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Agboola JO, Mensah DD, Hansen JØ, Lapeña D, Mydland LT, Arntzen MØ, Horn SJ, Øyås O, Press CM, Øverland M. Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1675. [PMID: 35163597 PMCID: PMC8836103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of yeasts on intestinal health and transcriptomic profiles from the distal intestine and spleen tissue of Atlantic salmon fed SBM-based diets in seawater. Cyberlindnera jadinii (CJ) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (WA) yeasts were heat-inactivated with spray-drying (ICJ and IWA) or autolyzed at 50 °C for 16 h (ACJ and AWA), followed by spray-drying. Six diets were formulated, one based on fishmeal (FM), a challenging diet with 30% soybean meal (SBM) and four other diets containing 30% SBM and 10% of each of the four yeast fractions (i.e., ICJ, ACJ, IWA and AWA). The inclusion of CJ yeasts reduced the loss of enterocyte supranuclear vacuolization and reduced the population of CD8α labeled cells present in the lamina propria of fish fed the SBM diet. The CJ yeasts controlled the inflammatory responses of fish fed SBM through up-regulation of pathways related to wound healing and taurine metabolism. The WA yeasts dampened the inflammatory profile of fish fed SBM through down-regulation of pathways related to toll-like receptor signaling, C-lectin receptor, cytokine receptor and signal transduction. This study suggests that the yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus are novel high-quality protein sources with health-beneficial effects in terms of reducing inflammation associated with feeding plant-based diets to Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel O. Agboola
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - Dominic D. Mensah
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - Jon Ø. Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Liv T. Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
| | - Magnus Ø. Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Svein J. Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Ove Øyås
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.L.); (M.Ø.A.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Charles McL. Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (D.D.M.); (J.Ø.H.); (L.T.M.); (O.Ø.)
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Cornet V, Geay F, Erraud A, Mandiki SNM, Flamion E, Larondelle Y, Rollin X, Kestemont P. Modulations of lipid metabolism and development of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry in response to egg-to-fry rearing conditions. Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:979-997. [PMID: 33974164 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In stocking program, the use of artificial incubation conditions in hatcheries from the fertilisation of eggs to the release of unfed fry could reduce their ability to adapt to the natural environment. This study evaluates the effects of three factors on the fitness and physiology of salmon fry at their emergence, the origin of water (river vs drilling), the type of support in the incubator (support matrix vs plastic sheets) and the type of incubators (Californian vs vertical trays), and compares them to a semi-natural incubation method in river. Key biological functions including nutritional and immune status were compared among experimental conditions using biometric parameters, lipid composition and gene expression analyses. Our findings demonstrated that fry incubated in vertical trays supplied with river water had no significant difference in growth and lipid composition compared to those in semi-natural incubators. Besides, fry incubated on a substrate matrix in Californian trays exhibited phenotypic characteristics closest to those incubated in river. This support matrix improved fish growth, lipid consumption and distribution compared to fry on plastic sheets. Moreover, the large amounts of several PUFAs in these fry could allow a better membrane fluidity ensuring a better adaptation to temperature variation under cold conditions. In addition, drilling water improved the survival rate compared to river water due to lower numbers of fine particles, known to be responsible for the clogging of eggs. To conclude, using a substrate combined with drilling water in artificial incubators could increase fry fitness and its adaption to wild life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Florian Geay
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Erraud
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Enora Flamion
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 4-5/L7.07.03, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Xavier Rollin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 4-5/L7.07.03, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), 5000, Namur, Belgium
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Koljonen ML, Masuda M, Kallio-Nyberg I, Koskiniemi J, Saloniemi I. Large inter-stock differences in catch size-at-age of mature Atlantic salmon observed by using genetic individual origin assignment from catch data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247435. [PMID: 33822799 PMCID: PMC8023481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic individual assignment of river stock of origin of mixed stock catch fish offers a tool to analyze size differences among river stocks. Data on the genetically identified river stock of origin of individual fish from commercial mixed stock catches were used to compare the catch size-at-age of mature Atlantic salmon catch fish (Salmo salar) from different rivers in the Baltic Sea. In this application of genetic mixed stock modeling, individual assignments of the river stock of origin were analyzed together with length- and weight-at-age data for individual catch fish. The use of four genetic stock identification based methods was compared for defining the length distributions of caught mature salmon in different river stocks. The catch data included information on maturing salmon in the northern Baltic Sea over the years 2000–2013. DNA microsatellite data on 17 loci and information on the smoltification age were used to assign spawners to their stock of origin. All of the compared methods for using probabilistic stock of origin data in our case yielded very similar estimates of the final mean length distributions of the stocks. The Bayesian mixture model yielded slightly more conservative estimates than the direct probability method, threshold method, or the modified probability method. The catch size between spawners of a same sex and age from river stocks differed significantly and the differences were large. The mean catch weight of 1-sea-winter old mature males in different rivers varied from 1.9 kg to 2.9 kg, from 5.1 kg to 7.5 kg for 2-sea-winter old males, from 5.0 kg to 7.2 kg for 2-sea-winter old females, and from 8.2 kg to 10.8 kg for 3-sea-winter-old females. The mean size of caught wild salmon spawners in each year-class was on average smaller than that of the hatchery-reared and sea ranched stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Liisa Koljonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Animal Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michele Masuda
- Auke Bay Laboratories, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Irma Kallio-Nyberg
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ecosystems and Ecology, Fish Stocks and Environment, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Koskiniemi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Saloniemi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Váldes JA, Gallardo-Escárate C. Transcriptome Profiling of Long Non-coding RNAs During the Atlantic Salmon Smoltification Process. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2021; 23:308-320. [PMID: 33638736 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For salmon aquaculture, one of the most critical phase is the parr-smolt transformation. Studies around this process have mainly focused on physiological changes and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity during the osmoregulatory activity. However, understanding how the salmon genome regulates the parr-smolt transformation, specifically the molecular mechanisms involved, remains uncovered. This study aimed to explore the transcriptional modulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as key molecular regulators, during the freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) transfer in Atlantic salmon. Transcriptome sequencing was performed from gill samples of Atlantic salmon adapted from FW to SW through gradual salinity changes from 0 to 30 PSU. The results showed that most transcripts differently modulated were downregulated in all salinity conditions. Relevant biological processes were associated with growth, collagen formation, immune response, metabolism, and heme transport. Notably, 2864 putative lncRNAs were identified in Atlantic salmon gills differently expressed during fish smoltification. The highest number of lncRNAs differently modulated was observed at 30 PSU. Correlation expression analysis suggests putative regulatory roles of lncRNAs with smoltification-related genes. Herein, co-localization of Na+/K+-ATPase, growth hormone receptor, and thyroid hormone receptor genes with lncRNAs differentially expressed suggest putative regulatory mechanisms in the Atlantic salmon genome. The lncRNAs can be used as novel biomarkers for the fish smoltification process. Here, the lncRNA_145326 and lncRNA_18762 are putatively related to the parr-smolt transfer in Atlantic salmon. This study is the first description of lncRNAs with putative regulatory roles in Atlantic salmon during the SW adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Juan Antonio Váldes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Martínez-Llorens S, Peruzzi S, Falk-Petersen IB, Godoy-Olmos S, Ulleberg LO, Tomás-Vidal A, Puvanendran V, Odei DK, Hagen Ø, Fernandes JMO, Jobling M. Digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities of juvenile diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fishmeal-based diets with or without fish protein hydrolysates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245216. [PMID: 33429419 PMCID: PMC7801030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triploid, sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) could make a contribution to the development of the farming industry, but uncertainties about the performance and welfare of triploids have limited their adoption by farmers. In this study, we compared the ontogeny of digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase) of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets based on fishmeal (STD) or a mix of fishmeal and hydrolysed fish proteins (HFM) whilst being reared at low temperature from start-feeding to completion of the parr-smolt transformation. Fish weights for each ploidy and feed combination were used to calculate thermal growth coefficients (TGCs) that spanned this developmental period, and the data were used to examine possible relationships between enzyme activities and growth. At the end of the experiment, faeces were collected and analyzed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dietary amino acids (AAs). Digestive tract histo-morphology did not differ substantially between ploidies and generally reflected organ maturation and functionality. There were no consistent differences in proteolytic enzyme activities resulting from the inclusion of HFM in the diet, nor was there improved digestibility and AA bioavailability of the HFM feed in either diploid or triploid fish. The triploid salmon had lower ADCs than diploids for most essential and non-essential AAs in both diets (STD and HFM), but without there being any indication of lower intestinal protease activity in triploid fish. When trypsin-to-chymotrypsin activity and trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ratios (T:C and T:ALP, respectively) were considered in combination with growth data (TGC) low T:C and T:ALP values coincided with times of reduced fish growth, and vice versa, suggesting that T:C and T:ALP may be used to predict recent growth history and possible growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martínez-Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Stefano Peruzzi
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Inger-Britt Falk-Petersen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergio Godoy-Olmos
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Lars Olav Ulleberg
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ana Tomás-Vidal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | | | - Derrick Kwame Odei
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ørjan Hagen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Malcolm Jobling
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Todd CD, Hanson NN, Boehme L, Revie CW, Marques AR. Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. J Fish Biol 2021; 98:6-16. [PMID: 32951198 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Variation in circulus spacing on the scales of wild Atlantic salmon is indicative of changes in body length growth rate. We analyzed scale circulus spacing during the post-smolt growth period for adult one sea-winter salmon (n = 1947) returning to Scotland over the period 1993-2011. The growth pattern of the scales was subjectively and visually categorized according to the occurrence and zonal sequence of three intercirculus spacing criteria ("Slow", "Fast" and "Check" zones). We applied hierarchical time-series cluster analysis to the empirical circulus spacing data, followed by post hoc analysis of significant changes in growth patterns within the 20 identified clusters. Temporal changes in growth pattern frequencies showed significant correlation with sea surface temperature anomalies during the early months of the post-smolt growth season and throughout the Norwegian Sea. Since the turn of the millennium, we observed (a) a marked decrease in the occurrence of continuous Fast growth; (b) increased frequencies of fish showing an extended period of initially Slow growth; and (c) the occurrence of obvious growth Checks or hiatuses. These changes in post-smolt growth pattern were manifest also in decreases in the mean body length attained by the ocean midwinter, as sea surface temperatures have risen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Todd
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Nora N Hanson
- Marine Scotland Science, Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Pitlochry, UK
| | - Lars Boehme
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ana R Marques
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Breves JP, Springer-Miller RH, Chenoweth DA, Paskavitz AL, Chang AYH, Regish AM, Einarsdottir IE, Björnsson BT, McCormick SD. Cortisol regulates insulin-like growth-factor binding protein (igfbp) gene expression in Atlantic salmon parr. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110989. [PMID: 32835784 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth hormone (Gh)/insulin-like growth-factor (Igf)/Igf binding protein (Igfbp) system regulates growth and osmoregulation in salmonid fishes, but how this system interacts with other endocrine systems is largely unknown. Given the well-documented consequences of mounting a glucocorticoid stress response on growth, we hypothesized that cortisol inhibits anabolic processes by modulating the expression of hepatic igfbp mRNAs. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were implanted intraperitoneally with cortisol implants (0, 10, and 40 μg g-1 body weight) and sampled after 3 or 14 days. Cortisol elicited a dose-dependent reduction in specific growth rate (SGR) after 14 days. While plasma Gh and Igf1 levels were unchanged, hepatic igf1 mRNA was diminished and hepatic igfbp1b1 and -1b2 were stimulated by the high cortisol dose. Plasma Igf1 was positively correlated with SGR at 14 days. Hepatic gh receptor (ghr), igfbp1a, -2a, -2b1, and -2b2 levels were not impacted by cortisol. Muscle igf2, but not igf1 or ghr, levels were stimulated at 3 days by the high cortisol dose. As both cortisol and the Gh/Igf axis promote seawater (SW) tolerance, and particular igfbps respond to SW exposure, we also assessed whether cortisol coordinates the expression of branchial igfbps and genes associated with ion transport. Cortisol stimulated branchial igfbp5b2 levels in parallel with Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and nka-α1b, Na+/K+/2Cl--cotransporter 1 (nkcc1), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 1 (cftr1) mRNA levels. The collective results indicate that cortisol modulates the growth of juvenile salmon via the regulation of hepatic igfbp1s whereas no clear links between cortisol and branchial igfbps previously shown to be salinity-responsive could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - R H Springer-Miller
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - D A Chenoweth
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - A L Paskavitz
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - A Y H Chang
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - A M Regish
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, USA
| | - I E Einarsdottir
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463 SE, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - B Th Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463 SE, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S D McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, USA
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Foroutani MB, Parrish CC, Wells J, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Minimizing marine ingredients in diets of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects on liver and head kidney lipid class and fatty acid composition. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:2331-2353. [PMID: 33001367 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited fish meal and fish oil supplies have necessitated research on alternatives for aquafeeds. Seven dietary treatments with different protein and lipid sources were formulated for farmed Atlantic salmon, and their effects on liver and head kidney lipid class, fatty acid, and elemental composition were studied. Fish meal, fish oil, and EPA + DHA content ranged from 5-35%, 0-12%, and 0.1-3%, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that the C to N ratio was higher in the head kidney than in the liver, which is consistent with higher content of total lipids in the head kidney compared with the liver. There was a greater susceptibility to dietary lipid alterations in the liver compared with the head kidney despite liver having a greater proportion of phospholipid and a much lower proportion of triacylglycerol. So long as fish oil levels were 5% or more of the diet, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions were the same for each tissue as with feeding the marine diet with 12% fish oil; however, livers and head kidneys from fish fed the lowest amount of fish meal and fish oil had the lowest levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and DHA and the highest ARA levels. Removal of fish oil and reduction of fish meal to 5% in diets of farmed Atlantic salmon affected elemental and lipid compositions of the liver and head kidney tissues potentially increasing susceptibility to inflammation. However, with 10% of the diet comprising fish meal and fish oil, lipid contents were comparable with fish fed marine-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Jeanette Wells
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | | | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Johny A, Berge GM, Bogevik AS, Krasnov A, Ruyter B, Fæste CK, Østbye TKK. Sensitivity to Dietary Wheat Gluten in Atlantic Salmon Indicated by Gene Expression Changes in Liver and Intestine. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111339. [PMID: 33198292 PMCID: PMC7696320 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed safety is a necessity for animal health and welfare as well as prerequisite for food safety and human health. Wheat gluten (WG) is considered as a valuable protein source in fish feed due to its suitability as a feed binder, high digestibility, good amino acid profile, energy density and most importantly, due to its relatively low level of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). The main aim of this study was to identify the impact of dietary WG on salmon health by analysing growth, feed efficiency and the hepatic and intestinal transcriptomes. The fish were fed either control diet with fishmeal (FM) as the only source of protein or diets, where 15% or 30% of the FM were replaced by WG. The fish had a mean initial weight of 223 g and approximately doubled their weight during the 9-week experiment. Salmon fed on 30% WG showed reduced feed intake compared to the 15% and FM fed groups. The liver was the less affected organ but fat content and activities of the liver health markers in plasma increased with the inclusion level of WG in the diet. Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in both, intestine and liver of fish fed with 30% WG. Especially noticeable were changes in the lipid metabolism, in particular in relation to the intestinal lipoprotein transport and sterol metabolism. Moreover, the intestinal transcriptome of WG-fed fish showed shifts in the expression of a large number of genes responsible for immunity and tissue structure and integrity. These observations implied that the fish receiving WG-containing diet were undergoing nutritional stress. Overall, the study provided evidence that a high dietary level of WG can have a negative impact on the intestinal and liver health of salmon with symptoms similar to gluten sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Johny
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-90261691
| | - Gerd Marit Berge
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 6600 Sunndalsøra, Norway;
| | - André S. Bogevik
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 5141 Fyllingsdalen, Norway;
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1430 Ås, Norway; (A.K.); (B.R.); (T.-K.K.Ø.)
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1430 Ås, Norway; (A.K.); (B.R.); (T.-K.K.Ø.)
| | | | - Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye
- Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1430 Ås, Norway; (A.K.); (B.R.); (T.-K.K.Ø.)
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10
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Myhre Jensen E, Horsberg TE, Sevatdal S, Helgesen KO. Trends in de-lousing of Norwegian farmed salmon from 2000-2019-Consumption of medicines, salmon louse resistance and non-medicinal control methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240894. [PMID: 33119627 PMCID: PMC7595418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis has been a substantial obstacle in Norwegian farming of Atlantic salmon for decades. With a limited selection of available medicines and frequent delousing treatments, resistance has emerged among salmon lice. Surveillance of salmon louse sensitivity has been in place since 2013, and consumption of medicines has been recorded since the early 80’s. The peak year for salmon lice treatments was 2015, when 5.7 times as many tonnes of salmonids were treated compared to harvested. In recent years, non-medicinal methods of delousing farmed fish have been introduced to the industry. By utilizing data on the annual consumption of medicines, annual frequency of medicinal and non-medicinal treatments, the aim of the current study was to describe the causative factors behind salmon lice sensitivity in the years 2000–2019, measured through toxicity tests–bioassays. The sensitivity data from 2000–2012 demonstrate the early emergence of resistance in salmon lice along the Norwegian coast. Reduced sensitivity towards azamethiphos, deltamethrin and emamectin benzoate was evident from 2009, 2009 and 2007, respectively. The annual variation in medicine consumption and frequency of medicinal treatments correlated well with the evolution in salmon louse sensitivity. The patterns are similar, with a relatively small response delay from the decline in the consumption of medicines in Norway (2016 and onward) to the decline in measured resistance among salmon louse (2017 and onward). 2017 was the first year in which non-medicinal treatments outnumbered medicinal delousing treatments as well as the peak year in numbers of cleanerfish deployed. This study highlights the significance of avoiding heavy reliance on a few substance groups to combat ectoparasites, this can be a potent catalyst for resistance evolution. Further, it demonstrates the importance of transparency in the global industry, which enables the industry to learn from poor choices in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Myhre Jensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sea Lice Research Center, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tor Einar Horsberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sea Lice Research Center, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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11
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Shwe A, Østbye TKK, Krasnov A, Ramberg S, Andreassen R. Characterization of Differentially Expressed miRNAs and Their Predicted Target Transcripts during Smoltification and Adaptation to Seawater in Head Kidney of Atlantic Salmon. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091059. [PMID: 32911670 PMCID: PMC7565298 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoltification and early seawater phase are critical developmental periods with physiological and biochemical changes in Atlantic salmon that facilitates survival in saltwater. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to have important roles in development, but whether any miRNAs are involved in regulation of gene expression during smoltification and the adaption to seawater is largely unknown. Here, small RNA sequencing of materials from head kidney before, during smoltification and post seawater transfer were used to study expression dynamics of miRNAs, while microarray analysis was applied to study mRNA expression dynamics. Comparing all timepoints, 71 miRNAs and 2709 mRNAs were identified as differentially expressed (DE). Hierarchical clustering analysis of the DE miRNAs showed three major clusters with characteristic expression changes. Eighty-one DE mRNAs revealed negatively correlated expression patterns to DE miRNAs in Cluster I and III. Furthermore, 42 of these mRNAs were predicted as DE miRNA targets. Gene enrichment analysis of negatively correlated target genes showed they were enriched in gene ontology groups hormone biosynthesis, stress management, immune response, and ion transport. The results strongly indicate that post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by miRNAs is important in smoltification and sea water adaption, and this study identifies several putative miRNA-target pairs for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Shwe
- Department of Life Science and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet‒Oslo Metropolitan University, N-0130 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Postboks 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (T.-K.K.Ø.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Postboks 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; (T.-K.K.Ø.); (A.K.)
| | - Sigmund Ramberg
- Department of Life Science and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet‒Oslo Metropolitan University, N-0130 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Science and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet‒Oslo Metropolitan University, N-0130 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-6723-627-4
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12
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Lennox RJ, Salvanes AGV, Barlaup BT, Stöger E, Madhun A, Helle TM, Vollset KW. Negative impacts of the sea lice prophylactic emamectin benzoate on the survival of hatchery released salmon smolts in rivers. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 224:105519. [PMID: 32502848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a prophylactic pharmaceutical used to protect Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts migrating out of rivers and into the ocean against sea lice parasites. Randomized control trials comparing the marine survival of smolts treated with EB to a control group is used to calculate the fraction of marine mortality attributable to sea lice parasitism. However, it is assumed that there is no baseline difference in survival induced by the application of EB treatment. We used a combined laboratory and field study approach to investigate the potential impacts of EB treatment on behaviour and survival of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon in western Norway. In aquaria experiments, EB-treated salmon smolts did not differ significantly in exploratory behaviour. Fish from treated groups responded similarly to simulated predator attack with spontaneous escape and elevated gill beat rate. Three rivers in the Osterfjord system of western Norway were selected for field experiments, Dale, Vosso, and Modalen. Dale River smolts were treated with intraperitoneal EB injections and had lower probability of detection in a wolf trap downstream of the release site than control smolts. Salmon smolts raised in the Vosso River hatchery were treated with EB delivered in their food and were detected on PIT antennas at the rivermouth of Vosso and Modalen at lower rates than control fish, but only when released at downstream sites. Calculation of risk ratios suggested that the bias in mortality caused by treatment with EB decreased the estimated survival of treated fish from an expected 18%to 46%, reducing the observable negative impact of sea lice on Atlantic salmon smolts in randomized control trials. The results suggest that estimates of the fraction of mortality attributable to sea lice may be underestimated due to lower baseline survival of treated fish caused by treatment and bring urgent attention towards a potential systematic underestimation of the impacts of sea lice on wild salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Lennox
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI), Nygårdsporten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Bjørn T Barlaup
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI), Nygårdsporten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Stöger
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI), Nygårdsporten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Turid M Helle
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI), Nygårdsporten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Wiik Vollset
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI), Nygårdsporten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
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13
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Sambraus F, Hansen T, Daae BS, Thorsen A, Sandvik R, Stien LH, Fraser TWK, Fjelldal PG. Triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar have a higher dietary phosphorus requirement for bone mineralization during early development. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:137-147. [PMID: 32242933 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a dietary phosphorus regime in freshwater on vertebra bone mineralization was assessed in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Fish were fed either a low phosphorus (LP) diet containing 10.5 g kg-1 total phosphorus or a normal phosphorus (NP) diet containing 17.4 g kg-1 total phosphorus from ∼3 to ∼65 g (day 126) in body weight. Two further groups were fed the NP diet from ∼3 g in body weight, but were then switched to the LP diet after 38 (∼10 g in body weight) or 77 (∼30 g in body weight) days. Growth, vertebral ash content (% ash) and radiologically detectable vertebra pathologies were assessed. Triploids were initially smaller than diploids, and again on day 77, but there was no ploidy effect on days 38 or 126. Vertebral ash content increased with increasing body size and those fish fed the NP diet had higher vertebral ash content than those groups fed the LP diet during the intervening time period, but this diet effect became less apparent as fish grew, with all groups having relatively equal vertebral ash content at termination. In general, triploids had lower vertebral ash content than diploids on day 38 and this was most evident in the group fed the LP diet. On day 77, those triploids fed the LP diet during the intervening time period had lower vertebral ash content than diploids. At termination on day 126, the triploids had the same vertebral ash content as diploids, irrespective of diet. There was a ploidy × diet interaction on vertebral deformities, with triploids having higher prevalences of fish with ≥1 deformed vertebra in all dietary groups except continuous NP. In conclusion, between days 0 and 77 (3-30 g body size), triploids required more dietary phosphorus than diploids in order to maintain similar vertebral ash content. A possible link between phosphorus feeding history and phosphorus demand is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sambraus
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tom Hansen
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Britt S Daae
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Anders Thorsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Welfare Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Thomas W K Fraser
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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14
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Nemova NN, Nefedova ZA, Pekkoeva SN, Voronin VP, Shulgina NS, Churova MV, Murzina SA. The Effect of the Photoperiod on the Fatty Acid Profile and Weight in Hatchery-Reared Underyearlings and Yearlings of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar L. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060845. [PMID: 32498392 PMCID: PMC7356347 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of two light regimes, 16:8 h light/dark (LD 16:8) and 24:0 h light/dark (LD 24:0), in comparison to a usual hatchery light regime (HL), on the fatty acids content and weight gain in hatchery-reared underyearlings (at 0+ age) and yearlings (at 1+ age) of Atlantic salmon in the summer–autumn period was studied. The total lipids were analyzed by Folch method, the lipid classes using HPTLC, and the fatty acids of total lipids using GC. The increase in EPA and DHA observed in October in underyearlings and yearlings salmon (especially under LD 24:0) suggests they were physiologically preparing for overwintering. The changes in fatty acids and their ratios in juvenile Atlantic salmon can be used as biochemical indicators of the degree to which hatchery-reared fish are ready to smoltify. These associated with an increase in marine-type specific DHA and EPA, an increase in the 16:0/18:1(n-9) ratio, in correlation with a reduction in MUFAs (mainly 18:1(n-9)). These biochemical modifications, accompanied by fish weight gain, were more pronounced in October in yearlings exposed to continuous light (LD 24:0). The mortality rate was lower in experimental groups of underyearliings with additional lighting. Exposure to prolonged and continuous light did not affect yearlings mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina N. Nemova
- Correspondence: (N.N.N.); (S.A.M.); Tel.: +7-8142769810 (S.A.M.)
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15
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Abstract
The marine phase of anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is the least known yet one of the most crucial with regards to population persistence. Recently, declines in many salmon populations in eastern Canada have been attributed to changes in the conditions at sea, thus reducing their survival. However, marine survival estimates are difficult to obtain given that many individuals spend multiple winters in the ocean before returning to freshwater to spawn; therefore, multiple parameters need to be estimated. We develop a model that uses an age-structured projection matrix which, coupled with yearly smolt and return abundance estimates, allows us to resample a distribution of matrices weighted by how close the resulting return estimates match the simulated returns, using a sample-importance-resampling algorithm. We test this model by simulating a simple time series of salmon abundances, and generate six different scenarios of varying salmon life histories where we simulate data for one-sea-winter (1SW)-dominated and non-1SW dominated populations, as well as scenarios where the proportion returning as 1SW is stable or highly variable. We find that our model provides reasonable estimates of marine survival for the first year at sea (S1), but highly uncertain estimates of proportion returning as 1SW (Pr) and survival in the second year at sea (S2). Our exploration of variable scenarios suggests the model is able to detect temporal trends in S1 for populations that have a considerable 1SW component in the returns; the ability of the model to detect trends in S1 diminishes as the proportion of two-sea-winter fish increases. Variability in the annual proportion of fish returning as 1SW does not seem to impact model accuracy. Our approach provides an instructive stepping-stone towards a model that can be applied to empirical abundance estimates of Atlantic salmon, and anadromous fishes in general, and therefore improve our knowledge of the marine phase of their life cycles as well as examining spatial and temporal trends in their variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A. Pardo
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Burton T, Rollinson N, McKelvey S, Stewart DC, Armstrong JD, Metcalfe NB. Adaptive Maternal Investment in the Wild? Links between Maternal Growth Trajectory and Offspring Size, Growth, and Survival in Contrasting Environments. Am Nat 2020; 195:678-690. [PMID: 32216673 DOI: 10.1086/707518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts that investment per offspring should correlate negatively with the quality of the environment that offspring are anticipated to encounter; parents may use their own experience as juveniles to predict this environment and may modulate offspring traits, such as growth capacity and initial size. We manipulated nutrient levels in the juvenile habitat of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to investigate the hypothesis that the egg size that maximizes juvenile growth and survival depends on environmental quality. We also tested whether offspring traits were related to parental growth trajectory. Mothers that grew fast when young produced more offspring and smaller offspring than mothers that grew slowly to reach the same size. Despite their size disadvantage, offspring of faster-growing mothers grew faster than those of slower-growing mothers in all environments, counter to the expectation that they would be competitively disadvantaged. However, they had lower relative survival in environments where the density of older predatory/competitor fish was relatively high. These links between maternal (but not paternal) growth trajectory and offspring survival rate were independent of egg size, underscoring that mothers may be adjusting egg traits other than size to suit the environment their offspring are anticipated to face.
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17
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Bruni L, Belghit I, Lock EJ, Secci G, Taiti C, Parisi G. Total replacement of dietary fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae does not impair physical, chemical or volatile composition of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:1038-1047. [PMID: 31650558 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aquafeed sector has been replacing conventional dietary ingredients with more economic and eco-friendly ingredients. Insects embody a promising alternative as a result of being highly nutritious and showing traits leading to a circular bioeconomy. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at the sea-water stage were fed diets with a partial or complete substitution of fishmeal with meal of Hermetia illucens larvae reared on a media containing Ascophyllum nodosum mixed with organic wastes (60:40). The present study aimed to assess the quality of fillets by characterizing its physico-chemical traits with conventional and innovative methods, such as the proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer technique, allowing the analysis of samples at room temperature. Finally, steamed fillets underwent a consumer test to investigate the liking of consumers and their intention of re-consumption. RESULTS The main findings showed that a complete dietary substitution of fishmeal with H. illucens larvae meal did not impair the physico-chemical quality of A. salmon fillets. Notably, neutral n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) slightly but significantly increased in the fillets of A. salmon fed H. illucens, also as a result of the additional fish oil present in the diets containing insect. The volatile organic profile was not altered by the different diets. The consumer-liking test revealed that Italian consumers appreciated the tested salmon irrespective of the administered feed. CONCLUSION Tailoring the insect fatty acid profile by rearing the larvae on a PUFA-rich substrate, coupled with a dietary modulation of the oily source, can successfully maintain or even increase the cardioprotective characteristics of fillets. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bruni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Secci
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Chalmers L, Migaud H, Adams A, Vera LM, McStay E, North B, Mitchell C, Taylor JF. Response of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to commercial vaccines. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 97:624-636. [PMID: 31877359 PMCID: PMC6990402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While triploid Atlantic salmon represent a practical and affordable solution to the issues associated with sexual maturation in the salmonid aquaculture industry, empirical evidence suggests triploids are more susceptible to disease and vaccine side-effects than diploids. With vaccination now part of routine husbandry, it is essential their response be studied to confirm their suitability for commercial production. This study tested the response of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon to vaccination with commercially available vaccines. Triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon siblings were injected with one of three commercial vaccines (or sham-vaccinated) and monitored for performance throughout a commercial production cycle. Sampling at smolt and harvest was undertaken along with individual weight and length assessments through the cycle. Antibody response to Aeromonas salmonicida vaccination was similar in both ploidy, with a positive response in vaccine-injected fish. For both adhesions and melanin, analysis found that higher scores were more likely to occur as the anticipated severity of the vaccine increased. In addition, for adhesion scores at smolt and melanin scores at smolt and harvest, triploids were statistically more likely to exhibit high scores than diploids. Triploids maintained a significantly higher body weight during freshwater and until 11 months post-seawater transfer, with diploids weighing significantly more at harvest. Growth, represented by thermal growth coefficient (TGC), decreased in both ploidy as the severity of adhesions increased, and regression patterns did not differ significantly between ploidy. Vertebral deformity prevalence was consistently higher in triploids (smolt 12.3 ± 4.5%; harvest 34.9 ± 5.9%) than diploids (smolt 0.8 ± 0.5%; harvest 15.9 ± 1.9%), with no significant difference between vaccine groups in each ploidy. This study demonstrates that triploids respond as well to vaccination as diploids and provides further supporting evidence of triploid robustness for commercial aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Chalmers
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Luisa M Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Elsbeth McStay
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ben North
- PHARMAQ (part of Zoetis), Unit 15 Sandleheath Industrial Estate, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1PA, UK
| | - Chris Mitchell
- PHARMAQ (part of Zoetis), Unit 15 Sandleheath Industrial Estate, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1PA, UK
| | - John F Taylor
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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19
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Fleming MS, Maugars G, Martin P, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Differential Regulation of the Expression of the Two Thyrotropin Beta Subunit Paralogs by Salmon Pituitary Cells In Vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:603538. [PMID: 33329404 PMCID: PMC7729069 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.603538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently characterized two paralogs of the thyrotropin (TSH) beta subunit in Atlantic salmon, tshβa and tshβb, issued from teleost-specific whole genome duplication. The transcript expression of tshβb, but not of tshβa, peaks at the time of smoltification, which revealed a specific involvement of tshβb paralog in this metamorphic event. Tshβa and tshβb are expressed by distinct pituitary cells in salmon, likely related to TSH cells from the pars distalis and pars tuberalis, respectively, in mammals and birds. The present study aimed at investigating the neuroendocrine and endocrine factors potentially involved in the differential regulation of tshβa and tshβb paralogs, using primary cultures of Atlantic salmon pituitary cells. The effects of various neurohormones and endocrine factors potentially involved in the control of development, growth, and metabolism were tested. Transcript levels of tshβa and tshβb were measured by qPCR, as well as those of growth hormone (gh), for comparison and validation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulated tshβa transcript levels in agreement with its potential role in the thyrotropic axis in teleosts, but had no effect on tshβb paralog, while it also stimulated gh transcript levels. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) had no effect on neither tshβ paralogs nor gh. Somatostatin (SRIH) had no effects on both tshβ paralogs, while it exerted a canonical inhibitory effect on gh transcript levels. Thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] inhibited transcript levels of both tshβ paralogs, as well as gh, but with a much stronger effect on tshβa than on tshβb and gh. Conversely, cortisol had a stronger inhibitory effect on tshβb than tshβa, while no effect on gh. Remarkably, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) dose-dependently stimulated tshβb transcript levels, while it had no effect on tshβa, and a classical inhibitory effect on gh. This study provides the first data on the neuroendocrine factors involved in the differential regulation of the expression of the two tshβ paralogs. It suggests that IGF1 may be involved in triggering the expression peak of the tshβb paralog at smoltification, thus representing a potential internal signal in the link between body growth and smoltification metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Stewart Fleming
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
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20
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Reveco-Urzua FE, Hofossæter M, Rao Kovi M, Mydland LT, Ånestad R, Sørby R, Press CM, Lagos L, Øverland M. Candida utilis yeast as a functional protein source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Local intestinal tissue and plasma proteome responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218360. [PMID: 31887112 PMCID: PMC6936787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial ingredients such as Candida utilis yeast are known to be functional protein sources with immunomodulating effects whereas soybean meal causes soybean meal-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Inflammatory or immunomodulatory stimuli at the local level in the intestine may alter the plasma proteome profile of Atlantic salmon. These deviations can be helpful indicators for fish health and, therefore potential tools in the diagnosis of fish diseases. The present work aimed to identify local intestinal tissue responses and changes in plasma protein profiles of Atlantic salmon fed inactive dry Candida utilis yeast biomass, soybean meal, or combination of soybean meal based diet with various inclusion levels of Candida utilis. A fishmeal based diet was used as control diet. Inclusion of Candida utilis yeast to a fishmeal based diet did not alter the morphology, immune cell population or gene expression of the distal intestine. Lower levels of Candida utilis combined with soybean meal modulated immune cell populations in the distal intestine and reduced the severity of soybean meal-induced enteritis, while higher inclusion levels of Candida utilis were less effective. Changes in the plasma proteomic profile revealed differences between the diets but did not indicate any specific proteins that could be a marker for health or disease. The results suggest that Candida utilis does not alter intestinal morphology or induce major changes in plasma proteome, and thus could be a high-quality alternative protein source with potential functional properties in diets for Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eduardo Reveco-Urzua
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Mette Hofossæter
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Kovi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Randi Sørby
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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21
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Vera LM, Lock EJ, Hamre K, Migaud H, Leeming D, Tocher DR, Taylor JF. Enhanced micronutrient supplementation in low marine diets reduced vertebral malformation in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, and increased vertebral expression of bone biomarker genes in diploids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 237:110327. [PMID: 31461683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that, for optimum growth, micronutrient levels should be supplemented above current National Research Council (2011) recommendations for Atlantic salmon when they are fed diets formulated with low levels of marine ingredients. In the present study, the impact of graded levels (100, 200, 400%) of a micronutrient package (NP) on vertebral deformities and bone gene expression were determined in diploid and triploid salmon parr fed low marine diets. The prevalence of radiologically detectable spinal deformities decreased with increasing micronutrient supplementation in both ploidy. On average, triploids had a higher incidence of spinal deformity than diploids within a given diet. Micronutrient supplementation particularly reduced prevalence of fusion deformities in diploids and compression and reduced spacing deformities in triploids. Prevalence of affected vertebrae within each spinal region (cranial, caudal, tail and tail fin) varied significantly between diet and ploidy, and there was interaction. Prevalence of deformities was greatest in the caudal region of triploids and the impact of graded micronutrient supplementation in reducing deformities also greatest in triploids. Diet affected vertebral morphology with length:height (L:H) ratio generally increasing with level of micronutrient supplementation in both ploidy with no difference between ploidy. Increased dietary micronutrients level in diploid salmon increased the vertebral expression of several bone biomarker genes including bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp2), osteocalcin (ostcn), alkaline phosphatase (alp), matrix metallopeptidase 13 (mmp13), osteopontin (opn) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (igf1r). In contrast, although some genes showed similar trends in triploids, vertebral gene expression was not significantly affected by dietary micronutrients level. The study confirmed earlier indications that dietary micronutrient levels should be increased in salmon fed diets with low marine ingredients and that there are differences in nutritional requirements between ploidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research (formerly National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research), Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Kristen Hamre
- Institute of Marine Research (formerly National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research), Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | | | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - John F Taylor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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22
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Solås MR, Skoglund H, Salvanes AGV. Can structural enrichment reduce predation mortality and increase recaptures of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fry released into the wild? J Fish Biol 2019; 95:575-588. [PMID: 31073995 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Captive-reared fish often have poor survival in the wild and may fail to boost threatened populations. Enrichment during the nursery period can in some circumstances generate a broader behavioural repertoire than conventional hatchery production. Yet, we do not know if enrichment promotes survival after release into the wild. We conducted a field experiment during three field seasons using age 0+ year Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to investigate if enrichment during rearing, in the form of structural complexity (shelters), reduced immediate (within 2 days after release) predation mortality by piscine predators (brown trout Salmo trutta) and if such rearing environments improved long-term (2-3 months after release) post-release survival. In addition, we investigated if predation mortality of released fry was size-selective. S. salar fry were reared in a structurally enriched environment or in a conventional rearing environment and given otolith marks using alizarin during the egg stage to distinguish between enriched and conventionally-reared fry. The outcome from the field experiments showed that structural enrichment did not consistently reduce immediate predation mortality and it did not improve, or had a negative effect on, the recapture rate of fry from the river 2-3 months after release. The data also showed that enriched rearing tended to reduce growth. Additionally, we found that S. trutta predators fed on small individuals of the released fry. Overall, the data suggest that structural enrichment alone is not sufficient to improve long-term survival of hatchery-reared fish after release and that other factors might affect post-release survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine R Solås
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Skoglund
- Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne G V Salvanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Bang Jensen B, Nylund S, Svendsen JC, Ski PR, Takle H. Indications for a vertical transmission pathway of piscine myocarditis virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2019; 42:825-833. [PMID: 30919979 PMCID: PMC6849753 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Losses due to cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) keep increasing in salmon-producing countries in the North-Atlantic. Recently, Piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) has been detected in post-smolts shortly after sea-transfer, indicating a possible carry-over from the hatcheries. In addition, there are reports of prevalences of PMCV as high as 70%-90% in certain groups of broodfish, and a recent outbreak of CMS in the Faroe Islands has been linked to the importation of eggs from a CMS-endemic area. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether PMCV can be transmitted vertically from infected broodstock to their progeny. In the present study, samples from eggs, larvae, fingerlings and presmolt originating from PMCV-positive broodstock from two commercial Atlantic salmon producers were tested for PMCV. The prevalence of PMCV in the broodstock was 98% in the hearts, 69% in the roe and 59% in the milt. Piscine myocarditis virus was detected in all stages of the progeny until and including the 40 g stage. Piscine myocarditis virus was also detected in presmolt sampled for tissue tropism. This provides farmers with several options for minimizing the risk of transfer of PMCV from broodstock to progeny, including screening of broodstock and aiming to use only those that are negative for PMCV or have low levels of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harald Takle
- Marine Harvest ASABergenNorway
- Present address:
Cermaq Group ASOsloNorway
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24
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Thomas K, Hansen T, Brophy D, Ó Maoiléidigh N, Fjelldal PG. Experimental investigation of the effects of temperature and feeding regime on scale growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:896-908. [PMID: 30887504 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salmo salar post-smolts were reared in seawater under controlled laboratory conditions for 12 weeks. The fish were exposed to three constant temperature treatments (15, 10.5 and 6°C) and four feeding treatments (constant feeding, food withheld for 7 days, food withheld for 14 days and food withheld intermittently for four periods of 7 days). Scale growth was proportional to fish growth across all treatments, justifying the use of scale measurements as a proxy for growth during the early marine phase. The rate of circuli deposition was dependant on temperature and feeding regime and was generally proportional to fish growth but with some decoupling of the relationship at 15°C. Deposition rates varied from 4.8 days per circulus at 15°C (constant feeding) to 15.1 days per circulus at 6°C (interrupted feeding). Cumulative degree day (° D) was a better predictor of circuli number than age, although the rate of circuli deposition ° D-1 was significantly lower at 6°C compared with 15 and 10.5°C. Inter-circuli distances were highly variable and did not reflect growth rate; tightly packed circuli occurred during periods without food when growth was depressed, but also during periods of rapid growth at 15°C. The results further current understanding of scale growth properties and can inform investigations of declining marine growth in S. salar based on interpretations of scale growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Thomas
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
- Fisheries and Ecosystems Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Tom Hansen
- Reproduction and growth research group, Institute of Marine Research, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Deirdre Brophy
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niall Ó Maoiléidigh
- Fisheries and Ecosystems Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Reproduction and growth research group, Institute of Marine Research, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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25
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Jakobsen J, Smith C, Bysted A, Cashman KD. Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo Salar)-What Do We Know? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050982. [PMID: 31036792 PMCID: PMC6566758 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon have been widely publicized as a good dietary source of vitamin D, but recent data points to large variation in vitamin D content and differences between wild and farmed salmon. We aimed to: (1) investigate the content of vitamin D in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in wild species caught in two different waters, (2) perform a 12-week feeding trial in farmed Salmo salar with 270–1440 µg vitamin D3/kg feed (4–20 times maximum level in the EU) and (3) conduct a review for the published data on the content of vitamin D in salmonids. Content of vitamin D3 in the fillet from wild salmon caught in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea was significantly different (p < 0.05), being 18.5 ± 4.6 µg/100 g and 9.4 ± 1.9 µg/100 g, respectively. In the farmed salmon the content ranged from 2.9 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D3/100 g to 9.5 ± 0.7 µg vitamin D3/100 g. Data from 2018 shows that farmed salmon contained 2.3–7.3 µg vitamin D3/100 g. Information on the content of vitamin D in wild and farmed salmonids is very limited, which calls for further research to ensure a sustainable production of salmon with adequate vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Cat Smith
- Bantry Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, P75 AX07 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Anette Bysted
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kevin D Cashman
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland.
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26
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Andersen Ø, Vieira V, Dessen JE, Johnston IA. Influence of feed ration size on somatic and muscle growth in landlocked dwarf and farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:614-620. [PMID: 30810225 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the possible adaptation of the dwarf Bleke population of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from Lake Byglandsfjord in southern Norway to limited food resources. The growth performance and muscle development in juvenile Bleke and farmed S. salar under satiated or restricted (50%) feeding were examined for 10 months, starting 3 weeks after first-feeding stage. Four-thousand fish were divided into four replicated groups and random samples of 16-40 fish per group were measured six times during the experiment. The two strains showed no significant difference in mean body mass when fed restricted ration, but the individual variation was considerably higher in the farmed fish. Both Bleke and farmed S. salar grew significantly faster when fed to satiation, but the farmed S. salar showed much higher gain in mass and were three times heavier (201.5 g vs 66.7 g) and possessed twice as many fast muscle fibres (179,682 vs 84,779) compared with landlocked S. salar after 10 months. Farmed fish fed full ration displayed both hypertrophic and hyperplasic muscle growth, while the increased growth in Bleke S. salar was entirely associated with a larger fibre diameter. The landlocked Bleke strain has apparently adapted to low food availability by minimising the metabolic costs of maintenance and growth through reduced dominance hierarchies and by an increase in average muscle fibre diameter relative to the ancestral condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øivind Andersen
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima AS), Aas, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vera Vieira
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Jens-Erik Dessen
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima AS), Aas, Norway
| | - Ian A Johnston
- Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
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27
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Arnekleiv JV, Davidsen JG, Sheehan TF, Lehnert SJ, Bradbury IR, Rønning L, Sjursen AD, Kjaerstad G, Lubinski BA, Nilssen KJ. Demographic and genetic description of Greenland's only indigenous Atlantic salmon Salmo salar population. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:154-164. [PMID: 30552668 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A survey of the Kapisillit River system was conducted in 2005 and 2012 to study the only indigenous Atlantic salmon Salmo salar population in Greenland. Little is known about its characteristics or its relationship with other S. salar populations across the species range. Juvenile S. salar were captured in all stations surveyed within the lower river with the highest densities lower in the river and decreasing densities with increasing distance from the river mouth. Captured juveniles ranged from 0+ to 7+ years old and the predominant smolt age was between 4 and 6 years. Median length of 0+ and 1+ juveniles in August-September was 38.8 and 70.4 mm, respectively. The proportion of mature male parr increased from 4% for 1+ year old fish to 95% for fish greater than 2 years old. Genetic analysis using 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) revealed a high degree of genetic similarity between collections, extremely low genetic diversity and low estimates of effective population size (Ne = 28.7; 95% CI = 19.7-42.4). Genetic comparison to range-wide S. salar populations demonstrated that the Kapisillit River S. salar is an outgroup of the eastern Atlantic stock complex, which is consistent with the hypothesised colonisation from the east. River morphology and the absence of glacier runoff are hypothesised to be the main reasons for the relatively high river temperatures supporting this self-sustaining population of S. salar. Given its uniqueness and persistence, this population represents an important part of range-wide biodiversity of S. salar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo V Arnekleiv
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan G Davidsen
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy F Sheehan
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Atlantic Salmon Ecosystems Research Team, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah J Lehnert
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Canada
| | - Ian R Bradbury
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Canada
| | - Lars Rønning
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aslak D Sjursen
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaute Kjaerstad
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Barbara A Lubinski
- U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Science Center, Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kjell J Nilssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Røsaeg MV, Rimstad E, Guttvik A, Skjelstad B, Bendiksen EÅ, Garseth ÅH. Effect of pancreas disease caused by SAV 2 on protein and fat digestion in Atlantic salmon. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:97-108. [PMID: 30370677 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and exocrine pancreas tissue is a primary target of the virus. Digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas break down macromolecules in feed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. The effect of SAV infection on digestion has been poorly studied. In this study, longitudinal observations of PD outbreaks caused by SAV subtype 2 (SAV2) in Atlantic salmon at two commercial sea sites were performed. The development of PD was assessed by measurement of SAV2 RNA load and evaluation of histopathological lesions typical of PD. Reduced digestion of both protein and fat co-varied with the severity of PD lesions and viral load. Also, the study found that during a PD outbreak, the pen population comprise several subpopulations, with different likelihoods of being sampled. The body length of sampled fish deviated from the expected increase or steady state over time, and the infection status in sampled fish deviated from the expected course of infection in the population. Both conditions indicate that disease status of the individual fish influenced the likelihood of being sampled, which may cause sampling bias in population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Hanson NN, Smith GW, Middlemas SJ, Todd CD. Precision and accuracy of Dahl-Lea back-calculated smolt lengths from adult scales of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:183-186. [PMID: 30443940 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using tagged and recaptured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (n = 106) the present analysis shows that the most commonly applied linear back-calculation method for estimating past length, the Dahl-Lea method, resulted in overestimation of the length of large smolts and underestimation of small smolts. A correction equation (y = 0.53x + 6.23) for estimating true smolt length (y) from lengths back-calculated from adult scale measures (x) to account for these systematic discrepancies is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora N Hanson
- Marine Scotland Science, Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Pitlochry, UK
| | - Gordon W Smith
- Marine Scotland Science, Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Pitlochry, UK
| | - Stuart J Middlemas
- Marine Scotland Science, Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Pitlochry, UK
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30
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Dessen J, Mørkøre T, Bildøy JI, Johnsen SN, Poppe LT, Hatlen B, Thomassen MS, Rørvik K. Increased dietary protein-to-lipid ratio improves survival during naturally occurring pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:21-34. [PMID: 30311660 PMCID: PMC6988130 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that increased dietary protein-to-lipid ratio (P/L-ratio) improved survival of farmed Atlantic salmon naturally affected by pancreas disease (PD). In addition to diet, body weight (BW) and delousing mortality prior to the PD outbreak also contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to explain the observed variation in PD-associated mortality. Subsequent to the PD outbreak, large amount of fish failed to grow and caused thin fish with poor condition (runts). At the end of the trial, significantly (p < 0.05) lower amounts of runt fish and increased amount of superior graded fish where detected among fish fed increased P/L-ratio and within the fish with the largest BWs prior to PD. Diet, BW and delousing mortality contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to explain the variation in the amount of superior graded fish, whereas BW and diet explained the variation in the amount of runt fish. A significant (p < 0.01) negative linear relationship was observed between the amount of superior graded fish and the total mortality, whereas a positive linear relationship was detected between percentage of fillets with melanin and the total mortality. Thus, increased dietary P/L-ratio seem to reduce the mortality and impaired slaughter quality associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens‐Erik Dessen
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Turid Mørkøre
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | | | | | | | - Magny S. Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Kjell‐Arne Rørvik
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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31
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Breves JP, Duffy TA, Einarsdottir IE, Björnsson BT, McCormick SD. In vivo effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol on insulin-like growth-factor binding proteins (igfbps) in Atlantic salmon. Aquat Toxicol 2018; 203:28-39. [PMID: 30075440 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Feminizing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect the growth and development of teleost fishes. The major regulator of growth performance, the growth hormone (Gh)/insulin-like growth-factor (Igf) system, is sensitive to estrogenic compounds and mediates certain physiological and potentially behavioral consequences of EDC exposure. Igf binding proteins (Igfbps) are key modulators of Igf activity, but their alteration by EDCs has not been examined. We investigated two life-stages (fry and smolts) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and characterized how the Gh/Igf/Igfbp system responded to waterborne 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 4-nonylphenol (NP). Fry exposed to EE2 and NP for 21 days had increased hepatic vitellogenin (vtg) mRNA levels while hepatic estrogen receptor α (erα), gh receptor (ghr), igf1 and igf2 mRNA levels were decreased. NP-exposed fry had reduced body mass and total length compared to controls. EE2 and NP reduced hepatic igfbp1b1, -2a, -2b1, -4, -5b2 and -6b1, and stimulated igfbp5a. In smolts, hepatic vtg mRNA levels were induced following 4-day exposures to all three EDCs, while erα only responded to EE2 and E2. EDC exposures did not affect body mass or fork length; however, EE2 diminished plasma Gh and Igf1 levels in parallel with reductions in hepatic ghr and igf1. In smolts, EE2 and E2 diminished hepatic igfbp1b1, -4 and -6b1, and stimulated igfbp5a. There were no signs of compromised ionoregulation in smolts, as indicated by unchanged branchial ion pump/transporter mRNA levels. We conclude that hepatic igfbps respond (directly and/or indirectly) to environmental estrogens during two key life-stages of Atlantic salmon, and thus may modulate the growth and development of exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Tara A Duffy
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ingibjörg E Einarsdottir
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S. O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA.
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Beheshti Foroutani M, Parrish CC, Wells J, Taylor RG, Rise ML, Shahidi F. Minimizing marine ingredients in diets of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Effects on growth performance and muscle lipid and fatty acid composition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198538. [PMID: 30240394 PMCID: PMC6150467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to limited fish meal and fish oil resources and their high costs for the aquaculture industry, it is necessary to find alternative sustainable sources of protein and lipids. Therefore, seven different diets were formulated with different levels of animal by-products, vegetable proteins, fish oil and rapeseed oil, to feed farmed Atlantic salmon, and their effects on growth performance, muscle lipid class, and fatty acid composition were examined. Protein sources included anchovy, poultry, feather, blood, corn, soy and wheat. Growth performance indicated that the diet with the lowest fish meal and fish oil content resulted in the lowest weight gain and final weight, followed by the diet containing the highest level of animal by-products. The lipid class analysis showed no statistical difference in the muscle total lipid content using different diets. However, significant statistical differences were observed among the main lipid classes; triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and sterols. The diet containing 1.4% omega-3 long-chain fatty acids resulted in the highest content of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Diets containing medium and low levels of fish oil and fish meal, respectively, led to as high a level of ω3 fatty acids in muscle as when fish were fed diets with high levels of fish meal and fish oil. The results of this study suggest that feeding a diet containing low levels of fish meal and moderate levels of fish oil does not significantly affect ω3 fatty acid composition in muscle. Fish meal could be reduced to 5% without affecting growth as long as there was a minimum of 5% fish oil, and animal by-products did not exceed 26% of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher C. Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Jeanette Wells
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Brown MS, Jones PL, Tromp JJ, van Rijn CA, Collins RA, Afonso LOB. The physiology of saltwater acclimation in large juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:540-549. [PMID: 29931747 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of transferring freshwater (FW) acclimated S. salar (678 g) that had been maintained under a constant photoperiod and thermal regime, into FW (salinity 0) and salt water (SW; salinity 35) on growth and physiological responses over a 28 day period. There were no mortalities observed throughout the study and no significant differences in mass or fork length between FW and SW groups after 28 days. Compared with fish transferred to FW, plasma osmolality and plasma chloride levels increased significantly in fish in SW by day 1. In the SW group, plasma chloride and osmolality had decreased significantly at day 14 when compared with day 1. Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity was significantly higher in SW compared with the FW group from day 7 and thereafter, but continued to increase until day 22. No differences in plasma cortisol and thyroxine were observed between FW and SW groups throughout the study. Plasma glucose significantly increased from day 1 to day 2 in SW but not in the FW group and levels were significantly reduced in SW compared with the FW group at day 28. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in FW at day 22 and day 14 to day 22, respectively, when compared with the SW group. In the SW group, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change significantly throughout the study. The findings of this study suggest that large S. salar retained in FW maintain a high level of SW tolerance in the absence of photoperiod and thermal regimes necessary for smoltification, as demonstrated by 100% survival, unaffected growth performance, increased Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity and a capacity to regulate plasma chloride and osmolality for 28 days in the SW group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S Brown
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Paul L Jones
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jared J Tromp
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christian A van Rijn
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Robert A Collins
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luis O B Afonso
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Catalán N, Villasante A, Wacyk J, Ramírez C, Romero J. Fermented Soybean Meal Increases Lactic Acid Bacteria in Gut Microbiota of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 10:566-576. [PMID: 29274013 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to address the effect of feeding fermented soybean meal-based diet to Atlantic salmon on gut microbiota. Further, expression of genes of interest, including cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (cath), mucin 2 (muc2), aquaporin (aqp8ab), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna), in proximal intestine of fish fed either experimental diet was analyzed. Three experimental diets, including a control fishmeal (30% FM), soybean meal (30% SBM), or fermented soybean meal diet (30% FSBM) were randomly assigned to triplicate tanks during a 50-day trial. The PCR-TTGE showed microbiota composition was influenced by experimental diets. Bands corresponding to genus Lactobacillus and Pediococcus were characteristic in fish fed the FSBM-based diet. On the other hand, bands corresponding to Isoptericola, Cellulomonas, and Clostridium sensu stricto were only observed in fish FM-based diet, while Acinetobacter and Altererythrobacter were detected in fish fed SBM-based diet. The expression of muc2 and aqp8ab were significantly greater in fish fed the FSBM-based diet compared with the control group. Our results suggest feeding FSBM to Atlantic salmon may (1) boost health and growth physiology in fish by promoting intestinal lactic acid bacteria growth, having a prebiotic-like effect, (2) promote proximal intestine health by increasing mucin production, and (3) boost intestinal trans-cellular uptake of water. Further research to better understands the effects of bioactive compounds derived from the fermentation process of plant feedstuff on gut microbiota and the effects on health and growth in fish is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Villasante
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jurij Wacyk
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Romero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Balseiro P, Moe Ø, Gamlem I, Shimizu M, Sveier H, Nilsen TO, Kaneko N, Ebbesson L, Pedrosa C, Tronci V, Nylund A, Handeland SO. Comparison between Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts reared in open sea cages and in the Preline raceway semi-closed containment aquaculture system. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:567-579. [PMID: 29952001 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of closed containment (CCS) or semi-closed containment systems (S-CCS) for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture is under evaluation in Norway. One such system is the Preline S-CCS, a floating raceway system that pumps water from 35 m depth creating a constant current through the system. Exposing fish to moderate water currents is considered aerobic exercise and it is often perceived as positive for fish welfare, growth, food utilization, muscle development and cardiac health. The present study compared fish reared in the Preline S-CCS and in a reference open pen. Samples were taken in fresh water before being transferred to the seawater systems and after 1, 2 and 4 months in seawater and analysed for growth, mortality, muscle development and plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels. Moreover, gene transcription were determined in the skeletal muscle [igf-I, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor a (igf1ra) and insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein 1a (igf1bp1a)] and cardiac transcription factors [myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (mef2c), gata4 and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)]. While the results suggest that post-smolts in Preline S-CCS were smaller than reference fish, fish from Preline S-CCS have less accumulated mortality at the end of the experiment and showed 2.44 times more small muscle fibres than the reference group fish after 4 months in seawater. These results confirmed what was previously observed in the second generation of Preline. Similar levels of big muscle fibres between Preline S-CCS and reference suggest a similar hypertrophy of muscle fibres even with lower IGF-I expression in the Preline S-CCS. Cardiac gene transcription suggests cardiac hypertrophy was observed after 4 months in seawater in the Preline S-CCS group. Altogether, Preline S-CCS is a promising technology able to produce more robust S. salar with a faster growth and lower mortality in the subsequent standard open cage system growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Balseiro
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Moe
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Gamlem
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Munetaka Shimizu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | | | - Tom O Nilsen
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nobuto Kaneko
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Lars Ebbesson
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cindy Pedrosa
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research AS, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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36
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Strand JET, Hazlerigg D, Jørgensen EH. Photoperiod revisited: is there a critical day length for triggering a complete parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar? J Fish Biol 2018; 93:440-448. [PMID: 30047141 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether there is a critical length of photoperiod needed to stimulate a completed parr-smolt transformation (PST) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. In two experiments, S. salar parr of the Norwegian aquaculture strain held on continuous light were exposed to a short photoperiod (6 L:18D) followed by exposure to 8 L:16D, 12 L:12D, 16 L:8D, 20 L:4D and 24 L:0D in experiment 1 or to 6 L:18D followed by maintenance on 6 L:18D or exposure to 12 L:12D and 24 L:0D photoperiods in experiment 2. All groups, irrespective of photoperiod treatment, developed improved hypo-osmoregulatory ability. However, the development was greatest in the groups exposed to 20 L:4D and 24 L:0D in experiment 1 and 24 L:0D in experiment 2. In experiment 2, gill Na+ - K+ -ATPase activity increased in the group exposed to 24 L:0D, but not in the groups exposed to 12 L:12D and 6 L:18D. The groups exposed to 20 L:4D and 24 L:0D in experiment 1 and 24 L:0D in experiment 2 also grew better than fish exposed to shorter photoperiods. In experiment 2 only the group exposed to 24 L:0D showed a decrease in condition factor and increases in plasma growth hormone and brain type 2 deiodinase mRNA abundance. Hence, only the groups exposed to photoperiods above 16 L:8D developed classical smolt indices in the present experiment, leading us to conclude that the photoperiod increase needs to exceed 16 h daylight for stimulating a complete PST in the S. salar used in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E T Strand
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Even H Jørgensen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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37
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McCormick SD, Regish AM. Effects of ocean acidification on salinity tolerance and seawater growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:560-566. [PMID: 29934974 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activity has resulted in increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ), which will result in reduced pH and higher levels of CO2 in the ocean, a process known as ocean acidification. Understanding the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on fishes will be important to predicting and mitigating its consequences. Anadromous species such as salmonids may be especially at risk because of their rapid movements between fresh water and seawater, which could minimize their ability to acclimate. In the present study, we examine the effect of future OA on the salinity tolerance and early seawater growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. Exposure to 610 and 1010 μatm CO2 did not alter salinity tolerance but did result in slightly lower plasma chloride levels in smolts exposed to seawater compared with controls (390 μatm). Gill Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity, plasma cortisol, glucose and haematocrit after seawater exposure were not altered by elevated CO2 . Growth rate in the first 2 weeks of seawater exposure was greater at 1010 μatm CO2 than under control conditions. This study of the effects of OA on S. salar during the transition from fresh water to seawater indicates that elevated CO2 is not likely to affect osmoregulation negatively and may improve early growth in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts
| | - Amy M Regish
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts
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38
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Poley JD, Braden LM, Messmer AM, Igboeli OO, Whyte SK, Macdonald A, Rodriguez J, Gameiro M, Rufener L, Bouvier J, Wadowska DW, Koop BF, Hosking BC, Fast MD. High level efficacy of lufenuron against sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) linked to rapid impact on moulting processes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:174-188. [PMID: 29627513 PMCID: PMC6039351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis is a global issue for Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Multiple resistance has been described across most available compound classes with the exception of the benzoylureas. To target this gap in effective management of L. salmonis and other species of sea lice (e.g. Caligus spp.), Elanco Animal Health is developing an in-feed treatment containing lufenuron (a benzoylurea) to be administered prior to seawater transfer of salmon smolts and to provide long-term protection of salmon against sea lice infestations. Benzoylureas disrupt chitin synthesis, formation, and deposition during all moulting events. However, the mechanism(s) of action are not yet fully understood and most research completed to date has focused on insects. We exposed the first parasitic stage of L. salmonis to 700 ppb lufenuron for three hours and observed over 90% reduction in survival to the chalimus II life stage on the host, as compared to vehicle controls. This agrees with a follow up in vivo administration study on the host, which showed >95% reduction by the chalimus I stage. Transcriptomic responses of salmon lice exposed to lufenuron included genes related to moulting, epithelial differentiation, solute transport, and general developmental processes. Global metabolite profiles also suggest that membrane stability and fluidity is impacted in treated lice. These molecular signals are likely the underpinnings of an abnormal moulting process and cuticle formation observed ultrastructurally using transmission electron microscopy. Treated nauplii-staged lice exhibited multiple abnormalities in the integument, suggesting that the coordinated assembly of the epi- and procuticle is impaired. In all cases, treatment with lufenuron had rapid impacts on L. salmonis development. We describe multiple experiments to characterize the efficacy of lufenuron on eggs, larvae, and parasitic stages of L. salmonis, and provide the most comprehensive assessment of the physiological responses of a marine arthropod to a benzoylurea chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Poley
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Laura M Braden
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Amber M Messmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Okechukwu O Igboeli
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Alicia Macdonald
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Jose Rodriguez
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Marta Gameiro
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Lucien Rufener
- Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale SA, CH-1566 St.-Aubin, Switzerland; INVENesis LLC, Chemin de Belleroche 14, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Jacques Bouvier
- Elanco Centre de Recherche Santé Animale SA, CH-1566 St.-Aubin, Switzerland; INVENesis LLC, Chemin de Belleroche 14, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Dorota W Wadowska
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Ben F Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Barry C Hosking
- Elanco Canada Limited, 150 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4T2, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Bloecher N, Powell M, Hytterød S, Gjessing M, Wiik-Nielsen J, Mohammad SN, Johansen J, Hansen H, Floerl O, Gjevre AG. Effects of cnidarian biofouling on salmon gill health and development of amoebic gill disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199842. [PMID: 29979703 PMCID: PMC6034824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the potential implications of biofouling management on the development of an infectious disease in Norwegian farmed salmon. The hydroid Ectopleura larynx frequently colonises cage nets at high densities (thousands of colonies per m2) and is released into the water during regular in-situ net cleaning. Contact with the hydroids’ nematocysts has the potential to cause irritation and pathological damage to salmon gills. Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans, is an increasingly international health challenge in Atlantic salmon farming. AGD often occurs concomitantly with other agents of gill disease. This study used laboratory challenge trials to: (1) characterise the gill pathology resulting from the exposure of salmon to hydroids, and (2) investigate if such exposure can predispose the fish to secondary infections–using P. perurans as an example. Salmon in tanks were exposed either to freshly ‘shredded’ hydroids resembling waste material from net cleaning, or to authentic concentrations of free-living P. perurans, or first to ‘shredded’ hydroids and then to P. perurans. Gill health (AGD gill scores, non-specific gill scores, lamellar thrombi, epithelial hyperplasia) was monitored over 5 weeks and compared to an untreated control group. Nematocysts of E. larynx contained in cleaning waste remained active following high-pressure cleaning, resulting in higher non-specific gill scores in salmon up to 1 day after exposure to hydroids. Higher average numbers of gill lamellar thrombi occurred in fish up to 7 days after exposure to hydroids. However, gill lesions caused by hydroids did not affect the infection rates of P. perurans or the disease progression of AGD. This study discusses the negative impacts hydroids and current net cleaning practices can have on gill health and welfare of farmed salmon, highlights existing knowledge gaps and reiterates the need for alternative approaches to net cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
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40
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Arge R, Dessen JE, Østbye TK, Ruyter B, Thomassen MS, Rørvik KA. Effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) treatment on lipid metabolism in salmon hearts-in vitro and in vivo studies. Fish Physiol Biochem 2018; 44:703-716. [PMID: 29349633 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, a large proportion of observed mortality is related to cardiovascular diseases and circulatory failure, indicating insufficient robustness and inadequate cardiac performance. This paper reports on the use of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) where the main objective was to enhance utilisation of fatty acids (FA), considered the main energy source of the heart. In this study, three experiments were conducted: (I) an in vivo study where salmon post-smolt were administrated dietary TTA in sea, (II) an in vitro study where isolated salmon heart cells were pre-stimulated with increasing doses of TTA and (III) an in vivo experiment where salmon post-smolt were subjected to injections with increasing doses of TTA. In study I, TTA-treated fish had a smaller decrease in heart weight relative to fish bodyweight (CSI) in a period after sea transfer compared to the control. This coincided with lowered condition factor and muscle fat in the TTA-treated fish, which may indicate a higher oxidation of lipids for energy. In study II, the isolated hearts treated with the highest dose of TTA had higher uptake of radiolabelled FA and formation of CO2 and acid-soluble products. In study III, expression of genes regulating peroxisomal FA oxidation, cell growth, elongation and desaturation were upregulated in the heart of TTA injected salmon. In contrast, genes involved in FA transport into the mitochondria were not influenced. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that TTA enhances energy production in salmon hearts by stimulation of FA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regin Arge
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Formerly associated with Fiskaaling, Aquacultural Research Station of the Faroes, FO-430, Hvalvík, Faroe Islands.
| | - Jens-Erik Dessen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Bente Ruyter
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Magny S Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Kjell-Arne Rørvik
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, 1431, Ås, Norway
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41
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Gillard G, Harvey TN, Gjuvsland A, Jin Y, Thomassen M, Lien S, Leaver M, Torgersen JS, Hvidsten TR, Vik JO, Sandve SR. Life-stage-associated remodelling of lipid metabolism regulation in Atlantic salmon. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1200-1213. [PMID: 29431879 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon migrates from rivers to sea to feed, grow and develop gonads before returning to spawn in freshwater. The transition to marine habitats is associated with dramatic changes in the environment, including water salinity, exposure to pathogens and shift in dietary lipid availability. Many changes in physiology and metabolism occur across this life-stage transition, but little is known about the molecular nature of these changes. Here, we use a long-term feeding experiment to study transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon gut and liver in both fresh- and saltwater. We find that lipid metabolism becomes significantly less plastic to differences in dietary lipid composition when salmon transitions to saltwater and experiences increased dietary lipid availability. Expression of genes in liver relating to lipogenesis and lipid transport decreases overall and becomes less responsive to diet, while genes for lipid uptake in gut become more highly expressed. Finally, analyses of evolutionary consequences of the salmonid-specific whole-genome duplication on lipid metabolism reveal several pathways with significantly different (p < .05) duplicate retention or duplicate regulatory conservation. We also find a limited number of cases where the whole-genome duplication has resulted in an increased gene dosage. In conclusion, we find variable and pathway-specific effects of the salmonid genome duplication on lipid metabolism genes. A clear life-stage-associated shift in lipid metabolism regulation is evident, and we hypothesize this to be, at least partly, driven by nondietary factors such as the preparatory remodelling of gene regulation and physiology prior to sea migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Gillard
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas N Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Arne Gjuvsland
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magny Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Michael Leaver
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Olav Vik
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simen R Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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42
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Bernard B, Sobandi KC, Darras V, Rollin X, Mandiki SNM, Kestemont P. Influence of strain origin on osmoregulatory and endocrine parameters of two non-native strains of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:205-212. [PMID: 29317213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-native strains of Atlantic salmon are used in reinstatement trials where populations are extinct. Environmental cues like photoperiod and temperature are known to influence the smolting process and there is evidence of strain-, stock- or population-specific differences associated with seaward migration or smoltification. The objective of this study was to compare morphological, osmoregulatory and endorcrine features between two strains, one originating from a cold and short river in Ireland (Cong) and another from a long and warm river in France (Loire-Allier), reared under Belgian conditions in order to highlight major differences in restocking adaptability. Comprehensive endocrine profiles, consistent with their interactive role of mediating changes associated with smolting, have been observed. Na+/K+ATPase activity (1.3-10.5 µmol ADP∗mg prot.-1∗h-1) and hormone plasma levels (e.g. 55-122 ng∗mL-1 of cortisol and 4.5-6.4 ng∗mL-1 of GH) were consistent with reported values. We observed strain-related differences of the influence of temperature and daylength on cortisol, GH and sodium plasma levels. These may be related to the respective environmental conditions prevailing in the river of origin, which have impacted the genetic background for smoltification. Using Na+/K+ATPase activity as an indicator, both strains smoltified successfully and simultaneously testifying a prevailing influence of environmental cues over genetic factors for smoltification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bernard
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Chantung Sobandi
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Biology Department, Naamsestraat 61, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Rollin
- Service Public de Wallonie-DGARNE-DNF-Service de la Pêche, 7 Avenue Prince de Liège, 5100 Jambes, Belgium.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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43
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Dehler CE, Secombes CJ, Martin SAM. Seawater transfer alters the intestinal microbiota profiles of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Sci Rep 2017; 7:13877. [PMID: 29066818 PMCID: PMC5654775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon undergo dramatic physiological changes as they migrate from freshwater to the marine environment. Osmoregulatory adaptation is the most crucial change, necessitating functional adaptations of the gills, kidney and intestine. Additionally, novel pathogens, microbes and dietary items are encountered in the saltwater environment, which suggests major changes in the intestinal microbiota following movement to saltwater. Here we compared the intestinal microbiota harboured in the distal digesta of Atlantic salmon freshwater fish (FW) kept in a commercial Scottish freshwater hatchery with that of their full-siblings after seawater acclimatisation (SW) by a 16S rRNA (V3-V4) high-throughput sequencing approach. Alpha- and beta-diversity were found significantly higher in FW compared to SW, both in terms of richness and diversity. Metastats analysis identified a higher number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) unique to FW compared to SW, with an additional 238 OTUs found at significantly different abundance. A core microbiota of 19 OTUs was identified in 100% of all fish, which indicates that certain microbes are maintained to fulfil minimal functions within the gut. Furthermore we show that the uniqueness of the respective microbial profiles can be correlated with significant differences in KEGG pathways including lipid and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola E Dehler
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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44
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Rozas-Serri M, Ildefonso R, Peña A, Enríquez R, Barrientos S, Maldonado L. Comparative pathogenesis of piscirickettsiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt experimentally challenged with LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis isolates. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1451-1472. [PMID: 28745821 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) is the most prevalent bacterial disease in Chilean salmon aquaculture and is responsible for high economic losses. The aim of this study was to comparatively characterize the pathogenesis of SRS in post-smolt Atlantic salmon during the early and late stages of infection with Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89-like (PS-LF-89) and EM-90-like (PS-EM-90) using a cohabitation challenge. The pathogenesis of cohabitant fish infected with the two isolates was relatively different due to cohabitant fish infected with PS-EM-90 showing higher cumulative mortality and shorter time until death compared with PS-LF-89 fish. PS-LF-89 caused an SRS infection characterized by kidney and liver lesions, whereas PS-EM-90 caused systemic and haemorrhagic disease characterized by kidney, liver, heart, brain, skeletal muscle and intestine lesions. Decreased serum concentration of total proteins and albumin as well as increased serum ALT, AST and creatinine levels in fish infected with both isolates confirmed that changes in liver and kidney function occurred during infection. Tissue damage, expressed as an SRS histoscore, showed a strong positive correlation with the bacterial load expressed as abundance of P. salmonis 16S rRNA transcripts in the livers and kidneys of fish affected with either isolate, but the correlation was significantly higher in fish infected with PS-EM-90. The results contribute to improving the understanding of the bacteria-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozas-Serri
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Ildefonso
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Peña
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - R Enríquez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Animal Pathology Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - L Maldonado
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
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45
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Wood AT, Clark TD, Andrewartha SJ, Elliott NG, Frappell PB. Developmental Hypoxia Has Negligible Effects on Long-Term Hypoxia Tolerance and Aerobic Metabolism of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:494-501. [PMID: 28459654 DOI: 10.1086/692250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to developmental hypoxia can have long-term impacts on the physiological performance of fish because of irreversible plasticity. Wild and captive-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can be exposed to hypoxic conditions during development and continue to experience fluctuating oxygen levels as juveniles and adults. Here, we examine whether developmental hypoxia impacts subsequent hypoxia tolerance and aerobic performance of Atlantic salmon. Individuals at 8°C were exposed to 50% (hypoxia) or 100% (normoxia) dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation (as percent of air saturation) from fertilization for ∼100 d (800 degree days) and then raised in normoxic conditions for a further 15 mo. At 18 mo after fertilization, aerobic scope was calculated in normoxia (100% DO) and acute (18 h) hypoxia (50% DO) from the difference between the minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rates ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively) at 10°C. Hypoxia tolerance was determined as the DO at which loss of equilibrium (LOE) occurred in a constantly decreasing DO environment. There was no difference in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], or aerobic scope between fish raised in hypoxia or normoxia. There was some evidence that hypoxia tolerance was lower (higher DO at LOE) in hypoxia-raised fish compared with those raised in normoxia, but the magnitude of the effect was small (12.52% DO vs. 11.73% DO at LOE). Acute hypoxia significantly reduced aerobic scope by reducing [Formula: see text], while [Formula: see text] remained unchanged. Interestingly, acute hypoxia uncovered individual-level relationships between DO at LOE and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and aerobic scope. We discuss our findings in the context of developmental trajectories and the role of aerobic performance in hypoxia tolerance.
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46
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Oppedal F, Samsing F, Dempster T, Wright DW, Bui S, Stien LH. Sea lice infestation levels decrease with deeper 'snorkel' barriers in Atlantic salmon sea-cages. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1935-1943. [PMID: 28247541 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are the most important parasites of farmed salmon. Infective larvae position themselves in the upper part of the water column to increase encounter probabilities with potential hosts. Previous studies have shown that a 'snorkel' sea-cage technology protects salmon from infection in surface waters. We tested whether deep snorkels would more effectively reduce lice infestation than shallow snorkels and still uphold adequate conditions for the fish. Five sea-cages (12 m × 12 m) each holding approximately 3000 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (53 ± 10 g) were fitted with snorkels that gave protection from infection for 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 m. We tested whether reductions in the settlement of new salmon lice copepodids were consistent among four separate infection periods. RESULTS Lice infestation decreased exponentially with depth in all time periods. Infection levels in shallow snorkels (0 and 4 m) were consistently 4-10 times higher than those in deep snorkels (12 and 16 m). Key welfare and production performance indices were similar across all snorkel depths. CONCLUSION Deeper snorkels dramatically and consistently reduced infection levels of salmon lice compared with shallow snorkels, without consequences for fish welfare and production performance. Therefore, reducing salmon sea lice encounters using a depth-based barrier is a powerful management tool for salmon farming. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Dempster
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel W Wright
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha Bui
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Churova MV, Meshcheryakova OV, Veselov AE, Efremov DA, Nemova NN. Activity of metabolic enzymes and muscle-specific gene expression in parr and smolts Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. of different age groups. Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:1117-1130. [PMID: 28315163 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize the energy metabolism level and the features of muscle growth regulation during the development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) inhabiting the Indera River (Kola Peninsula, Russia). The activities of aerobic and anaerobic enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase) and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and aldolase) were measured in muscle and liver tissue. Gene expression levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), myostatin (MSTN-1a), and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs-MyoD1a, MyoD1b, MyoD1c, Myf5, myogenin) were measured in the white muscles of salmon parr of ages 0+, 1+, 2+, and 3+ and smolts of ages 2+ and 3+. Multidirectional changes in the activity of enzymes involved in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism with age were shown in the white muscles of the parr. The cytochrome c oxidase activity was higher in muscles of underyearlings (0+) and yearlings (1+) and decreased in 2+ and 3+ age groups. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase, in contrast, increased with age. The patterns of changes in expression levels of MyoD1a, MyoD1b, myogenin, MyHC, and MSTN-1a at different ages of the parr were similar. Particularly, the expression of these genes peaked in the yearling parr (1+) and then decreased in elder groups. The differences were revealed in parameters studied between the parr and smolts. The level of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism enzyme activities was higher in the white muscles of smolts than in parr. The activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes was decreased in the smolts' livers. The expression levels of MyHC, MyoD1a, MyoD1b, and myogenin were lower in smolts at age 2+ compared to parr. These findings expand our knowledge of age-related and stage-related features of energy metabolism and muscle development regulation in young Atlantic salmon in their natural habitat. The results might be used for monitoring of the salmon population during restoration and rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Churova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia.
| | - Olga V Meshcheryakova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey E Veselov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Denis A Efremov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Nina N Nemova
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaya, 11, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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48
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Taal I, Rohtla M, Saks L, Svirgsden R, Kesler M, Matetski L, Vetemaa M. Evidence of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry movement between fresh water and a brackish environment. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:695-703. [PMID: 28703307 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports descent of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry from their natal streams to brackish waters of the Baltic Sea and their use of this environment as an alternative rearing habitat before ascending back to freshwater streams. To the authors' knowledge, residency in a brackish environment has not previously been demonstrated in S. salar fry. Recruitment success and evolutionary significance of this alternative life-history strategy are presently not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Taal
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Rohtla
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Saks
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - R Svirgsden
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Kesler
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Matetski
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Vetemaa
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46a, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
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49
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Burgerhout E, Mommens M, Johnsen H, Aunsmo A, Santi N, Andersen Ø. Genetic background and embryonic temperature affect DNA methylation and expression of myogenin and muscle development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179918. [PMID: 28662198 PMCID: PMC5491062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of ectothermic embryos is strongly affected by incubation temperature, and thermal imprinting of body growth and muscle phenotype has been reported in various teleost fishes. The complex epigenetic regulation of muscle development in vertebrates involves DNA methylation of the myogenin promoter. Body growth is a heritable and highly variable trait among fish populations that allows for local adaptations, but also for selective breeding. Here we studied the epigenetic effects of embryonic temperature and genetic background on body growth, muscle cellularity and myogenin expression in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Eggs from salmon families with either high or low estimated breeding values for body growth, referred to as Fast and Slow genotypes, were incubated at 8°C or 4°C until the embryonic 'eyed-stage' followed by rearing at the production temperature of 8°C. Rearing temperature strongly affected the growth rates, and the 8°C fish were about twice as heavy as the 4°C fish in the order Fast8>Slow8>Fast4>Slow4 prior to seawater transfer. Fast8 was the largest fish also at harvest despite strong growth compensation in the low temperature groups. Larval myogenin expression was approximately 4-6 fold higher in the Fast8 group than in the other groups and was associated with relative low DNA methylation levels, but was positively correlated with the expression levels of the DNA methyltransferase genes dnmt1, dnmt3a and dnmt3b. Juvenile Fast8 fish displayed thicker white muscle fibres than Fast4 fish, while Slow 8 and Slow 4 showed no difference in muscle cellularity. The impact of genetic background on the thermal imprinting of body growth and muscle development in Atlantic salmon suggests that epigenetic variation might play a significant role in the local adaptation to fluctuating temperatures over short evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Øivind Andersen
- Nofima AS, Ås, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
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50
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Bal G, Montorio L, Rivot E, Prévost E, Baglinière JL, Nevoux M. Evidence for long-term change in length, mass and migration phenology of anadromous spawners in French Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2017; 90:2375-2393. [PMID: 28474348 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study provides new data on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar life-history traits across France. Using a long-term recreational angling database (1987-2013) covering 34 rivers in three regions (genetic units), a decline in individual length, mass and a delayed adult return to French rivers was reported. Temporal similarities in trait variations between regions may be attributed to common change in environmental conditions at sea. The relative rate of change in phenotypic traits was more pronounced in early maturing fish [1 sea-winter (1SW) fish] than in late maturing fish (2SW fish). Such contrasted response within populations highlights the need to account for the diversity in life histories when exploring mechanisms of phenotypic change in S. salar. Such detailed life-history data on returning S. salar have not previously been reported from France. This study on French populations also contributes to reducing the gap in knowledge by providing further empirical evidence of a global pattern in S. salar across its distribution range. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed changes in life-history traits are primarily associated with environmental changes in the North Atlantic Ocean. They also emphasize the presence of less important, but still significant contrasts between region and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bal
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
- Marine Institute, Oranmore, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - L Montorio
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - E Rivot
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - E Prévost
- ECOBIOP, INRA, University Pau & Pays Adour, Aquapôle, Quartier Ibarron, 64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
- AFB, Pôle GEST'AQUA, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - J-L Baglinière
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
- AFB, Pôle GEST'AQUA, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - M Nevoux
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
- AFB, Pôle GEST'AQUA, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042, Rennes, France
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