1
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Kaiser J. Wisconsin bill would restrict pathogen studies. Science 2024; 383:250. [PMID: 38236968 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to ban "gain-of-function" research on viruses and bacteria worry scientists.
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2
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Damayo JE, McKee RC, Buchmann G, Norton AM, Ashe A, Remnant EJ. Virus replication in the honey bee parasite, Varroa destructor. J Virol 2023; 97:e0114923. [PMID: 37966226 PMCID: PMC10746231 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01149-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is a significant driver of worldwide colony losses of our most important commercial pollinator, the Western honey bee Apis mellifera. Declines in honey bee health are frequently attributed to the viruses that mites vector to honey bees, yet whether mites passively transmit viruses as a mechanical vector or actively participate in viral amplification and facilitate replication of honey bee viruses is debated. Our work investigating the antiviral RNA interference response in V. destructor demonstrates that key viruses associated with honey bee declines actively replicate in mites, indicating that they are biological vectors, and the host range of bee-associated viruses extends to their parasites, which could impact virus evolution, pathogenicity, and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Damayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca C. McKee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriele Buchmann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Amanda M. Norton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Academic Support Unit, Research and Advanced Instrumentation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alyson Ashe
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily J. Remnant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Cohen J. U.S. kills effort to hunt dangerous viruses. Science 2023; 381:1147. [PMID: 37708279 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Critics feared DEEP VZN project could help pathogens jump from animals to humans.
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4
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Kupferschmidt K. Stem cells hint at how bats live with viruses. Science 2023; 379:746. [PMID: 36821670 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Research team hits on formula to create stem cells from tissue of adult bats.
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5
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Kaiser J. U.S. scientists brace for greater scrutiny of risky research. Science 2023; 379:422. [PMID: 36730392 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg9442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Expert panel recommends broader reviews of research involving pathogens or toxins that could have "dual use".
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6
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Pereira D, Carreira TS, Alves N, Sousa Â, Valente JFA. Metallic Structures: Effective Agents to Fight Pathogenic Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031165. [PMID: 35163090 PMCID: PMC8835760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current worldwide pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had alerted the population to the risk that small microorganisms can create for humankind’s wellbeing and survival. All of us have been affected, directly or indirectly, by this situation, and scientists all over the world have been trying to find solutions to fight this virus by killing it or by stop/decrease its spread rate. Numerous kinds of microorganisms have been occasionally created panic in world history, and several solutions have been proposed to stop their spread. Among the most studied antimicrobial solutions, are metals (of different kinds and applied in different formats). In this regard, this review aims to present a recent and comprehensive demonstration of the state-of-the-art in the use of metals, as well as their mechanisms, to fight different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pereira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (D.P.); (Â.S.)
| | - Tiago Soares Carreira
- CDRsp-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Alves
- CDRsp-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (J.F.A.V.); Tel.: +351-244-569-441 (N.A. & J.F.A.V.)
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (D.P.); (Â.S.)
| | - Joana F. A. Valente
- CDRsp-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (J.F.A.V.); Tel.: +351-244-569-441 (N.A. & J.F.A.V.)
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7
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Wang Y, Tong Y, Zhang Z, Zheng R, Huang D, Yang J, Zong H, Tan F, Xie Y, Huang H, Zhang X. ViMIC: a database of human disease-related virus mutations, integration sites and cis-effects. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D918-D927. [PMID: 34500462 PMCID: PMC8728280 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases involve multiple factors, including viral mutation accumulation and integration of a viral genome into the host DNA. With increasing attention being paid to virus-mediated pathogenesis and the development of many useful technologies to identify virus mutations (VMs) and viral integration sites (VISs), much research on these topics is available in PubMed. However, knowledge of VMs and VISs is widely scattered in numerous published papers which lack standardization, integration and curation. To address these challenges, we built a pilot database of human disease-related Virus Mutations, Integration sites and Cis-effects (ViMIC), which specializes in three features: virus mutation sites, viral integration sites and target genes. In total, the ViMIC provides information on 31 712 VMs entries, 105 624 VISs, 16 310 viral target genes and 1 110 015 virus sequences of eight viruses in 77 human diseases obtained from the public domain. Furthermore, in ViMIC users are allowed to explore the cis-effects of virus-host interactions by surveying 78 histone modifications, binding of 1358 transcription regulators and chromatin accessibility on these VISs. We believe ViMIC will become a valuable resource for the virus research community. The database is available at http://bmtongji.cn/ViMIC/index.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuantao Tong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongbin Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Danqi Huang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxuan Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Zong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fanglin Tan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yujia Xie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Honglian Huang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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8
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Ray B, Ali I, Jana S, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Ray S, Schütz M, Marschall M. Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 35062238 PMCID: PMC8781365 DOI: 10.3390/v14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection. Such polysaccharides widely occurring in natural sources, specifically those converted into sulfated varieties, have already proved to possess a high level and sometimes also broad-spectrum antiviral activity. This antiviral potency can be determined through multifold molecular pathways, which in many cases have low profiles of cytotoxicity. Consequently, several new polysaccharide-derived drugs are currently being investigated in clinical settings. We reviewed the present status of research on sulfated polysaccharide-based antiviral agents, their structural characteristics, structure-activity relationships, and the potential of clinical application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides involved in viral infection or in antiviral activity, respectively, are discussed, together with a focus on the emerging methodology contributing to polysaccharide-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Saikat Pal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Baker JJ, Mathy CJP, Schaletzky J. A proposed workflow for proactive virus surveillance and prediction of variants for vaccine design. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009624. [PMID: 34914686 PMCID: PMC8675697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J. Baker
- Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJB); (JS)
| | - Christopher J. P. Mathy
- Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Schaletzky
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJB); (JS)
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10
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van Aerde KJ, Jansen R, Merkus PJ, van der Flier M. Breath Test: Clinical Application of Breath Analysis in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Diagnosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e434-e436. [PMID: 34591801 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen J van Aerde
- From the Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases
| | - Robin Jansen
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
| | - Peter J Merkus
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
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12
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Alfaro-García JP, Granados-Alzate MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Gallego-Gómez JC. An Integrated View of Virus-Triggered Cellular Plasticity Using Boolean Networks. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112863. [PMID: 34831086 PMCID: PMC8616224 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related mortality and morbidity are due to cell/tissue damage caused by replicative pressure and resource exhaustion, e.g., HBV or HIV; exaggerated immune responses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2; and cancer, e.g., EBV or HPV. In this context, oncogenic and other types of viruses drive genetic and epigenetic changes that expand the tumorigenic program, including modifications to the ability of cancer cells to migrate. The best-characterized group of changes is collectively known as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, or EMT. This is a complex phenomenon classically described using biochemistry, cell biology and genetics. However, these methods require enormous, often slow, efforts to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets. Systems biology can complement and accelerate discoveries in this field. One example of such an approach is Boolean networks, which make complex biological problems tractable by modeling data (“nodes”) connected by logical operators. Here, we focus on virus-induced cellular plasticity and cell reprogramming in mammals, and how Boolean networks could provide novel insights into the ability of some viruses to trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation and EMT, two key hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Paola Alfaro-García
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
| | - María Camila Granados-Alzate
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (J.C.G.-G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Gallego-Gómez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (J.P.A.-G.); (M.C.G.-A.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (J.C.G.-G.)
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13
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Söllner JH, Mettenleiter TC, Petersen B. Genome Editing Strategies to Protect Livestock from Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:1996. [PMID: 34696426 PMCID: PMC8539128 DOI: 10.3390/v13101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The livestock industry is constantly threatened by viral disease outbreaks, including infections with zoonotic potential. While preventive vaccination is frequently applied, disease control and eradication also depend on strict biosecurity measures. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated proteins (Cas) have been repurposed as genome editors to induce targeted double-strand breaks at almost any location in the genome. Thus, CRISPR/Cas genome editors can also be utilized to generate disease-resistant or resilient livestock, develop vaccines, and further understand virus-host interactions. Genes of interest in animals and viruses can be targeted to understand their functions during infection. Furthermore, transgenic animals expressing CRISPR/Cas can be generated to target the viral genome upon infection. Genetically modified livestock can thereby reduce disease outbreaks and decrease zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Helena Söllner
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
| | | | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
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14
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de Koff EM, Euser SM, Badoux P, Sluiter-Post J, Eggink D, Sanders EAM, van Houten MA. Respiratory Pathogen Detection in Children: Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e351-e353. [PMID: 34260500 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We compared pathogen detection between saliva, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs in children with respiratory symptoms. The sensitivity in nasopharyngeal swabs was 93% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78%-98%), in oropharyngeal swabs 79% (95% CI: 60%-90%), in saliva overall 76% (95% CI: 58%-88%) and in 18 saliva samples collected with drooling or sponges, 94% (95% CI: 74%-99%). Saliva could be a relevant specimen alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M de Koff
- From the Spaarne Academy, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp and Haarlem, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd M Euser
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Badoux
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Sluiter-Post
- From the Spaarne Academy, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp and Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies A van Houten
- From the Spaarne Academy, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp and Haarlem, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp and Haarlem, The Netherlands
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15
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Piantadosi A, Mukerji SS, Ye S, Leone MJ, Freimark LM, Park D, Adams G, Lemieux J, Kanjilal S, Solomon IH, Ahmed AA, Goldstein R, Ganesh V, Ostrem B, Cummins KC, Thon JM, Kinsella CM, Rosenberg E, Frosch MP, Goldberg MB, Cho TA, Sabeti P. Enhanced Virus Detection and Metagenomic Sequencing in Patients with Meningitis and Encephalitis. mBio 2021; 12:e0114321. [PMID: 34465023 PMCID: PMC8406231 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningitis and encephalitis are leading causes of central nervous system (CNS) disease and often result in severe neurological compromise or death. Traditional diagnostic workflows largely rely on pathogen-specific tests, sometimes over days to weeks, whereas metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) profiles all nucleic acid in a sample. In this single-center, prospective study, 68 hospitalized patients with known (n = 44) or suspected (n = 24) CNS infections underwent mNGS from RNA and DNA to identify potential pathogens and also targeted sequencing of viruses using hybrid capture. Using a computational metagenomic classification pipeline based on KrakenUniq and BLAST, we detected pathogen nucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 22 subjects, 3 of whom had no clinical diagnosis by routine workup. Among subjects diagnosed with infection by serology and/or peripheral samples, we demonstrated the utility of mNGS to detect pathogen nucleic acid in CSF, importantly for the Ixodes scapularis tick-borne pathogens Powassan virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We also evaluated two methods to enhance the detection of viral nucleic acid, hybrid capture and methylated DNA depletion. Hybrid capture nearly universally increased viral read recovery. Although results for methylated DNA depletion were mixed, it allowed the detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in two samples that were negative by standard mNGS. Overall, mNGS is a promising approach that can test for multiple pathogens simultaneously, with efficacy similar to that of pathogen-specific tests, and can uncover geographically relevant infectious CNS disease, such as tick-borne infections in New England. With further laboratory and computational enhancements, mNGS may become a mainstay of workup for encephalitis and meningitis. IMPORTANCE Meningitis and encephalitis are leading global causes of central nervous system (CNS) disability and mortality. Current diagnostic workflows remain inefficient, requiring costly pathogen-specific assays and sometimes invasive surgical procedures. Despite intensive diagnostic efforts, 40 to 60% of people with meningitis or encephalitis have no clear cause of CNS disease identified. As diagnostic uncertainty often leads to costly inappropriate therapies, the need for novel pathogen detection methods is paramount. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) offers the unique opportunity to circumvent these challenges using unbiased laboratory and computational methods. Here, we performed comprehensive mNGS from 68 prospectively enrolled patients with known (n = 44) or suspected (n = 24) CNS viral infection from a single center in New England and evaluated enhanced methods to improve the detection of CNS pathogens, including those not traditionally identified in the CNS by nucleic acid detection. Overall, our work helps elucidate how mNGS can become integrated into the diagnostic toolkit for CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Piantadosi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shibani S. Mukerji
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon Ye
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J. Leone
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa M. Freimark
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon Adams
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Lemieux
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjat Kanjilal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isaac H. Solomon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Asim A. Ahmed
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Goldstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay Ganesh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bridget Ostrem
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaelyn C. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse M. Thon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cormac M. Kinsella
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew P. Frosch
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracey A. Cho
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Iowa, Department of Neurology, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pardis Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Mugri MH, Sayed ME, Bhandi S, Alshahrani RT, Balaji TM, Varadarajan S, Tanneeru S, P. ANR, Srinivasan S, Reda R, Testarelli L, Patil S. Role of Periodontal Bacteria, Viruses, and Placental mir155 in Chronic Periodontitis and Preeclampsia-A Genetic Microbiological Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:831-844. [PMID: 34449559 PMCID: PMC8929077 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies assessed the involvement and impact of periodontal bacteria in preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis. To explore further, the current study aimed to associate periodontal viruses and bacteria with mir155 levels in placental tissues of preeclamptic women with generalized chronic periodontitis. Four-hundred 45 pregnant women, 18-35 years of age, were selected and divided into four groups (controls, A, B, and C) where the Controls included 145 systemically and periodontally healthy pregnant women Group A-100 systemically healthy pregnant women with chronic periodontitis, Group B- 100 preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis, Group C- 100 preeclamptic women without chronic periodontitis. Age, BMI, SES, and periodontal parameters such as PI, BOP, PPD, and CAL were noted. Periodontal pathogens such as Tf, Td, Pg, Pi, Fn, HSV, EBV, and HCMV were tested in subgingival plaque, placental tissues, and mir155. We observed that PI, BOP, PPD, CAL, Tf, and EBV were highly significant in Group B. We found a higher number of periodontal bacteria, viruses, and mir 155 in Group B showing a higher risk of preeclampsia. More genetic studies in this field are advised to ascertain the role of periodontopathogens and mir 155 in preeclampsia and periodontal inflammation. What is already known on this subject? Periodontal diseases pose an increased risk of developing preeclampsia and delivering preterm and/or low-birth-weight babies. What do the results of this study add? Periodontal variables such as PI, pocket depth, BOP, and clinical attachment levels, were found to be increased in the preeclamptic women with chronic periodontitis. The significant difference was seen in the relative fold expression of mir155 with higher gene expression of mir155 in groups B and A as compared to group C and controls. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? In our study, mir155 correlation with the periodontal parameters and periodontal pathogens further strengthen the evidence of periodontal inflammation as a risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women especially when associated with chronic periodontitis. mir155 can be considered to be one of the genetic biomarkers and can be used as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600095, India; (A.N.R.P.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Little Mahendra
- Department of Periodontology, Maktoum Bin Hamdan Dental University College, Dubai 213620, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Maryam H. Mugri
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed E. Sayed
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shilpa Bhandi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | | | - Saranya Varadarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India;
| | - Swetha Tanneeru
- Department of Periodontics, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore 534003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Abirami Nayaki Rao P.
- Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600095, India; (A.N.R.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sruthi Srinivasan
- Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600095, India; (A.N.R.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Rodolfo Reda
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (S.P.)
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Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Sultan E, Ottolenghi A, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Rosental B. Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages. Cells 2021; 10:1853. [PMID: 34440622 PMCID: PMC8394812 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasitic pathogens. In addition, it provides regenerative capacities, tissue maintenance, and self/non-self recognition of foreign tissues. Phagocytosis and cytotoxicity are two prominent cellular immune activities positioned at the base of immune effector function in mammals. Although these immune mechanisms have diversified into a wide heterogeneous repertoire of effector cells, it appears that they share some common cellular and molecular features in all animals, but also some interesting convergent mechanisms. In this review, we will explore the current knowledge about the evolution of phagocytic and cytotoxic immune lineages against pathogens, in the clearance of damaged cells, for regeneration, for histocompatibility recognition, and in killing virally infected cells. To this end, we give different immune examples of multicellular organism models, ranging from the roots of bilateral organisms to chordate invertebrates, comparing to vertebrates' lineages. In this review, we compare cellular lineage homologies at the cellular and molecular levels. We aim to highlight and discuss the diverse function plasticity within the evolved immune effector cells, and even suggest the costs and benefits that it may imply for organisms with the meaning of greater defense against pathogens but less ability to regenerate damaged tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Eliya Sultan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Aner Ottolenghi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (E.S.); (A.O.); (O.G.-Y.)
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18
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Costagliola G, Nuzzi G, Spada E, Comberiati P, Verduci E, Peroni DG. Nutraceuticals in Viral Infections: An Overview of the Immunomodulating Properties. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072410. [PMID: 34371920 PMCID: PMC8308811 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals, including vitamin D, vitamin A, zinc, lactoferrin, polyphenols coenzyme Q, magnesium, and selenium, are implicated in the modulation of the complex molecular pathways involved in the immune response against viral pathogens. A common element of the activity of nutraceuticals is their ability to enhance the innate immune response against pathogens by acting on the major cellular subsets and inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. In some cases, this action is accompanied by a direct antimicrobial effect, as evidenced in the specific case of lactoferrin. Furthermore, nutraceuticals act through complex molecular mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by the activation of the immune system against pathogens, reducing the oxidative damage, influencing the antigen presentation, enhancing the differentiation and proliferation of regulatory T cells, driving the differentiation of lymphocyte subsets, and modulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this paper, we review the main molecular mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory function of nutraceuticals, focusing on the most relevant aspects for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Costagliola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Giulia Nuzzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Erika Spada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Pasquale Comberiati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego G. Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (G.N.); (E.S.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-50-799-2100
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19
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Hassanin A, Tu VT, Curaudeau M, Csorba G. Inferring the ecological niche of bat viruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 using phylogeographic analyses of Rhinolophus species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14276. [PMID: 34253798 PMCID: PMC8275577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To date, viruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 have been reported in four bat species: Rhinolophus acuminatus, Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophus malayanus, and Rhinolophus shameli. Here, we analysed 343 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (CO1) from georeferenced bats of the four Rhinolophus species identified as reservoirs of viruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2. Haplotype networks were constructed in order to investigate patterns of genetic diversity among bat populations of Southeast Asia and China. No strong geographic structure was found for the four Rhinolophus species, suggesting high dispersal capacity. The ecological niche of bat viruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted using the four localities in which bat viruses were recently discovered and the localities where bats showed the same CO1 haplotypes than virus-positive bats. The ecological niche of bat viruses related to SARS-CoV was deduced from the localities where bat viruses were previously detected. The results show that the ecological niche of bat viruses related to SARS-CoV2 includes several regions of mainland Southeast Asia whereas the ecological niche of bat viruses related to SARS-CoV is mainly restricted to China. In agreement with these results, human populations in Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand appear to be much less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than other countries of Southeast Asia. In the climatic transitional zone between the two ecological niches (southern Yunnan, northern Laos, northern Vietnam), genomic recombination between highly divergent viruses is more likely to occur. Considering the limited data and the risk of recombinant bat-CoVs emergence as the source of new pandemics in humans, the bat populations in these regions should be under surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Hassanin
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), SU, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Vuong Tan Tu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 18, Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Manon Curaudeau
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), SU, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Gabor Csorba
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross u. 13, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
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Šimenc L, Knific T, Toplak I. The Comparison of Honeybee Viral Loads for Six Honeybee Viruses (ABPV, BQCV, CBPV, DWV, LSV3 and SBV) in Healthy and Clinically Affected Honeybees with TaqMan Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Assays. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071340. [PMID: 34372546 PMCID: PMC8310196 DOI: 10.3390/v13071340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral loads of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3), and sacbrood bee virus (SBV) were determined in samples with the use of quantitative TaqMan real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 108 samples of healthy adult honeybees from four differently located apiaries and samples of honeybees showing different clinical signs of viral infections from 89 apiaries were collected throughout Slovenia. The aim of this study was to discover correlations between viral loads and clinical signs in adult honeybees and confirm previously set threshold viral load levels between healthy and clinically affected honeybees. Within this study, two new RT-qPCR assays for quantification of LSV3 and SBV were developed. Statistically significant differences in viral loads of positive samples were identified between healthy and clinically affected honeybees for ABPV, CBPV, DWV, and SBV, while for BQCV and LSV3, no statistical differences were observed between both groups. Despite high detected LSV3 prevalence and viral loads around 6.00 log10 viral copies/bee, this lineage probably has a limited impact on the health status of honeybee colonies. The determined viral loads between 3.94 log10 and 13.17 log10 in positive samples for six viruses, collected over 10 consecutive months, including winter, present additional information of high viral load variations in healthy honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Šimenc
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanja Knific
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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21
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Costa JH, Mohanapriya G, Bharadwaj R, Noceda C, Thiers KLL, Aziz S, Srivastava S, Oliveira M, Gupta KJ, Kumari A, Sircar D, Kumar SR, Achra A, Sathishkumar R, Adholeya A, Arnholdt-Schmitt B. ROS/RNS Balancing, Aerobic Fermentation Regulation and Cell Cycle Control - a Complex Early Trait ('CoV-MAC-TED') for Combating SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cell Reprogramming. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673692. [PMID: 34305903 PMCID: PMC8293103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a perspective entitled 'From plant survival under severe stress to anti-viral human defense' we raised and justified the hypothesis that transcript level profiles of justified target genes established from in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction in plants as a reference compared to virus-induced profiles can identify differential virus signatures that link to harmful reprogramming. A standard profile of selected genes named 'ReprogVirus' was proposed for in vitro-scanning of early virus-induced reprogramming in critical primary infected cells/tissues as target trait. For data collection, the 'ReprogVirus platform' was initiated. This initiative aims to identify in a common effort across scientific boundaries critical virus footprints from diverse virus origins and variants as a basis for anti-viral strategy design. This approach is open for validation and extension. In the present study, we initiated validation by experimental transcriptome data available in public domain combined with advancing plant wet lab research. We compared plant-adapted transcriptomes according to 'RegroVirus' complemented by alternative oxidase (AOX) genes during de novo programming under SE-inducing conditions with in vitro corona virus-induced transcriptome profiles. This approach enabled identifying a major complex trait for early de novo programming during SARS-CoV-2 infection, called 'CoV-MAC-TED'. It consists of unbalanced ROS/RNS levels, which are connected to increased aerobic fermentation that links to alpha-tubulin-based cell restructuration and progression of cell cycle. We conclude that anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies need to rigorously target 'CoV-MAC-TED' in primary infected nose and mouth cells through prophylactic and very early therapeutic strategies. We also discuss potential strategies in the view of the beneficial role of AOX for resilient behavior in plants. Furthermore, following the general observation that ROS/RNS equilibration/redox homeostasis is of utmost importance at the very beginning of viral infection, we highlight that 'de-stressing' disease and social handling should be seen as essential part of anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Gunasekaran Mohanapriya
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Revuru Bharadwaj
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Carlos Noceda
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Cell and Molecular Biotechnology of Plants (BIOCEMP)/Industrial Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources, Institute (TERI), TERI Gram, Gurugram, India
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Mathematics and CIMA - Center for Research on Mathematics and Its Applications, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Arvind Achra
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Alok Adholeya
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
- Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources, Institute (TERI), TERI Gram, Gurugram, India
| | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
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Yin H, Dong Z, Wang X, Lu S, Xia F, Abuduwaili A, Bi Y, Li Y. Metagenomic Analysis of Marigold: Mixed Infection Including Two New Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071254. [PMID: 34203118 PMCID: PMC8310094 DOI: 10.3390/v13071254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marigold plants with symptoms of mosaic, crinkle, leaf curl and necrosis were observed and small RNA and ribo-depleted total RNA deep sequencing were conducted to identify the associated viruses. Broad bean wilt virus 2, cucumber mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus, a new potyvirus tentatively named marigold mosaic virus (MMV) and a new partitivirus named as marigold cryptic virus (MCV) were finally identified. Complete genome sequence analysis showed MMV was 9811 nt in length, encoding a large polyprotein with highest aa sequence identity (57%) with the putative potyvirus polygonatumkingianum virus 1. Phylogenetic analysis with the definite potyviruses based on the polyprotein sequence showed MMV clustered closest to plum pox virus. The complete genome of MCV comprised of dsRNA1 (1583 bp) and dsRNA2 (1459 bp), encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and coat protein (CP), respectively. MCV RdRp shared the highest (75.7%) aa sequence identity with the unclassified partitivirus ambrosia cryptic virus 2, and 59.0%, 57.1%, 56.1%, 54.5% and 33.7% with the corresponding region of the definite delta-partitiviruses, pepper cryptic virus 2, beet cryptic virus 3, beet cryptic virus 2, pepper cryptic virus 1 and fig cryptic virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the RdRp aa sequence showed MCV clustered into the delta-partitivirus group. These findings enriched our knowledge of viruses infecting marigold, but the association of the observed symptom and the identified viruses and the biological characterization of the new viruses should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xulong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuhao Lu
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, China;
| | - Annihaer Abuduwaili
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (Y.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Protection, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence:
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Capozza P, Decaro N, Beikpour F, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Emerging Hepatotropic Viruses in Cats: A Brief Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061162. [PMID: 34204394 PMCID: PMC8233973 DOI: 10.3390/v13061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of viruses in feline liver disease has long remained neglected. However, in 2018, an analogue of human hepatitis B virus was identified in cats. Moreover, antibodies for human hepatitis E have been detected consistently at various prevalence rates in cats. Although the correlation between these viruses and the liver injury in cats must be clarified, hepatotropic viruses might represent an increasing risk for feline and public health.
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Sajidah ES, Lim K, Wong RW. How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Build an Invasion Route to Hijack the Host Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061424. [PMID: 34200500 PMCID: PMC8230057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system is often hijacked by viruses to accomplish their replication and to suppress the host immune response. Viruses encode many factors that interact with the host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and the nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to access the host nucleus. In this review, we discuss the viral factors and the host factors involved in the nuclear import and export of viral components. As nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for the replication of many viruses, we also review several drugs that target the host nuclear transport machinery and discuss their feasibility for use in antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.W.W.)
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.W.W.)
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Binnie A, Fernandes E, Almeida-Lousada H, de Mello RA, Castelo-Branco P. CRISPR-based strategies in infectious disease diagnosis and therapy. Infection 2021; 49:377-385. [PMID: 33393066 PMCID: PMC7779109 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CRISPR gene-editing technology has the potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, but most clinicians are unaware of its broad applicability. Derived from an ancient microbial defence system, these so-called "molecular scissors" enable precise gene editing with a low error rate. However, CRISPR systems can also be targeted against pathogenic DNA or RNA sequences. This potential is being combined with innovative delivery systems to develop new therapeutic approaches to infectious diseases. METHODS We searched Pubmed and Google Scholar for CRISPR-based strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Reference lists were reviewed and synthesized for narrative review. RESULTS CRISPR-based strategies represent a novel approach to many challenging infectious diseases. CRISPR technologies can be harnessed to create rapid, low-cost diagnostic systems, as well as to identify drug-resistance genes. Therapeutic strategies, such as CRISPR systems that cleave integrated viral genomes or that target resistant bacteria, are in development. CRISPR-based therapies for emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, have also been proposed. Finally, CRISPR systems can be used to reprogram human B cells to produce neutralizing antibodies. The risks of CRISPR-based therapies include off-target and on-target modifications. Strategies to control these risks are being developed and a phase 1 clinical trials of CRISPR-based therapies for cancer and monogenic diseases are already underway. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR systems have broad applicability in the field of infectious diseases and may offer solutions to many of the most challenging human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Binnie
- Department of Critical Care, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Edificio 2, Ala Norte, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Emanuel Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Edificio 2, Ala Norte, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
| | - Helder Almeida-Lousada
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Edificio 2, Ala Norte, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Edificio 2, Ala Norte, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- ONCOLOGY PRECISION & HEALTH ECONOMICS RESEARCH GROUP (ONCOPRECHE), Departamento de Oncologia Clínica da Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil, & Pós-graduação em Medicina da Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Pedro Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Edificio 2, Ala Norte, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pöyry H, Raappana A, Kiviniemi M, Pokka T, Honkila M, Paalanne N, Valmari P, Renko M, Tapiainen T. Etiology of Infectious Diseases in Acutely Ill Children at a Pediatric Hospital in Finland. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e245-e247. [PMID: 33956758 PMCID: PMC8104009 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is a brief report of the etiology of infectious diseases in a pediatric emergency department. Our cohort study of 4647 children demonstrated rhinovirus as the most common etiology in a pediatric emergency department (23%) and intensive care (48%). The population-based incidence of rhinovirus-related visits was 1796/100,000/yr in children <5 years. The most common bacterial pathogen was Escherichia coli (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Pöyry
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Raappana
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minttu Kiviniemi
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tytti Pokka
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Honkila
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Paalanne
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Valmari
- Department of Pediatrics, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, PEDEGO (Pediatrics, Dermatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics) Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
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27
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Chang MX. The negative regulation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) signaling pathway in fish. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 119:104038. [PMID: 33548290 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At each stage of innate immune response, there are stimulatory and inhibitory signals that modulate the strength and character of the response. RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in antiviral innate immune response. Recent studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms that viral infection leads to the activation of RLRs-mediated downstream signaling cascades and the production of type I interferons (IFNs). However, antiviral immune responses must be tightly regulated in order to prevent detrimental type I IFNs production. Previous reviews have highlighted negative regulation of RLR signaling pathway, which mainly target to directly regulate RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS and TBK1 function in mammals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of negative regulators of RLR signaling pathway in teleost, with specific focus on piscine and viral regulatory mechanisms that directly or indirectly inhibit the function of RIG-I, MDA5, LGP2, MAVS, TRAF3, TBK1, IRF3 and IRF7 both in the steady state or upon viral infection. We also further discuss important directions for future studies, especially for non-coding RNAs and post-translational modifications via fish specific TRIM proteins. The knowledge of negative regulators of RLR signaling pathway in teleost will shed new light on the critical information for potential therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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28
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Abstract
There are several human viruses and bacteria currently known to be associated with cancer. A common theme indicates that these microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to hamper the pathways dedicated to maintaining the integrity of genetic information, preventing apoptosis of the damaged cells and causing unwanted cellular proliferation. This eventually reduces the ability of their hosts to repair the damage(s) and eventually results in cellular transformation, cancer progression and reduced response to therapy. Our data suggest that mycoplasmas, and perhaps certain other bacteria with closely related DnaKs, may also contribute to cellular transformation and hamper certain drugs that rely on functional p53 for their anti-cancer activity. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms is important for cancer prevention and for the development of both new anti-cancer drugs and for improving the efficacy of existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Robert C. Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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29
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Crawford SE, Ramani S, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus-Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Viruses 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34071878 PMCID: PMC8230193 DOI: 10.3390/v13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, knowledge of human host-enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host-microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Agboli E, Zahouli JBZ, Badolo A, Jöst H. Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050891. [PMID: 34065928 PMCID: PMC8151702 DOI: 10.3390/v13050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-associated viruses (MAVs), including mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) and mosquito-borne (arbo)viruses (MBVs), are an increasing public, veterinary, and global health concern, and West Africa is projected to be the next front for arboviral diseases. As in-depth knowledge of the ecologies of both western African MAVs and related mosquitoes is still limited, we review available and comprehensive data on their diversity, abundance, and distribution. Data on MAVs’ occurrence and related mosquitoes were extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Data on MSVs, and mosquito and vertebrate host ranges are sparse. However, more data are available on MBVs (i.e., dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Rift Valley fever viruses), detected in wild and domestic animals, and humans, with infections more concentrated in urban areas and areas affected by strong anthropogenic changes. Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes albopictus are incriminated as key arbovirus vectors. These findings outline MAV, related mosquitoes, key knowledge gaps, and future research areas. Additionally, these data highlight the need to increase our understanding of MAVs and their impact on host mosquito ecology, to improve our knowledge of arbovirus transmission, and to develop specific strategies and capacities for arboviral disease surveillance, diagnostic, prevention, control, and outbreak responses in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana
| | - Julien B. Z. Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouake, 27 BP 529 Abidjan 27, Cote D’Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Département de Recherche et Développement, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote D’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, Universitée Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Hanna Jöst
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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31
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Valtonen M, Grönroos W, Luoto R, Waris M, Uhari M, Heinonen OJ, Ruuskanen O. Increased risk of respiratory viral infections in elite athletes: A controlled study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250907. [PMID: 33945550 PMCID: PMC8096105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory symptoms are commonly recognised in elite athletes. The occurrence, etiology and clinical presentation of the illnesses in athletes is unclear. METHODS We performed a prospective controlled study of respiratory viral infections in Team Finland during Nordic World Ski Championships 2019. There were 26 athletes and 36 staff members. Nasal swabs were taken at the onset of a symptom and on days 1, 7, and 13 during the follow-up of 14 days. Respiratory viruses were searched for by 3 different molecular multiplex tests. Fifty-two matched control subjects were studied in Finland during the same period. RESULTS Ten out of 26 (38%) athletes, 6 out of 36 (17%) staff, and 3 out of 52 (6%) control subjects experienced symptoms of respiratory infection (p = 0.0013). The relative risks for acquiring symptomatic infection were 6.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-21.0) of athletes and 2.9 (95% CI, 0.84-10.0) of the staff as compared to the controls. Asymptomatic infections were identified in 8%, 22%, and 19%, respectively (p = 0.30). The etiology of respiratory infections was detected in 84% of the cases. CONCLUSION The athletes had a 7-fold increase in the risk of illness compared to normally exercising control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Valtonen
- Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wilma Grönroos
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raakel Luoto
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Uhari
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu and Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli J. Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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32
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Abstract
Identifying the animal reservoirs from which zoonotic viruses will likely emerge is central to understanding the determinants of disease emergence. Accordingly, there has been an increase in studies attempting zoonotic “risk assessment.” Herein, we demonstrate that the virological data on which these analyses are conducted are incomplete, biased, and rapidly changing with ongoing virus discovery. Together, these shortcomings suggest that attempts to assess zoonotic risk using available virological data are likely to be inaccurate and largely only identify those host taxa that have been studied most extensively. We suggest that virus surveillance at the human–animal interface may be more productive. Determining which organisms harbour viruses that could potentially infect humans is of great topical interest. This Essay demonstrates that the data on which such zoonotic risk assessments are conducted are incomplete, biased, and rapidly changing with ongoing virus discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jemma L. Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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De Jesús-González LA, Palacios-Rápalo S, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Osuna-Ramos JF, Cordero-Rivera CD, Farfan-Morales CN, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL, del Ángel RM. The Nuclear Pore Complex Is a Key Target of Viral Proteases to Promote Viral Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040706. [PMID: 33921849 PMCID: PMC8073804 DOI: 10.3390/v13040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various viruses alter nuclear pore complex (NPC) integrity to access the nuclear content favoring their replication. Alteration of the nuclear pore complex has been observed not only in viruses that replicate in the nucleus but also in viruses with a cytoplasmic replicative cycle. In this last case, the alteration of the NPC can reduce the transport of transcription factors involved in the immune response or mRNA maturation, or inhibit the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, favoring the translation of viral mRNAs or allowing access to nuclear factors necessary for viral replication. In most cases, the alteration of the NPC is mediated by viral proteins, being the viral proteases, one of the most critical groups of viral proteins that regulate these nucleus–cytoplasmic transport changes. This review focuses on the description and discussion of the role of viral proteases in the modification of nucleus–cytoplasmic transport in viruses with cytoplasmic replicative cycles and its repercussions in viral replication.
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Zheng H, Rao AM, Dermadi D, Toh J, Murphy Jones L, Donato M, Liu Y, Su Y, Dai CL, Kornilov SA, Karagiannis M, Marantos T, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, He YD, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Heath JR, Khatri P. Multi-cohort analysis of host immune response identifies conserved protective and detrimental modules associated with severity across viruses. Immunity 2021; 54:753-768.e5. [PMID: 33765435 PMCID: PMC7988739 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections induce a conserved host response distinct from bacterial infections. We hypothesized that the conserved response is associated with disease severity and is distinct between patients with different outcomes. To test this, we integrated 4,780 blood transcriptome profiles from patients aged 0 to 90 years infected with one of 16 viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, chikungunya, and influenza, across 34 cohorts from 18 countries, and single-cell RNA sequencing profiles of 702,970 immune cells from 289 samples across three cohorts. Severe viral infection was associated with increased hematopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We identified protective and detrimental gene modules that defined distinct trajectories associated with mild versus severe outcomes. The interferon response was decoupled from the protective host response in patients with severe outcomes. These findings were consistent, irrespective of age and virus, and provide insights to accelerate the development of diagnostics and host-directed therapies to improve global pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aditya M Rao
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Immunology program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Denis Dermadi
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiaying Toh
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Immunology program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lara Murphy Jones
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yiran Liu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Cancer Biology program, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yapeng Su
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheng L Dai
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Minas Karagiannis
- 4(th) Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Marantos
- 4(th) Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
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Gray GC, Robie ER, Studstill CJ, Nunn CL. Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider. Viruses 2021; 13:637. [PMID: 33917745 PMCID: PMC8068197 DOI: 10.3390/v13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many recent efforts to predict and control emerging infectious disease threats to humans, we failed to anticipate the zoonotic viruses which led to pandemics in 2009 and 2020. The morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of these pandemics have been staggering. We desperately need a more targeted, cost-efficient, and sustainable strategy to detect and mitigate future zoonotic respiratory virus threats. Evidence suggests that the transition from an animal virus to a human pathogen is incremental and requires a considerable number of spillover events and considerable time before a pandemic variant emerges. This evolutionary view argues for the refocusing of public health resources on novel respiratory virus surveillance at human-animal interfaces in geographical hotspots for emerging infectious diseases. Where human-animal interface surveillance is not possible, a secondary high-yield, cost-efficient strategy is to conduct novel respiratory virus surveillance among pneumonia patients in these same hotspots. When novel pathogens are discovered, they must be quickly assessed for their human risk and, if indicated, mitigation strategies initiated. In this review, we discuss the most common respiratory virus threats, current efforts at early emerging pathogen detection, and propose and defend new molecular pathogen discovery strategies with the goal of preempting future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.R.R.); (C.J.S.)
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Global Health Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China
| | - Emily R. Robie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.R.R.); (C.J.S.)
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Caleb J. Studstill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.R.R.); (C.J.S.)
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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van Dongen JAP, Rouers EDM, Schuurman R, Bonten MJM, Bruijning-Verhagen P. Acute Gastroenteritis Disease Burden in Infants With Medical Risk Conditions in the Netherlands. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:300-305. [PMID: 33230056 PMCID: PMC7952044 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with medical risk conditions are vulnerable to childhood infections including acute gastroenteritis (AGE). To guide prevention programs, we quantified AGE incidence, severity and virus prevalence among medical risk infants in the Netherlands. METHODS This prospective cohort-study was part of the RIVAR-project recruiting infants with prematurity, low birth weight or severe congenital conditions in 13 hospitals. Follow-up included 18 monthly health questionnaires detailing AGE symptoms and healthcare usage. Parents were also instructed to notify when an infant developed AGE, to collect a stool sample and complete a daily severity score (Modified Vesikari Severity). Stool samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus. RESULTS Between November 2014 and October 2017, 631 infants participated during 9125 person-months of observation. In total, 559 episodes were identified. The mean AGE incidence rate was 73.5 per 100 person-years (PY) (95% confidence interval: 67.6-79.9) and increased with age [incidence rate: 48.3 (39.8-58.3) vs. 80.2 (73.0-88.1)/100 PY for ages 1-5 vs. 6-18 months, respectively]. Healthcare was attended for 38.1% (213/559) and 26.8% (68/254) were classified as severe based on the Modified Vesikari Severity. Stool samples were obtained from 254 AGE episodes. Norovirus was identified in 65 (25.6%) and rotavirus in 44 (17.7%). Adenovirus and astrovirus together accounted for 8.3% (N = 21). Severe AGE occurred most frequently in rotavirus positive episodes. CONCLUSION The observed AGE incidence, severity and healthcare usage among medical risk infants confirms substantial disease burden. Norovirus and rotavirus are the dominant pathogens and severe episodes occurred most frequently in children with rotavirus infection. AGE prevention in medical risk infants should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A. P. van Dongen
- From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, UMCU Utrecht
| | - Elsbeth D. M. Rouers
- From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, UMCU Utrecht
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for infectious disease control, Bilthoven
| | - Rob Schuurman
- University Medical Center Utrecht, department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J. M. Bonten
- From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, UMCU Utrecht
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for infectious disease control, Bilthoven
- University Medical Center Utrecht, department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Bruijning-Verhagen
- From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, UMCU Utrecht
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for infectious disease control, Bilthoven
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Dragičević P, Bielen A, Petrić I, Hudina S. Microbial pathogens of freshwater crayfish: A critical review and systematization of the existing data with directions for future research. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:221-247. [PMID: 33345337 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite important ecological role and growing commercial value of freshwater crayfish, their diseases are underresearched and many studies examining potential crayfish pathogens do not thoroughly address their epizootiology, pathology or biology. This study reviews over 100 publications on potentially pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and fungal-like microorganisms reported in crayfish and systematizes them based on whether pathogenicity has been observed in an analysed species. Conclusions on pathogenicity were based on successful execution of infectivity trials. For 40.6% of examined studies, microbes were successfully systematized, while for more than a half (59.4%) no conclusion on pathogenicity could be made. Fungi and fungal-like microorganisms were the most studied group of microbes with the highest number of analysed hosts, followed by bacteria and viruses. Our analysis demonstrated the need for: (a) inclusion of higher number of potential host species in the case of viruses, (b) research of bacterial effects in tissues other than haemolymph, and (c) more research into potential fungal and fungal-like pathogens other than Aphanomyces astaci. We highlight the encountered methodological challenges and biases and call for a broad but standardized framework for execution of infectivity trials that would enable systematic data acquisition on interactions between microbes and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dragičević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Bielen
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sandra Hudina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Valerdi KM, Hage A, van Tol S, Rajsbaum R, Giraldo MI. The Role of the Host Ubiquitin System in Promoting Replication of Emergent Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:369. [PMID: 33652634 PMCID: PMC7996891 DOI: 10.3390/v13030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of proteins is a post-translational modification process with many different cellular functions, including protein stability, immune signaling, antiviral functions and virus replication. While ubiquitination of viral proteins can be used by the host as a defense mechanism by destroying the incoming pathogen, viruses have adapted to take advantage of this cellular process. The ubiquitin system can be hijacked by viruses to enhance various steps of the replication cycle and increase pathogenesis. Emerging viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), flaviviruses like Zika and dengue, as well as highly pathogenic viruses like Ebola and Nipah, have the ability to directly use the ubiquitination process to enhance their viral-replication cycle, and evade immune responses. Some of these mechanisms are conserved among different virus families, especially early during virus entry, providing an opportunity to develop broad-spectrum antivirals. Here, we discuss the mechanisms used by emergent viruses to exploit the host ubiquitin system, with the main focus on the role of ubiquitin in enhancing virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Valerdi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (K.M.V.); (A.H.); (S.v.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Adam Hage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (K.M.V.); (A.H.); (S.v.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Sarah van Tol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (K.M.V.); (A.H.); (S.v.T.); (R.R.)
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (K.M.V.); (A.H.); (S.v.T.); (R.R.)
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Maria I. Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (K.M.V.); (A.H.); (S.v.T.); (R.R.)
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Abstract
Although transport into the nucleus mediated by the importin (IMP) α/β1-heterodimer is central to viral infection, small molecule inhibitors of IMPα/β1-dependent nuclear import have only been described and shown to have antiviral activity in the last decade. Their robust antiviral activity is due to the strong reliance of many different viruses, including RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV), on the IMPα/β1-virus interface. High-throughput compound screens have identified many agents that specifically target this interface. Of these, agents targeting IMPα/β1 directly include the FDA-approved macrocyclic lactone ivermectin, which has documented broad-spectrum activity against a whole range of viruses, including HIV-1, DENV1-4, ZIKV, West Nile virus (WNV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya, and most recently, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Ivermectin has thus far been tested in Phase III human clinical trials for DENV, while there are currently close to 80 trials in progress worldwide for SARS-CoV-2; preliminary results for randomised clinical trials (RCTs) as well as observational/retrospective studies are consistent with ivermectin affording clinical benefit. Agents that target the viral component of the IMPα/β1-virus interface include N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), which specifically targets DENV/ZIKV/WNV non-structural protein 5 (NS5). 4-HPR has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of infection by DENV1-4, including in an antibody-dependent enhanced animal challenge model, as well as ZIKV, with Phase II clinical challenge trials planned. The results from rigorous RCTs will help determine the therapeutic potential of the IMPα/β1-virus interface as a target for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Martin
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
The circadian clock controls several aspects of mammalian physiology and orchestrates the daily oscillations of biological processes and behavior. Our circadian rhythms are driven by an endogenous central clock in the brain that synchronizes with clocks in peripheral tissues, thereby regulating our immune system and the severity of infections. These rhythms affect the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic agents and vaccines. The core circadian regulatory circuits and clock-regulated host pathways provide fertile ground to identify novel antiviral therapies. An increased understanding of the role circadian systems play in regulating virus infection and the host response to the virus will inform our clinical management of these diseases. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical evidence reporting on the interplay between the circadian clock and viral infections, highlighting the importance of virus-clock research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Xiaodong Zhuang, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; e-mail:
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Antiviral Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020080. [PMID: 33499086 PMCID: PMC7912582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases from plants (EC 3.2.2.22) that inactivate ribosomes thus inhibiting protein synthesis. The antiviral properties of RIPs have been investigated for more than four decades. However, interest in these proteins is rising due to the emergence of infectious diseases caused by new viruses and the difficulty in treating viral infections. On the other hand, there is a growing need to control crop diseases without resorting to the use of phytosanitary products which are very harmful to the environment and in this respect, RIPs have been shown as a promising tool that can be used to obtain transgenic plants resistant to viruses. The way in which RIPs exert their antiviral effect continues to be the subject of intense research and several mechanisms of action have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to examine the research studies that deal with this matter, placing special emphasis on the most recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon H. Choi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Djemal L, Fournier C, von Hagen J, Kolmar H, Deparis V. Review: High temperature short time treatment of cell culture media and feed solutions to mitigate adventitious viral contamination in the biopharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3117. [PMID: 33372404 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Events of viral contaminations occurring during the production of biopharmaceuticals have been publicly reported by the biopharmaceutical industry. Upstream raw materials were often identified as the potential source of contamination. Viral contamination risk can be mitigated by inactivating or eliminating potential viruses of cell culture media and feed solutions. Different methods can be used alone or in combination on raw materials, cell culture media, or feed solutions such as viral inactivation technologies consisting mainly of high temperature short time, ultraviolet irradiation, and gamma radiation technologies or such as viral removal technology for instance nanofiltration. The aim of this review is to present the principle, the advantages, and the challenges of high temperature short time (HTST) technology. Here, we reviewed effectiveness of HTST treatment and its impact on media (filterability of media, degradation of components), on process performance (cell growth, cell metabolism, productivity), and product quality based on knowledge shared in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Djemal
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Clemence Fournier
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | | | - Harald Kolmar
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Véronique Deparis
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
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Abstract
Meningitis is a serious condition that affects the central nervous system. It is an inflammation of the meninges, which is the membrane that surrounds both the brain and the spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Many viruses, such as enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and influenza viruses, can cause this neurological disorder. However, enteroviruses have been found to be the underlying cause of most viral meningitis cases worldwide. With few exceptions, the clinical manifestations and symptoms associated with viral meningitis are similar for the different causative agents, which makes it difficult to diagnose the disease at early stages. The pathogenesis of viral meningitis is not clearly defined, and more studies are needed to improve the health care of patients in terms of early diagnosis and management. This review article discusses the most common causative agents, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of viral meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Kohil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Jemmieh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with a significant burden of disease and represent one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the devastating toll that respiratory viruses have on humanity and the desperate need to understand the biological characteristics that define them in order to develop efficacious treatments and vaccines. To date, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected nearly 600 times more people and resulted in 200 times more deaths relative to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) combined. OBJECTIVE Through this review, we aim to summarize the key characteristics of respiratory viruses that hold global significance, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Our goal is to disseminate our current knowledge of these infectious agents to otolaryngologists, in particular rhinologists, practicing in the COVID-19 era. METHODS The general and clinical characteristics of selected respiratory viruses along with available viral treatments and vaccines are reviewed. RESULTS There has been significant progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of various respiratory viruses. However, despite the advancement in knowledge, efficacious vaccines and antiviral treatments remain elusive for most respiratory viruses. The dire need for these scientific discoveries is highlighted by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which has prompted investigators worldwide to conduct clinical trials at an accelerated timeline in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rhinologists will continue to remain on the front-lines of pandemics associated with respiratory viruses. CONCLUSION In light of these unprecedented times, the need to understand the nuances of these viral respiratory pathogens, especially SARS-CoV-2, cannot be overemphasized. This knowledge base is of particular importance to otolaryngologists, whose expertise in the upper airway coincides with the anatomic tropism of these infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Yuen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy lead to a spectrum of maternal and fetal outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic disease to more critical conditions presenting with severe maternal morbidity, stillbirth, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal congenital anomalies, either apparent at birth or later in life. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of several viral infections that are particularly relevant in the context of pregnancy and intrauterine inflammation. Understanding the diverse mechanisms employed by viral pathogens as well as the repertoire of immune responses induced in the mother may help to establish novel therapeutic options to attenuate changes in the maternal-fetal interface and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chudnovets
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harish Narasimhan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Dolivo L. [Not Available]. Rev Med Suisse 2020; 16:2460. [PMID: 33325668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Abstract
Outside the host, viruses will eventually lose their ability to infect cells due to conformational changes that occur to proteins on the viral capsid. In order to undergo a conformational change, these proteins require energy to activate the chemical reaction that leads to the conformational change. In this study, data from the literature is used to calculate the energy required for viral inactivation for a variety of different viruses by means of the Arrhenius equation. We find that some viruses (rhinovirus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, and hepatitis A virus) have high inactivation energies, indicative of breaking of a chemical double bond. We also find that several viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, and norovirus) have nonlinear Arrhenius plots, suggesting that there is more than a single pathway for inactivation of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E R Rowell
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, Hendersonville, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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49
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Abstract
The innate immune system has evolved mechanisms to keep the viral infection under control and repair damaged tissues. Several pathways can identify the presence of pathogenic components, such as viral nucleic acids and viral proteins. Also, the innate immune system can detect cellular and tissue perturbations caused by infections. Inflammasomes are cellular pieces of machinery that can detect a pathogen’s presence and its possible impact on cellular integrity. Thereby several inflammasomes, including the NLRP3 inflammasome and the AIM2 inflammasome, contribute to antiviral innate immunity. Inflammation driven by inflammasomes promotes immune defenses and initiate repair mechanisms. However, its overactivation may trigger acute inflammatory responses that may harm the host. This pathologic activation could contribute to the hyperinflammatory response observed in patients infected with viruses, including influenza, SARS, and possibly SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Spel
- Departement of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Martinon
- Departement of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.
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50
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Nikolich-Žugich J, Bradshaw CM, Uhrlaub JL, Watanabe M. Immunity to acute virus infections with advanced age. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 46:45-58. [PMID: 33160186 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New infections in general, and new viral infections amongst them, represent a serious challenge to an older organism. This review discusses the age-related alterations in responsiveness to infection from the standpoint of virus:host relationship and the host physiological whole-organism and specific immune response to the virus. Changes with age in the innate and adaptive immune system homeostasis and function are reviewed briefly. This is followed by a review of specific alterations and defects in the response of older organisms (chiefly mice and humans) to acute (particularly emerging and re-emerging) viral infections, with a very brief summary of the response to latent persistent infections. Finally, we provide a brief summary of the perspectives for possible interventions to enhance antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Christine M Bradshaw
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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