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Bonner X, Sondgeroth A, McCue A, Nicely N, Tripathy A, Spielvogel E, Moeser M, Ke R, Leiderman K, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R. Stoichiometry for entry and binding properties of the Env protein of R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1 and its evolutionary variant of macrophage-tropic HIV-1. mBio 2024; 15:e0032124. [PMID: 38426750 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00321-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 typically requires a high density of CD4 for efficient entry as a mechanism to target CD4+ T cells (T-tropic), with CCR5 being used most often as the coreceptor. When target T cells are limiting, the virus can evolve to infect cells with a low density of CD4 such as macrophages (M-tropic). The entry phenotype is known to be encoded in the viral Env protein on the surface of the virus particle. Using data showing a dose response for infectivity based on CD4 surface density, we built a model consistent with T-tropic viruses requiring multiple CD4 molecules to mediate infection, whereas M-tropic viruses can infect cells using a single CD4 receptor molecule interaction. We also found that T-tropic viruses bound to the surface of cells with a low density of CD4 are released more slowly than M-tropic viruses which we modeled to be due to multiple interactions of the T-tropic virus with multiple CD4 molecules to allow the initial stable binding. Finally, we found that some M-tropic Env proteins, as the gp120 subunit, possess an enhanced affinity for CD4 compared with their T-tropic pair, indicating that the evolution of macrophage tropism can be reflected both in the closed Env trimer conformation on the virion surface and, in some cases, also in the open confirmation of gp120 Env. Collectively, these studies reveal differences in the stoichiometry of interaction of T-tropic and M-tropic viruses with CD4 and start to identify the basis of binding differences at the biochemical level. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 normally targets CD4+ T cells for viral replication. When T cells are limiting, the virus can evolve to infect myeloid cells. The evolutionary step involves a change from requiring a high surface density of CD4 for entry to being able to infect cells with a low density of CD4, as is found on myeloid lineage cells such as macrophage and microglia. Viruses able to infect macrophages efficiently are most often found in the CNS late in the disease course, and such viruses may contribute to neurocognitive impairment. Here, we examine the CD4 binding properties of the viral Env protein to explore these two different entry phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bonner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Sondgeroth
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amelia McCue
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Nicely
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ean Spielvogel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Moeser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah B Joseph
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Pearson GJ, Mears HV, Broncel M, Snijders AP, Bauer DLV, Carlton JG. ER-export and ARFRP1/AP-1-dependent delivery of SARS-CoV-2 Envelope to lysosomes controls late stages of viral replication. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadl5012. [PMID: 38569033 PMCID: PMC10990277 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Coronaviral Envelope (E) proteins are pentameric viroporins that play essential roles in assembly, release, and pathogenesis. We developed a nondisruptive tagging strategy for SARS-CoV-2 E and find that, at steady state, it localizes to the Golgi and to lysosomes. We identify sequences in E, conserved across Coronaviridae, responsible for endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi export, and relate this activity to interaction with COP-II via SEC24. Using proximity biotinylation, we identify an ADP ribosylation factor 1/adaptor protein-1 (ARFRP1/AP-1)-dependent pathway allowing Golgi-to-lysosome trafficking of E. We identify sequences in E that bind AP-1, are conserved across β-coronaviruses, and allow E to be trafficked from Golgi to lysosomes. We show that E acts to deacidify lysosomes and, by developing a trans-complementation assay for SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, that lysosomal delivery of E and its viroporin activity is necessary for efficient viral replication and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy J. Pearson
- Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Harriet V. Mears
- RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Proteomic Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Proteomic Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David L. V. Bauer
- RNA Virus Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jeremy G. Carlton
- Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Monté D, Lens Z, Dewitte F, Villeret V, Verger A. Assessment of machine-learning predictions for the Mediator complex subunit MED25 ACID domain interactions with transactivation domains. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:758-773. [PMID: 38436147 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The human Mediator complex subunit MED25 binds transactivation domains (TADs) present in various cellular and viral proteins using two binding interfaces, named H1 and H2, which are found on opposite sides of its ACID domain. Here, we use and compare deep learning methods to characterize human MED25-TAD interfaces and assess the predicted models to published experimental data. For the H1 interface, AlphaFold produces predictions with high-reliability scores that agree well with experimental data, while the H2 interface predictions appear inconsistent, preventing reliable binding modes. Despite these limitations, we experimentally assess the validity of MED25 interface predictions with the viral transcriptional activators Lana-1 and IE62. AlphaFold predictions also suggest the existence of a unique hydrophobic pocket for the Arabidopsis MED25 ACID domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Monté
- CNRS EMR 9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Inserm U 1167 - RID-AGE, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Zoé Lens
- CNRS EMR 9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Inserm U 1167 - RID-AGE, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Frédérique Dewitte
- CNRS EMR 9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Inserm U 1167 - RID-AGE, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Vincent Villeret
- CNRS EMR 9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Inserm U 1167 - RID-AGE, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Alexis Verger
- CNRS EMR 9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Inserm U 1167 - RID-AGE, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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Ambrosini AE, Borg KM, Deshmukh N, Berry MJ, Enquist LW, Hogue IB. Alpha herpesvirus exocytosis from neuron cell bodies uses constitutive secretory mechanisms, and egress and spread from axons is independent of neuronal firing activity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012139. [PMID: 38578790 PMCID: PMC11023632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesviruses naturally infect the peripheral nervous system, and can spread to the central nervous system, causing severe debilitating or deadly disease. Because alpha herpesviruses spread along synaptic circuits, and infected neurons exhibit altered electrophysiology and increased spontaneous activity, we hypothesized that alpha herpesviruses use activity-dependent synaptic vesicle-like regulated secretory mechanisms for egress and spread from neurons. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we show that Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) particles use the constitutive Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway to exit from the cell body of primary neurons, independent of local calcium signaling. Some PRV particles colocalize with Rab6 in the proximal axon, but we did not detect colocalization/co-transport in the distal axon. Thus, the specific secretory mechanisms used for viral egress from axons remains unclear. To address the role of neuronal activity more generally, we used a compartmentalized neuron culture system to measure the egress and spread of PRV from axons, and pharmacological and optogenetics approaches to modulate neuronal activity. Using tetrodotoxin to silence neuronal activity, we observed no inhibition, and using potassium chloride or optogenetics to elevate neuronal activity, we also show no increase in virus spread from axons. We conclude that PRV egress from neurons uses constitutive secretory mechanisms: generally, activity-independent mechanisms in axons, and specifically, the constitutive Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway in cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kayla M. Borg
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Deshmukh
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Berry
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Zheng G, Qiu G, Qian H, Shu Q, Xu J. Multifaceted role of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in lung injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332440. [PMID: 38375473 PMCID: PMC10875085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third human coronavirus to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and contains four structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that all four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are capable of causing lung injury, even without the presence of intact virus. Therefore, the topic of SARS-CoV-2 structural protein-evoked lung injury warrants more attention. In the current article, we first synopsize the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. Second, we discuss the mechanisms for structural protein-induced inflammatory responses in vitro. Finally, we list the findings that indicate structural proteins themselves are toxic and sufficient to induce lung injury in vivo. Recognizing mechanisms of lung injury triggered by SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins may facilitate the development of targeted modalities in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guanguan Qiu
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huifeng Qian
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gianopulos KA, Makio AO, Pritchard SM, Cunha CW, Hull MA, Nicola AV. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein B from a Hyperfusogenic Virus Mediates Enhanced Cell-Cell Fusion. Viruses 2024; 16:251. [PMID: 38400027 PMCID: PMC10892784 DOI: 10.3390/v16020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes significant morbidity and death in humans worldwide. Herpes simplex virus 1 has a complex fusion mechanism that is incompletely understood. The HSV-1 strain ANG has notable fusion and entry activities that distinguish it from wild type. HSV-1 ANG virions fused with the Vero cell surface at 4 °C and also entered cells more efficiently at 15 °C, relative to wild type HSV-1 strain KOS virions, consistent with a hyperfusogenic phenotype. Understanding the molecular basis for the unique entry and fusion activities of HSV-1 strain ANG will help decipher the HSV fusion reaction and entry process. Sequencing of HSV-1 ANG genes revealed multiple changes in gB, gC, gD, gH, and gL proteins relative to wild type HSV-1 strains. The ANG UL45 gene sequence, which codes for a non-essential envelope protein, was identical to wild type KOS. HSV-1 ANG gB, gD, and gH/gL were necessary and sufficient to mediate cell-cell fusion in a virus-free reporter assay. ANG gB, when expressed with wild type KOS gD and gH/gL, increased membrane fusion, suggesting that ANG gB has hyperfusogenic cell-cell fusion activity. Replacing the KOS gD, gH, or gL with the corresponding ANG alleles did not enhance cell-cell fusion. The novel mutations in the ANG fusion and entry glycoproteins provide a platform for dissecting the cascade of interactions that culminate in HSV fusion and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A. Gianopulos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (K.A.G.); (A.O.M.); (C.W.C.)
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Albina O. Makio
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (K.A.G.); (A.O.M.); (C.W.C.)
- Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Pritchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (K.A.G.); (A.O.M.); (C.W.C.)
| | - Cristina W. Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (K.A.G.); (A.O.M.); (C.W.C.)
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - McKenna A. Hull
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (K.A.G.); (A.O.M.); (C.W.C.)
| | - Anthony V. Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (K.A.G.); (A.O.M.); (C.W.C.)
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Leal ES, Pascual MJ, Adler NS, Arrupe N, Merwaiss F, Giordano L, Fidalgo D, Álvarez D, Bollini M. Unveiling tetrahydroquinolines as promising BVDV entry inhibitors: Targeting the envelope protein. Virology 2024; 590:109968. [PMID: 38141499 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is known to cause financial losses and decreased productivity in the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, there are no available antiviral treatments for effectively controlling BVDV infections in laboratories or farms. The BVDV envelope protein (E2) mediates receptor recognition on the cell surface and is required for fusion of virus and cell membranes after the endocytic uptake of the virus during the entry process. Therefore, E2 is an attractive target for the development of antiviral strategies. To identify BVDV antivirals targeting E2 function, we defined a binding site in silico located in domain IIIc at the interface between monomers in the disulfide linked dimer of E2. Employing a de novo design methodology to identify compounds with the potential to inhibit the E2 function, compound 9 emerged as a promising candidate with remarkable antiviral activity and minimal toxicity. In line with targeting of E2 function, compound 9 was found to block the virus entry into host cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compound 9 selectively binds to recombinant E2 in vitro. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) allowed describing a possible interaction pattern between compound 9 and E2 and indicated that the S enantiomer of compound 9 may be responsible for the antiviral activity. Future research endeavors will focus on synthesizing enantiomerically pure compounds to further support these findings. These results highlight the usefulness of de novo design strategies to identify a novel class of BVDV inhibitors that block E2 function inhibiting virus entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilse S Leal
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Pascual
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Adler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Arrupe
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Merwaiss
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina
| | - Luciana Giordano
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Fidalgo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina.
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Choi A, Kots ED, Singleton DT, Weinstein H, Whittaker GR. Analysis of the molecular determinants for furin cleavage of the spike protein S1/S2 site in defined strains of the prototype coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV). Virus Res 2024; 340:199283. [PMID: 38043726 PMCID: PMC10755501 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the spike protein S1/S2 cleavage of selected strains of a prototype coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) by the cellular protease furin, in order to understand the structural requirements underlying the sequence selectivity of the scissile segment. The probability of cleavage of selected MHV strains was first evaluated from furin cleavage scores predicted by the ProP computer software, and then cleavage was measured experimentally with a fluorogenic peptide cleavage assay consisting of S1/S2 peptide mimics and purified furin. We found that in vitro cleavability varied across MHV strains in line with predicted results-but with the notable exception of MHV-A59, which was not cleaved despite a high score predicted for its sequence. Using the known X-Ray structure of furin in complex with a substrate-like inhibitor as an initial structural reference, we carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to learn the modes of binding of the peptides in the furin active site, and the suitability of the complex for initiation of the enzymatic cleavage. We identified the 3D structural requirements of the furin active site configuration that enable bound peptides to undergo cleavage, and the way in which the various strains tested experimentally are fulfilling these requirements. We find that despite some flexibility in the organization of the peptide bound to the active site of the enzyme, the presence of a histidine at P2 of MHV-A59 fails to properly orient the sidechain of His194 of the furin catalytic triad and therefore produces a distortion that renders the peptide/complex structural configuration in the active site incompatible with requirements for cleavage initiation. The Ser/Thr in P1 of MHV-2 and MHV-S has a similar effect of distorting the conformation of the furin active site residues produced by the elimination of the canonical salt-bridge formed by arginine in P1 position. This work informs a study of coronavirus infection and pathogenesis with respect to the function of the viral spike protein, and suggests an important process of viral adaptation and evolution within the spike S1/S2 structural loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Choi
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ekaterina D Kots
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Harel Weinstein
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Yu C, Bai Y, Tan W, Bai Y, Li X, Zhou Y, Zhai J, Xue M, Tang YD, Zheng C, Liu Q. Human MARCH1, 2, and 8 block Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein cleavage via targeting furin P domain. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29445. [PMID: 38299743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family proteins were recently reported to inhibit viral replication through multiple modes. Previous work showed that human MARCH8 blocked Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) maturation. Our study here demonstrates that human MARCH1 and MARCH2 share a similar pattern to MARCH8 in restricting EBOV GP-pseudotyped viral infection. Human MARCH1 and MARCH2 retain EBOV GP at the trans-Golgi network, reduce its cell surface display, and impair EBOV GP-pseudotyped virions infectivity. Furthermore, we uncover that the host proprotein convertase furin could interact with human MARCH1/2 and EBOV GP intracellularly. Importantly, the furin P domain is verified to be recognized by MARCH1/2/8, which is critical for their blocking activities. Besides, bovine MARCH2 and murine MARCH1 also impair EBOV GP proteolytic processing. Altogether, our findings confirm that MARCH1/2 proteins of different mammalian origins showed a relatively conserved feature in blocking EBOV GP cleavage, which could provide clues for subsequent MARCHs antiviral studies and may facilitate the development of novel strategies to antagonize enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Tan
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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Zhao J, Liu X, Liu J, Ye F, Wei B, Deng M, Li T, Huang P, Wang P. Chemical Synthesis Creates Single Glycoforms of the Ectodomain of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Glycoprotein D. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2615-2623. [PMID: 38117537 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) utilizes multiple viral surface glycoproteins to trigger virus entry and fusion. Among these glycoproteins, glycoprotein D (gD) functions as a receptor-binding protein, which makes it an attractive target for the development of vaccines against HSV-1 infection. Several recombinant gD subunit vaccines have been investigated in both preclinical and clinical phases with varying degrees of success. It is fundamentally critical to explore the functions of gD glycans. In light of this, we report an efficient synthetic platform to construct glycosylated gDs bearing homogeneous glycans at N94 and N121. The oligosaccharides were prepared by enzymatic synthesis and conjugated to peptidyl sectors. The glycoproteins were constructed via a combination of 7-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(methyl)quinolinyl (PPZQ)-assisted expressed protein ligation and β-mercapto amino acid-assisted-desulfurization strategies. Biological studies showed that synthetic gDs exhibited potent in vivo activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Farong Ye
- Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingcheng Wei
- Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Minggang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tiehai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Chemical Glycobiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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11
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Guo Y, Wu S, Li W, Yang H, Shi T, Ju B, Zhang Z, Yan R. The cryo-EM structure of homotetrameric attachment glycoprotein from langya henipavirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:812. [PMID: 38280880 PMCID: PMC10821904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Langya Henipavirus (LayV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease that has been causing respiratory symptoms in China since 2019. For virus entry, LayV's genome encodes the fusion protein F and the attachment glycoprotein G. However, the structural and functional information regarding LayV-G remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that LayV-G cannot bind to the receptors found in other HNVs, such as ephrin B2/B3, and it shows different antigenicity from HeV-G and NiV-G. Furthermore, we determined the near full-length structure of LayV-G, which displays a distinct mushroom-shaped configuration, distinguishing it from other attachment glycoproteins of HNV. The stalk and transmembrane regions resemble the stem and root of mushroom and four downward-tilted head domains as mushroom cap potentially interact with the F protein and influence membrane fusion process. Our findings enhance the understanding of emerging HNVs that cause human diseases through zoonotic transmission and provide implication for LayV related vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Songyue Wu
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haonan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhao Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Ju
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Casiano Matos J, Harichandran K, Tang J, Sviridov DO, Sidoti Migliore G, Suzuki M, Olano LR, Hobbs A, Kumar A, Paskel MU, Bonsignori M, Dearborn AD, Remaley AT, Marcotrigiano J. Hepatitis C virus E1 recruits high-density lipoprotein to support infectivity and evade antibody recognition. J Virol 2024; 98:e0084923. [PMID: 38174935 PMCID: PMC10804985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00849-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family; however, unlike other family members, the HCV virion has an unusually high lipid content. HCV has two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. E2 contributes to receptor binding, cell membrane attachment, and immune evasion. In contrast, the functions of E1 are poorly characterized due, in part, to challenges in producing the protein. This manuscript describes the expression and purification of a soluble E1 ectodomain (eE1) that is recognized by conformational, human monoclonal antibodies. eE1 forms a complex with apolipoproteins AI and AII, cholesterol, and phospholipids by recruiting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) from the extracellular media. We show that HDL binding is a function specific to eE1 and HDL hinders recognition of E1 by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Either low-density lipoprotein or HDL increases the production and infectivity of cell culture-produced HCV, but E1 preferentially selects HDL, influencing both viral life cycle and antibody evasion.IMPORTANCEHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant burden on human health, but vaccine candidates have yet to provide broad protection against this infection. We have developed a method to produce high quantities of soluble E1 or E2, the viral proteins located on the surface of HCV. HCV has an unusually high lipid content due to the recruitment of apolipoproteins. We found that E1 (and not E2) preferentially recruits host high-density lipoprotein (HDL) extracellularly. This recruitment of HDL by E1 prevents binding of E1 by a neutralizing antibody and furthermore prevents antibody-mediated neutralization of the virus. By comparison, low-density lipoprotein does not protect the virus from antibody-mediated neutralization. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into apolipoprotein recruitment, which may be critical for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Casiano Matos
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaneemozhe Harichandran
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jingrong Tang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Denis O. Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giacomo Sidoti Migliore
- Translational Immunobiology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Protein Chemistry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa R. Olano
- Protein Chemistry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Myeisha U. Paskel
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Translational Immunobiology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Altaira D. Dearborn
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Haga Y, Meyer K, Sung MMH, Reagan EK, Weissman D, Ray R. Hepatitis C virus modified sE2 F442NYT as an antigen in candidate vaccine facilitates human immune cell activation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0180923. [PMID: 38084956 PMCID: PMC10805031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01809-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rational selection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine antigen will aid in the prevention of future chronic liver disease burden and associated healthcare costs. We have previously shown that HCV E2 glycoprotein is not highly immunogenic, and the modification of E2 reduced CD81 binding and displayed altered cytokine and protective immune responses in vitro and in a surrogate mouse model. Here, we compared the influence of a parental and a modified sE2F442NYT glycoprotein region from HCV genotype 1a for the activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived dendritic cells (DCs), CD4+T cells, and B cells. Modified sE2F442NYT, when incubated with DCs, induced a higher number of CD86-positive cells. The sE2F442NYT or parental sE2 encapsulated as mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (sE2F442NYT mRNA-LNP) primed DCs co-cultured with autologous CD4+T cells did not induce CD25 or forkhead box P3 expression. PBMC-derived CD4+T cells treated with sE2F442NYT exhibited enhanced signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)1/Stat4 phosphorylation in response to anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in comparison to parental sE2 treatment and facilitated isotype switching in B cells, leading to the generation of a broader subclass of antibodies. Cells treated with modified sE2F442NYT displayed an increase in activated Stat3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Likewise, PBMC-derived naïve B cells upon in vitro stimulation with sE2F442NYT induced an increased proliferation, Stat3 and ERK activation, and protein kinase B (Akt) suppression. Thus, the modified sE2F442NYT antigen from HCV facilitates improved DC, CD4+T, and B cell activation compared to parental sE2 to better induce a robust protective immune response, supporting its selection as an HCV candidate vaccine antigen for preclinical and clinical HCV vaccine trials.IMPORTANCEThe nature of an enhanced immune response induced by sE2F442NYT will help in the selection of a broad cross-protective antigen from hepatitis C virus genotypes, and the inclusion of relatively conserved sE1 with sE2F442NYT may further strengthen the efficacy of the candidate vaccine in evaluating it for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Haga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Erin K. Reagan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Chen H, Phuektes P, Yeo LS, Wong YH, Lee RCH, Yi B, Hou X, Liu S, Cai Y, Chu JJH. Attenuation of neurovirulence of chikungunya virus by a single amino acid mutation in viral E2 envelope protein. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:8. [PMID: 38229040 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-00995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has reemerged as a major public health concern, causing chikungunya fever with increasing cases and neurological complications. METHODS In the present study, we investigated a low-passage human isolate of the East/ Central/South African (ECSA) lineage of CHIKV strain LK(EH)CH6708, which exhibited a mix of small and large viral plaques. The small and large plaque variants were isolated and designated as CHIKV-SP and CHIKV-BP, respectively. CHIKV-SP and CHIKV-BP were characterized in vitro and in vivo to compare their virus production and virulence. Additionally, whole viral genome analysis and reverse genetics were employed to identify genomic virulence factors. RESULTS CHIKV-SP demonstrated lower virus production in mammalian cells and attenuated virulence in a murine model. On the other hand, CHIKV-BP induced higher pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, compromised the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and led to astrocyte infection in mouse brains. Furthermore, the CHIKV-SP variant had limited transmission potential in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, likely due to restricted dissemination. Whole viral genome analysis revealed multiple genetic mutations in the CHIKV-SP variant, including a Glycine (G) to Arginine (R) mutation at position 55 in the viral E2 glycoprotein. Reverse genetics experiments confirmed that the E2-G55R mutation alone was sufficient to reduce virus production in vitro and virulence in mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the attenuating effects of the E2-G55R mutation on CHIKV pathogenicity and neurovirulence and emphasize the importance of monitoring this mutation in natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Li Sze Yeo
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Hao Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bowen Yi
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sen Liu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Meola A, Guardado-Calvo P. Production and Purification of Hantavirus Glycoproteins in Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:3-16. [PMID: 38315356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Hantaviruses, are rodent-borne viruses found worldwide that are transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated excreta. They can cause a renal or a pulmonary syndrome, depending on the virus, and no effective treatment is currently available for either of these diseases. Hantaviral particles are covered by a protein lattice composed of two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) that mediate adsorption to target cells and fusion with endosomal membranes, making them prime targets for neutralizing antibodies. Here we present the methodology to produce soluble recombinant glycoproteins in different conformations, either alone or as a stabilized Gn/Gc complex, using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Meola
- G5 Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- G5 Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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16
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Thamamongood T, Jengarn J, Muangsanit P, Petpiroon N, Srisutthisamphan K, Attasombat K, Wongwanakul R, Aueviriyavit S, Laohathai S, Jongkaewwattana A, Teeravechyan S. Pseudotyped zoonotic thogotoviruses exhibit broad entry range in mammalian cells. Virology 2024; 589:109914. [PMID: 37931589 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses in the thogotovirus genus of the family Orthomyxoviridae are much less well-understood than influenza viruses despite documented zoonotic transmission and association with human disease. This study therefore developed a cell-cell fusion assay and three pseudotyping tools and used them to assess envelope function and cell tropism. Envelope glycoproteins of Dhori (DHOV), Thogoto (THOV), Bourbon, and Sinu viruses were all revealed to exhibit pH-dependent triggering of membrane fusion. Lentivirus vectors were robustly pseudotyped with these glycoproteins while influenza virus vectors showed pseudotyping compatibility, albeit at lower efficiencies. Replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus expressing DHOV or THOV glycoproteins were also successfully generated. These pseudotyped viruses mediated entry into a wide range of mammalian cell lines, including human primary cells. The promiscuousness of these viruses suggests the use of a relatively ubiquitous receptor and their entry into numerous mammalian cells emphasize their high potential as veterinary and zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiprampai Thamamongood
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Juggragarn Jengarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Papon Muangsanit
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nalinrat Petpiroon
- Nano Safety and Bioactivity Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Srisutthisamphan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Khemphitcha Attasombat
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ratjika Wongwanakul
- Nano Safety and Bioactivity Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- Nano Safety and Bioactivity Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sira Laohathai
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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17
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Zhou M, Vollmer B, Machala E, Chen M, Grünewald K, Arvin AM, Chiu W, Oliver SL. Targeted mutagenesis of the herpesvirus fusogen central helix captures transition states. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7958. [PMID: 38042814 PMCID: PMC10693595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses remain a burden for animal and human health, including the medically important varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Membrane fusion mediated by conserved core glycoproteins, the fusogen gB and the heterodimer gH-gL, enables herpesvirus cell entry. The ectodomain of gB orthologs has five domains and is proposed to transition from a prefusion to postfusion conformation but the functional relevance of the domains for this transition remains poorly defined. Here we describe structure-function studies of the VZV gB DIII central helix targeting residues 526EHV528. Critically, a H527P mutation captures gB in a prefusion conformation as determined by cryo-EM, a loss of membrane fusion in a virus free assay, and failure of recombinant VZV to spread in cell monolayers. Importantly, two predominant cryo-EM structures of gB[H527P] are identified by 3D classification and focused refinement, suggesting they represented gB conformations in transition. These studies reveal gB DIII as a critical element for herpesvirus gB fusion function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin Vollmer
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily Machala
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Muyuan Chen
- Division of Cryo-EM and Bioimaging SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann M Arvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vir Biotechnology Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Division of Cryo-EM and Bioimaging SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stefan L Oliver
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Jain A, Govindan R, Berkman AR, Luban J, Díaz-Salinas MA, Durham ND, Munro JB. Regulation of Ebola GP conformation and membrane binding by the chemical environment of the late endosome. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011848. [PMID: 38055723 PMCID: PMC10727438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) and the endosomal membrane is an essential step during virus entry into the cell. Acidic pH and Ca2+ have been implicated in mediating the GP-membrane interaction. However, the molecular mechanism by which these environmental factors regulate the conformational changes that enable engagement of GP with the target membrane is unknown. Here, we apply fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging to elucidate how the acidic pH, Ca2+ and anionic phospholipids in the late endosome promote GP-membrane interaction, thereby facilitating virus entry. We find that bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), which is specific to the late endosome, is especially critical in determining the Ca2+-dependence of the GP-membrane interaction. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested residues in GP that sense pH and induce conformational changes that make the fusion loop available for insertion into the membrane. We similarly confirm residues in the fusion loop that mediate GP's interaction with Ca2+, which likely promotes local conformational changes in the fusion loop and mediates electrostatic interactions with the anionic phospholipids. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how the environment of the late endosome regulates the timing and efficiency of virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Govindan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Berkman
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Díaz-Salinas
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natasha D. Durham
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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19
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Bagdonaite I, Marinova IN, Rudjord-Levann AM, Pallesen EMH, King-Smith SL, Karlsson R, Rømer TB, Chen YH, Miller RL, Olofsson S, Nordén R, Bergström T, Dabelsteen S, Wandall HH. Glycoengineered keratinocyte library reveals essential functions of specific glycans for all stages of HSV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7000. [PMID: 37919266 PMCID: PMC10622544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and host glycans represent an understudied aspect of host-pathogen interactions, despite potential implications for treatment of viral infections. This is due to lack of easily accessible tools for analyzing glycan function in a meaningful context. Here we generate a glycoengineered keratinocyte library delineating human glycosylation pathways to uncover roles of specific glycans at different stages of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infectious cycle. We show the importance of cellular glycosaminoglycans and glycosphingolipids for HSV-1 attachment, N-glycans for entry and spread, and O-glycans for propagation. While altered virion surface structures have minimal effects on the early interactions with wild type cells, mutation of specific O-glycosylation sites affects glycoprotein surface expression and function. In conclusion, the data demonstrates the importance of specific glycans in a clinically relevant human model of HSV-1 infection and highlights the utility of genetic engineering to elucidate the roles of specific viral and cellular carbohydrate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Irina N Marinova
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asha M Rudjord-Levann
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil M H Pallesen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah L King-Smith
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels B Rømer
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Wu H, Qi H, Wang B, Li M, Qu L, Li S, Luo Y, Li LF, Zheng GL, Qiu HJ, Sun Y. The mutations on the envelope glycoprotein D contribute to the enhanced neurotropism of the pseudorabies virus variant. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105347. [PMID: 37838171 PMCID: PMC10652121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) TJ strain, a variant of PRV, induces more severe neurological symptoms and higher mortality in piglets and mice than the PRV SC strain isolated in 1980. However, the mechanism underlying responsible for the discrepancy in virulence between these strains remains unclear. Our study investigated the differences in neurotropism between PRV TJ and PRV SC using both in vitro and in vivo models. We discovered that PRV TJ enters neural cells more efficiently than PRV SC. Furthermore, we found that PRV TJ has indistinguishable genomic DNA replication capability and axonal retrograde transport dynamics compared to the PRV SC. To gain deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying these differences, we constructed gene-interchanged chimeric virus constructs and assessed the affinity between envelope glycoprotein B, C, and D (gD) and corresponding receptors. Our findings confirmed that mutations in these envelope proteins, particularly gD, significantly contributed to the heightened attachment and penetration capabilities of PRV TJ. Our study revealed the critical importance of the gDΔR278/P279 and gDV338A in facilitating viral invasion. Furthermore, our observations indicated that mutations in envelope proteins have a more significant impact on viral invasion than on virulence in the mouse model. Our findings provide valuable insights into the roles of natural mutations on the PRV envelope glycoproteins in cell tropism, which sheds light on the relationship between cell tropism and clinical symptoms and offers clues about viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hansong Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Lai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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21
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Rahangdale R, Tender T, Balireddy S, Goswami K, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. A critical review on antiviral peptides derived from viral glycoproteins and host receptors to decoy herpes simplex virus. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2036-2052. [PMID: 37740682 PMCID: PMC10616652 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the human population has been continuously challenged by viral infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the common causes of illness and can lead to death in immunocompromised patients. Existing anti-HSV therapies are not completely successful in eliminating the infection due to anti-viral drug resistance, ineffectiveness against the latent virus and high toxicity over prolonged use. There is a need to update our knowledge of the current challenges faced in anti-HSV therapeutics and realize the necessity of developing alternative treatment approaches. Protein therapeutics are now being explored as a novel approach due to their high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the significance of HSV viral glycoproteins and host receptors in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. Proteins or peptides derived from HSV glycoproteins gC, gB, gD, gH and host cell receptors (HSPG, nectin and HVEM) that act as decoys to inhibit HSV attachment, entry, or fusion have been discussed. Few researchers have tried to improve the efficacy and stability of the identified peptides by modifying them using a peptidomimetic approach. With these efforts, we think developing an alternative treatment option for immunocompromised patients and drug-resistant organisms is not far off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Kamini Goswami
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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22
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O'Brien BS, Mokry RL, Schumacher ML, Rosas-Rogers S, Terhune SS, Ebert AD. Neutralizing antibodies with neurotropic factor treatment maintain neurodevelopmental gene expression upon exposure to human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0069623. [PMID: 37796129 PMCID: PMC10653813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00696-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading cause of non-heritable birth defects worldwide. HCMV readily infects the early progenitor cell population of the developing brain, and we have found that infection leads to significantly downregulated expression of key neurodevelopmental transcripts. Currently, there are no approved therapies to prevent or mitigate the effects of congenital HCMV infection. Therefore, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids and neural progenitor cells to elucidate the glycoproteins and receptors used in the viral entry process and whether antibody neutralization was sufficient to block viral entry and prevent disruption of neurodevelopmental gene expression. We found that blocking viral entry alone was insufficient to maintain the expression of key neurodevelopmental genes, but neutralization combined with neurotrophic factor treatment provided robust protection. Together, these studies offer novel insight into mechanisms of HCMV infection in neural tissues, which may aid future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Mokry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan L. Schumacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Suzette Rosas-Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison D. Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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23
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Crampon E, Covernton E, Vaney MC, Dellarole M, Sommer S, Sharma A, Haouz A, England P, Lepault J, Duquerroy S, Rey FA, Barba-Spaeth G. New insight into flavivirus maturation from structure/function studies of the yellow fever virus envelope protein complex. mBio 2023; 14:e0070623. [PMID: 37607061 PMCID: PMC10653854 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00706-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE All enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing their envelope with a target cell membrane while avoiding premature fusion with membranes of the producer cell-the latter being particularly important for viruses that bud at internal membranes. Flaviviruses bud in the endoplasmic reticulum, are transported through the TGN to reach the external milieu, and enter other cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The trigger for membrane fusion is the acidic environment of early endosomes, which has a similar pH to the TGN of the producer cell. The viral particles therefore become activated to react to mildly acidic pH only after their release into the neutral pH extracellular environment. Our study shows that for yellow fever virus (YFV), the mechanism of activation involves actively knocking out the fusion brake (protein pr) through a localized conformational change of the envelope protein upon exposure to the neutral pH external environment. Our study has important implications for understanding the molecular mechanism of flavivirus fusion activation in general and points to an alternative way of interfering with this process as an antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Crampon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - E. Covernton
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - M. C. Vaney
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - M. Dellarole
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - S. Sommer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - A. Sharma
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - A. Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Plateforme de Cristallographie-C2RT, Paris, France
| | - P. England
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire-C2RT, Paris, France
| | - J. Lepault
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S. Duquerroy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté des Sciences, Orsay, France
| | - F. A. Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - G. Barba-Spaeth
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
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24
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Du S, Peng R, Xu W, Qu X, Wang Y, Wang J, Li L, Tian M, Guan Y, Wang J, Wang G, Li H, Deng L, Shi X, Ma Y, Liu F, Sun M, Wei Z, Jin N, Liu W, Qi J, Liu Q, Liao M, Li C. Cryo-EM structure of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6333. [PMID: 37816705 PMCID: PMC10564799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne human-infecting bunyavirus, which utilizes two envelope glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, to enter host cells. However, the structure and organization of these glycoproteins on virion surface are not yet known. Here we describe the structure of SFTSV determined by single particle reconstruction, which allows mechanistic insights into bunyavirus assembly at near-atomic resolution. The SFTSV Gn and Gc proteins exist as heterodimers and further assemble into pentameric and hexameric peplomers, shielding the Gc fusion loops by both intra- and inter-heterodimer interactions. Individual peplomers are associated mainly through the ectodomains, in which the highly conserved glycans on N914 of Gc play a crucial role. This elaborate assembly stabilizes Gc in the metastable prefusion conformation and creates some cryptic epitopes that are only accessible in the intermediate states during virus entry. These findings provide an important basis for developing vaccines and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruchao Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wang Xu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yudong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingcong Deng
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Shi
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yidan Ma
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fengting Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minhua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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25
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Ishida K, Yagi H, Kato Y, Morita E. N-linked glycosylation of flavivirus E protein contributes to viral particle formation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011681. [PMID: 37819933 PMCID: PMC10593244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the envelope protein (E), a major component of viral particles, contains a highly conserved N-linked glycosylation site (E: N154). Glycosylation of the E protein is thought to play an important role in the ability of the virus to attach to target cells during transmission; however, its role in viral particle formation and release remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of N-glycosylation of flaviviral structural proteins in viral particle formation and secretion by introducing mutations in viral structural proteins or cellular factors involved in glycoprotein transport and processing. The number of secreted subviral particles (SVPs) was significantly reduced in N154A, a glycosylation-null mutant, but increased in D67N, a mutant containing additional glycosylation sites, indicating that the amount of E glycosylation regulates the release of SVPs. SVP secretion was reduced in cells deficient in galactose, sialic acid, and N-acetylglucosamine modifications in the Golgi apparatus; however, these reductions were not significant, suggesting that glycosylation mainly plays a role in pre-Golgi transport. Fluorescent labeling of SVPs using a split green fluorescent protein (GFP) system and time-lapse imaging by retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system revealed that the glycosylation-deficient mutant was arrested before endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- Golgi transport. However, the absence of ERGIC-53 and ERGIC-L, ER-Golgi transport cargo receptors that recognize sugar chains on cargo proteins, does not impair SVP secretion. In contrast, the solubility of the N154A mutant of E or the N15A/T17A mutant of prM in cells was markedly lower than that of the wild type, and proteasome-mediated rapid degradation of these mutants was observed, indicating the significance of glycosylation of both prM and E in proper protein folding and assembly of viral particles in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
- Division of Biomolecular Function, Bioresources Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan
- Division of Biomolecular Function, Bioresources Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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26
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Olofsson S, Bally M, Trybala E, Bergström T. Structure and Role of O-Linked Glycans in Viral Envelope Proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:283-304. [PMID: 37285578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-121007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N- and O-glycans are both important constituents of viral envelope glycoproteins. O-linked glycosylation can be initiated by any of 20 different human polypeptide O-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases, resulting in an important functional O-glycan heterogeneity. O-glycans are organized as solitary glycans or in clusters of multiple glycans forming mucin-like domains. They are functional both in the viral life cycle and in viral colonization of their host. Negatively charged O-glycans are crucial for the interactions between glycosaminoglycan-binding viruses and their host. A novel mechanism, based on controlled electrostatic repulsion, explains how such viruses solve the conflict between optimized viral attachment to target cells and efficient egress of progeny virus. Conserved solitary O-glycans appear important for viral uptake in target cells by contributing to viral envelope fusion. Dual roles of viral O-glycans in the host B cell immune response, either epitope blocking or epitope promoting, may be exploitable for vaccine development. Finally, specific virus-induced O-glycans may be involved in viremic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Kim MJ, Kim SH, Kim JO, Lee TK, Jang IK, Choi TJ. Efficacy of White Spot Syndrome Virus Protein VP28-Expressing Chlorella vulgaris as an Oral Vaccine for Shrimp. Viruses 2023; 15:2010. [PMID: 37896787 PMCID: PMC10610983 DOI: 10.3390/v15102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of white spot disease, which kills shrimp within a few days of infection. Although WSSV has a mortality rate of almost 100% and poses a serious threat to the shrimp farming industry, strategies for its prevention and treatment are extremely limited. In this study, we examined the efficacy of VP28, a recombinant WSSV protein expressed in Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), as an oral shrimp vaccine. When compared with the control group, in which WSSV had a cumulative mortality of 100%, shrimp treated with 5% VP28-expressing C. vulgaris in their feed only had a 20% cumulative mortality rate 12 days after the WSSV challenge. When compared with the nonvaccinated group, the transcription of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, C-type lectin, and prophenoloxidase genes, which are involved in shrimp defense against WSSV infection, was upregulated 29.6 fold, 15.4 fold, and 11.5 fold, respectively. These findings highlight C. vulgaris as a potential host for industrial shrimp vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje-si 53201, Republic of Korea;
| | - In-Kwon Jang
- Junggyeom Co., Ltd., Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-O.K.)
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28
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Grunwald V, Ngo HD, Formanski JP, Jonas JS, Pöhlking C, Schwalbe B, Schreiber M. Development of Zika Virus E Variants for Pseudotyping Retroviral Vectors Targeting Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14487. [PMID: 37833934 PMCID: PMC10572498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental idea for targeting glioblastoma cells is to exploit the neurotropic properties of Zika virus (ZIKV) through its two outer envelope proteins, prM and E. This study aimed to develop envelope glycoproteins for pseudotyping retroviral vectors that can be used for efficient tumor cell infection. Firstly, the retroviral vector pNLlucAM was packaged using wild-type ZIKV E to generate an E-HIVluc pseudotype. E-HIVluc infection rates for tumor cells were higher than those of normal prME pseudotyped particles and the traditionally used vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) pseudotypes, indicating that protein E alone was sufficient for the formation of infectious pseudotyped particles. Secondly, two envelope chimeras, E41.1 and E41.2, with the E wild-type transmembrane domain replaced by the gp41 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, were constructed; pNLlucAM or pNLgfpAM packaged with E41.1 or E41.2 constructs showed infectivity for tumor cells, with the highest rates observed for E41.2. This envelope construct can be used not only as a tool to further develop oncolytic pseudotyped viruses for therapy, but also as a new research tool to study changes in tumor cells after the transfer of genes that might have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Grunwald
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hai Dang Ngo
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Patrick Formanski
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Sue Jonas
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Celine Pöhlking
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birco Schwalbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Steiner JP, Bachani M, Malik N, Li W, Tyagi R, Sampson K, Abrams RPM, Kousa Y, Solis J, Johnson TP, Nath A. Neurotoxic properties of the Zika virus envelope protein. Exp Neurol 2023; 367:114469. [PMID: 37327963 PMCID: PMC10527427 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a serious global concern as it can lead to brain injury and many serious birth defects, collectively known as congenital Zika syndrome. Brain injury likely results from viral mediated toxicity in neural progenitor cells. Additionally, postnatal ZIKV infections have been linked to neurological complications, yet the mechanisms driving these manifestations are not well understood. Existing data suggest that the ZIKV envelope protein can persist in the central nervous system for extended periods of time, but it is unknown if this protein can independently contribute to neuronal toxicity. Here we find that the ZIKV envelope protein is neurotoxic, leading to overexpression of poly adenosine diphosphate -ribose polymerase 1, which can induce parthanatos. Together, these data suggest that neuronal toxicity resulting from the envelope protein may contribute to the pathogenesis of post-natal ZIKV-related neurologic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Steiner
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Muznabanu Bachani
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nasir Malik
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Wenxue Li
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Richa Tyagi
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kevon Sampson
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel P M Abrams
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Youssef Kousa
- Division of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jamie Solis
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Tory P Johnson
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Avindra Nath
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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30
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Zhang Y, York J, Brindley MA, Nunberg JH, Melikyan GB. Fusogenic structural changes in arenavirus glycoproteins are associated with viroporin activity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011217. [PMID: 37494374 PMCID: PMC10406333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses enter host cells by fusing with acidic endosomes. The fusion activity of multiple viral envelope glycoproteins does not generally affect viral membrane permeability. However, fusion induced by the Lassa virus (LASV) glycoprotein complex (GPc) is always preceded by an increase in viral membrane permeability and the ensuing acidification of the virion interior. Here, systematic investigation of this LASV fusion phenotype using single pseudovirus tracking in live cells reveals that the change in membrane barrier function is associated with the fusogenic conformational reorganization of GPc. We show that a small-molecule fusion inhibitor or mutations that impair viral fusion by interfering with GPc refolding into the post-fusion structure prevent the increase in membrane permeability. We find that the increase in virion membrane permeability occurs early during endosomal maturation and is facilitated by virus-cell contact. This increase is observed using diverse arenavirus glycoproteins, whether presented on lentivirus-based pseudoviruses or arenavirus-like particles, and in multiple different cell types. Collectively, these results suggest that conformational changes in GPc triggered by low pH and cell factor binding are responsible for virion membrane permeabilization and acidification of the virion core prior to fusion. We propose that this viroporin-like activity may augment viral fusion and/or post-fusion steps of infection, including ribonucleoprotein release into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joanne York
- Montana Biotechnology Center, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jack H. Nunberg
- Montana Biotechnology Center, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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31
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Liu WJ, Chang YS, Tseng KC, Yu MH. Activity of bovine lactoferrin in resistance to white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 142:104651. [PMID: 36736936 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a notorious pathogen that has plagued shrimp farming worldwide for decades. To date, there are no known treatments that are effective against this virus. Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein with many bioactivities, including antiviral properties. In this study, the activities and mechanisms of bovine LF (bLF) against WSSV were analyzed. Our results showed that bLF treatment significantly reduced shrimp mortalities caused by WSSV infection. bLF was found to have the ability to bind to surfaces of both host cells and WSSV virions. These bindings may have been a result of bLF interactions with the host cellular chitin binding protein and F1 ATP synthase β subunit protein and the WSSV structural proteins VP28, VP110, VP150 and VP160B. bLF demonstrated potential for development as an anti-WSSV agent in shrimp culture. Furthermore, these reactionary proteins may play a role in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Chun Tseng
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gao Q, Yang Y, Luo Y, Chen X, Gong T, Wu D, Feng Y, Zheng X, Wang H, Zhang G, Lu G, Gong L. African Swine Fever Virus Envelope Glycoprotein CD2v Interacts with Host CSF2RA to Regulate the JAK2-STAT3 Pathway and Inhibit Apoptosis to Facilitate Virus Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0188922. [PMID: 37022174 PMCID: PMC10134862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01889-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in swine. It is characterized by the death of cells in infected tissues. However, the molecular mechanism of ASFV-induced cell death in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) remains largely unknown. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of ASFV-infected PAMs found that ASFV activated the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in the early stages and apoptosis in the late stages of infection. Meanwhile, the JAK2-STAT3 pathway was confirmed to be essential for ASFV replication. AG490 and andrographolide (AND) inhibited the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, promoted ASFV-induced apoptosis, and exerted antiviral effects. Additionally, CD2v promoted STAT3 transcription and phosphorylation as well as translocation into the nucleus. CD2v is the main envelope glycoprotein of the ASFV, and further investigations showed that CD2v deletion downregulates the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and promotes apoptosis to inhibit ASFV replication. Furthermore, we discovered that CD2v interacts with CSF2RA, which is a hematopoietic receptor superfamily member in myeloid cells and a key receptor protein that activates receptor-associated JAK and STAT proteins. In this study, CSF2RA small interfering RNA (siRNA) downregulated the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and promoted apoptosis to inhibit ASFV replication. Taken together, ASFV replication requires the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, while CD2v interacts with CSF2RA to regulate the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and inhibit apoptosis to facilitate virus replication. These results provide a theoretical basis for the escape mechanism and pathogenesis of ASFV. IMPORTANCE African swine fever is a hemorrhagic disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which infects pigs of different breeds and ages, with a fatality rate of up to 100%. It is one of the key diseases affecting the global livestock industry. Currently, no commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. Here, we show that ASFV replicates via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. More specifically, ASFV CD2v interacts with CSF2RA to activate the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and inhibit apoptosis, thereby maintaining the survival of infected cells and promoting viral replication. This study revealed an important implication of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in ASFV infection and identified a novel mechanism by which CD2v has evolved to interact with CSF2RA and maintain JAK2-STAT3 pathway activation to inhibit apoptosis, thus elucidating new information regarding the signal reprogramming of host cells by ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongnan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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Sen Gupta PS, Panda SK, Nayak AK, Rana MK. Identification and Investigation of a Cryptic Binding Pocket of the P37 Envelope Protein of Monkeypox Virus by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3230-3235. [PMID: 36972468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the monkeypox virus has surged during the unchecked COVID-19 epidemic. The most crucial target is the viral envelope protein, p37. However, lacking p37's crystal structure is a significant hurdle to rapid therapeutic discovery and mechanism elucidation. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) of the enzyme with inhibitors reveal a cryptic pocket occluded in the unbound structure. For the first time, the inhibitor's dynamic flip from the active to the cryptic site enlightens p37's allosteric site, which squeezes the active site, impairing its function. A large force is needed for inhibitor dissociation from the allosteric site, ushering in its biological importance. In addition, hot spot residues identified at both locations and discovered drugs more potent than tecovirimat may enable even more robust inhibitor designs against p37 and accelerate the development of monkeypox therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, D Y Patil International University (DYPIU), Akurdi, Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Abhijit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Malay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
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Atanasiu D, Saw WT, Cairns TM, Friedman HM, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. Receptor Binding-Induced Conformational Changes in Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D Permit Interaction with the gH/gL Complex to Activate Fusion. Viruses 2023; 15:895. [PMID: 37112875 PMCID: PMC10144430 DOI: 10.3390/v15040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) requires four essential virion glycoproteins-gD, gH, gL, and gB-for virus entry and cell fusion. To initiate fusion, the receptor binding protein gD interacts with one of two major cell receptors, HVEM or nectin-1. Once gD binds to a receptor, fusion is carried out by the gH/gL heterodimer and gB. A comparison of free and receptor-bound gD crystal structures revealed that receptor binding domains are located within residues in the N-terminus and core of gD. Problematically, the C-terminus lies across and occludes these binding sites. Consequentially, the C-terminus must relocate to allow for both receptor binding and the subsequent gD interaction with the regulatory complex gH/gL. We previously constructed a disulfide bonded (K190C/A277C) protein that locked the C-terminus to the gD core. Importantly, this mutant protein bound receptor but failed to trigger fusion, effectively separating receptor binding and gH/gL interaction. Here, we show that "unlocking" gD by reducing the disulfide bond restored not only gH/gL interaction but fusion activity as well, confirming the importance of C-terminal movement in triggering the fusion cascade. We characterize these changes, showing that the C-terminus region exposed by unlocking is: (1) a gH/gL binding site; (2) contains epitopes for a group (competition community) of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) that block gH/gL binding to gD and cell-cell fusion. Here, we generated 14 mutations within the gD C-terminus to identify residues important for the interaction with gH/gL and the key conformational changes involved in fusion. As one example, we found that gD L268N was antigenically correct in that it bound most Mabs but was impaired in fusion, exhibited compromised binding of MC14 (a Mab that blocks both gD-gH/gL interaction and fusion), and failed to bind truncated gH/gL, all events that are associated with the inhibition of C-terminus movement. We conclude that, within the C-terminus, residue 268 is essential for gH/gL binding and induction of conformational changes and serves as a flexible inflection point in the critical movement of the gD C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Atanasiu
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.T.S.); (T.M.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Wan Ting Saw
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.T.S.); (T.M.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Tina M. Cairns
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.T.S.); (T.M.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.T.S.); (T.M.C.); (G.H.C.)
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Pastor S, Wicinski J, Charafe-Jauffret E, Verhoeyen E, Guittard G, Ginestier C. Production of CRISPRi-engineered primary human mammary epithelial cells with baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102055. [PMID: 36853718 PMCID: PMC9871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human mammary epithelial cells (pHMECs) are known to be remarkably difficult to engineer genetically. Here, we present a protocol for efficient transduction of pHMECs using a baboon retroviral envelope glycoprotein for pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors (BaEV-LVs). We describe the preparation of the BaEV-LVs, the isolation of pHMECs from breast samples, and the subsequent transduction of pHMECs. We also detail the use of CRISPRi technology to efficiently silence gene expression in pHMECs, which can then be used for functional assays. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Richart et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pastor
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Immunity and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Wicinski
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, 06204 Nice, France; CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Geoffrey Guittard
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Immunity and Cancer Team, Marseille, France.
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Lab, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.
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Fan Q, Hippler DP, Yang Y, Longnecker R, Connolly SA. Multiple Sites on Glycoprotein H (gH) Functionally Interact with the gB Fusion Protein to Promote Fusion during Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Entry. mBio 2023; 14:e0336822. [PMID: 36629412 PMCID: PMC9973363 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03368-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped virus entry requires fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry is mediated by a set of glycoproteins that interact to trigger the viral fusion protein glycoprotein B (gB). In the current model, receptor-binding by gD signals a gH/gL heterodimer to trigger a refolding event in gB that fuses the membranes. To explore functional interactions between gB and gH/gL, we used a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to generate two HSV-1 mutants that show a small plaque phenotype due to changes in gB. We passaged the viruses to select for restoration of plaque size and analyzed second-site mutations that arose in gH. HSV-1 gB was replaced either by gB from saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (SaHV-1) or by a mutant form of HSV-1 gB with three alanine substitutions in domain V (gB3A). To shift the selective pressure away from gB, the gB3A virus was passaged in cells expressing gB3A. Sequencing of passaged viruses identified two interesting mutations in gH, including gH-H789Y in domain IV and gH-S830N in the cytoplasmic tail (CT). Characterization of these gH mutations indicated they are responsible for the enhanced plaque size. Rather than being globally hyperfusogenic, both gH mutations partially rescued function of the specific gB version present during their selection. These sites may represent functional interaction sites on gH/gL for gB. gH-H789 may alter the positioning of a membrane-proximal flap in the gH ectodomain, whereas gH-S830 may contribute to an interaction between the gB and gH CTs. IMPORTANCE Enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing their envelope with the host cell membrane. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry requires the coordinated interaction of several viral glycoproteins, including gH/gL and gB. gH/gL and gB are essential for virus replication and both proteins are targets of neutralizing antibodies. gB fuses the membranes after being activated by gH/gL, but the details of how gH/gL activates gB are not known. This study examined the gH/gL-gB interaction using HSV-1 mutants that displayed reduced virus entry due to changes in gB. The mutant viruses were grown over time to select for additional mutations that could partially restore entry. Two mutations in gH (H789Y and S830N) were identified. The positions of the mutations in gH/gL may represent sites that contribute to gB activation during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel P. Hippler
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yueqi Yang
- Yuanpei College, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah A. Connolly
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Bignon E, Dumont E, Monari A. Molecular Basis of the pH-Controlled Maturation of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Flavivirus. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1977-1982. [PMID: 36790164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped viruses causing high public concerns. Their maturation spans several cellular compartments having different pH. Thus, complex control mechanisms are in place to avoid premature maturation. Here we report the dynamical behavior at neutral and acidic pH of the precursor of the membrane fusion protein E of tick-borne encephalitis, showing the different stabilizations of the E dimer and the role played by the small fusion-assisting protomer (pr). The comprehension, at atomic resolution, of the fine regulation of viral maturation will be fundamental to the development of efficient strategies against emerging viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Bignon
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, UMR 7019 LPCT, F-5400, Nancy, France
| | - Elise Dumont
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 28 avenue Valrose, F-06108, Nice, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 5 rue Descartes, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université Paris Cité and CNRS, ITODYS, F-75006, Paris, France
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A. Dowd K, Sirohi D, D. Speer S, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Mukherjee S, Whitener BM, Govero J, Aleshnick M, Larman B, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Sevvana M, Miller AS, Klose T, Zheng A, Koenig S, Kielian M, Kuhn RJ, Diamond MS, Pierson TC. prM-reactive antibodies reveal a role for partially mature virions in dengue virus pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218899120. [PMID: 36638211 PMCID: PMC9933121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218899120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the flavivirus premembrane (prM) structural protein during maturation can be inefficient. The contribution of partially mature flavivirus virions that retain uncleaved prM to pathogenesis during primary infection is unknown. To investigate this question, we characterized the functional properties of newly-generated dengue virus (DENV) prM-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in vitro and using a mouse model of DENV disease. Anti-prM mAbs neutralized DENV infection in a virion maturation state-dependent manner. Alanine scanning mutagenesis and cryoelectron microscopy of anti-prM mAbs in complex with immature DENV defined two modes of attachment to a single antigenic site. In vivo, passive transfer of intact anti-prM mAbs resulted in an antibody-dependent enhancement of disease. However, protection against DENV-induced lethality was observed when the transferred mAbs were genetically modified to inhibit their ability to interact with Fcγ receptors. These data establish that in addition to mature forms of the virus, partially mature infectious prM+ virions can also contribute to pathogenesis during primary DENV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Devika Sirohi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Scott D. Speer
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Swati Mukherjee
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Bradley M. Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Maya Aleshnick
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Bridget Larman
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Soila Sukupolvi-Petty
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Madhumati Sevvana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Andrew S. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Aihua Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461
| | | | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
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Sun M, Li S, Yu Y, Zhang X, Li F. A Novel Hemocyte-Specific Small Protein Participates in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection via Binding to Viral Envelope Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:227. [PMID: 36680266 PMCID: PMC9865939 DOI: 10.3390/v15010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes are essential components of the immune system against invading pathogens in shrimp. Many uncharacterized transcripts exist in hemocytes but the knowledge of them is very limited. In the present study, we identified a novel small protein from the uncharacterized transcripts in hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei. This transcript was specifically expressed in hemocytes and encoded a novel secretory protein, which was designated as hemocyte-specific small protein (LvHSSP). The expression level of LvHSSP was significantly up-regulated in the hemocytes of shrimp infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). After knockdown of LvHSSP by RNA interference, the WSSV copy number in shrimp decreased significantly. Conversely, WSSV copy number increased in shrimp when they were infected by WSSV after incubation with recombinant LvHSSP protein. These results suggested that LvHSSP might promote viral infection in shrimp. Immunocytochemical assay showed that the recombinant LvHSSP protein was located on the membrane of hemocytes. Co-IP results showed that LvHSSP could interact with VP26, the main envelope protein of WSSV, suggesting that LvHSSP might mediate WSSV adhesion and entry into host cells by binding to viral envelope protein. Meanwhile, the total hemocyte counts were significantly decreased after LvHSSP knockdown while increased after supplementing with recombinant LvHSSP protein, supporting the idea of hemocytes as the carrier for systemic dissemination of WSSV. This study reported a novel small protein in hemocytes, which modulated the viral infection in shrimp. Our results will enrich the knowledge of invertebrate innate immunity and provide a new field in the study of hemocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Safiriyu AA, Mulchandani V, Anakkacheri MN, Pal D, Das Sarma J. Proline-Proline Dyad in the Fusion Peptide of the Murine β-Coronavirus Spike Protein's S2 Domain Modulates Its Neuroglial Tropism. Viruses 2023; 15:215. [PMID: 36680255 PMCID: PMC9865228 DOI: 10.3390/v15010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-Coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59)-RSA59 has a patent stretch of fusion peptide (FP) containing two consecutive central prolines (PP) in the S2 domain of the Spike protein. Our previous studies compared the PP-containing fusogenic-demyelinating strain RSA59(PP) to its one proline-deleted mutant strain RSA59(P) and one proline-containing non-fusogenic non-demyelinating parental strain RSMHV2(P) to its one proline inserted mutant strain RSMHV2(PP). These studies highlighted the crucial role of PP in fusogenicity, hepato-neuropathogenesis, and demyelination. Computational studies combined with biophysical data indicate that PP at the center of the FP provides local rigidity while imparting global fluctuation to the Spike protein that enhances the fusogenic properties of RSA59(PP) and RSMHV2(PP). To elaborate on the understanding of the role of PP in the FP of MHV, the differential neuroglial tropism of the PP and P mutant strains was investigated. Comparative studies demonstrated that PP significantly enhances the viral tropism for neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. PP, however, is not essential for viral tropism for either astroglial or oligodendroglial precursors or the infection of meningeal fibroblasts in the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. PP in the fusion domain is critical for promoting gliopathy, making it a potential region for designing antivirals for neuro-COVID therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abass Alao Safiriyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Vaishali Mulchandani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Mohammed Nahaf Anakkacheri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Debnath Pal
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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Adamou S, Vanarsdall A, Johnson DC. Pseudorabies Virus Mutants Lacking US9 Are Defective in Cytoplasmic Assembly and Sorting of Virus Particles into Axons and Not in Axonal Transport. Viruses 2023; 15:153. [PMID: 36680194 PMCID: PMC9866217 DOI: 10.3390/v15010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) rely on transport of virus particles in neuronal axons to spread from sites of viral latency in sensory ganglia to peripheral tissues then on to other hosts. This process of anterograde axonal transport involves kinesin motors that move virus particles rapidly along microtubules. α-herpesvirus anterograde transport has been extensively studied by characterizing the porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and HSV, with most studies focused on two membrane proteins: gE/gI and US9. It was reported that PRV and HSV US9 proteins bind to kinesin motors, promoting tethering of virus particles on the motors, and furthering anterograde transport within axons. Alternatively, other models have argued that HSV and PRV US9 and gE/gI function in the cytoplasm and not in neuronal axons. Specifically, HSV gE/gI and US9 mutants are defective in the assembly of virus particles in the cytoplasm of neurons and the subsequent sorting of virus particles to cell surfaces and into axons. However, PRV US9 and gE/gI mutants have not been characterized for these cytoplasmic defects. We examined neurons infected with PRV mutants, one lacking both gE/gI and US9 and the other lacking just US9, by electron microscopy. Both PRV mutants exhibited similar defects in virus assembly and cytoplasmic sorting of virus particles to cell surfaces. As well, the mutants exhibited reduced quantities of infectious virus in neurons and in cell culture supernatants. We concluded that PRV US9 primarily functions in neurons to promote cytoplasmic steps in anterograde transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Adamou
- Multiscale Microscopy Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adam Vanarsdall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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42
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Hu D, Zou H, Chen W, Li Y, Luo Z, Wang X, Guo D, Meng Y, Liao F, Wang W, Zhu Y, Wu J, Li G. ZDHHC11 Suppresses Zika Virus Infections by Palmitoylating the Envelope Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:144. [PMID: 36680184 PMCID: PMC9863066 DOI: 10.3390/v15010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an RNA-enveloped virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus, and ZIKV infections potentially induce severe neurodegenerative diseases and impair male fertility. Palmitoylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins that is mediated by a series of DHHC-palmitoyl transferases, which are implicated in various biological processes and viral infections. However, it remains to be investigated whether palmitoylation regulates ZIKV infections. In this study, we initially observed that the inhibition of palmitoylation by 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) enhanced ZIKV infections, and determined that the envelope protein of ZIKV is palmitoylated at Cys308. ZDHHC11 was identified as the predominant enzyme that interacts with the ZIKV envelope protein and catalyzes its palmitoylation. Notably, ZDHHC11 suppressed ZIKV infections in an enzymatic activity-dependent manner and ZDHHC11 knockdown promoted ZIKV infection. In conclusion, we proposed that the envelope protein of ZIKV undergoes a novel post-translational modification and identified a distinct mechanism in which ZDHHC11 suppresses ZIKV infections via palmitoylation of the ZIKV envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haimei Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqing Luo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dekuan Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Liao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Lim WZ, Chang SW, Teoh TC. Pathway analysis of host responses to dengue virus serotype 2 infection and inhibition of viral envelope protein by naringenin from Ganoderma lucidum. J Biosci 2023; 48:49. [PMID: 38018543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever cases are spiking over the last two decades. Incessant efforts are still being made to gain deeper insights on this arboviral disease and to identify bioactive antivirals. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the expression profiling datasets of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) patients. We found overexpressed genes in dengue patients that can interrupt cell cycle progression and phase transitions of mitosis inside the host to favour the viral replication process. These DEGs were associated with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways such as cell cycle and DNA replication. A protein interaction network consisting of these significant pathways was also constructed using STRING. Futher, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds from Ganoderma lucidum were screened to target DENV2 envelope protein, which was crucial for viral fusion activity. Docking, orbital energy, and toxicity prediction analysis revealed that naringenin was the best antiviral candidate. Following molecular dynamics simulations, the predicted binding energy of the protein-naringenin system using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) approach was slightly greater than the control system. It is recommended to perform in vitro inhibition of naringenin against DENV2 and use our findings to complement the experimental data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wui Zhuan Lim
- Bioinformatics Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Toomer G, Workman A, Harrison KS, Stayton E, Hoyt PR, Jones C. Stress Triggers Expression of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Cell Protein 4 (bICP4) RNA during Early Stages of Reactivation from Latency in Pharyngeal Tonsil. J Virol 2022; 96:e0101022. [PMID: 36416585 PMCID: PMC9749472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an important pathogen of cattle, establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia (TG) after acute infection. The BoHV-1 latency-reactivation cycle, like other alphaherpesvirinae subfamily members, is essential for viral persistence and transmission. Notably, cells within pharyngeal tonsil (PT) also support a quiescent or latent BoHV-1 infection. The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, which mimics the effects of stress, consistently induces BoHV-1 reactivation from latency allowing early stages of viral reactivation to be examined in the natural host. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that stress-induced cellular factors trigger expression of key viral transcriptional regulatory genes. To explore this hypothesis, RNA-sequencing studies compared viral gene expression in PT during early stages of dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency. Strikingly, RNA encoding infected cell protein 4 (bICP4), which is translated into an essential viral transcriptional regulatory protein, was detected 30 min after dexamethasone treatment. Ninety minutes after dexamethasone treatment bICP4 and, to a lesser extent, bICP0 RNA were detected in PT. All lytic cycle viral transcripts were detected within 3 h after dexamethasone treatment. Surprisingly, the latency related (LR) gene, the only viral gene abundantly expressed in latently infected TG neurons, was not detected in PT during latency. In TG neurons, bICP0 and the viral tegument protein VP16 are expressed before bICP4 during reactivation, suggesting distinct viral regulatory genes mediate reactivation from latency in PT versus TG neurons. Finally, these studies confirm PT is a biologically relevant site for BoHV-1 latency, reactivation from latency, and virus transmission. IMPORTANCE BoHV-1, a neurotropic herpesvirus, establishes, maintains, and reactivates from latency in neurons. BoHV-1 DNA is also detected in pharyngeal tonsil (PT) from latently infected calves. RNA-sequencing studies revealed the viral infected cell protein 4 (bICP4) RNA was expressed in PT of latently infected calves within 30 min after dexamethasone was used to initiate reactivation. As expected, bICP4 RNA was not detected during latency. All lytic cycle viral genes were expressed within 3 h after dexamethasone treatment. Conversely, bICP0 and the viral tegument protein VP16 are expressed prior to bICP4 in trigeminal ganglionic neurons during reactivation. The viral latency related gene, which is abundantly expressed in latently infected neurons, was not abundantly expressed in PT during latency. These studies provide new evidence PT is a biologically relevant site for BoHV-1 latency and reactivation. Finally, we predict other alphaherpesvirinae subfamily members utilize PT as a site for latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toomer
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Aspen Workman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kelly S. Harrison
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Erin Stayton
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Peter R. Hoyt
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Rodriguez JA, Gonzalez J, Arboleda-Bustos CE, Mendoza N, Martinez C, Pinzon A. Computational modeling of the effect of five mutations on the structure of the ACE2 receptor and their correlation with infectivity and virulence of some emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 suggests mechanisms of binding affinity dysregulation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110244. [PMID: 36336003 PMCID: PMC9630301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the RBD region of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein are critical for virus entry into the host cell. The objective of this work was to identify some of the most relevant SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants that emerged during the pandemic and evaluate their binding affinity with human variants of ACE2 since some ACE2 variants can enhance or reduce the affinity of the interaction between the ACE2 and S proteins. However, no information has been sought to extrapolate to different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, to understand the impact on the affinity of the interaction between ACE2 protein variants and SARS-CoV-2 protein S variants, molecular docking was used in this study to predict the effects of five mutations of ACE2 when they interact with Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron variants and a hypothetical variant, which present mutations in the RBD region of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Our results suggest that these variants could alter the interaction of the Spike and the human ACE2 protein, losing or creating new inter-protein contacts, enhancing viral fitness by improving binding affinity, and leading to an increase in infectivity, virulence, and transmission. This investigation highlighted that the S19P mutation of ACE2 decreases the binding affinity between the ACE2 and Spike proteins in the presence of the Beta variant and the wild-type variant of SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Wuhan-2019. The R115Q mutation of ACE2 lowers the binding affinity of these two proteins in the presence of the Beta and Delta variants. Similarly, the K26R mutation lowers the affinity of the interaction between the ACE2 and Spike proteins in the presence of the Alpha variant. This decrease in binding affinity is probably due to the lack of interaction between some of the key residues of the interaction complex between the ACE2 protein and the RBD region of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Therefore, ACE2 mutations appear in the presence of these variants, they could suggest an intrinsic resistance to COVID-19 disease. On the other hand, our results suggested that the K26R, M332L, and K341R mutations of ACE2 expressively showed the affinity between the ACE2 and Spike proteins in the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants. Consequently, these ACE2 mutations in the presence of the Alpha, Beta, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 could be more infectious and virulent in human cells compared to the SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Wuhan-2019 and it could have a negative prognosis of the disease. Finally, the Omicron variant in interaction with ACE2 WT, S19P, R115Q, M332L, and K341R mutations of ACE2 showed a significant decrease in binding affinity. This could be consistent that the Omicron variant causes less severe symptoms than previous variants. On the other hand, our results suggested Omicron in the complex with K26R, the binding affinity is increased between ACE2/RBD, which could indicate a negative prognosis of the disease in people with these allelic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rodriguez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory (GIBBS). Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
| | - J Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C E Arboleda-Bustos
- Neurosciences Group. Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
| | - N Mendoza
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory (GIBBS). Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
| | - C Martinez
- Neurosciences Group. Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
| | - A Pinzon
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory (GIBBS). Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
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Focosi D, Maggi F. Do We Really Need Omicron Spike-Based Updated COVID-19 Vaccines? Evidence and Pipeline. Viruses 2022; 14:2488. [PMID: 36366586 PMCID: PMC9692555 DOI: 10.3390/v14112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild-type SARS-CoV-2 Spike-based vaccines authorized so far have reduced COVID-19 severity, but periodic boosts are required to counteract the decline in immunity. An accelerated rate of immune escape to vaccine-elicited immunity has been associated with Spike protein antigenic shifts, as seen in the Omicron variant of concern and its sublineages, demanding the development of Omicron Spike-based vaccines. Herein, we review the evidence in animal models and topline results from ongoing clinical trials with such updated vaccines, discussing the pros and cons for their deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Springer DN, Perkmann T, Jani CM, Mucher P, Prüger K, Marculescu R, Reuberger E, Camp JV, Graninger M, Borsodi C, Deutsch J, Lammel O, Aberle SW, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Haslacher H, Höltl E, Aberle JH, Stiasny K, Weseslindtner L. Reduced Sensitivity of Commercial Spike-Specific Antibody Assays after Primary Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0212922. [PMID: 36005839 PMCID: PMC9603218 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02129-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is characterized by substantial changes in the antigenic structure of the Spike (S) protein. Therefore, antibodies induced by primary Omicron infection lack neutralizing activity against earlier variants. In this study, we analyzed whether these antigenic changes impact the sensitivity of commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Sera from 37 unvaccinated, convalescent individuals after putative primary Omicron infection were tested with a panel of 20 commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays. As controls, we used samples from 43 individuals after primary infection with the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral wild-type strain. In addition, variant-specific live-virus neutralization assays were used as a reference for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in the samples. Notably, in Omicron convalescents, there was a statistically significant reduction in the sensitivity of all antibody assays containing S or its receptor-binding-domain (RBD) as antigens. Furthermore, antibody levels quantified by these assays displayed a weaker correlation with Omicron-specific neutralizing antibody titers than with those against the wild type. In contrast, the sensitivity of nucleocapsid-protein-specific immunoassays was similar in wild-type and Omicron-infected subjects. In summary, the antigenic changes in the Omicron S lead to reduced immunoreactivity in the current commercial S- and RBD-specific antibody assays, impairing their diagnostic performance. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates that the antigenic changes of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant affect test results from commercial Spike- and RBD-specific antibody assays, significantly diminishing their sensitivities and diagnostic abilities to assess neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Prüger
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jeremy Vann Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Höltl
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Cheshenko N, Bonanno JB, Hoffmann HH, Jangra RK, Chandran K, Rice CM, Almo SC, Herold BC. Cell-impermeable staurosporine analog targets extracellular kinases to inhibit HSV and SARS-CoV-2. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1096. [PMID: 36245045 PMCID: PMC9569420 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) receptor engagement activates phospholipid scramblase triggering Akt translocation to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane where its subsequent phosphorylation promotes viral entry. We hypothesize that this previously unrecognized outside-inside signaling pathway is employed by other viruses and that cell-impermeable kinase inhibitors could provide novel antivirals. We synthesized a cell-impermeable analog of staurosporine, CIMSS, which inhibited outer membrane HSV-induced Akt phosphorylation and blocked viral entry without inducing apoptosis. CIMSS also blocked the phosphorylation of 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 and phospholipase C gamma, which were both detected at the outer leaflet following HSV exposure. Moreover, vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (VSV-S), but not native VSV or VSV pseudotyped with Ebola virus glycoprotein, triggered this scramblase-Akt outer membrane signaling pathway. VSV-S and native SARS-CoV-2 infection were inhibited by CIMSS. Thus, CIMSS uncovered unique extracellular kinase processes linked to HSV and SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cheshenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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49
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Park SJ, Kwon S, Lee MS, Jang BH, Guzmán-Cedillo AE, Kang JH. Human Cell-Camouflaged Nanomagnetic Scavengers Restore Immune Homeostasis in a Rodent Model with Bacteremia. Small 2022; 18:e2203746. [PMID: 36070419 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bloodstream infection caused by antimicrobial resistance pathogens is a global concern because it is difficult to treat with conventional therapy. Here, scavenger magnetic nanoparticles enveloped by nanovesicles derived from blood cells (MNVs) are reported, which magnetically eradicate an extreme range of pathogens in an extracorporeal circuit. It is quantitatively revealed that glycophorin A and complement receptor (CR) 1 on red blood cell (RBC)-MNVs predominantly capture human fecal bacteria, carbapenem-resistant (CR) Escherichia coli, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-positive (ESBL-positive) E. coli, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), endotoxins, and proinflammatory cytokines in human blood. Additionally, CR3 and CR1 on white blood cell-MNVs mainly contribute to depleting the virus envelope proteins of Zika, SARS-CoV-2, and their variants in human blood. Supplementing opsonins into the blood significantly augments the pathogen removal efficiency due to its combinatorial interactions between pathogens and CR1 and CR3 on MNVs. The extracorporeal blood cleansing enables full recovery of lethally infected rodent animals within 7 days by treating them twice in series. It is also validated that parameters reflecting immune homeostasis, such as blood cell counts, cytokine levels, and transcriptomics changes, are restored in blood of the fatally infected rats after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyong Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hwan Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Axel E Guzmán-Cedillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo H Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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50
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Li X, Chen S, Zhang L, Zheng J, Niu G, Yang L, Zhang X, Ren L. Mutation and Interaction Analysis of the Glycoprotein D and L and Thymidine Kinase of Pseudorabies Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911597. [PMID: 36232898 PMCID: PMC9570442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (also called Aujeszky's disease) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV, or Suid herpesvirus 1). Although the disease has been controlled by immunization with the PRV-attenuated vaccine, the emerging PRV variants can escape the immune surveillance in the vaccinated pig, resulting in recent outbreaks. Furthermore, the virus has been detected in other animals and humans, indicating cross-transmission of PRV. However, the mechanism of PRV cross-species transmission needs further study. In this study, we compared the amino acid sequences of glycoproteins (gD), gL, and thymidine kinase (TK) of PRV strains, human PRV hSD-1 2019 strain, and the attenuated strain Bartha-K61, followed by predication of their spatial conformation. In addition, the interactions between the viral gD protein and host nectin-1, nectin-2, and HS were also evaluated via molecular docking. The results showed that the amino acid sequence homology of the gD, gL, and TK proteins of hSD-1 2019 and JL-CC was 97.5%, 94.4%, and 99.1%, respectively. Moreover, there were mutations in the amino acid sequences of gD, gL, and TK proteins of hSD-1 2019 and JL-CC compared with the corresponding reference sequences of the Bartha strain. The mutations of gD, gL, and TK might not affect the spatial conformation of the protein domain but may affect the recognition of antibodies and antigen epitopes. Moreover, the gD protein of JL-CC, isolated previously, can bind to human nectin-1, nectin-2, and HS, suggesting the virus may be highly infectious and pathogenic to human beings.
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