down-regulated the level of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1), and up-regulated the level of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10), and the expression of liver fibrosis markers TGFβ, Acta2, Col1a1 and Col1a2 were weakened. Mechanistically, CGGD treatment altered the diversity of intestinal flora, as evidenced by the depletion of Allobaculum, Blautia, norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae, and enrichment of the probiotic genera Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, etc. The colonic histopathological results indicated that the gut barrier damage recovered in the CGGD treatment group, and the expression levels of colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-specific receptors FFAR2, FFAR3, and tight junction (TJs) proteins ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1 were increased compared with those in the model group. Further metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that CGGD mitigated the lipotoxicity caused by glycerophospholipid and eicosanoid metabolism disorders by decreasing the levels of PLA2G4A, LPCAT1, COX2, and LOX5. In addition, CGGD could activate the inhibitory lipotoxic transcription factor PPARα, regulate the proteins of FABP1, APOC2, APOA2, and LPL to promote fatty acid catabolism, and suppress the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB pathway to attenuate NASH.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that CGGD improved steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis on NASH through enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and alleviating PPARα mediated lipotoxicity, which makes it an attractive candidate for potential new strategies for NASH prevention and treatment.

Banxia Xiexin decoction modulates gut microbiota and gut microbiota metabolism to alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Banxia Xiexin decoction (BXD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its potential mechanism of action is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Reveal the correlation between the beneficial impacts of BXD on UC and the composition of the gut microbiota.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The major constituents of BXD were identified using the HPLC-DAD technique. An experimental model of UC was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by administering dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). A total of 48 mice were divided into different groups, including control, model, high-dose BXD treatment, medium-dose BXD treatment, low-dose BXD treatment, and a group treated with 5-amino acid salicylic acid (5-ASA). Body weight changes and disease activity index (DAI) scores were documented; colon length, colon index, spleen index, and thymus index scores were determined; myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activities were assessed; and histological staining with hematoxylin-eosin and alcian blue/phosphate Schiff was performed. The immunofluorescence technique was employed to examine the presence of ZO-1 and occludin in the colon tissue. 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to assess the gut microbiota's diversity and metabolomics was utilized to examine alterations in metabolites within the gut microbiota. The impact of BXD on the gut microbiota was confirmed through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

RESULTS

BXD exhibited a positive impact on UC mice, particularly in the high-dose BXD treatment group. The BXD group experienced weight recovery, decreased DAI scores, improved colon length, and restored of spleen and thymus index scores compared to the DSS group. Additionally, BXD alleviated colon damage and the inflammatory response while restoring intestinal barrier function. FMT in BXD-treated mice also showed therapeutic effects in UC mice. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota, Deferribacterota and Actinobacteriota increased; at the genus level, g__norank__f__Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus increased, whereas Faecalibaculum, Alloprevotella, Turicibacter, and g_Paraprevotella decreased. g__norank_f__Muribaculaceae was positively correlated with body weight and colon length and negatively with colon index scores, splenic index scores, and MPO levels; Alloprevotella was positively correlated with splenic index scores, histological scores, and TNF-α levels and negatively with thymus index scores and thymus index scores. Faecalibaculum was positively correlated with colon index scores and MPO levels. Metabolic investigations revealed 58 potential indicators, primarily associated with the metabolism of amino acids, purines, and lipids. Alloprevotella, g_Paraprevotella, and Bifidobacterium were strongly associated with metabolic pathways.

CONCLUSION

BXD showed beneficial therapeutic effects in UC mice. The mechanism may be by promoting the balance and variety of gut microbiota, as well as regulating the metabolism of amino acids, purines, and lipids.

Anchang Yuyang Decoction inhibits experimental colitis-related carcinogenesis by regulating PPAR signaling pathway and affecting metabolic homeostasis of host and microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) presents a risk of carcinogenesis, which escalates with the duration of IBD. Persistent histological inflammation is considered to be the driving factor of colitis carcinogenesis. Effective control of inflammation is helpful to prevent and treat colitis-related colorectal cancer (CAC). Anchang Yuyang Decoction (AYD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is originated from the ancient prescription of TCM for treating colitis and colorectal cancer. AYD has demonstrated efficacy in treating IBD and potential anti-carcinogenic properties.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This research aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy of AYD in ameliorating experimental colitis-related carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS. It further seeks to elucidate its potential mechanisms by integrating multiple omics sequencing approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A rat model for colitis-related carcinogenesis was developed using azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). UPLC-MS identified AYD's chemical constituents. Rats were administered varying doses of AYD (18.37, 9.19 and 4.59 g/kg) orally for 53 days, with mesalazine as a positive control. The study evaluated anti-carcinogenic effects by examining adenoma number, adenoma load, abnormal crypt foci (ACF), histopathological damage, and tumor-related protein expression. Anti-inflammatory and reparative effects were assessed through body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, spleen index, inflammatory cytokine levels, and tight junction protein expression. The effects on intestinal microbiota and host metabolism were explored through 16S rRNA sequencing, targeted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabonomics, and non-targeted colon metabolomics. Potential AYD targets were identified through transcriptomic sequencing and validated by qRT-PCR and western blotting.

RESULTS

AYD significantly reduced adenoma number, adenoma load, neoplasm-associated lesions, ACF, and tumor-related protein expression (e.g., p53, PCNA) in AOM/DSS-induced rats, thus impeding colitis-related carcinogenesis progression. AYD also alleviated histopathological damage and inflammation, promoting intestinal mucosal barrier repair. Furthermore, AYD modulated intestinal flora structure, enhanced SCFA production, and regulated colon metabolites. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed a significant impact on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Subsequent qRT-PCR and western blotting experiments indicated AYD's influence in up-regulating PPAR-γ and down-regulating PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and related proteins (thrombomodulin [Thbd], fatty acid binding protein 5 [Fabp5], stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 [Scd2], phospholipid transfer protein [Pltp]).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates AYD's ability to inhibit experimental colitis-related carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS. Its mechanism likely involves modulation of the PPAR signaling pathway, impacting intestinal microbiota and host metabolic equilibrium.