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Carreño A, Guerrero-Yagüe R, Casal E, Mendoza R, Corchero JL. Tuning plasmid DNA amounts for cost-effective transfections of mammalian cells: when less is more. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:98. [PMID: 38212965 PMCID: PMC10784393 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells is a well-known approach to the fast expression of recombinant proteins. The human cell line HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293F is widely used in this field, due to its adaptability to grow in suspension to high cell densities in serum-free media, amenability to transfection, and production of recombinant proteins in satisfactory quantities for functional and structural analysis. Amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) required in transfections for TGE remain high (usually 1 µg pDNA/mL, or even higher), representing a noticeable proportion of the overall cost. Thus, there is an economic need to reduce amounts of coding pDNA in TGE processes. In this work, amounts of both pDNA and transfecting agent used for TGE in HEK 293F cells have been explored in order to reduce them without compromising (or even improving) the productivity of the process in terms of protein yield. In our hands, minimal polyethyleneimine (PEI) cytotoxicity and optimum protein yields were obtained when transfecting at 0.5 µg pDNA/mL (equal to 0.5 µg pDNA/million cells) and a DNA-to-PEI ratio of 1:3, a trend confirmed for several unrelated recombinant proteins. Thus, carefully tuning pDNA and transfecting agent amounts not only reduces the economic costs but also results in higher recombinant protein yields. These results surely have a direct application and interest for the biopharmaceutical industry, always concerned in increasing productivity while decreasing economic costs. KEY POINTS: • Mammalian cells are widely used to produce recombinant proteins in short times. • Tuning DNA and transfecting agent are of great interest to optimize economic costs. • Reducing DNA and transfecting agent amounts result in higher protein yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Carreño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rubén Guerrero-Yagüe
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Gene Therapy for Neurometabolic Disorders, Edifici H, Institute of Neurosciences (INc) & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Casal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Alderley Analytical Ltd. Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Rosa Mendoza
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang K, Yang N, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Wang J. Expression and characterization of the new antimicrobial peptide AP138L-arg26 anti Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:111. [PMID: 38229298 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The low activity and yield of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are pressing problems. The improvement of activity and yield through modification and heterologous expression, a potential way to solve the problem, is a research hot-pot. In this work, a new plectasin-derived variant L-type AP138 (AP138L-arg26) was constructed for the study of recombination expression and druggablity. As a result, the total protein concentration of AP138L-arg26 was 3.1 mg/mL in Pichia pastoris X-33 supernatant after 5 days of induction expression in a 5-L fermenter. The recombinant peptide AP138L-arg26 has potential antibacterial activity against selected standard and clinical Gram-positive bacteria (G+, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2-16 µg/mL) and high stability under different conditions (temperature, pH, ion concentration) and 2 × MIC of AP138L-arg26 could rapidly kill Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (> 99.99%) within 1.5 h. It showed a high safety in vivo and in vivo and a long post-antibiotic effect (PAE, 1.91 h) compared with vancomycin (1.2 h). Furthermore, the bactericidal mechanism was revealed from two dimensions related to its disruption of the cell membrane resulting in intracellular potassium leakage (2.5-fold higher than control), and an increase in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the decrease of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and further intervening metabolism in S. aureus. These results indicate that AP138L-arg26 as a new peptide candidate could be used for more in-depth development in the future. KEY POINTS: • The AP138L-arg26 was expressed in the P. pastoris expression system with high yield • The AP138 L-arg26 showed high stability and safety in vitro and in vivo • The AP138L-arg26 killed S. aureus by affecting cell membranes and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Huang L, Chen G, Zhang G, Fang Y, Zhu W, Xin Y. Construction of a highly efficient adsorbent for one-step purification of recombinant proteins: Functionalized cellulose-based monolith fabricated via phase separation method. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122046. [PMID: 38616085 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Currently, purification step in the recombinant protein manufacture is still a great challenge and its cost far outweighs those of the upstream process. In this study, a functionalized cellulose-based monolith was constructed as an efficient affinity adsorbent for one-step purification of recombinant proteins. Firstly, the fundamental cellulose monolith (CE monolith) was fabricated based on thermally induced phase separation, followed by being modified with nitrilotriacetic acid anhydride through esterification to give NCE monolith. After chelating with Ni2+, the affinity adsorbent NCE-Ni2+ monolith was obtained, which was demonstrated to possess a hierarchically porous morphology with a relatively high surface area, porosity and compressive strength. The adsorption behavior of NCE-Ni2+ monolith towards β2-microglobulin with 6 N-terminus His-tag (His-β2M) was evaluated through batch and fixed-bed column experiments. The results revealed that NCE-Ni2+ monolith exhibited a relatively fast His-β2M adsorption rate with a maximum adsorption capacity of 329.2 mg/g. The fixed-bed column adsorption implied that NCE-Ni2+ monolith showed high efficiency for His-β2M adsorption. Finally, NCE-Ni2+ monolith was demonstrated to have an excellent His-β2M purification ability from E. coli lysate with exceptional reusability. Therefore, the resultant NCE-Ni2+ monolith had large potential to be used as an efficient adsorbent for recombinant protein purification in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guronghua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yue Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu University Affiliated People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanrong Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Lei X, Li P, Abd El-Aty AM, Zhao J, Xu L, Gao S, Li J, Zhao Y, She Y, Jin F, Wang J, Zheng L, Hammock BD, Jin M. Generation of a highly specific recombinant full-length antibody for detecting ethirimol in fruit and environmental water. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:134067. [PMID: 38513441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
High-performance antibodies are core reagents for highly sensitive immunoassays. Herein, based on a novel hapten, a hybridoma secreting the high-affinity anti-ethirimol monoclonal antibody (mAb-14G5F6) was isolated with an IC50 value of 1.35 μg/L and cross-reactivity below 0.20% for 13 analogs. To further address the challenge of hybridoma preservation and antibody immortalization, a recombinant full-length antibody (rAb-14G5F6) was expressed using the HEK293(F) expression system based on the mAb-14G5F6 gene. The affinity, specificity, and tolerance of rAb-14G5F6, as characterized by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and noncompetitive surface plasmon resonance, exhibited high concordance with those of mAb-14G5F6. Further immunoassays based on rAb-14G5F6 were developed for irrigation water and strawberry fruit with limits of detection of 0.0066 and 0.036 mg/kg, respectively, recoveries of 80100%, and coefficients of variation below 10%. Furthermore, homology simulation and molecular docking revealed that GLU(L40), GLY(L107), GLY(H108), and ASP(H114) play important roles in forming hydrogen bonds and pi-anion ionic bonds between rAb-14G5F6 and ethirimol, resulting in the high specificity and affinity of rAb-14G5F6 for ethirimol, with a KD of 5.71 × 10-10 mol/L. Overall, a rAb specific for ethirimol was expressed successfully in this study, laying the groundwork for rAb-based immunoassays for monitoring fungicide residues in agricultural products and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Lei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lingyuan Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Li
- Jinhua Miaozhidizhi Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Research Center of Quality Standards for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China.
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Jahandideh M, Rakhshandehroo F, Safarnejad MR, Sahraroo A, Elbeaino T. In planta expression of specific single chain fragment antibody (scFv) against nucleocapsid protein of fig mosaic virus (FMV). J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114904. [PMID: 38368949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Fig mosaic virus (FMV) is recognized as the main viral agent associated with the mosaic disease (MD) of fig trees (Ficus carica). Due to its worldwide occurrence, FMV represents the most significant global threat to the production of fig fruit. A disease management strategy against the MD in fig orchards has never been effective; and therefore, expression of recombinant antibody in plant cells could provide an alternative approach to suppress FMV infections. In this study we focused on expressing a specific recombinant antibody, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), targeting the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of FMV in planta. To accomplish this objective, we inserted the scFv gene into a plant expression vector and conducted transient expression in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samson plants. The construct was transiently expressed in tobacco plants by agroinfiltration, and antibody of the anticipated size was detected by immunoblotting. The produced plantibody was then assessed for specificity using ELISA and confirmed by Western blot analysis. In this study, the plantibody developed against FMV could be considered as a potential countermeasure to the infection by conferring resistance to MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Jahandideh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Rakhshandehroo
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Safarnejad
- Department of Plant Viruses, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sahraroo
- Department of Horticultural sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Toufic Elbeaino
- Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari (CIHEAM-IAMB), Via Ceglie 9, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
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Liu Y, Zhou X, Wang T, Luo A, Jia Z, Pan X, Cai W, Sun M, Wang X, Wen Z, Zhou G. Genetic algorithm-based semisupervised convolutional neural network for real-time monitoring of Escherichia coli fermentation of recombinant protein production using a Raman sensor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1583-1595. [PMID: 38247359 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
As a non-destructive sensing technique, Raman spectroscopy is often combined with regression models for real-time detection of key components in microbial cultivation processes. However, achieving accurate model predictions often requires a large amount of offline measurement data for training, which is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. In order to overcome the limitations of traditional models that rely on large datasets and complex spectral preprocessing, in addition to the difficulty of training models with limited samples, we have explored a genetic algorithm-based semi-supervised convolutional neural network (GA-SCNN). GA-SCNN integrates unsupervised process spectral labeling, feature extraction, regression prediction, and transfer learning. Using only an extremely small number of offline samples of the target protein, this framework can accurately predict protein concentration, which represents a significant challenge for other models. The effectiveness of the framework has been validated in a system of Escherichia coli expressing recombinant ProA5M protein. By utilizing the labeling technique of this framework, the available dataset for glucose, lactate, ammonium ions, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) has been expanded from 52 samples to 1302 samples. Furthermore, by introducing a small component of offline detection data for recombinant proteins into the OD600 model through transfer learning, a model for target protein detection has been retrained, providing a new direction for the development of associated models. Comparative analysis with traditional algorithms demonstrates that the GA-SCNN framework exhibits good adaptability when there is no complex spectral preprocessing. Cross-validation results confirm the robustness and high accuracy of the framework, with the predicted values of the model highly consistent with the offline measurement results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Enze Biomass and Fine Chemicals, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - An Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Mengge Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Enze Biomass and Fine Chemicals, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenguo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Enze Biomass and Fine Chemicals, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzheng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Enze Biomass and Fine Chemicals, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing, China
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Shao S, Liu K, Du J, Yin C, Wang M, Wang Y. Functional characterization of serine proteinase inhibitor Kazal-Type in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2024; 148:109525. [PMID: 38537926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors Kazal type (SPINKs) function in physiological and immunological processes across multicellular organisms. In the present study, we identified a SPINK gene, designated as CqSPINK, in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, which is the ortholog of human SPINK5. The deduced CqSPINK contains two Kazal domains consisting of 45 amino acid residues with a typical signature motif C-X3-C-X5-PVCG-X5-Y-X3-C-X6-C-X12-14-C. Each Kazal domain contains six conserved cysteine residues forming three pairs of disulfide bonds, segmenting the structure into three rings. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CqSPINK as a homolog of human SPINK5. CqSPINK expression was detected exclusively in hepatopancreas and epithelium, with rapid up-regulation in hepatopancreas upon Vibrio parahaemolyticus E1 challenge. Recombinant CqSPINK protein (rCqSPINK) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for further study. Proteinase inhibition assays demonstrated that rCqSPINK could potently inhibit proteinase K and subtilisin A, weakly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and elastase, but extremely weak inhibit trypsin. Furthermore, CqSPINK inhibited bacterial secretory proteinase activity from Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and inhibited B. subtilis growth. These findings suggest CqSPINK's involvement in antibacterial immunity through direct inhibition of bacterial proteases, contributing to resistance against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoru Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Jiansen Du
- Qingdao International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao Customs District PR China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chenlin Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Zhanjiang Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, 524013, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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8
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Zhang S, Lin R, Cui L, Jiang T, Shi J, Lu C, Li P, Zhou M. Alter codon bias of the P. pastoris genome to overcome a bottleneck in codon optimization strategy development and improve protein expression. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127629. [PMID: 38330819 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Apart from its role in translation, codon bias is also an important mechanism to regulate mRNA levels. The traditional frequency-based codon optimization strategy is rather efficient in organisms such as N. crassa, but much less in yeast P. pastoris which is a popular host for heterologous protein expression. This is because that unlike N. crassa, the preferred codons of P. pastoris are actually AU-rich and hence codon optimization for extremely low GC content comes with issues of pre-mature transcriptional termination or low RNA stability in spite of translational advantages. To overcome this bottleneck, we focused on three reporter genes in P. pastoris first and confirmed the great advantage of GC-prone codon optimization on mRNA levels. Then we altered the codon bias profile of P. pastoris by introducing additional rare tRNA gene copies. Prior to that we constructed IPTG-regulated tRNA species to enable chassis cells to switch between different codon bias status. As demonstrated again with reporter genes, protein yield of luc and 0788 was successfully increased by 4-5 folds in chassis cells. In summary, here we provide an alternative codon optimization strategy for genes with unsatisfactory performance under traditional codon frequency-based optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ru Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Luyao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaoyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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9
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Cardoso ACS, Azevedo RS, Brum RJ, Santos LO, Marins LF. Optimization of Recombinant Protein Production in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942: Utilizing Native Promoters and Magnetic Fields. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:143. [PMID: 38627283 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 holds significant potential as a biofactory for recombinant protein (RP) production due to its capacity to harness light energy and utilize CO2. This study aimed to enhance RP production by integration of native promoters and magnetic field application (MF) in S. elongatus PCC 7942. The psbA2 promoter, which responds to stress conditions, was chosen for the integration of the ZsGreen1 gene. Results indicated successful gene integration, affirming prior studies that showed no growth alterations in transgenic strains. Interestingly, exposure to 30 mT (MF30) demonstrated a increase in ZsGreen1 transcription under the psbA2 promoter, revealing the influence of MF on cyanobacterial photosynthetic machinery. This enhancement is likely attributed to stress-induced shifts in gene expression and enzyme activity. MF30 positively impacted photosystem II (PSII) without disrupting the electron transport chain, aligning with the "quantum-mechanical mechanism" theory. Notably, fluorescence levels and gene expression with application of 30 mT were significantly different from control conditions. This study showcases the efficacy of utilizing native promoters and MF for enhancing RP production in S. elongatus PCC 7942. Native promoters eliminate the need for costly exogenous inducers and potential cell stress. Moreover, the study expands the scope of optimizing RP production in photoautotrophic microorganisms, providing valuable insights for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C S Cardoso
- LEGENE - Research Group in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Raíza S Azevedo
- LEGENE - Research Group in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Rayanne J Brum
- LEGENE - Research Group in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Lucielen O Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis F Marins
- LEGENE - Research Group in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
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10
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Owens NA, Anborgh PH, Kolotilin I. Chromatography affinity resin with photosynthetically-sourced protein A ligand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8714. [PMID: 38622266 PMCID: PMC11018848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Green, photosynthesizing plants can be proficiently used as cost-effective, single-use, fully biodegradable bioreactors for environmentally-friendly production of a variety of valuable recombinant proteins. Being near-infinitely scalable and most energy-efficient in generating biomass, plants represent profoundly valid alternatives to conventionally used stationary fermenters. To validate this, we produced a plastome-engineered tobacco bioreactor line expressing a recombinant variant of the protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, an affinity ligand widely useful in antibody purification processes, reaching accumulation levels up to ~ 250 mg per 1 kg of fresh leaf biomass. Chromatography resin manufactured from photosynthetically-sourced recombinant protein A ligand conjugated to agarose beads demonstrated the innate pH-driven ability to bind and elute IgG-type antibodies and allowed one-step efficient purification of functional monoclonal antibodies from the supernatants of the producing hybridomas. The results of this study emphasize the versatility of plant-based recombinant protein production and illustrate its vast potential in reducing the cost of diverse biotechnological applications, particularly the downstream processing and purification of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha A Owens
- The School of Applied Science and Technology, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada
| | - Pieter H Anborgh
- The School of Applied Science and Technology, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada
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11
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Karbalaei M, Mosavat A, Soleimanpour S, Farsiani H, Ghazvini K, Amini AA, Sankian M, Rezaee SA. Production and Evaluation of Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 Immunogenicity as an Fc Fusion Recombinant Multi-Stage Vaccine Candidate Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:127. [PMID: 38575759 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
An urgent need is to introduce an effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. In the present study, a multi-stage M.tb immunodominant Fcγ1 fusion protein (Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1) was designed and produced, and the immunogenicity of purified protein was evaluated. This recombinant fusion protein was produced in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The HiTrap-rPA column affinity chromatography purified and confirmed the fusion protein using ELISA and Western blotting methods. The co-localisation assay was used to confirm its proper folding and function. IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and TGF-β expression in C57BL/6 mice then evaluated the immunogenicity of the construct in the presence and absence of BCG. After expression optimisation, medium-scale production and the Western blotting test confirmed suitable production of Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1. The co-localisation results on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) showed that Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 properly folded and bound to hFcγRI. This strong co-localisation with its receptor can confirm inducing proper Th1 responses. The in vivo immunisation assay showed no difference in the expression of IL-4 but a substantial increase in the expression of IFN-γ and IL-12 (P ≤ 0.02) and a moderate increase in TGF-β (P = 0.05). In vivo immunisation assay revealed that Th1-inducing pathways have been stimulated, as IFN-γ and IL-12 strongly, and TGF-β expression moderately increased in Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 group and Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1+BCG. Furthermore, the production of IFN-γ from splenocytes in the Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 group was enormously higher than in other treatments. Therefore, this Fc fusion protein can make a selective multi-stage delivery system for inducing appropriate Th1 responses and is used as a subunit vaccine alone or in combination with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Amini
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.
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12
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Chidkoksung K, Parakasikron N, Nuanualsuwan S, Khantasup K. Development of a latex agglutination test based on VH antibody fragment for detection of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299691. [PMID: 38568909 PMCID: PMC10990187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important porcine pathogen that causes diseases in both swine and human. For rapid SS2 identification, a novel latex agglutination test (LAT) based on heavy-chain variable domain antibody (VH) was developed. Firstly, the soluble 47B3 VH antibody fragment from a phage display library, in which cysteine residues were engineered at the C-terminus, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein was then gently reduced to form monomeric soluble 47B3 VH subsequently used to coat with latex beads by means of site-specific conjugation. The resulting VH-coated beads gave a good agglutination reaction with SS2. The LAT was able to distinguish S. suis serotype 2 from serotype 1/2, which shares some common sugar residues, and showed no cross-reaction with other serotypes of S. suis or other related bacteria. The detection sensitivity was found to be as high as 1.85x106 cells. The LAT was stable at 4°C for at least six months without loss of activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first LAT based on a VH antibody fragment that can be considered as an alternative for conventional antibody-based LAT where VHs are the most favored recombinant antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiratika Chidkoksung
- The Medical Microbiology Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattihda Parakasikron
- The Medical Microbiology Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannika Khantasup
- Food Risk Hub, Research Unit of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Shan B, Mo J, Yang J, Qin X, Yu H. Cloning and functional characterization of a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene from the hornwort Anthoceros angustus. Plant Sci 2024; 341:111989. [PMID: 38232819 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Hornworts, as the sister group to liverworts and mosses, comprise bryophytes, which are critical in understanding the evolution of key land plant traits. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) catalyzes the second step of the phenylpropanoid pathway to synthesize the precursor of numerous phenolic compounds, such as lignin and flavonoids. However, C4H in the hornwort Anthoceros angustus has not yet been cloned and functionally characterized. In this work, we screened the transcriptome database of A. angustus and identified one C4H gene, AnanC4H. AnanC4H maintained conserved cytochrome P450 domains with other typical plant C4Hs. Ultraviolet B irradiation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced the expression of AnanC4H to varying degrees. The coding sequence of AnanC4H was expressed in yeast, and the recombinant proteins were isolated. The recombinant proteins of AnanC4H catalyzed the conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid and catalyzed the conversion of 3-hydroxycinnamic acid to caffeic acid. AnanC4H showed higher affinity for trans-cinnamic acid than for 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, but there was no significant difference in the catalytic efficiency of AnanC4H for the two substrates in vitro. Moreover, the expression of AnanC4H in Arabidopsis thaliana led to an increase in both the lignin content and the number of lignified cells in stems. However, there was no significant change in flavonoid content in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyun Shan
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Mo
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Haina Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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14
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Zabolotskii AI, Riabkova NS. A new look at the fluorescent protein-based approach for identifying optimal coding sequence for recombinant protein expression in E. coli. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300343. [PMID: 38622786 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, most amino acids are encoded by several codons. The choice among synonymous codons at the N-terminus of genes has a profound effect on protein expression in Escherichia coli. This is often explained by the different contributions of synonymous codons to mRNA secondary structure formation. Strong secondary structures at the 5'-end of mRNA interfere with ribosome binding and affect the process of translation initiation. In silico optimization of the gene 5'-end can significantly increase the level of protein expression; however, this method is not always effective due to the uncertainty of the exact mechanism by which synonymous substitutions affect expression; thus, it may produce nonoptimal variants as well as miss some of the best producers. In this paper, an alternative approach is proposed based on screening a partially randomized library of expression constructs comprising hundreds of selected synonymous variants. The effect of such substitutions was evaluated using the gene of interest fused to the reporter gene of the fluorescent protein with subsequent screening for the most promising candidates according to the reporter's signal intensity. The power of the approach is demonstrated by a significant increase in the prokaryotic expression of three proteins: canine cystatin C, human BCL2-associated athanogene 3 and human cardiac troponin I. This simple approach was suggested which may provide an efficient, easy, and inexpensive optimization method for poorly expressed proteins in bacteria.
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15
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Lara AR, Utrilla J, Martínez LM, Krausch N, Kaspersetz L, Hidalgo D, Cruz-Bournazou N, Neubauer P, Sigala JC, Gosset G, Büchs J. Recombinant protein expression in proteome-reduced cells under aerobic and oxygen-limited regimes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1216-1230. [PMID: 38178599 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Industrial cultures are hindered by the physiological complexity of the host and the limited mass transfer capacity of conventional bioreactors. In this study, a minimal cell approach was combined with genetic devices to overcome such issues. A flavin mononucleotide-based fluorescent protein (FbFP) was expressed in a proteome-reduced Escherichia coli (PR). When FbFP was expressed from a constitutive protein generator (CPG), the PR strain produced 47% and 35% more FbFP than its wild type (WT), in aerobic or oxygen-limited regimes, respectively. Metabolic and expression models predicted more efficient biomass formation at higher fluxes to FbFP, in agreement with these results. A microaerobic protein generator (MPG) and a microaerobic transcriptional cascade (MTC) were designed to induce FbFP expression upon oxygen depletion. The FbFP fluorescence using the MTC in the PR strain was 9% higher than that of the WT bearing the CPG under oxygen limitation. To further improve the PR strain, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulator gene was deleted, and the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was expressed. Compared to oxygen-limited cultures of the WT, the engineered strains increased the FbFP expression more than 50% using the MTC. Therefore, the designed expression systems can be a valuable alternative for industrial cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro R Lara
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jose Utrilla
- Synthetic Biology Program, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Luz María Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Niels Krausch
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas Kaspersetz
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Hidalgo
- Synthetic Biology Program, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juan-Carlos Sigala
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermo Gosset
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Jochen Büchs
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Munoz-Robles BG, DeForest CA. Irreversible light-activated SpyLigation mediates split-protein assembly in 4D. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1015-1052. [PMID: 38253657 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The conditional assembly of split-protein pairs to modulate biological activity is commonly achieved by fusing split-protein fragments to dimerizing components that bring inactive pairs into close proximity in response to an exogenous trigger. However, current methods lack full spatial and temporal control over reconstitution, require sustained activation and lack specificity. Here light-activated SpyLigation (LASL), based on the photoregulation of the covalent SpyTag (ST)/SpyCatcher (SC) peptide-protein reaction, assembles nonfunctional split fragment pairs rapidly and irreversibly in solution, in engineered biomaterials and intracellularly. LASL introduces an ortho-nitrobenzyl(oNB)-caged lysine into SC's reactive site to generate a photoactivatable SC (pSC). Split-protein pairs of interest fused to pSC and ST are conditionally assembled via near-ultraviolet or pulsed near-infrared irradiation, as the uncaged SC can react with ST to ligate appended fragments. We describe procedures for the efficient synthesis of the photocaged amino acid that is incorporated within pSC (<5 days) as well as the design and cloning of LASL plasmids (1-4 days) for recombinant protein expression in either Escherichia coli (5-6 days) or mammalian cells (4-6 days), which require some prior expertise in protein engineering. We provide a chemoenzymatic scheme for appending bioorthogonal reactive handles onto E. coli-purified pSC protein (<4 days) that permits LASL component incorporation and patterned protein activation within many common biomaterial platforms. Given that LASL is irreversible, the photolithographic patterning procedures are fast and do not require sustained light exposure. Overall, LASL can be used to interrogate and modulate cell signaling in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brizzia G Munoz-Robles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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17
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Li L, Li X, Zeng L, Wang Z, Deng N, Huang P, Hou J, Jian S, Zhao D. Molecular mechanism of the NOS/NOX regulation of antibacterial activity in Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 271:110945. [PMID: 38278206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which produces the free radical nitric oxide (NO), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), which produces the superoxide anion (O2-), in the innate immunity of Eriocheir sinensis, the full lengths of the NOS and NOX genes were cloned via rapid amplification of the cDNA ends and then expressed in the prokaryotic form to obtain the recombinant proteins, NOS-HIS and NOX-HIS. Through bacterial binding and stimulation experiments, the molecular mechanisms of NOS and NOX in the innate immunity of E. sinensis were explored. Based on the results, NOS and NOX were 5900 bp and 4504 bp long, respectively, and were evolutionarily conserved. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that NOS and NOX were expressed in all studied tissues, and both were expressed in the highest amounts in hemocytes. NOS-HIS and NOX-HIS could bind to bacteria with different binding powers; their binding ability to gram-positive bacteria was higher than that of binding to gram-negative bacteria. After stimulation with Aeromonas hydrophila, NOS expression was significantly up-regulated at 3, 6, and 48 h, and NOX expression was significantly down-regulated at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h. After bacterial stimulation, the NOS enzyme activity in the serum of E. sinensis was also significantly up-regulated at 6 and 48 h, and the NOX enzyme activity was significantly down-regulated at 12 and 48 h, aligning with the gene expression trend. Moreover, the related free radical molecules, NO, O2-, and H2O2, tended to decrease after bacterial stimulation. Overall, the gene expression and enzyme activity of NOS and NOX had been changed respectively, and the contents of a series of free radical molecules (NO, O2- and H2O2) were induced in E. sinensis after bacterial stimulation, which then exert antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Technology Extension and Application, Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jiangxi 330046, China.
| | - Liugen Zeng
- Nanchang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi 330038, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Peiying Huang
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiahao Hou
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shaoqin Jian
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Daxian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330031, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Healthy Breeding, Chongqing Research Institute of Nanchang University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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18
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Waheed Iqbal M, Tang X, Riaz T, Mahmood S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Yun J, Li J, Qi X. Exploiting the biocatalytic potential of co-expressed l-fucose isomerase and d-tagatose 3-epimerase for the biosynthesis of 6-deoxy-l-sorbose. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107189. [PMID: 38350272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
6-Deoxy-l-sorbose (6-DLS) is an imperative rare sugar employed in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industeries. However, it is a synthetic and very expensive rare sugars, previously synthesized by chemo-enzymatic methods through a long chain of chemical processes. Recently, enzymatic synthesis of rare sugars has attracted a lot of attention due to its advantages over synthetic methods. In this work, a promising approach for the synthesis of 6-DLS from an inexpensive sugar l-fucose was identified. The genes for l-fucose isomerase from Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae (Pr-LFI) and genes for d-tagatose-3-epimerase from Caballeronia fortuita (Cf-DTE) have been used for cloning and co-expression in Escherichia coli, developed a recombinant plasmid harboring pANY1-Pr-LFI/Cf-DTE vector. The recombinant co-expression system exhibited an optimum activity at 50 °C of temperature and pH 6.5 in the presence of Co2+ metal ion which inflated the catalytic activity by 6.8 folds as compared to control group with no metal ions. The recombinant co-expressed system was stable up to more than 50 % relative activity after 12 h and revealed a melting temperature (Tm) of 63.38 °C exhibiting half-life of 13.17 h at 50 °C. The co-expression system exhibited, 4.93, 11.41 and 16.21 g/L of 6-DLS production from initial l-fucose concentration of 30, 70 and 100 g/L, which equates to conversion yield of 16.44 %, 16.30 % and 16.21 % respectively. Generally, this study offers a promising strategy for the biological production of 6-DLS from an inexpensive substrate l-fucose in slightly acidic conditions with the aid of co-expression system harboring Pr-LFI and CF-DTE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waheed Iqbal
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinrui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tahreem Riaz
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jia Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Neef A, Nath BK, Das T, Luque D, Forwood JK, Raidal SR, Das S. Recombinantly expressed virus-like particles (VLPs) of canine circovirus for development of an indirect ELISA. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1121-1133. [PMID: 38163840 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging pathogen in domestic dogs, detected in multiple countries in association with varying clinical and pathological presentations including diarrhoea, vasculitis, granulomatous inflammation, and respiratory signs. Understanding the pathology of CanineCV is confounded by the fact that it has been detected in asymptomatic dogs as well as in diseased dogs concurrently infected with known pathogens. Recombinantly expressed self-assembling Virus-like particles (VLPs) lack viral genomic material but imitate the capsid surface conformations of wild type virion, allowing arrays of biological applications including subunit vaccine development and immunodiagnostics. In this study, full length CanineCV capsid gene was expressed in Escherichia coli followed by two-step purification process to yield soluble capsid protein in high concentration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the capsid antigen self-assembled into 17-20 nm VLPs in glutathione S-transferase (GST) buffer, later utilised to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The respective sensitivity and specificity of the proposed iELISA were 94.10% and 88.40% compared with those obtained from Western blot. The mean OD450 value for western blot positive samples was 1.22 (range 0.12-3.39) and negative samples was 0.21 (range 0.07-0.41). An optimal OD450 cut-off of 0.35 was determined by ROC curve analysis. Median inter-assay and intra-assay validation revealed that the iELISA test results were reproducible with coefficients of variation 7.70 (range 5.6-11.9) and 4.21 (range 1.2-7.4). Our results demonstrated that VLP-based iELISA is a highly sensitive method for serological diagnosis of CanineCV infections in dogs, suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Neef
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Babu Kanti Nath
- Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
| | - Tridip Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- Training Hub Promoting Regional Industry and Innovation in Virology and Epidemiology, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- Training Hub Promoting Regional Industry and Innovation in Virology and Epidemiology, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- Training Hub Promoting Regional Industry and Innovation in Virology and Epidemiology, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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20
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Wang B, Shao Y, Wang X, Li C. Identification and functional analysis of Toll-like receptor 2 from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131029. [PMID: 38518946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a member of TLR family that plays important roles in the innate immune system, such as pathogen recognition and inflammation regulation. In this study, the TLR2 homologue was cloned from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (denoted as ScTLR2) and its immune function was explored. The full-length cDNA of ScTLR2 comprised 2890 nucleotides with a 5'-UTR of 218 bp, an open reading frame of 2169 bp encoding 722 amino acids and a 3'-UTR of 503 bp. The deduced amino acid of ScTLR2 showed similar structure to TLR2 homologue with a conserved signal peptide, four LRR domains, one LRR-TYP domain, one LRR-CT domain, one transmembrane domain and a conserved TIR domain. ScTLR2 mRNA was detected in all examined tissues with the highest expression in the gill. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, the mRNA expression of ScTLR2 was significantly induced both in gill and haemocytes. The recombinant ScTLR2-LRR protein could bind all tested PAMPs including LPS, PGN and MAN. Bacterial agglutination assay showed that rScTLR2 could agglutinate the six tested bacteria with a calcium dependent manner. More importantly, ScTLR2 silencing by siRNA transfection could significantly depress the mRNA expression of Myd88, NF-κB, Tollip, IRF1, and IRF8. The survival rate of S. constricta was markedly decreased after V. parahaemolyticus challenge under this condition. Our current study demonstrated that ScTLR2 served as a pattern recognition receptor to induce immune response against invasive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xuelei Wang
- Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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21
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Sania A, Muhammad MA, Sajed M, Azim N, Ahmad N, Aslam M, Tang XF, Rashid N. Structural and functional analyses of an L-asparaginase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130438. [PMID: 38408579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome sequence of Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis contains an open reading frame annotated as a type II L-asparaginase (ASNaseGt). Critical structural analysis disclosed that ASNaseGt might be a type I L-asparaginase. In order to determine whether it is a type I or type II L-asparaginase, we have performed the structural-functional characterization of the recombinant protein as well as analyzed the localization of ASNaseGt in G. thermopakistaniensis. ASNaseGt exhibited optimal activity at 52 °C and pH 9.5. There was a > 3-fold increase in activity in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Apparent Vmax and Km values were 2735 U/mg and 0.35 mM, respectively. ASNaseGt displayed high thermostability with >80 % residual activity even after 6 h of incubation at 55 °C. Recombinant ASNaseGt existed in oligomeric form. Addition of β-mercaptoethanol lowered the degree of oligomerization and displayed that tetrameric form was the most active, with a specific activity of 4300 U/mg. Under physiological conditions, ASNaseGt displayed >50 % of the optimal activity. Localization studies in G. thermopakistaniensis revealed that ASNaseGt is a cytosolic protein. Structural and functional characterization, and localization in G. thermopakistaniensis displayed that ASNaseGt is not a type II but a type I L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sania
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Majida Atta Muhammad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naseema Azim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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22
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Zhao WJ, Li Y, Jiao ZL, Su PP, Yang LB, Sun CQ, Xiu JF, Shang XL, Guo G. Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica. Insect Mol Biol 2024; 33:157-172. [PMID: 38160324 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti-microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down-regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti-microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G-) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Long Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao-Qin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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23
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Li Y, Zhou H, Li B, Li J, Shen Y, Jiang Y, Cui W, Tang L. Immunoprotection of FliBc chimeric fiber2 fusion proteins targeting dendritic cells against Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103474. [PMID: 38387285 PMCID: PMC10899072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is a highly fatal disease in chickens caused by the highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), which has severe economic consequences. The fiber2 protein exhibits excellent potential as a candidate for a subunit vaccination against FAdV-4. Despite having a high safety profile, subunit vaccines have low immunogenicity due to their lack of infectivity, which leads to low levels of immune response. As a vaccine adjuvant, Salmonella flagellin possesses the potential to augment the immunological response to vaccinations. Additionally, a crucial strategy for enhancing vaccine efficacy is efficient presentation of immune antigens to dendritic cells (DC) for targeted vaccination. In this study, we designed FAdV-4-fiber2 protein, and a recombinant protein called FliBc-fiber2-SP which based on FAdV-4-fiber2 protein, was generated using the gene sequence FliBc, which retains only the conserved sequence at the amino and carboxyl termini of the flagellin B subunit, and a short peptide SPHLHTSSPWER (SP), which targets chicken bone marrow-derived DC. They were separately administered via intramuscular injection to 14-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and their immunogenicity was compared. At 21 d postvaccination (dpv), it was found that the FliBc-fiber2-SP recombinant protein elicited significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies and conferred a vaccine protection rate of up to 100% compared to its counterpart fiber2 protein. These results suggest that the DC-targeted peptide fusion strategy for flagellin chimeric antigen construction can effectively enhance the immune protective efficacy of antigen proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bolong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuanmeng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 1550030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China.
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24
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Köppl C, Buchinger W, Striedner G, Cserjan-Puschmann M. Modifications of the 5' region of the CASPON TM tag's mRNA further enhance soluble recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:86. [PMID: 38509572 PMCID: PMC10953258 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is one of the most commonly used host organisms for the production of biopharmaceuticals, as it allows for cost-efficient and fast recombinant protein expression. However, challenging proteins are often produced with low titres or as inclusion bodies, and the manufacturing process needs to be developed individually for each protein. Recently, we developed the CASPONTM technology, a generic fusion tag-based platform process for high-titer soluble expression including a standardized downstream processing and highly specific enzymatic cleavage of the fusion tag. To assess potential strategies for further improvement of the N-terminally fused CASPONTM tag, we modified the 5'UTR and 5' region of the tag-coding mRNA to optimize the ribosome-mRNA interactions. RESULTS In the present work, we found that by modifying the 5'UTR sequence of a pET30acer plasmid-based system, expression of the fusion protein CASPONTM-tumour necrosis factor α was altered in laboratory-scale carbon-limited fed-batch cultivations, but no significant increase in expression titre was achieved. Translation efficiency was highest for a construct carrying an expression enhancer element and additionally possessing a very favourable interaction energy between ribosome and mRNA (∆Gtotal). However, a construct with comparatively low transcriptional efficiency, which lacked the expression enhancer sequence and carried the most favourable ∆Gtotal tested, led to the highest recombinant protein formation alongside the reference pET30a construct. Furthermore, we found, that by introducing synonymous mutations within the nucleotide sequence of the T7AC element of the CASPONTM tag, utilizing a combination of rare and non-rare codons, the free folding energy of the nucleotides at the 5' end (-4 to + 37) of the transcript encoding the CASPONTM tag increased by 6 kcal/mol. Surprisingly, this new T7ACrare variant led to improved recombinant protein titres by 1.3-fold up to 5.3-fold, shown with three industry-relevant proteins in lab-scale carbon limited fed-batch fermentations under industrially relevant conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals some of the complex interdependencies between the ribosome and mRNA that govern recombinant protein expression. By modifying the 5'UTR to obtain an optimized interaction energy between the mRNA and the ribosome (ΔGtotal), transcript levels were changed, highlighting the different translation efficiencies of individual transcripts. It was shown that the highest recombinant titre was not obtained by the construct with the most efficient translation but by a construct with a generally high transcript amount coupled with a favourable ΔGtotal. Furthermore, an unexpectedly high potential to enhance expression by introducing silent mutations including multiple rare codons into the 5'end of the CAPONTM tag's mRNA was identified. Although the titres of the fusion proteins were dramatically increased, no formation of inclusion bodies or negative impact on cell growth was observed. We hypothesize that the drastic increase in titre is most likely caused by better ribosomal binding site accessibility. Our study, which demonstrates the influence of changes in ribosome-mRNA interactions on protein expression under industrially relevant production conditions, opens the door to the applicability of the new T7ACrare tag in biopharmaceutical industry using the CASPONTM platform process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Köppl
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchinger
- Biopharma Austria, Development Operations, Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, Vienna, A-1121, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
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25
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Cai J. Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of Bacillus subtilis hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rc of α-L-arabinofuranosidase in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:181. [PMID: 38502253 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The α-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme plays a crucial role in the degradation of ginsenosides. In this study, we successfully cloned and expressed a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase bsafs gene (1503 bp, 501 amino acids, 55 kDa, and pI = 5.4) belonging to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 51 from Bacillus subtilis genome in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The recombinant protein Bsafs was purified using Ni2+ sepharose fastflow affinity chromatography and exhibited a specific activity of 2.91 U/mg. Bsafs effectively hydrolyzed the α-L-arabinofuranoside at C20 site of ginsenoside Rc to produce Rd as the product. The Km values for hydrolysis of pNP-α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPαAraf) and ginsenoside Rc were determined as 0.74 and 4.59 mmol/L, respectively; while the Vmax values for these substrates were found to be 24 and 164 μmol/min/mg, respectively; furthermore, the Kcat values for these enzymes were calculated as 22.3 and 1.58 S-1 correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Żebrowska J, Mucha P, Prusinowski M, Krefft D, Żylicz-Stachula A, Deptuła M, Skoniecka A, Tymińska A, Zawrzykraj M, Zieliński J, Pikuła M, Skowron PM. Development of hybrid biomicroparticles: cellulose exposing functionalized fusion proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:81. [PMID: 38481305 PMCID: PMC10938831 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the leading current trends in technology is the miniaturization of devices to the microscale and nanoscale. The highly advanced approaches are based on biological systems, subjected to bioengineering using chemical, enzymatic and recombinant methods. Here we have utilised the biological affinity towards cellulose of the cellulose binding domain (CBD) fused with recombinant proteins. RESULTS Here we focused on fusions with 'artificial', concatemeric proteins with preprogrammed functions, constructed using DNA FACE™ technology. Such CBD fusions can be efficiently attached to micro-/nanocellulose to form functional, hybrid bionanoparticles. Microcellulose (MCC) particles were generated by a novel approach to enzymatic hydrolysis using Aspergillus sp. cellulase. The interaction between the constructs components - MCC, CBD and fused concatemeric proteins - was evaluated. Obtaining of hybrid biomicroparticles of a natural cellulose biocarrier with proteins with therapeutic properties, fused with CBD, was confirmed. Further, biological tests on the hybrid bioMCC particles confirmed the lack of their cytotoxicity on 46BR.1 N fibroblasts and human adipose derived stem cells (ASCs). The XTT analysis showed a slight inhibition of the proliferation of 46BR.1 N fibroblasts and ACSs cells stimulated with the hybrid biomicroparticles. However, in both cases no changes in the morphology of the examined cells after incubation with the hybrid biomicroparticles' MCC were detected. CONCLUSIONS Microcellulose display with recombinant proteins involves utilizing cellulose, a natural polymer found in plants, as a platform for presenting or displaying proteins. This approach harnesses the structural properties of cellulose to express or exhibit various recombinant proteins on its surface. It offers a novel method for protein expression, presentation, or immobilization, enabling various applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, and other fields. Microcellulose shows promise in biomedical fields for wound healing materials, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and as a component in bio-sensors due to its biocompatibility and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Żebrowska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
- BioVentures Institute Ltd, Poznan, 60-141, Poland.
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Maciej Prusinowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Daria Krefft
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
- BioVentures Institute Ltd, Poznan, 60-141, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Żylicz-Stachula
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
- BioVentures Institute Ltd, Poznan, 60-141, Poland
| | - Milena Deptuła
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Aneta Skoniecka
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Agata Tymińska
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zawrzykraj
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Oncologic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Piotr M Skowron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
- BioVentures Institute Ltd, Poznan, 60-141, Poland
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27
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Wu D, Koscic A, Schneider S, Dubini RCA, Rodriguez Camargo DC, Schneider S, Rovó P. Unveiling the Dynamic Self-Assembly of a Recombinant Dragline-Silk-Mimicking Protein. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1759-1774. [PMID: 38343096 PMCID: PMC10934265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the considerable interest in the recombinant production of synthetic spider silk fibers that possess mechanical properties similar to those of native spider silks, such as the cost-effectiveness, tunability, and scalability realization, is still lacking. To address this long-standing challenge, we have constructed an artificial spider silk gene using Golden Gate assembly for the recombinant bacterial production of dragline-mimicking silk, incorporating all the essential components: the N-terminal domain, a 33-residue-long major-ampullate-spidroin-inspired segment repeated 16 times, and the C-terminal domain (N16C). This designed silk-like protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and cast into films from formic acid. We produced uniformly 13C-15N-labeled N16C films and employed solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for characterization. Thus, we could demonstrate that our bioengineered silk-like protein self-assembles into a film where, when hydrated, the solvent-exposed layer of the rigid, β-nanocrystalline polyalanine core undergoes a transition to an α-helical structure, gaining mobility to the extent that it fully dissolves in water and transforms into a highly dynamic random coil. This hydration-induced behavior induces chain dynamics in the glycine-rich amorphous soft segments on the microsecond time scale, contributing to the elasticity of the solid material. Our findings not only reveal the presence of structurally and dynamically distinct segments within the film's superstructure but also highlight the complexity of the self-organization responsible for the exceptional mechanical properties observed in proteins that mimic dragline silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anamaria Koscic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Romeo C. A. Dubini
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience (CeNS), Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana C. Rodriguez Camargo
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Rovó
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Yao Y, Yu J, Wei H, Wang Y, Zhou H, Zhang A, Yang K, Wang X. Characterization and in vitro antibacterial activity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) serum amyloid A. Gene 2024; 898:148108. [PMID: 38141691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) predominantly synthesized by hepatocytes is a classical acute phase protein and has been extensively studied in mammals. However, the studies on the structure and properties of fish SAA are limited although SAA genes have been cloned and identified from various fishes. In the present study, a cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) SAA (gcSAA) was cloned and characterized, displaying a high homology with its counterparts in vertebrates. gcSAA mRNA was expressed with highest abundance in the liver and its levels were increased by a 24-hour infection of Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) for more than 5 folds in the intestine, 15 folds in the spleen, 75 folds in the head kidney and 100 folds in the liver, implying that it is an acute phase protein in grass carp. Subsequently, recombinant gcSAA protein (rgcSAA) was prepared from a prokaryotic expression system after codon optimization of its coding sequence. The direct antibacterial activity assay and the plate count assay disclosed that gcSAA inhibited the growth and survival of A. hydrophila but not Edwardsiella piscicida (E. piscicida) which both are common bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. The propidium iodide (PI) uptake assay confirmed the bactericidal property of gcSAA, showing that it is able to enhance the uptake of PI in A. hydrophila but not E. piscicida. These findings revealed the molecular features of gcSAA and its roles in host defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhi Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wei
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang K, Zhang H, Yu D, Pan J, Wang M, Xie H. Clinical and functional characterization of rare compound heterozygous mutations in the SERPINC1 gene causing severe thrombophilia. Gene 2024; 897:148085. [PMID: 38104950 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary antithrombin (AT) deficiency is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with significant clinical heterogeneity. In the study, we identified a patient with AT deficiency caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the SERPINC1 gene. METHODS A total of 9 individuals from three generations were investigated. The mutations were identified by direct sequencing of SERPINC1. Multiple in silico tools were programmed to predict the conservation of mutations and the effect on the AT structure. The coagulation state was evaluated by the thrombin generation assay. Recombinant AT was overexpressed in HEK293T cells; the mRNA level was determined using RT-qPCR. Western blotting, ELISA, and immunocytofluorescence were applied to characterize the recombinant AT protein. RESULTS The proband was a 26-year-old male who experienced recurrent venous thrombosis. He presented the type I deficiency with 33 % AT activity and a synchronized decrease in AT antigen. Genetic screening revealed that he carried a heterozygous c.318_319insT (p.Asn107*) in exon 2 and a heterozygous c.922G > T (p.Gly308Cys) in exon 5, both of which were completely conserved in homologous species and resulted in enhanced thrombin generation capability. Hydrophobicity analysis suggested that the p.Gly308Cys mutation may interfere with the hydrophobic state of residues 307-313. In vitro expression studies indicated that the levels of the recombinant protein AT-G308C decreased to 46.98 % ± 2.94 % and 41.35 % ± 1.48 % in transfected cell lysates and media, respectively. After treatment with a proteasome inhibitor (MG132), the quantity of AT-G308C protein in the cytoplasm was replenished to a level comparable to that of the wild type. The mRNA level of AT-N107* was significantly reduced and the recombinant protein AT-N107* was not detected in either the lysate or the culture media. CONCLUSION These two mutations were responsible for the AT defects and clinical phenotypes of the proband. The p.Gly308Cys mutation could lead to proteasome-dependent degradation of the AT protein in the cytoplasm by altering local residue hydrophobicity. The c.318_319insT could eliminate aberrant transcripts by triggering nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation. Both mutations resulted in type I AT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing & The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China.
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Jingye Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Haixiao Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Volkova A, Semenyuk P. Tyrosine phosphorylation of recombinant hirudin increases affinity to thrombin and antithrombotic activity. Proteins 2024; 92:329-342. [PMID: 37860993 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is one of the key enzymes of the blood coagulation system and a promising target for the development of anticoagulants. One of the most specific natural thrombin inhibitors is hirudin, contained in the salivary glands of medicinal leeches. The medicinal use of recombinant hirudin is limited because of the lack of sulfation on Tyr63, resulting in a 10-fold decrease in activity compared to native (sulfated) hirudin. In the present work, a set of hirudin derivatives was tested for affinity to thrombin: phospho-Tyr63, Tyr63(carboxymethyl)Phe, and Tyr63Glu mutants, which mimic Tyr63 sulfation and Gln65Glu mutant and lysine-succinylated hirudin, which enhance the overall negative charge of hirudin, as well as sulfo-hirudin and desulfo-hirudin as references. Using steered molecular dynamics simulations with subsequent umbrella sampling, phospho-hirudin was shown to exhibit the highest affinity to thrombin among all hirudin analogs, including native sulfo-hirudin; succinylated hirudin was also prospective. Phospho-hirudin exhibited the highest antithrombotic activity in in vitro assay in human plasma. Taking into account the modern methods for obtaining phospho-hirudin and succinylated hirudin, they are prospective as anticoagulants in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Volkova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Li B, Chen SN, Huang L, Li L, Ren L, Hou J, Tian JY, Liu LH, Nie P. Characterization of type II IFNs and their receptors in a cyprinid fish, the blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 146:109402. [PMID: 38281613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Type II interferons (IFNs) are a key class of molecules regulating innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates. In the present study, two members of the type II IFNs, IFN-γ and IFNγ-rel, were identified in the blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). The open reading frame (ORF) of IFN-γ and IFNγ-rel was found to have 564 bp and 492 bp, encoding 187 and 163 amino acids, with the first 26 and 24 amino acids being the signal peptide, respectively. IFN-γ and IFNγ-rel genes showed a high degree of similarity to their zebrafish homologues, being 76.9 % and 58.9 %, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree, IFN-γ and IFNγ-rel were clustered with homologous genes in cyprinids. In blunt snout bream, IFN-γ and IFNγ-rel were constitutively expressed in trunk kidney, head kidney, spleen, liver, heart, muscle, gill, intestine and brain and were significantly up-regulated by poly (I:C) induction in head kidney, spleen, liver, gill and intestine. Using recombinant proteins of IFN-γ and IFNγ-rel, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results showed that IFN-γ was bound to CRFB6, CRFB13 and CRFB17, but mainly to CRFB6 and CRFB13, whereas IFN-γrel bound mainly to CRFB17 and had no affinity with CRFB6. These results contribute to a better understanding on type II IFNs and their receptor usage in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530001, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Jing Yun Tian
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province & National Oceanographic Center, 7 Youyun Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266104, China
| | - Lan Hao Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - P Nie
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Claes K, Van Herpe D, Vanluchene R, Roels C, Van Moer B, Wyseure E, Vandewalle K, Eeckhaut H, Yilmaz S, Vanmarcke S, Çıtak E, Fijalkowska D, Grootaert H, Lonigro C, Meuris L, Michielsen G, Naessens J, van Schie L, De Rycke R, De Bruyne M, Borghgraef P, Callewaert N. OPENPichia: licence-free Komagataella phaffii chassis strains and toolkit for protein expression. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:864-876. [PMID: 38443579 PMCID: PMC10914597 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The industrial yeast Komagataella phaffii (formerly named Pichia pastoris) is commonly used to synthesize recombinant proteins, many of which are used as human therapeutics or in food. However, the basic strain, named NRRL Y-11430, from which all commercial hosts are derived, is not available without restrictions on its use. Comparative genome sequencing leaves little doubt that NRRL Y-11430 is derived from a K. phaffii type strain deposited in the UC Davis Phaff Yeast Strain Collection in 1954. We analysed four equivalent type strains in several culture collections and identified the NCYC 2543 strain, from which we started to develop an open-access Pichia chassis strain that anyone can use to produce recombinant proteins to industry standards. NRRL Y-11430 is readily transformable, which we found to be due to a HOC1 open-reading-frame truncation that alters cell-wall mannan. We introduced the HOC1 open-reading-frame truncation into NCYC 2543, which increased the transformability and improved secretion of some but not all of our tested proteins. We provide our genome-sequenced type strain, the hoc1tr derivative that we named OPENPichia as well as a synthetic, modular expression vector toolkit under liberal end-user distribution licences as an unencumbered OPENPichia resource for the microbial biotechnology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Claes
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dries Van Herpe
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Inbiose NV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robin Vanluchene
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Roels
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Berre Van Moer
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elise Wyseure
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Vandewalle
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Eeckhaut
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Semiramis Yilmaz
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Vanmarcke
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erhan Çıtak
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daria Fijalkowska
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Grootaert
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiara Lonigro
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leander Meuris
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gitte Michielsen
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Naessens
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Loes van Schie
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- BioImaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel De Bruyne
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- BioImaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nico Callewaert
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Anny CA, Nouaille S, Fauré R, Schulz C, Spriet C, Huvent I, Biot C, Lefebvre T. A Step-by-Step Guide for the Production of Recombinant Fluorescent TAT-HA-Tagged Proteins and their Transduction into Mammalian Cells. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1016. [PMID: 38511507 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the function of target proteins for functional prospection or therapeutic applications typically requires the production and purification of recombinant proteins. The fusion of these proteins with tag peptides and fluorescently derived proteins allows the monitoring of candidate proteins using SDS-PAGE coupled with western blotting and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. However, protein engineering poses a significant challenge for many researchers. In this protocol, we describe step-by-step the engineering of a recombinant protein with various tags: TAT-HA (trans-activator of transduction-hemagglutinin), 6×His and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) or mCherry. Fusion proteins are produced in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) column. Then, tagged recombinant proteins are introduced into cultured animal cells by using the penetrating peptide TAT-HA. Here, we present a thorough protocol providing a detailed guide encompassing every critical step from plasmid DNA molecular assembly to protein expression and subsequent purification and outlines the conditions necessary for protein transduction technology into animal cells in a comprehensive manner. We believe that this protocol will be a valuable resource for researchers seeking an exhaustive, step-by-step guide for the successful production and purification of recombinant proteins and their entry by transduction within living cells. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: DNA cloning, molecular assembly strategies, and protein production Basic Protocol 2: Protein purification Basic Protocol 3: Protein transduction in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Schulz
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Tony Lefebvre
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
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Chen X, Zou Z, Li W, Dong X, Chen Y, Lu Y, Zhu M, Li M, Lin B. α-Conotoxin recombinant protein ImI-AFP3 efficiently inhibits the growth and migration of lung cancer cells. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106405. [PMID: 37979629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
α-Conotoxin ImI is a selective antagonist of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) that is involved in cancer development. Human alpha fetoprotein domain 3 (AFP3) is a prototype of anticancer agents. In an effort to design drugs for anticancer treatments, we fused the ImI peptide to AFP3 as a fusion protein for testing. The fusion protein (ImI-AFP3) was highly expressed in the insect Bac-to-Bac system. The purified fusion protein was found to have improved anticancer activity and synergized with the drug gefitinib to inhibit the growth and migration of A549 and NCI-H1299 lung cancer cells. Our data have demonstrated that the recombinant protein ImI-AFP3 is a promising candidate for drug development to suppress lung cancer cell growth, especially to suppress hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung (HAL) cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Zijuan Zou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Xu Dong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Mengsen Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China; Institution of Tumor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, PR China.
| | - Bo Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan Province, PR China.
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Veisi R, Nazarian S, Fathi J, Hadi N. Expression and purification of TolC as a recombinant protein vaccine against Shigella flexneri and evaluation of immunogenic response in mice. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106539. [PMID: 38211835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella is one of the major causes of dysenteric diarrhea, which is known shigelosis. Shigelosis causes 160,000 deaths annually of diarrheal disease in the global scale especially children less than 5 years old. No licensed vaccine is available against shigelosis, therefore, efforts for develop an effective and safe vaccine against Shigella as before needed. The reverse vaccinology (RV) is a novel strategy that evaluate genome or proteome of the organism to find a new promising vaccine candidate. In this study, immunogenicity of a designed-recombinant antigen is evaluated through the in silico studies and animal experiments to predict a new immunogenic candidate against Shigella. METHODS In the first step, proteome of Shigella flexneri was obtained from UniProtKB and then the outer membrane and extracellular proteins were predicted. In this study TolC as an outer membrane protein was selected and confirmed among candidates. In next steps, pre-selected protein was evaluated for transmembrane domains, homology, conservation, antigenicity, solubility, and B- and T-cell prediction by different online servers. RESULT TolC as a conserved outer membrane protein, using different immune-informatics tools had acceptable scores and was selected as the immunogenic antigen for animal experiment studies. Recombinant TolC protein after expression and purification, was administered to BALB/c mice over three intraperitoneal routes. The sera of mice was used to evaluate the IgG1 production assay by indirect-ELISA. The immunized mice depicted effective protection against 2LD50 of Shigella. Flexneri ATCC12022 (challenge study). CONCLUSION Therefore, the reverse vaccinology approach and experimental test results demonstrated that TolC as a novel effective and immunogenic antigen is capable for protection against shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Veisi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fathi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nahal Hadi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Loynd C, Singha Roy SJ, Ovalle VJ, Canarelli SE, Mondal A, Jewel D, Ficaretta ED, Weerapana E, Chatterjee A. Electrochemical labelling of hydroxyindoles with chemoselectivity for site-specific protein bioconjugation. Nat Chem 2024; 16:389-397. [PMID: 38082177 PMCID: PMC10932882 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently emerged as a powerful approach in small-molecule synthesis owing to its numerous attractive features, including precise control over the fundamental reaction parameters, mild reaction conditions and innate scalability. Even though these advantages also make it an attractive strategy for chemoselective modification of complex biomolecules such as proteins, such applications remain poorly developed. Here we report an electrochemically promoted coupling reaction between 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) and simple aromatic amines-electrochemical labelling of hydroxyindoles with chemoselectivity (eCLIC)-that enables site-specific labelling of full-length proteins under mild conditions. Using genetic code expansion technology, the 5HTP residue can be incorporated into predefined sites of a recombinant protein expressed in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic hosts for subsequent eCLIC labelling. We used the eCLIC reaction to site-specifically label various recombinant proteins, including a full-length human antibody. Furthermore, we show that eCLIC is compatible with strain-promoted alkyne-azide and alkene-tetrazine click reactions, enabling site-specific modification of proteins at two different sites with distinct labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Loynd
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Vincent J Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Canarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Atanu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Delilah Jewel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Elise D Ficaretta
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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Ren L, Meng X, Sun J, Shao X, Shao M, Wang S, Li Z, Chen Y. Prokaryotic expression of soluble IFN-λ1 recombinant protein with cold-shock system. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106413. [PMID: 38065246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-λ1, a member of type III IFN, possesses unique antiviral, anti-tumor, and immune modulation properties. IFN-λ alone or combined with other drugs is considered an essential therapeutic regimen in the clinic. Obtaining high-quality, biologically-active recombinant human IFN-λ1 (rhIFN-λ1) is of great practical significance. In this study, pCold-II-IFN-λ1 expression plasmid was correctly constructed, the rhIFN-λ1 was expressed in BL21(DE3) E.coli and reached the highest level under the optimal condition of 15 °C culture temperature and at 1 μg/L IPTG induction for 12 h. The soluble rhIFN-λ1 was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified rhIFN-λ1 can effectively activate the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway and induce the expression of a large number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) including ISG15, ISG54, ISG56, TRAIL, OAS1, MX1, IRF7 and IRF9. In addition, rhIFN-λ1 can effectively inhibit the growth/proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells in a dose-dependent pattern. Collectively, the soluble rhIFN-λ1 was successfully expressed in BL21(DE3) E.coli with the cold-shock system, and the purified rhIFN-λ1 demonstrated excellent biological activity. This study lays a solid basis for acquiring high-quality rhIFN-λ1 and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiying Ren
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xueqiong Meng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Luoyang Vocational and Technical College, Luoyang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoya Shao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengyu Shao
- Luoyang Vocational and Technical College, Luoyang, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yixiang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Luoyang Vocational and Technical College, Luoyang, China.
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Liu M, Wu J, Yue M, Ning Y, Guan X, Gao S, Zhou J. YaliCMulti and YaliHMulti: Stable, efficient multi-copy integration tools for engineering Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng 2024; 82:29-40. [PMID: 38224832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is widely used in biotechnology to produce recombinant proteins, food ingredients and diverse natural products. However, unstable expression of plasmids, difficult and time-consuming integration of single and low-copy-number plasmids hampers the construction of efficient production pathways and application to industrial production. Here, by exploiting sequence diversity in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of retrotransposons and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, a set of vectors and methods that can recycle multiple and high-copy-number plasmids was developed that can achieve stable integration of long-pathway genes in Y. lipolytica. By combining these sequences, amino acids and antibiotic tags with the Cre-LoxP system, a series of multi-copy site integration recyclable vectors were constructed and assessed using the green fluorescent protein (HrGFP) reporter system. Furthermore, by combining the consensus sequence with the vector backbone of a rapidly degrading selective marker and a weak promoter, multiple integrated high-copy-number vectors were obtained and high levels of stable HrGFP expression were achieved. To validate the universality of the tools, simple integration of essential biosynthesis modules was explored, and 7.3 g/L of L-ergothioneine and 8.3 g/L of (2S)-naringenin were achieved in a 5 L fermenter, the highest titres reported to date for Y. lipolytica. These novel multi-copy genome integration strategies provide convenient and effective tools for further metabolic engineering of Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Junjun Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Mingyu Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yang Ning
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Wang Y, Weng S, Tang Y, Lin S, Liu X, Zhang W, Liu G, Pandi B, Wu Y, Ma L, Wang L. A transmembrane scaffold from CD20 helps recombinant expression of a chimeric claudin 18.2 in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106392. [PMID: 37952787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) is a nonglycosylated, multispanning transmembrane protein specifically integrated by B lymphocytes. Similar to CD20, another four-pass transmembrane protein, claudin 18.2, has attracted attention as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer. However, their poor solubility and toxic nature often hinder downstream applications, such as antibody drug development. Therefore, developing a cost-effective method for producing drug targets with multiple membrane-spanning domains is crucial. In this study, a high yield of recombinant CD20 was achieved through an E. coli-based in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. Surface plasmon resonance results showed that rituximab (an antileukemia drug) has nanomolar affinity with the CD20 protein, which aligns with published results. Notably, a previously hard-to-express claudin 18.2 recombinant protein was successfully expressed in the same reaction system by replacing its membrane-spanning domains with the transmembrane domains of CD20. The folding of the extracellular domain of the chimeric protein was verified using a commercial anti-claudin 18 antibody. This study provides a novel concept for promoting the expression of four-pass transmembrane proteins and lays the foundation for the large-scale industrial production of membrane-associated drug targets, similar to claudin 18.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shaoting Weng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yajie Tang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Anyang Kindstar Global Medical Laboratory Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Xiayue Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boomi Pandi
- Department of bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Yinrong Wu
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Saichuer P, Khrisanapant P, Senapin S, Rattanarojpong T, Somsoros W, Khunrae P, Sangsuriya P. Evaluate the potential use of TonB-dependent receptor protein as a subunit vaccine against Aeromonas veronii infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106412. [PMID: 38104792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is an emerging bacterial pathogen that causes serious systemic infections in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), leading to massive deaths. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective vaccine candidates to control the spread of this emerging disease. TonB-dependent receptor (Tdr) of A. veronii, which plays a role in the virulence factor of the organism, could be useful in terms of protective antigens for vaccine development. This study aims to evaluate the potential use of Tdr protein as a novel subunit vaccine against A. veronii infection in Nile tilapia. The Tdr gene from A. veronii was cloned into the pET28b expression vector, and the recombinant protein was subsequently produced in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). Tdr was expressed as an insoluble protein and purified by affinity chromatography. Antigenicity test indicated that this protein was recognized by serum from A. veronii infected fish. When Nile tilapia were immunized with the Tdr protein, specific antibody levels increased significantly (p-value <0.05) at 7 days post-immunization (dpi), and peaked at 21 dpi compared to antibody levels at 0 dpi. Furthermore, bacterial agglutination activity was observed in the fish serum immunized with the Tdr protein, indicating that specific antibodies in the serum can detect Tdr on the bacterial cell surface. These results suggest that Tdr protein has potential as a vaccine candidate. However, challenging tests with A.veronii in Nile tilapia needs to be investigated to thoroughly evaluate its protective efficacy for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpavee Saichuer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Prit Khrisanapant
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Triwit Rattanarojpong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Wasusit Somsoros
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Khunrae
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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Morales BGDV, Evaristo JAM, Oliveira GARDE, Garay AFG, Diaz JJAR, Arruda A, Pereira SS, Zanchi FB. Expression and purification of active shikimate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230382. [PMID: 38422345 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is known to cause severe malaria, current treatment consists in artemisinin-based combination therapy, but resistance can lead to treatment failure. Knowledge concerning P. falciparum essential proteins can be used for searching new antimalarials, among these a potential candidate is shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme part of the shikimate pathway which is responsible for producing endogenous aromatic amino acids. SDH from P. falciparum (PfSDH) is unexplored by the scientific community, therefore, this study aims to establish the first protocol for active PfSDH expression. Putative PfSDH nucleotide sequence was used to construct an optimized expression vector pET28a+PfSDH inserted in E. coli BL21(DE3). As a result, optimal expression conditions were acquired by varying IPTG and temperature through time. Western Blot analysis was applied to verify appropriate PfSDH expression, solubilization and purification started with lysis followed by two-steps IMAC purification. Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically by NADPH oxidation, optimal PfSDH expression occur at 0.1 mM IPTG for 48 hours growing at 37 °C and shaking at 200 rpm, recombinant PfSDH obtained after purification was soluble, pure and its physiological catalysis was confirmed. Thus, this study describes the first protocol for heterologous expression of PfSDH in soluble and active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Dalla Vecchia Morales
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Medicinal Chemistry, BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR), BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Alexandre Guimarães Street, 1927, Areal, 76804-373 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Joseph Albert M Evaristo
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Medicinal Chemistry, BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - George A R DE Oliveira
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Medicinal Chemistry, BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Brasil Avenue 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Fidelina G Garay
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), P975+F58, Manduvira, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Jorge Javier A R Diaz
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), P975+F58, Manduvira, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Andrelisse Arruda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratory of Antibodies Engineering, Beira Street, 7671, Lagoa, 76812-245 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Brasília (FIOCRUZ BRASÍLIA), L3 North Avenue, Gleba A, 70904-130 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Soraya S Pereira
- Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR), BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratory of Antibodies Engineering, Beira Street, 7671, Lagoa, 76812-245 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Zanchi
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondônia (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Medicinal Chemistry, BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR), BR 364, km 9,5, Centro, 76801-059 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Brasil Avenue 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Schönherr R, Boger J, Lahey-Rudolph JM, Harms M, Kaiser J, Nachtschatt S, Wobbe M, Duden R, König P, Bourenkov G, Schneider TR, Redecke L. A streamlined approach to structure elucidation using in cellulo crystallized recombinant proteins, InCellCryst. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1709. [PMID: 38402242 PMCID: PMC10894269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of serial X-ray crystallography on microfocus beamlines at free-electron laser and synchrotron facilities, the demand for protein microcrystals has significantly risen in recent years. However, by in vitro crystallization extensive efforts are usually required to purify proteins and produce sufficiently homogeneous microcrystals. Here, we present InCellCryst, an advanced pipeline for producing homogeneous microcrystals directly within living insect cells. Our baculovirus-based cloning system enables the production of crystals from completely native proteins as well as the screening of different cellular compartments to maximize chances for protein crystallization. By optimizing cloning procedures, recombinant virus production, crystallization and crystal detection, X-ray diffraction data can be collected 24 days after the start of target gene cloning. Furthermore, improved strategies for serial synchrotron diffraction data collection directly from crystals within living cells abolish the need to purify the recombinant protein or the associated microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schönherr
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Juliane Boger
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Mia Lahey-Rudolph
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Hamburg, Germany
- X-ray technology lab, TH Lübeck - University of Applied Sciences Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mareike Harms
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Marla Wobbe
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rainer Duden
- Institute of Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), University of Lübeck, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gleb Bourenkov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas R Schneider
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Redecke
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cheng B, Yu K, Weng X, Liu Z, Huang X, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Wu S, Wang X, Hu X. Impact of cell wall polysaccharide modifications on the performance of Pichia pastoris: novel mutants with enhanced fitness and functionality for bioproduction applications. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:55. [PMID: 38368340 PMCID: PMC10874062 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris is a widely utilized host for heterologous protein expression and biotransformation. Despite the numerous strategies developed to optimize the chassis host GS115, the potential impact of changes in cell wall polysaccharides on the fitness and performance of P. pastoris remains largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate how alterations in cell wall polysaccharides affect the fitness and function of P. pastoris, contributing to a better understanding of its overall capabilities. RESULTS Two novel mutants of GS115 chassis, H001 and H002, were established by inactivating the PAS_chr1-3_0225 and PAS_chr1-3_0661 genes involved in β-glucan biosynthesis. In comparison to GS115, both modified hosts exhibited a looser cell surface and larger cell size, accompanied by faster growth rates and higher carbon-to-biomass conversion ratios. When utilizing glucose, glycerol, and methanol as exclusive carbon sources, the carbon-to-biomass conversion rates of H001 surpassed GS115 by 10.00%, 9.23%, and 33.33%, respectively. Similarly, H002 exhibited even higher increases of 32.50%, 12.31%, and 53.33% in carbon-to-biomass conversion compared to GS115 under the same carbon sources. Both chassis displayed elevated expression levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and human epidermal growth factor (hegf). Compared to GS115/pGAPZ A-gfp, H002/pGAPZ A-gfp showed a 57.64% higher GFP expression, while H002/pPICZα A-hegf produced 66.76% more hegf. Additionally, both mutant hosts exhibited enhanced biosynthesis efficiencies of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and ergothioneine. H001/pGAPZ A-sam2 synthesized 21.28% more SAM at 1.14 g/L compared to GS115/pGAPZ A-sam2, and H001/pGAPZ A-egt1E obtained 45.41% more ERG at 75.85 mg/L. The improved performance of H001 and H002 was likely attributed to increased supplies of NADPH and ATP. Specifically, H001 and H002 exhibited 5.00-fold and 1.55-fold higher ATP levels under glycerol, and 6.64- and 1.47-times higher ATP levels under methanol, respectively, compared to GS115. Comparative lipidomic analysis also indicated that the mutations generated richer unsaturated lipids on cell wall, leading to resilience to oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS Two novel P. pastoris chassis hosts with impaired β-1,3-D-glucan biosynthesis were developed, showcasing enhanced performances in terms of growth rate, protein expression, and catalytic capabilities. These hosts exhibit the potential to serve as attractive alternatives to P. pastoris GS115 for various bioproduction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Keyang Yu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xing Weng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xuewu Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Massey University, University Avenue and Library Road, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Hammel A, Neupert J, Bock R. Optimized transgene expression in the red alga Porphyridium purpureum and efficient recombinant protein secretion into the culture medium. Plant Mol Biol 2024; 114:18. [PMID: 38353826 PMCID: PMC10866757 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a promising but yet underexplored production platform for biotechnology. The vast majority of studies on recombinant protein expression in algae have been conducted in a single species, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, due to epigenetic silencing, transgene expression in Chlamydomonas is often inefficient. Here we have investigated parameters that govern efficient transgene expression in the red microalga Porphyridium purpureum. Porphyridium is unique in that the introduced transformation vectors are episomally maintained as autonomously replicating plasmids in the nucleus. We show that full codon optimization to the preferred codon usage in the Porphyridium genome confers superior transgene expression, not only at the level of protein accumulation, but also at the level of mRNA accumulation, indicating that high translation rates increase mRNA stability. Our optimized expression constructs resulted in YFP accumulation to unprecedented levels of up to 5% of the total soluble protein. We also designed expression cassettes that target foreign proteins to the secretory pathway and lead to efficient protein secretion into the culture medium, thus simplifying recombinant protein harvest and purification. Our study paves the way to the exploration of red microalgae as expression hosts in molecular farming for recombinant proteins and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hammel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie (MPI-MP), Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Juliane Neupert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie (MPI-MP), Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie (MPI-MP), Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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45
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Nguyen TM, Wu PY, Chang CH, Huang LF. High-yield BMP2 expression in rice cells via CRISPR and endogenous αAmy3 promoter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:206. [PMID: 38353738 PMCID: PMC10867061 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells serve as versatile platforms for the production of high-value recombinant proteins. This study explored the efficacy of utilizing an endogenous αAmy3 promoter for the expression of a bioactive pharmaceutical protein, specifically the mature region of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP2m). Utilizing a refined CRISPR/Cas9-mediated intron-targeting insertion technique, which incorporates an artificial 3' splicing site upstream of the target gene, we achieved a transformation efficiency of 13.5% in rice calli that carried the rice-codon optimized mature region of hBMP2 cDNA (rhBMP2m) in the αAmy3 intron 1. Both homozygous and heterozygous rhBMP2m knock-in rice suspension cell lines were generated. These lines demonstrated the endogenous αAmy3 promoter regulated rhBMP2m mRNA and rhBMP2m recombinant protein expression, with strongly upregulation in respond to sugar depletion. The homozygous rhBMP2m knock-in cell line yielded an impressive 21.5 μg/mL of rhBMP2m recombinant protein, accounting for 1.03% of the total soluble protein. The high-yield expression was stably maintained across two generations, indicating the genetic stability of rhBMP2m gene knock-in at the αAmy3 intron 1 locus. Additionally, the rice cell-derived rhBMP2m proteins were found to be glycosylated, capable of dimer formation, and bioactive. Our results indicate that the endogenous rice αAmy3 promoter-signal peptide-based expression system is an effective strategy for producing bioactive pharmaceutical proteins. KEY POINTS: • The endogenous αAmy3 promoter-based expression system enhanced the yield of BMP2 • The increased yield of BMP2 accounted for 1.03% of the total rice-soluble proteins • The rice-produced BMP2 showed glycosylation modifications, dimer formation, and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Fen Huang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Parks L, Ek M, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. Investigation of an AIDA-I based expression system for display of various affinity proteins on Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 696:149534. [PMID: 38241810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Autotransporters constitute a large family of natural proteins that are essential for delivering many types of proteins and peptides across the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. In biotechnology, autotransporters have been explored for display of recombinant proteins and peptides on the surface of Escherichia coli and have potential as tools for directed evolution of affinity proteins. Here, we investigate conditions for AIDA-I autotransporter-mediated display of recombinant proteins. A new expression vector was designed and engineered for this purpose, and a panel of proteins from different affinity-protein classes were subcloned to the vector, followed by evaluation of expression, surface display and functionality. Surface expression was explored in ten different E. coli strains together with assessment of transformation efficiencies. Furthermore, the most promising strain and expression vector combination was used in mock library selections for evaluation of magnetic-assisted cell sortings (MACS). The results demonstrated dramatically different performances depending on the type of affinity protein and choice of E. coli strain. The optimized MACS protocol showed efficient enrichment, and thus potential for the new AIDA-I display system to be used in methods for directed evolution of affinity proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Parks
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moira Ek
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Khalifeh-Kandy AS, Nayeri FD, Ahmadabadi M. Production of functional recombinant roseltide rT1 antimicrobial peptide in tobacco plants. J Biotechnol 2024; 381:49-56. [PMID: 38181983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived peptides represent a promising group of natural compounds with broad industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Low-efficiency production level is the major obstacle to the commercial production of such bioactive peptides. Today, recombinant techniques have been developed for fast and cost-effective production of high-quality peptides for various applications in the chemical and food industries. The roseltide rT1 is a plant peptide with different antimicrobial properties and therapeutic applications in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory lung diseases by inhibiting human neutrophil elastases. Here, we report the expression of functional recombinant roseltide rT1 peptide in tobacco plants. Transgenic plants were generated by the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method followed by molecular analysis of transgenic plants to demonstrate successful integration and expression of recombinant rT1 peptide. Protein extracts of transgenic plants expressing a single-copy rT1 gene showed efficient antimicrobial properties as verified by growth inhibition of different bacterial strains. Our results illustrate that plant-derived recombinant rT1 peptide is a promising alternative for rapid and cost-effective production of this important antimicrobial peptide for application in therapeutic and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sahandi Khalifeh-Kandy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 35 km Tabriz-Maraqeh Road, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 35 km Tabriz-Maraqeh Road, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ahmadabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran.
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48
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Zhao L, Li L, Hu M, Fang Y, Dong N, Shan A. Heterologous expression of the novel dimeric antimicrobial peptide LIG in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2024; 381:19-26. [PMID: 38181981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LI is a fusion product of antimicrobial peptide LL37 produced by human neutrophils and Indolicidin secreted by bovine neutrophils. LI retained the antimicrobial activity of the parental peptides and showed high cell selectivity. In this study, the flexible linker Gly-Ser-Gly (G-S-G) was used to ligate LI into dimeric LIG, and constructed the Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) expression vector pPIC9K-6×His-3×FLAG-LIG. The total protein expression of P. pastoris GS115 reached the highest level (189.6 mg/L) after 96 h induction with 3 % methanol at the initial pH value of 7.0. Finally, 5.9 mg/L of recombinant LIG (rLIG) was obtained after enterokinase digestion and purification. The rLIG had high antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic activity. Compared with monomer LI, GSG linked dimeric LIG, which had no significant change in antimicrobial activity and had good salt ions stability. In this study, the dimeric antimicrobial peptide LIG was successfully expressed, which provided a new idea for the expression of AMPs in the P. pastoris expression system, and had important significance for the application of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Mingyang Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Na Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
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Wang X, Tan J, Zou H, Wang F, Xu J. Cloning and Characterization of Chitin Deacetylase from Euphausia superba. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2075. [PMID: 38396751 PMCID: PMC10889134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) can catalyze the deacetylation of chitin to produce chitosan. In this study, we identified and characterized a chitin deacetylase gene from Euphausia superba (EsCDA-9k), and a soluble recombinant protein chitin deacetylase from Euphausia superba of molecular weight 45 kDa was cloned, expressed, and purified. The full-length cDNA sequence of EsCDA-9k was 1068 bp long and encoded 355 amino acid residues that contained the typical domain structure of carbohydrate esterase family 4. The predicted three-dimensional structure of EsCDA-9k showed a 67.32% homology with Penaeus monodon. Recombinant chitin deacetylase had the highest activity at 40 °C and pH 8.0 in Tris-HCl buffer. The enzyme activity was enhanced by metal ions Co2+, Fe3+, Ca2+, and Na+, while it was inhibited by Zn2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, and EDTA. Molecular simulation of EsCDA-9k was conducted based on sequence alignment and homology modeling. The EsCDA-9k F18G mutant showed a 1.6-fold higher activity than the wild-type enzyme. In summary, this is the first report of the cloning and heterologous expression of the chitin deacetylase gene in Euphausia superba. The characterization and function study of EsCDA-9k will serve as an important reference point for future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiahao Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaying Zou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
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50
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Yen CC, Wu PY, Ou-Yang H, Chen HL, Chong KY, Chang RL, Chen CM. Production of Bioactive Porcine Lactoferrin through a Novel Glucose-Inducible Expression System in Pichia pastoris: Unveiling Antimicrobial and Anticancer Functionalities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1818. [PMID: 38339093 PMCID: PMC10855427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) stands as one of the extensively investigated iron-binding glycoproteins within milk, exhibiting diverse biological functionalities. The global demand for LF has experienced consistent growth. Biotechnological strategies aimed at enhancing LF productivity through microbial expression systems offer substantial cost-effective advantages and exhibit fewer constraints compared to traditional animal bioreactor technologies. This study devised a novel recombinant plasmid, wherein the AOX1 promoter was replaced with a glucose-inducible G1 promoter (PG1) to govern the expression of recombinant porcine LF (rpLF) in Pichia pastoris GS115. High-copy-number PG1-rpLF yeast clones were meticulously selected, and subsequent induction with 0.05 g/L glucose demonstrated robust secretion of rpLF. Scaling up production transpired in a 5 L fermenter, yielding an estimated rpLF productivity of approximately 2.8 g/L by the conclusion of glycerol-fed fermentation. A three-step purification process involving tangential-flow ultrafiltration yielded approximately 6.55 g of rpLF crude (approximately 85% purity). Notably, exceptional purity of rpLF was achieved through sequential heparin and size-exclusion column purification. Comparatively, the present glucose-inducible system outperformed our previous methanol-induced system, which yielded a level of 87 mg/L of extracellular rpLF secretion. Furthermore, yeast-produced rpLF demonstrated affinity for ferric ions (Fe3+) and exhibited growth inhibition against various pathogenic microbes (E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans) and human cancer cells (A549, MDA-MB-231, and Hep3B), similar to commercial bovine LF (bLF). Intriguingly, the hydrolysate of rpLF (rpLFH) manifested heightened antimicrobial and anticancer effects compared to its intact form. In conclusion, this study presents an efficient glucose-inducible yeast expression system for large-scale production and purification of active rpLF protein with the potential for veterinary or medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-Y.W.); (H.O.-Y.)
| | - Pei-Ying Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-Y.W.); (H.O.-Y.)
| | - Huan Ou-Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-Y.W.); (H.O.-Y.)
| | - Hsiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan;
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ro-Lin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-Y.W.); (H.O.-Y.)
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-Y.W.); (H.O.-Y.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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