1
|
Wang FR, Peng ML, Zhu QF, Yu LL, Zhang LJ, Xu SY, Wang Q, Li J, He X, Liao SG, Ao JL, Xu GB. Withanolides from the active extract of Physalis angulate and their anti-hepatic fibrosis effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 325:117830. [PMID: 38301983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Physalis angulata L., a traditional Chinese medicine called "Kuzhi" in China, was used traditionally to treat liver diseases (eg. icterus, hepatitis) as well as malaria, asthma, and rheumatism. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to investigate the withanolides with anti-hepatic fibrosis effect from P. angulate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Withanolides were obtained from the EtOH extract of P. angulate by bioassay-molecular networking analysis-guided isolation using column chromatography and normal/reversed-phase semipreparative HPLC. The structures of new withanolides were elucidated by combinations of spectroscopic techniques with NMR and ECD calculations. MTT cell viability assay, AO/EB staining method, cell wound healing assay, ELISA and Western blot experiments were employed to evaluate the anti-hepatic fibrosis activity and to uncover related mechanism. Molecular docking analysis and cellular thermal shift assay were used to evaluate and verify the interaction between the active withanolides and their potential targets. RESULTS Eight unreported withanolides, withagulides A-H (1-8), along with twenty-eight known ones were obtained from P. angulate. Withanolides 6, 9, 10, 24, 27, and 29-32 showed marked anti-hepatic fibrosis effect with COL1A1 expression inhibition above 50 %. Physalin F (9), the main component in the active fraction, significantly decreased the TGF β1-stimulated expressions of collagen I and α-SMA in LX-2 cells. Mechanism study revealed that physalin F exerted its anti-hepatic fibrosis effect via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study suggested that withanolides were an important class of natural products with marked anti-hepatic fibrosis effect. The main withanolide physalin F might be a promising candidate for hepatic fibrosis treatment. The work provided experimental foundation for the use of P. angulate to treat hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; University Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Authentic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Mei-Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Shi-Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xun He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; University Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Authentic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Jun-Li Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; University Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Authentic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province, Gui-an New District, 550025, Guizhou, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Yuan Y, Cao S, Kang N, Qiu F. Withanolides: Promising candidates for cancer therapy. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1104-1158. [PMID: 38176694 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Natural products have played a significant role throughout history in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases, particularly cancers. As a natural product primarily derived from various medicinal plants in the Withania genus, withanolides have been shown in several studies to exhibit potential activities in cancer treatment. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanism of withanolides could herald the discovery of new anticancer agents. Withanolides have been studied widely, especially in the last 20 years, and attracted the attention of numerous researchers. Currently, over 1200 withanolides have been classified, with approximately a quarter of them having been reported in the literature to be able to modulate the survival and death of cancer cells through multiple avenues. To what extent, though, has the anticancer effects of these compounds been studied? How far are they from being developed into clinical drugs? What are their potential, characteristic features, and challenges? In this review, we elaborate on the current knowledge of natural compounds belonging to this class and provide an overview of their natural sources, anticancer activity, mechanism of action, molecular targets, and implications for anticancer drug research. In addition, direct targets and clinical research to guide the design and implementation of future preclinical and clinical studies to accelerate the application of withanolides have been highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - YongKang Yuan
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sheng JD, Liu J, Du JW, Wang YP. Withaferin A alleviates inflammation and joint injury in arthritic rats via elevating microRNA-1297 to target karyopherin alpha2. J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 74. [PMID: 38345447 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2023.6.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA) is a natural compound separated from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera. As reported, it has the potential to safely cure rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in animal models. Nevertheless, the action mechanism of WFA in treating RA has not been completely illuminated. The study was to explore the action and mechanism of WFA on arthritic rats. First, a collagen-induced arthritis rat model was established. WFA administration alleviated inflammation and injury in arthritic rats. Subsequently, fibroblast synovial cells (FLS) of arthritic rats were separated and cell proliferation and apoptosis abilities were tested. It was found that WFA was available to repress FLS cell proliferation and accelerate apoptosis. MicroRNA-1297 was downregulated in RA patients. Clinical correlation analysis suggested that miR-1297 in the serum of RA patients was negatively associated with pro-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and RA diagnostic indexes (RF, DAS28). In the meantime, miR-1297 had superior diagnostic value in differentiating RA patients from healthy people. Karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) was the downstream target of miR-1297, while miR-1297 negatively modulated KPNA2 expression. Importantly, WFA further restrained KPNA2 expression via elevating miR-1297 in functional rescue experiments, thereby treating inflammation and injury in arthritic rats and repressing FLS cell proliferation and activation. In short, WFA alleviated inflammation and joint damage in arthritic rats via elevating miR-1297 to target KPNA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianshui First People's Hospital, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianshui First People's Hospital, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, China
| | - J W Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianshui First People's Hospital, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Y P Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baghel K, Azam Z, Srivastava R, Gupta N, Kango N. Withaferin-A attenuates diabetes mellitus induced male reproductive dysfunction mediated by ERα in brain and testes of Swiss albino mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17625. [PMID: 37848702 PMCID: PMC10582261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from diminished insulin secretion or insulin resistance. The present study evaluated the ameliorative effects of Withaferin-A (WA) on DM-induced reproductive dysfunction in mice. For the same, mice were intraperitoneally injected with Streptozotocin (STZ), (40 mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days to induce DM. Mice were then treated with WA (8 mg/kg/day) in normal and diabetic conditions (STZ + WA). Next, blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance, oxidative stress and reproductive parameters were estimated. For reproductive performance, immunofluorescent localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus region of hypothalamus and ERα in testes was performed. STZ-induced diabetes triggered reproductive dysfunctions as mediated by low GnRH-I and ERα in the brain and ERα in the testes along with declined testosterone and estradiol levels. Treatment with WA significantly reduced the blood glucose levels and enhanced glucose clearance accompanied by reduced oxidative stress in the brain, pancreas and testes as indicated by the low levels of H2O2 and MDA in diabetic mice treated with WA (STZ + WA). This study reports, for the first time, that WA can efficiently ameliorate DM-induced reproductive dysfunctions by enhancing endogenous testosterone, estrogen and increased GnRH-I and ERα in the brain and ERα in the testes of DM-induced male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Baghel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Zaffar Azam
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP, 211002, India
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Mundkur L. A standardized Ashwagandha root extract alleviates stress, anxiety, and improves quality of life in healthy adults by modulating stress hormones: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35521. [PMID: 37832082 PMCID: PMC10578737 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a surge in stress, anxiety, and depression worldwide. Ashwagandha, an ayurvedic adaptogen has been traditionally used to manage stress, anxiety, and general well-being. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE-500 mg) standardized for 2.5% withanolides as per USP protocol with piperine (5 mg of 95% piperine) once daily for 60 days (12.5 mg withanolides/day) to alleviate stress and anxiety in healthy individuals with mild to moderate symptoms. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted for 60 days using ARE (n = 27) and placebo (n = 27) once daily at night at Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, and Vijaya Super Specialty Hospital, Nellore, in India. The objectives of this study were to assess an improvement in perceived stress scale (PSS), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), quality of life (QOL), cognitive scores in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), changes in salivary cortisol, urinary serotonin, dopamine, serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) from baseline to end of the study. Safety was evaluated by laboratory parameters, and by monitoring any incidence of adverse events. RESULTS 54 individuals were randomized and 50 of them completed the study. The PSS, GAD-7, and QOL scores improved significantly in all the participants taking ARE compared to the placebo. The CANTAB analysis revealed a significant improvement in multitasking, concentration, and decision taking time in ARE compared to placebo. ARE was also associated with a greater reduction in the morning salivary cortisol and an increase in urinary serotonin compared to placebo. Serum levels of NO, GSH, and MDA were not significantly different. Biochemical and hematological parameters remained in the normal range in all participants and ARE was well tolerated during the study. CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest that ARE with 2.5% withanolides can effectively improve stress and anxiety by reducing cortisol and increasing serotonin in healthy individuals with mild to moderate symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Sabinsa Corporation, East Windsor, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lakshmi Mundkur
- Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pięta E, Chrabąszcz K, Pogoda K, Suchy K, Paluszkiewicz C, Kwiatek WM. Adaptogenic activity of withaferin A on human cervical carcinoma cells using high-definition vibrational spectroscopic imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166615. [PMID: 36481485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite invaluable advances in cervical cancer therapy, treatment regimens for recurrent or persistent cancers and low-toxicity alternative treatment options are scarce. In recent years, substances classified as adaptogens have been identified as promising drug sources for preventing and treating cancer-based diseases on their ability to attack multiple molecular targets. This paper establishes the effectiveness of inhibition of the neoplastic process by a withaferin A (WFA), an adaptogenic substance, based on an in vitro model of cervical cancer. This study explores for the first time the potential of high-definition vibrational spectroscopy methods, i.e. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopic (RS) imaging at the single-cell level to evaluate the efficacy of the adaptogenic drug. HeLa cervical cancer cells were incubated with various concentrations of WFA at different incubation times. The multimodal spectroscopic approach combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression allowed the identification of molecular changes (e.g., lipids, protein secondary structures, or nucleic acids) induced by WFA at the cellular level. The results clearly illustrate the enormous potential of WFA in inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer cells. WFA inhibited the growth of the studied cancer cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Such studies provide comprehensive information on the sensitivity of cells to adaptogenic drugs. This is a fundamental step towards determining the rate and nature of adaptogen-induced changes in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pięta
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Chrabąszcz
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Suchy
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Su Y, Zhang F, Wu L, Kuang H, Wang Q, Cheng G. Total withanolides ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 285:114895. [PMID: 34875348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Datura metel L. has been used as an anesthetic in clinic for more than 1800 years in China, and the main efficacy of D. metel L. flower is relieving asthma and cough, relieving spasm and relieving pain. From 1978 to 1980, Datura metel L. was used as an anesthetic agent and occasionally cured psoriasis patients during anesthesia clinically, and our group confirmed that the effective portion is total withanolides (YWS). Moreover, the new drug "Datura metel L. capsule" composed of YWS has since been approved and used for the treatment of more than 3,000 psoriasis patients, with efficacy and cure rates greater than 90% and 65%. However, the immunological mechanism has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY Nowadays, although total withanolides from Datura metel L. have a better clinical efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis, there is a lack of overall understanding of the mechanism of their treatment, especially about some immune cells and proteins closely related to psoriasis and their relationship in executive function and biological significance. This study focused on investigating the mechanism of psoriasis treatment by YWS and determined the biochemical processes in the treatment of psoriasis based on Treg/Th17 axis cell-mediated bidirectional immunoregulatory functions, which provides an important scientific basis for understanding the mechanism underlying the treatment of psoriasis by YWS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of YWS on the lesion pathology of IMQ-induced psoriasis mice and the underlying molecular mechanism were assessed directly using HE staining, the PASI score and the animal body mass. We also investigated the effects of YWS on the Treg/Th17 axis and their critical functions in psoriasis pathogenesis via molecular biological methods. Finally, we performed differential proteomics analysis on skin in IMQ-induced psoriasis mice to clarify the effect of YWS by incorporates mass spectrometry-bioinformatics and annotated the functions and pathways associated with the differential proteins through GO enrichment, KEGG pathway analysis and PPI networks analysis, respectively. RESULTS YWS regulated the imbalance of the Treg/Th17 axis. And proteomic analysis showed that YWS up-regulated 46 and down-regulated 37 proteins. According to the bioinformatics analysis, the improvement of Treg/Th17 imbalance may be the key immunological mechanism of YWS in the treatment of psoriasis by up-regulating the butyrate metabolism pathway, down-regulating leukocyte migration, inhibiting the phagocytic function of natural killer cells, suppressing osteoclast differentiation and interfering with chemokine activity, and the critical proteins involved are Lyn, HMGCS2, ABAT, ITGβ2, PRKCβ, MMP9, NCF1, JUNβ, and Hck. CONCLUSION This research clarified that the improvement of the imbalance of the Treg/Th17 axis may be the key immunological mechanism of YWS in the treatment of psoriasis through metabolic pathways and influencing key proteins. The results not only expand the therapeutic targets and approaches for the treatment of psoriasis, which is a challenging and complex disease, but also deepens the understanding of the mechanism of YWS in the treatment of psoriasis and other important conditions to open up a new way of thinking for research on YWS in the treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Northern Medicine, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Northern Medicine, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lun Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Haixue Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Northern Medicine, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Faculty of Microbiology and Immunogenetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Xu YM, Liu MX, Inacio MC, Brooks AD, Tewary P, Sayers TJ, Gunatilaka AAL. Ring A/B-Modified 17β-Hydroxywithanolide Analogues as Antiproliferative Agents for Prostate Cancer and Potentiators of Immunotherapy for Renal Carcinoma and Melanoma. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:3029-3038. [PMID: 34851111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Physachenolide C (1) is a 17β-hydroxywithanolide natural product with a unique anticancer potential, as it exhibits potent and selective in vitro antiproliferative activity against prostate cancer (PC) cells and promotes TRAIL-induced apoptosis of renal carcinoma (RC) and poly I:C-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells. To explore the effect of ring A/B modifications of physachenolide C (1) on these biological activities, 23 of its natural and semisynthetic analogues were evaluated. Analogues 4-23 were prepared by chemical transformations of a readily accessible compound, physachenolide D (2). Compound 1 and its analogues 2-23 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against PC (LNCaP and 22Rv1), RC (ACHN), and melanoma (M14 and SK-MEL-28) cell lines and normal human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Most of the active analogues had selective and potent activity in reducing cell number for PC cell lines, some showing selectivity for androgen-independent and enzalutamide-resistant 22Rv1 cells compared to androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Analogues with IC50s below 5.0 μM against ACHN cells, when tested in the presence of TRAIL, showed a significantly increased ability to reduce cell number, and those analogues active against the M14 and SK-MEL-28 cell lines exhibited enhanced activity when combined with poly I:C. These data provide additional structure-activity relationship information for 17β-hydroxywithanolides and suggest that selective activities of some analogues may be exploited to develop natural products-based tumor-specific agents for cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Ya-Ming Xu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Manping X Liu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Marielle C Inacio
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Alan D Brooks
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Poonam Tewary
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Thomas J Sayers
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sultana T, Okla MK, Ahmed M, Akhtar N, Al-Hashimi A, Abdelgawad H, Haq IU. Withaferin A: From Ancient Remedy to Potential Drug Candidate. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247696. [PMID: 34946778 PMCID: PMC8705790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA) is a pivotal withanolide that has conquered a conspicuous place in research, owning to its multidimensional biological properties. It is an abundant constituent in Withania somnifera Dunal. (Ashwagandha, WS) that is one of the prehistoric pivotal remedies in Ayurveda. This article reviews the literature about the pharmacological profile of WA with special emphasis on its anticancer aspect. We reviewed research publications concerning WA through four databases and provided a descriptive analysis of literature without statistical or qualitative analysis. WA has been found as an effective remedy with multifaceted mechanisms and a broad spectrum of pharmacological profiles. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiherpetic, antifibrotic, antiplatelet, profibrinolytic, immunosuppressive, antipigmentation, antileishmanial, and healing potentials. Evidence for wide pharmacological actions of WA has been established by both in vivo and in vitro studies. Further, the scientific literature accentuates the role of WA harboring a variable therapeutic spectrum for integrative cancer chemoprevention and cure. WA is a modern drug from traditional medicine that is necessary to be advanced to clinical trials for advocating its utility as a commercial drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.O.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.-u.-H.)
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 43600, Pakistan;
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.O.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Hamada Abdelgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Ihsan-ul- Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.-u.-H.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khan MI, Maqsood M, Saeed RA, Alam A, Sahar A, Kieliszek M, Miecznikowski A, Muzammil HS, Aadil RM. Phytochemistry, Food Application, and Therapeutic Potential of the Medicinal Plant ( Withania coagulans): A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226881. [PMID: 34833974 PMCID: PMC8622323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal plants have been utilized to treat and cure various health-related problems since ancient times. The use of Ayurvedic medicine is very significant because of its least reported side effects and host of advantages. Withania coagulans (Family; Solanaceae), a valuable medicinal plant, has been used to cure abnormal cell growth, wasting disorders, neural as well as physical problems, diabetes mellitus, insomnia, acute and chronic hepatic ailments. This review provides critical insight regarding the phytochemistry, biological activities, and pharmacognostic properties of W. coagulans. It has been known to possess diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidative, and anti-mutagenic properties owing to the existence of withanolides, an active compound present in it. Apart from withanolides, W. coagulans also contains many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, and β-sterols. Several studies indicate that various parts of W. coagulans and their active constituents have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic properties and thus can be considered as a new drug therapy against multiple diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.K.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Maria Maqsood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Raakia Anam Saeed
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amna Alam
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amna Sahar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Miecznikowski
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hafiz Shehzad Muzammil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (R.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.S.); (H.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.K.); (R.M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Das R, Rauf A, Akhter S, Islam MN, Emran TB, Mitra S, Khan IN, Mubarak MS. Role of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:3696. [PMID: 34204308 PMCID: PMC8234716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline and memory deficits due to beta-amyloid deposition (Aβ) and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. To date, approximately 47 million people worldwide have AD. This figure will rise to an estimated 75.6 million by 2030 and 135.5 million by 2050. According to the literature, the efficacy of conventional medications for AD is statistically substantial, but clinical relevance is restricted to disease slowing rather than reversal. Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone glycowithanolides, a secondary metabolite with comprehensive biological effects. Biosynthetically, it is derived from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Acnistus breviflorus (Gallinero) through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways. Mounting evidence shows that WA possesses inhibitory activities against developing a pathological marker of Alzheimer's diseases. Several cellular and animal models' particulates to AD have been conducted to assess the underlying protective effect of WA. In AD, the neuroprotective potential of WA is mediated by reduction of beta-amyloid plaque aggregation, tau protein accumulation, regulation of heat shock proteins, and inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory constituents. Despite the various preclinical studies on WA's therapeutic potentiality, less is known regarding its definite efficacy in humans for AD. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the biosynthesis of WA, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AD, and finally the therapeutic potential of WA for the treatment and prevention of AD, highlighting the research and augmentation of new therapeutic approaches. Further clinical trials are necessary for evaluating the safety profile and confirming WA's neuroprotective potency against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan;
| | - Saima Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Ishaq N. Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee DH, Park SH, Lee E, Seo HD, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Im SS, Jung CH. Withaferin A exerts an anti-obesity effect by increasing energy expenditure through thermogenic gene expression in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Phytomedicine 2021; 82:153457. [PMID: 33444942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enhancement of energy expenditure has attracted attention as a therapeutic target for the management of body weight. Withaferin A (WFA), a major constituent of Withania somnifera extract, has been reported to possess anti-obesity properties, however the underlying mechanism remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate whether WFA exerts anti-obesity effects via increased energy expenditure, and if so, to characterize the underlying pathway. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks, and WFA was orally administered for 7 days. The oxygen consumption rate of mice was measured at 9 weeks using an OxyletPro™ system. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR methods were used. RESULTS Treatment with WFA ameliorated HFD-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure by improving of mitochondrial activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and promotion of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) browning via increasing uncoupling protein 1 levels. WFA administration also significantly increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the BAT of obese mice. Additionally, WFA activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, including p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK, in both BAT and scWAT. CONCLUSION WFA enhances energy expenditure and ameliorates obesity via the induction of AMPK and activating p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK, which triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and browning-related gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar S, Phaneuf D, Julien JP. Withaferin-A Treatment Alleviates TAR DNA-Binding Protein-43 Pathology and Improves Cognitive Function in a Mouse Model of FTLD. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:286-296. [PMID: 33078279 PMCID: PMC8116414 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin-A, an active withanolide derived from the medicinal herbal plant Withania somnifera induces autophagy, reduces TDP-43 proteinopathy, and improves cognitive function in transgenic mice expressing mutant TDP-43 modelling FTLD. TDP-43 is a nuclear DNA/RNA-binding protein with cellular functions in RNA transcription and splicing. Abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 occur in several neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). To date, no effective treatment is available for TDP-43 proteinopathies. Here, we tested the effects of withaferin-A (WFA), an active withanolide extracted from the medicinal herbal plant Withania somnifera, in a transgenic mouse model of FTLD expressing a genomic fragment encoding mutant TDP-43G348C. WFA treatment ameliorated the cognitive performance of the TDP-43G348C mice, and it reduced NF-κB activity and neuroinflammation in the brain. WFA alleviated TDP-43 pathology while it boosted the levels of the autophagic marker LC3BII in the brain. These data suggest that WFA and perhaps other autophagy inducers should be considered as potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases with TDP-43 pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Phaneuf
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Canada Research Chair in Neurodegeneration, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec City, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shou P, Li J, Wei Y, Kai G, Wang F, Zhao H, Yang B. Separation and identification of tubocapsanolide MAP and tubocapsunolide A, and the structure-activity relationship of their anti-TNBC activity. Steroids 2020; 164:108734. [PMID: 33010265 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new withanolide, tubocaapsanolide MAP (MeOH addition product) (1), as well as its known precursor tubocaapsanolide A (2) were obtained from Tubocapsicum anomalum (Solanaceae). Compound 1 was a MeOH addition product transformed from compound 2 during the process of separation using MeOH as solvent. The structures of the two withanolides including absolute configuration were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and X-ray single crystal diffraction. In the test of anti-triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) effects, tubocapsusanlide A (2) showed potent inhibitory activity against four human TNBC cell lines, while tubocapsusanlide MAP (1) exhited significantly weaker inhibitory than that of tubocapsusanlide A (2), indicating that α-β unsaturated carbonyl unit contained in 2 was closely related to its anti-TNBC activity. The potent bioactivity displayed significant developing potential of withanolides as anti-TNBC lead compounds or drug candidates. And this report may provide some useful guidances for the preparation and bioactivity research of withanolides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PanTing Shou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - YingYing Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - GuoYin Kai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - FuQian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
| | - HuaJun Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China.
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Cachexia is a common multifactorial syndrome in the advanced stages of cancer and accounts for approximately 20–30% of all cancer-related fatalities. In addition to the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, cancer results in impairments in cardiac function. We recently demonstrated that WFA attenuates the cachectic skeletal muscle phenotype induced by ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ovarian cancer induces cardiac cachexia, the possible pathway involved, and whether WFA attenuates cardiac cachexia. Xenografting of ovarian cancer induced cardiac cachexia, leading to the loss of normal heart functions. Treatment with WFA rescued the heart weight. Further, ovarian cancer induced systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction Treatment with WFA preserved systolic function in tumor-bearing mice, but diastolic dysfunction was partially improved. In addition, WFA abrogated the ovarian cancer-induced reduction in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. Finally, treatment with WFA ameliorated fibrotic deposition in the hearts of tumor-bearing animals. We observed a tumor-induced MHC isoform switching from the adult MHCα to the embryonic MHCβ isoform, which was prevented by WFA treatment. Circulating Ang II level was increased significantly in the tumor-bearing, which was lowered by WFA treatment. Our results clearly demonstrated the induction of cardiac cachexia in response to ovarian tumors in female NSG mice. Further, we observed induction of proinflammatory markers through the AT1R pathway, which was ameliorated by WFA, in addition to amelioration of the cachectic phenotype, suggesting WFA as a potential therapeutic agent for cardiac cachexia in oncological paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natia Q. Kelm
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Straughn
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mehta M, Gohil D, Khattry N, Kumar R, Sandur S, Sharma D, Checker R, Agarwal B, Jha D, Majumdar A, Gota V. Prevention of acute graft-versus-host-disease by Withaferin a via suppression of AKT/mTOR pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106575. [PMID: 32416453 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGVHD) is a frequent and serious complication in patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) and often requires rigorous prophylaxis. The current treatment regimens for aGVHD are associated with several side effects which necessitates the development of novel interventions that prevent aGVHD without precluding graft-versus-tumor effects. In the present study, we show that treatment of donor graft with plant steroidal lactone Withaferin A (WA) prior to transplantation markedly reduced aGVHD mediated damage in target organs without compromising the graft-versus.-tumor activity of the transplanted lymphocytes. WA abrogated post-transplant cytokine storm associated with allo-activation of donor lymphocytes. This was attributed to the ability of WA to inhibit early signaling events in T-cell activation including lymphoblast formation and activation of AKT/mTOR pathway. Mortality and morbidity related to allo-transplantation was significantly reduced in recipients of WA treated donor splenocytes compared to recipient of vehicle treated donor splenocytes. Further, WA treatment did not have any effect on reconstitution of lymphoid and myeloid lineages in recipients, resulting in stable and complete donor chimerism. In agreement with previous reports showing the effectiveness of WA in a mouse model of partial chimerism, our data further establishes that WA is able to attenuate aGVHD in an MHC-mismatched high dose chemo-conditioned murine model without compromising engraftment. This study provides compelling scientific basis for possible application of WA for prevention and treatment of aGVHD in patients receiving allo-BMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miten Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India; Clinical Pharmacology laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Dievya Gohil
- Clinical Pharmacology laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Navin Khattry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Beamon Agarwal
- Department of Hematopathology, Montefiore Medical Centre, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dhruv Jha
- Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi, Ranchi, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Clinical Pharmacology laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin X, Yang G, Ma D, Su Z. Inhibition of cancer cell growth in cisplatin-resistant human oral cancer cells by withaferin-A is mediated via both apoptosis and autophagic cell death, endogenous ROS production, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and by targeting MAPK/RAS/RAF signalling pathway. J BUON 2020; 25:332-337. [PMID: 32277651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral cancer is one of the common oral cavity and pharynx cancers and its treatment is limited by early metastasis, late diagnosis and emergence of drug resistance. Herein we investigated the anticancer effects of Withaferin-A against the cisplatin-resistant SCC-4 human oral cancer cells. METHODS The proliferation rate of the human oral cancer cells was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Apoptotic cell death was studied by acridine orange (AO) / ethidium bromide (EB) staining as well as by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) examination was carried out by flow cytometry. Protein expressions were determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS The results of the MTT assay showed that Withaferin-A caused decrease in the proliferation of SCC-4 cells and exhibited an IC50 of 14 µM. The anticancer effects of Withaferin-A were mainly due to the induction of apoptosis which was linked with upsurge of Bax and depletion of BCl-2. Annexin V/PI assay showed that the apoptotic cells were 0.75, 5.8, 12.4 and 22.66% at 0,7,14 and 28 µM concentrations of Withaferin-A. Withaferin-A also caused increase in the ROS and decrease in the MMP levels of the SCC-4 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of LC3B II increased while of p62 decreased remarkably upon treatment with Withaferin-A, suggestive of autophagic cell death. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that Withaferin-A caused increase in the G2/M phase cells triggering arrest of cancer cells at the G2/M checkpoint of the cell cycle. Finally, western blot analysis showed that Withaferin-A blocked the MAPK/RAS/RAF signalling pathway in the SCC-4 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Withaferin-A may prove a potent lead molecule in oral cancer treatment and warrants further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dutta R, Khalil R, Green R, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Withaferin A: Potential in Integrative Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215310. [PMID: 31731424 PMCID: PMC6862083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera, WS), belonging to the family Solanaceae, is an Ayurvedic herb known worldwide for its numerous beneficial health activities since ancient times. This medicinal plant provides benefits against many human illnesses such as epilepsy, depression, arthritis, diabetes, and palliative effects such as analgesic, rejuvenating, regenerating, and growth-promoting effects. Several clinical trials of the different parts of the herb have demonstrated safety in patients suffering from these diseases. In the last two decades, an active component of Withaferin A (WFA) has shown tremendous cytotoxic activity suggesting its potential as an anti-carcinogenic agent in treatment of several cancers. In spite of enormous progress, a thorough elaboration of the proposed mechanism and mode of action is absent. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the properties of WS extracts (WSE) containing complex mixtures of diverse components including WFA, which have shown inhibitory properties against many cancers, (breast, colon, prostate, colon, ovarian, lung, brain), along with their mechanism of actions and pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Dutta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Roukiah Khalil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (R.D.); (R.K.); (R.G.)
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-4127
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mu X, Shi W, Xu Y, Xu C, Zhao T, Geng B, Yang J, Pan J, Hu S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Wang C, Shen J, Che Y, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wen H, You Q. Tumor-derived lactate induces M2 macrophage polarization via the activation of the ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway in breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:428-438. [PMID: 29468929 PMCID: PMC5927648 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1444305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are prominent components of tumor microenvironment (TME) and capable of promoting cancer progression. However, the mechanisms for the formation of M2-like TAMs remain enigmatic. Here, we show that lactate is a pivotal oncometabolite in the TME that drives macrophage M2-polarization to promote breast cancer proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. In addition, we identified that the activation of ERK/STAT3, major signaling molecules in the lactate signaling pathway, deepens our molecular understanding of how lactate educates TAMs. Moreover, suppression of ERK/STAT3 signaling diminished tumor growth and angiogenesis by abolishing lactate-induced M2 macrophage polarization. Finally, research data of the natural compound withanolide D provide evidence for ERK/STAT3 signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. These findings suggest that the lactate-ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway is a driver of breast cancer progression by stimulating macrophage M2-like polarization and reveal potential new therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Mu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Drug Screening and Evaluation, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Che Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Biao Geng
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Jinshun Pan
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Yin Che
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Yuanfang Lv
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Qiang You
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chang E, Pohling C, Beygui N, Patel CB, Rosenberg J, Ha DH, Gambhir SS. Synergistic inhibition of glioma cell proliferation by Withaferin A and tumor treating fields. J Neurooncol 2017; 134:259-268. [PMID: 28681243 PMCID: PMC5711586 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer. Standard therapies are non-specific and often of limited effectiveness; thus, efforts are underway to uncover novel, unorthodox therapies against GBM. In previous studies, we investigated Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone from Ayurvedic medicine that inhibits proliferation in cancers including GBM. Another novel approach, tumor treating fields (TTFields), is thought to disrupt mitotic spindle formation and stymie proliferation of actively dividing cells. We hypothesized that combining TTFields with Withaferin A would synergistically inhibit proliferation in glioblastoma. Human glioblastoma cells (GBM2, GBM39, U87-MG) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) were isolated from primary tumors. The glioma cell lines were genetically engineered to express firefly luciferase. Proliferative potential was assessed either by bioluminescence imaging or cell counting via hemocytometer. TTFields (4 V/cm) significantly inhibited growth of the four cancer cell lines tested (n = 3 experiments per time point, four measurements per sample, p < 0.02 at least; 2-way ANOVA, control vs. treatment). The combination of Withaferin A (10-100 nM) with TTFields significantly inhibited the growth of the glioma cells to a degree beyond that of Withaferin A or TTFields alone. The interaction of the Withaferin A and TTFields on glioma cells was found to be synergistic in nature (p < 0.01, n = 3 experiments). These findings were validated by both bioluminescence and hemocytometric measurements. The combination of Withaferin A with TTFields represents a novel approach to treat GBM in a manner that is likely better than either treatment alone and that is synergistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Pohling
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Chirag B Patel
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Dong Ho Ha
- Department of Radiology, Dong-A University Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Canary Center for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kanak MA, Shahbazov R, Yoshimatsu G, Levy MF, Lawrence MC, Naziruddin B. A small molecule inhibitor of NFκB blocks ER stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome and prevents progression of pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:352-365. [PMID: 27418337 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying molecular mechanism that leads to development of chronic pancreatitis remains elusive. The aim of this study is to understand the downstream inflammatory signaling involved in progression of chronic pancreatitis, and to use withaferin A (WA), a small molecule inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), to prevent progression of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Two different protocols were used to induce pancreatitis in mice: standard and stringent administration of cerulein. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by means of pancreatic histology and serum amylase levels. Immunohistochemistry and flow-cytometric analysis was performed to visualize immune cell infiltration into the pancreas. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the downstream signaling mechanism involved in the development of chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS The severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis was reduced significantly by WA, used as either preventive or curative treatment. Immune cell infiltration into the pancreas and acinar cell death were efficiently reduced by WA treatment. Expression of proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes regulated by NFκB activation was increased by cerulein treatment, and WA suppressed these genes significantly. Sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress activation by cerulein administration was reduced. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cerulein-induced pancreatitis was identified, and this was also potently blocked by WA. The human pancreatitis tissue gene signature correlated with the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for the role of NFκB in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis, and strongly suggest that WA could be used as a potential therapeutic drug to alleviate some forms of chronic pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar A Kanak
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Rauf Shahbazov
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Marlon F Levy
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tripathi CDP, Kushawaha PK, Sangwan RS, Mandal C, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Dube A. Withania somnifera chemotype NMITLI 101R significantly increases the efficacy of antileishmanial drugs by generating strong IFN-γ and IL-12 mediated immune responses in Leishmania donovani infected hamsters. Phytomedicine 2017; 24:87-95. [PMID: 28160866 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha, is one of the most important medicinal plant in the traditional Indian medical systems. Pharmacological studies have established that root extracts of W. somnifera contain several bioactive constituents called withanolides. The plant has long been used for its several beneficial properties and recently as an immunomodulator. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE A combination therapy including a potential and safe immunostimulant with lower doses of effective drug, which can reduce the parasitic burden and simultaneously can produce an enhancement of adaptive immunity, has proven to be significantly a more effective approach than immunotherapy or drug therapy alone. STUDY DESIGN Evaluation of the immunostimulatory effect of W. somnifera chemotype NMITLI 101R when used in combination with ED50 doses of antileishmanial drugs in Leishmania donovani infected hamsters. METHODS Infected animals were administered with chemotype 101R(30mg/kg × 15 days) either alone or in combination with ED50 doses of miltefosine (10mg/kg × 5 days), paromomycin (30mg/kg × 5 days) or amphotericin B (0.5mg/kg × 5 days). The treated animals were euthanized on days 30 and 60 post-treatment (p.t.) and checked for parasite clearance, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels by real-time PCR, nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lymphoproliferative and antibody responses. RESULTS The group of animals that received 101R and ED50 dose of miltefosine showed optimum inhibition of parasite multiplication (∼98%) by day 60 p.t. followed by the group that received 101R plus paromomycin (∼94%) and 101R plus amphotericin B (∼93%). The efficacy was well supported by the increased inducible NO synthase mRNA transcript, strong IFN-γand IL-12 mediated Th1 immune responses and significantly suppressed levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β). Additionally, same therapy also induced significant increase in the level of NO production, ROS generation, Leishmania specific IgG2 antibody along with profound DTH and strong T-cell responses as compared with all the other treated groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that combination of chemotype 101R with ED50 doses of antileishmanial drugs may provide a promising alternative for the cure of visceral leishmaniasis with significant restoration of the host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pramod Kumar Kushawaha
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, 226001, India; Centre for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biolgy (IICB), Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | - Anuradha Dube
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, 226001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee IC, Choi BY. Withaferin-A--A Natural Anticancer Agent with Pleitropic Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:290. [PMID: 26959007 PMCID: PMC4813154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, being the second leading cause of mortality, exists as a formidable health challenge. In spite of our enormous efforts, the emerging complexities in the molecular nature of disease progression limit the real success in finding an effective cancer cure. It is now conceivable that cancer is, in fact, a progressive illness, and the morbidity and mortality from cancer can be reduced by interfering with various oncogenic signaling pathways. A wide variety of structurally diverse classes of bioactive phytochemicals have been shown to exert anticancer effects in a large number of preclinical studies. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that withaferin-A can prevent the development of cancers of various histotypes. Accumulating data from different rodent models and cell culture experiments have revealed that withaferin-A suppresses experimentally induced carcinogenesis, largely by virtue of its potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. Moreover, withaferin-A sensitizes resistant cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of this review is to highlight the mechanistic aspects underlying anticancer effects of withaferin-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Chul Lee
- Department of Cosmetic science, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-742, Korea.
| | - Bu Young Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-742, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jadeja RN, Urrunaga NH, Dash S, Khurana S, Saxena NK. Withaferin-A Reduces Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:122-32. [PMID: 26212553 PMCID: PMC5909697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin-A (WA) has anti-oxidant activities however, its therapeutic potential in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is unknown. We performed a proof-of-concept study to assess the therapeutic potential of WA in a mouse model that mimics APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in humans. Overnight fasted C57BL/6NTac (5-6 wk. old) male mice received 200 mg/kg APAP intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 1 h mice were treated with 40 mg/kg WA or vehicle i.p., and euthanized 4 and 16 h later; their livers were harvested and serum collected for analysis. At 4 h, compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had reduced serum ALT levels, hepatocyte necrosis and intrahepatic hemorrhage. All APAP-treated mice had reduced hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels however, reduction in GSH was lower in WA-treated when compared to vehicle-treated mice. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, livers from WA-treated mice had reduced APAP-induced JNK activation, mitochondrial Bax translocation, and nitrotyrosine generation. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had increased hepatic up-regulation of Nrf2, Gclc and Nqo1, and down-regulation of Il-6 and Il-1β. The hepatoprotective effect of WA persisted at 16 h. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had reduced hepatocyte necrosis and hepatic expression of Il-6, Tnf-α and Il-1β, increased hepatic Gclc and Nqo1 expression and GSH levels, and reduced lipid peroxidation. Finally, in AML12 hepatocytes, WA reduced H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress and necrosis by preventing GSH depletion. Collectively, these data show mechanisms whereby WA reduces necrotic hepatocyte injury, and demonstrate that WA has therapeutic potential in AILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravirajsinh N Jadeja
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Nathalie H Urrunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Suchismita Dash
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sandeep Khurana
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Neeraj Kumar Saxena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ni G, Yang HZ, Fu NJ, Zhang LL, Wang MC, Chen J, Zhang CL, Li Y, Chen XG, Chen RY, Yu DQ. Cytotoxic taccalonolides and withanolides from Tacca chantrieri. Planta Med 2015; 81:247-256. [PMID: 25679147 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1396203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Six new taccalonolides, taccalonolides AT-AY (1-6), and two new withanolides, chantriolides D and E (7 and 8), together with ten known compounds (9-18), have been isolated from whole plants of Tacca chantrieri. The structures, including the absolute configurations of some of the compounds, were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines. Compounds 9, 10, 13-15, and 17 exhibited cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values of 1.13-5.71 µM, while compound 7 showed selective cytotoxicity. The results indicated that taccalonolides with a six-membered lactone moiety located at C-15 and C-24 were devoid of cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines (> 10 µM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Ze Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Quan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baitharu I, Jain V, Deep SN, Shroff S, Sahu JK, Naik PK, Ilavazhagan G. Withanolide A prevents neurodegeneration by modulating hippocampal glutathione biosynthesis during hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105311. [PMID: 25310001 PMCID: PMC4195593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera root extract has been used traditionally in ayurvedic system of medicine as a memory enhancer. Present study explores the ameliorative effect of withanolide A, a major component of withania root extract and its molecular mechanism against hypoxia induced memory impairment. Withanolide A was administered to male Sprague Dawley rats before a period of 21 days pre-exposure and during 07 days of exposure to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft. Glutathione level and glutathione dependent free radicals scavenging enzyme system, ATP, NADPH level, γ-glutamylcysteinyl ligase (GCLC) activity and oxidative stress markers were assessed in the hippocampus. Expression of apoptotic marker caspase 3 in hippocampus was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Transcriptional alteration and expression of GCLC and Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were investigated by real time PCR and immunoblotting respectively. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and impaired reduced gluatathione dependent free radical scavenging system in hippocampus resulting in elevated oxidative stress. Supplementation of withanolide A during hypoxic exposure increased GSH level, augmented GSH dependent free radicals scavenging system and decreased the number of caspase and hoescht positive cells in hippocampus. While withanolide A reversed hypoxia mediated neurodegeneration, administration of buthionine sulfoximine along with withanolide A blunted its neuroprotective effects. Exogenous administration of corticosterone suppressed Nrf2 and GCLC expression whereas inhibition of corticosterone synthesis upregulated Nrf2 as well as GCLC. Thus present study infers that withanolide A reduces neurodegeneration by restoring hypoxia induced glutathione depletion in hippocampus. Further, Withanolide A increases glutathione biosynthesis in neuronal cells by upregulating GCLC level through Nrf2 pathway in a corticosterone dependenet manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iswar Baitharu
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chattishgarh, India
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Jain
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Satya Narayan Deep
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sabita Shroff
- Department of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Burla, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Naik
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chattishgarh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beg M, Chauhan P, Varshney S, Shankar K, Rajan S, Saini D, Srivastava MN, Yadav PP, Gaikwad AN. A withanolide coagulin-L inhibits adipogenesis modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway and cell cycle in mitotic clonal expansion. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:406-414. [PMID: 24252344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a result of adipocyte hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia. It is a risk factor for several metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Coagulanolides, particularly coagulin-L isolated from W. coagulan has earlier been reported for anti-hyperglycemic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of coagulin-L on in vitro models of adipocyte differentiation including 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte, mouse stromal mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells and bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our results showed that, coagulin-L reduces the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), the major transcription factors orchestrating adipocyte differentiation. Detailed analysis further proved that early exposure of coagulin-L is sufficient to cause significant inhibition during adipogenesis. Coagulin-L inhibited mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) by delayed entry in G1 to S phase transition and S-phase arrest. This MCE blockade was caused apparently by decreased phosphorylation of C/EBPβ, modulation in expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the early stage regulatory proteins of adipogenic induction. Taken together all evidences, a known anti-hyperglycemic agent coagulin-L has shown potential to inhibit adipogenesis significantly, which can be therapeutically exploited for treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muheeb Beg
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Parul Chauhan
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - M N Srivastava
- Division of Botany, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Prem P Yadav
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gu M, Yu Y, Gunaherath GMKB, Leslie Gunatilaka AA, Li D, Sun D. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of withanolides to inhibit Hsp90 for its activity in pancreatic cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:68-74. [PMID: 23887853 PMCID: PMC3865103 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a naturally occurring steroidal lactone, directly binds to Hsp90 and leads to the degradation of Hsp90 client protein. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure activity relationship (SAR) of withanolides for their inhibition of Hsp90 and anti-proliferative activities in pancreatic cancer cells. In pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells, withaferin A (WA) and its four analogues withanolide E (WE), 4-hydroxywithanolide E (HWE), 3-aziridinylwithaferin A (AzWA) inhibited cell proliferation with IC50 ranged from 1.0 to 2.8 μM. WA, WE, HWE, and AzWA also induced caspase-3 activity by 21-, 6-, 11- and 15-fold, respectively, in Panc-1 cells, while withaperuvin (WP) did not show any activity. Our data showed that WA, WE, HWE, and AzWA, but not WP, all directly bound to Hsp90 and induced Hsp90 aggregation,hence inhibited Hsp90 chaperone activity to induce degradation of Hsp90 client proteins Akt and Cdk4 through proteasome-dependent pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. However, only WA, HWE and AzWA disrupted Hsp90-Cdc37 complexes but not WE and WP. SAR study suggested that the C-5(6)-epoxy functional group contributes considerably for withanolide to bind to Hsp90, inhibit Hsp90 chaperone activity, and result in Hsp90 client protein depletion. Meanwhile, the hydroxyl group at C-4 of ring A may enhance withanolide to inhibit Hsp90 activity and disrupt Hsp90-Cdc37 interaction. These SAR data provide possible mechanisms of anti-proliferative action of withanolides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mancang Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, ZJ 310013. P.R.China
| | - Yanke Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G. M. Kamal B Gunaherath
- SW Center for Natural Products Research & Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW Center for Natural Products Research & Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, 250 E Valencia Road, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, ZJ 310013. P.R.China
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sangwan NS, Sabir F, Mishra S, Bansal S, Sangwan RS. Withanolides from Withania somnifera Dunal: development of cellular technology and their production. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2014; 8:25-35. [PMID: 24354530 DOI: 10.2174/1872208307666131218125300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera Dunal is one of the most commonly used plants in Ayurvedic and indigenous system of medicine in India for over thousands of years. In view of its varied therapeutic potential, the plant has also been the subject of considerable scientific attention. The major chemical constituents of the Withania genus, the withanolides, are a group of naturally occurring C28-steroidal lactones built on an intact or rearranged ergostane framework, in which C22 and C26 are oxidized to form a six-member lactone ring. In recent years, numerous pharmacological investigations have been carried out utilizing W. somnifera extracts and several patents have been filed on pharmacological and medicinal importance of withanolides and extracts of W. somnifera, individually or in combination. Considering the immense importance of withanolides for medicinal purposes, the establishment of strategies to improve withanolides yield are highly desirable. Under natural conditions, W. somnifera possesses restricted levels of withanolides then, alternatives for obtaining withanolides in better yields are imperative. In vitro approaches followed by metabolic engineering could be attractive tools to achieve this goal. Therefore, we present here an overview of the development of various protocols for in vitro tissue regeneration from W. somnifera and in vitro secondary metabolite production as well. The review also gives an account of selected patents on various important activities of phytochemicals and extracts of W. somnifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rajender S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rasheed A, Satyanarayana KV, Gulabi PS, Rao MS. Chemical and pharmacological standardization of Ashwagandhadi lehyam: an ayurvedic formulation. J Complement Integr Med 2013; 10:/j/jcim.2013.10.issue-1/jcim-2012-0026/jcim-2012-0026.xml. [PMID: 24127547 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2012-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Standardization is an important measurement for ensuring the quality control of herbal drugs. It has become essential to develop reliable, specific and sensitive quality control methods. One of the prime ingredients of Ashwagandhadi lehyam is Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanaceae) (ashwagandha). In the present study, Ashwagandhadi lehyam was formulated and the quality assessment of the formulation was based on phytochemical screening and physico-chemical evaluation. Ashwagandhadi lehyam was formulated according to a working formula and subjected to phytochemical screening by FTIR analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting, heavy metal determination by AAS, determination of alcohol content, tested for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic bacteria, yeasts and mould, oral toxicity studies and anti-epileptic activity by MES method. The physico-chemical studies showed total ash content as 6.45%, extractive values and some trace elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic with 3.2, 0.05, 0.18 and 0.48 ppm, respectively. FTIR and HPTLC studies revealed the presence of functional groups of withanolides in Ashwagandhadi lehyam, resulting in its chemical standardization. The formulation exhibited less epileptic seizures in various phases when compared with that of standard phenytoin and found to possess better anti-inflammatory activity, thus making it biologically standardized. The physico-chemical and pharmacological analysis to standardize Ashwagandhadi lehyam confirmed its use as a safe anti-inflammatory agent and for various seizure disorders.
Collapse
|
31
|
SoRelle JA, Itoh T, Peng H, Kanak MA, Sugimoto K, Matsumoto S, Levy MF, Lawrence MC, Naziruddin B. Withaferin A inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced damage to islets in culture and following transplantation. Diabetologia 2013; 56:814-24. [PMID: 23318585 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Beta cell death triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines plays a central role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and loss of transplanted islets. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway is a key regulator of beta cell stress response, survival and apoptosis. Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from Withania somnifera, has been demonstrated to be a potent, safe, anti-inflammatory molecule that can inhibit NF-κB signalling. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of WA to protect mouse and human islets from the damaging effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and following intraportal transplantation. METHODS Mouse and human islets were treated with a cytokine cocktail, and NF-κB activation was measured by immunoblots, p65 nuclear translocation and chromatin immunoprecipitation of p65-bound DNA. Intraportal transplantation of a marginal mass of syngeneic mouse islets was performed to evaluate the in vivo protective effect of WA. RESULTS Treatment with WA substantially improved islet engraftment of syngeneic islets (83% for infusion with 200 islets + WA; 0% for 200 islets + vehicle) in a mouse model of diabetes, compared with marginal graft controls with superior islet function in WA-treated mice confirmed by glucose tolerance test. Treatment of human and mouse islets with WA prevented cytokine-induced cell death, inhibited inflammatory cytokine secretion and protected islet potency. CONCLUSIONS WA was shown to be a strong inhibitor of the inflammatory response in islets, protecting against cytokine-induced cell damage while improving survival of transplanted islets. These results suggest that WA could be incorporated as an adjunctive treatment to improve islet transplant outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A SoRelle
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Samadi AK, Bazzill J, Zhang X, Gallagher R, Zhang H, Gollapudi R, Kindscher K, Timmermann B, Cohen MS. Novel withanolides target medullary thyroid cancer through inhibition of both RET phosphorylation and the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Surgery 2013; 152:1238-47. [PMID: 23158190 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite development of current targeted therapies for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), long-term survival remains unchanged. Recently isolated novel withanolide compounds from Solanaceae physalis are highly potent against MTCs. We hypothesize that these withanolides uniquely inhibit RET phosphorylation and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in MTC cells as a mechanism of antiproliferation and apoptosis. METHODS MTC cells were treated with novel withanolides and MTC-targeted drugs. In vitro studies assessed cell viability and proliferation (MTS; trypan blue assays), apoptosis (flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining; confirmed by Western blot analysis), long-term cytotoxic effects (clonogenic assay), and suppression of key regulatory proteins such as RET, Akt, and mTOR (by Western blot analysis). RESULTS The novel withanolides potently reduced MTC cell viability (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 270-2,850 nmol/L; 250-1,380 nmol/L for vandetanib; 360-1,640 nmol/L for cabozantinib) with induction of apoptosis at <1,000 nmol/L of drug. Unique from other targeted therapies, withanolides suppressed RET and Akt phosphorylation and protein expression (in a concentration- and time-dependent manner) as well as mTOR activity and translational activity of 4E-BP1 and protein synthesis mediated by p70S6kinase activation at IC(50) concentrations. CONCLUSION Novel withanolides from Physalis selectively and potently inhibit MTC cells in vitro. Unlike other MTC-targeted therapies, these compounds uniquely inhibit both RET kinase activity and the Akt/mTOR prosurvival pathway. Further translational studies are warranted to evaluate their clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas K Samadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lahat G, Zhu QS, Huang KL, Wang S, Bolshakov S, Liu J, Torres K, Langley RR, Lazar AJ, Hung MC, Lev D. Vimentin is a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target; insights from in vitro and in vivo mice xenograft studies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10105. [PMID: 20419128 PMCID: PMC2855704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vimentin is a ubiquitous mesenchymal intermediate filament supporting mechano-structural integrity of quiescent cells while participating in adhesion, migration, survival, and cell signaling processes via dynamic assembly/disassembly in activated cells. Soft tissue sarcomas and some epithelial cancers exhibiting "epithelial to mesenchymal transition" phenotypes express vimentin. Withaferin-A, a naturally derived bioactive compound, may molecularly target vimentin, so we sought to evaluate its effects on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo thereby elucidating the role of vimentin in drug-induced responses. METHODS AND FINDINGS Withaferin-A elicited marked apoptosis and vimentin cleavage in vimentin-expressing tumor cells but significantly less in normal mesenchymal cells. This proapoptotic response was abrogated after vimentin knockdown or by blockade of caspase-induced vimentin degradation via caspase inhibitors or overexpression of mutated caspase-resistant vimentin. Pronounced anti-angiogenic effects of Withaferin-A were demonstrated, with only minimal effects seen in non-proliferating endothelial cells. Moreover, Withaferin-A significantly blocked soft tissue sarcoma growth, local recurrence, and metastasis in a panel of soft tissue sarcoma xenograft experiments. Apoptosis, decreased angiogenesis, and vimentin degradation were all seen in Withaferin-A treated specimens. CONCLUSIONS In light of these findings, evaluation of Withaferin-A, its analogs, or other anti-vimentin therapeutic approaches in soft tissue sarcoma and "epithelial to mesenchymal transition" clinical contexts is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lahat
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Quan-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai-Lieh Huang
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suizhao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Bolshakov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keila Torres
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Langley
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mien Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dina Lev
- Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|