1
|
Dudkina E, Ulyanova V, Asmandiyarova V, Vershinina V, Ilinskaya O. Two Main Cancer Biomarkers as Molecular Targets of Binase Antitumor Activity. Biomed Res Int 2024; 2024:8159893. [PMID: 38374954 PMCID: PMC10876309 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8159893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is frequently coupled with the disturbance of key signaling pathways. Aberrant activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, occurring in over 85% of cancers, is mainly caused by the genetic alterations of its main components-oncogenes EGFR and RAS, and plays a crucial role in cell fate. The importance of EGFR and RAS proteins in a variety of tumors suggests that they would be good therapeutic targets, but at present, no effective targeted therapy against these two oncogenes has been proven. Here, we show that ribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus (binase) inhibits MAPK signaling through direct interaction with EGFR and RAS proteins. This effect contributes to the antitumor potential of binase along with its enzymatic activity. Multitargeticity of binase prevents the development of drug resistance, which is considered a major obstacle to effective anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dudkina
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Vera Ulyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Violetta Asmandiyarova
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Valentina Vershinina
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Olga Ilinskaya
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Erol ÖD, Şenocak Ş, Aerts-Kaya F. The Role of Rab GTPases in the development of genetic and malignant diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:255-281. [PMID: 37060515 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases have been shown to play an important role in several cellular functions, including cytoskeletal remodeling, cell polarity, intracellular trafficking, cell-cycle, progression and lipid transformation. The Ras-associated binding (Rab) family of GTPases constitutes the largest family of GTPases and consists of almost 70 known members of small GTPases in humans, which are known to play an important role in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking, membrane identity, vesicle budding, uncoating, motility and fusion of membranes. Mutations in Rab genes can cause a wide range of inherited genetic diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) to immune dysregulation/deficiency syndromes, like Griscelli Syndrome Type II (GS-II) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), as well as a variety of cancers. Here, we provide an extended overview of human Rabs, discussing their function and diseases related to Rabs and Rab effectors, as well as focusing on effects of (aberrant) Rab expression. We aim to underline their importance in health and the development of genetic and malignant diseases by assessing their role in cellular structure, regulation, function and biology and discuss the possible use of stem cell gene therapy, as well as targeting of Rabs in order to treat malignancies, but also to monitor recurrence of cancer and metastasis through the use of Rabs as biomarkers. Future research should shed further light on the roles of Rabs in the development of multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes and assess Rabs as a possible treatment target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Doğuş Erol
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şimal Şenocak
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang C, Cui ZY, Chang HY, Wu CZ, Yu ZY, Wang XT, Liu YQ, Li CL, Du XG, Li JF. 2-Bromopalmitate inhibits malignant behaviors of HPSCC cells by hindering the membrane location of Ras protein. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2393-2407. [PMID: 38159074 PMCID: PMC10903252 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231220671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation, which is mediated by protein acyltransferase (PAT) and performs important biological functions, is the only reversible lipid modification in organism. To study the effect of protein palmitoylation on hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC), the expression levels of 23 PATs in tumor tissues of 8 HPSCC patients were determined, and high mRNA and protein levels of DHHC9 and DHHC15 were found. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), a small-molecular inhibitor of protein palmitoylation, on the behavior of Fadu cells in vitro (50 μM) and in nude mouse xenograft models (50 μmol/kg), and found that 2BP suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and migration of Fadu cells without increasing cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, the effect of 2BP on the transduction of BMP, Wnt, Shh, and FGF signaling pathways was tested with qRT-PCR, and its drug target was explored with western blotting and acyl-biotinyl exchange assay. Our results showed that 2BP inhibited the transduction of the FGF/ERK signaling pathway. The palmitoylation level of Ras protein decreased after 2BP treatment, and its distribution in the cell membrane structure was reduced significantly. The findings of this work reveal that protein palmitoylation mediated by DHHC9 and DHHC15 may play important roles in the occurrence and development of HPSCC. 2BP is able to inhibit the malignant biological behaviors of HPSCC cells, possibly via hindering the palmitoylation and membrane location of Ras protein, which might, in turn, offer a low-toxicity anti-cancer drug for targeting the treatment of HPSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Cui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hai-Yan Chang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Chang-Zhen Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Yi-Qing Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Chang-Le Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Du
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- Institute of Eye and ENT, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saitoh T, Kim HN, Narita R, Ohtsuka I, Mo W, Lee KY, Enomoto M, Gasmi-Seabrook GMC, Marshall CB, Ikura M. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the RAS family small GTPase protein DiRAS3. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 212:106361. [PMID: 37652393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
DiRAS3, also called ARHI, is a RAS (sub)family small GTPase protein that shares 50-60% sequence identity with H-, K-, and N-RAS, with substitutions in key conserved G-box motifs and a unique 34 amino acid extension at its N-terminus. Unlike the RAS proto-oncogenes, DiRAS3 exhibits tumor suppressor properties. DiRAS3 function has been studied through genetics and cell biology, but there has been a lack of understanding of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the protein, likely due to its instability and poor solubility. To overcome this solubility issue, we engineered a DiRAS3 variant (C75S/C80S), which significantly improved soluble protein expression in E. coli. Recombinant DiRAS3 was purified by Ni-NTA and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Concentration dependence of the SEC chromatogram indicated that DiRAS3 exists in monomer-dimer equilibrium. We then produced truncations of the N-terminal (ΔN) and both (ΔNC) extensions to the GTPase domain. Unlike full-length DiRAS3, the SEC profiles showed that ΔNC is monomeric while ΔN was monomeric with aggregation, suggesting that the N and/or C-terminal tail(s) contribute to dimerization and aggregation. The 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectrum of ΔNC construct displayed well-dispersed peaks similar to spectra of other GTPase domains, which enabled us to demonstrate that DiRAS3 has a GTPase domain that can bind GDP and GTP. Taken together, we conclude that, despite the substitutions in the G-box motifs, DiRAS3 can switch between nucleotide-bound states and that the N- and C-terminal extensions interact transiently with the GTPase domain in intra- and inter-molecular fashions, mediating weak multimerization of this unique small GTPase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saitoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Riku Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Ibuki Ohtsuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Weiyu Mo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Christopher B Marshall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
You H, Dong M. Prediction of diagnostic gene biomarkers for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by integrated machine learning. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231213781. [PMID: 38006610 PMCID: PMC10683566 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231213781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a leading cause of heart failure and sudden death, requires early diagnosis and treatment. This study investigated the underlying pathogenesis and explored potential diagnostic gene biomarkers for HCM. METHODS Transcriptional profiles of myocardial tissues from patients with HCM (dataset GSE36961) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and subjected to bioinformatics analyses, including differentially expressed gene (DEG) identification, enrichment analyses, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and support vector machine recursive feature elimination were performed to identify candidate diagnostic gene biomarkers. mRNA expression levels of candidate biomarkers were tested in an external dataset (GSE141910); area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values were obtained to validate diagnostic efficacy. RESULTS Overall, 156 DEGs (109 downregulated, 47 upregulated) were identified. Enrichment and PPI network analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in biological functions and molecular pathways including inflammatory response, platelet activity, complement and coagulation cascades, extracellular matrix organization, phagosome, apoptosis, and VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling. RASD1, CDC42EP4, MYH6, and FCN3 were identified as diagnostic biomarkers for HCM. CONCLUSIONS RASD1, CDC42EP4, MYH6, and FCN3 might be diagnostic gene biomarkers for HCM and can provide insights concerning HCM pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun You
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengya Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castellano E. Unveiling the Mysteries of RAS Signaling: A Journey of Discovery and Breakthroughs. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1987. [PMID: 38002930 PMCID: PMC10671483 DOI: 10.3390/genes14111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the realm of molecular biology, few terms evoke as much curiosity, fascination, and determination as RAS [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen PY, Huang BJ, Harris M, Boone C, Wang W, Carias H, Mesiona B, Mavrici D, Kohler AC, Bollag G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Shannon K. Structural and functional analyses of a germline KRAS T50I mutation provide insights into Raf activation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168445. [PMID: 37681415 PMCID: PMC10544224 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A T50I substitution in the K-Ras interswitch domain causes Noonan syndrome and emerged as a third-site mutation that restored the in vivo transforming activity and constitutive MAPK pathway activation by an attenuated KrasG12D,E37G oncogene in a mouse leukemia model. Biochemical and crystallographic data suggested that K-RasT50I increases MAPK signal output through a non-GTPase mechanism, potentially by promoting asymmetric Ras:Ras interactions between T50 and E162. We generated a "switchable" system in which K-Ras mutant proteins expressed at physiologic levels supplant the fms like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) dependency of MOLM-13 leukemia cells lacking endogenous KRAS and used this system to interrogate single or compound G12D, T50I, D154Q, and E162L mutations. These studies support a key role for the asymmetric lateral assembly of K-Ras in a plasma membrane-distal orientation that promotes the formation of active Ras:Raf complexes in a membrane-proximal conformation. Disease-causing mutations such as T50I are a valuable starting point for illuminating normal Ras function, elucidating mechanisms of disease, and identifying potential therapeutic opportunities for Rasopathy disorders and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Max Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Heidi Carias
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian Mesiona
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Gideon Bollag
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu W, Wang M, Wang M, Liu M. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveal cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity and a prognostic signature in prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34611. [PMID: 37565899 PMCID: PMC10419654 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the central players in the tumor microenvironment (TME), can promote tumor progression and metastasis via various functions. However, the properties of CAFs in prostate cancer (PCa) have not been fully assessed. Therefore, we aimed to examine the CAF characteristics in PCa and construct a CAF-derived signature to predict PCa prognosis. CAFs were identified using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from 3 studies. We performed the FindAllMarkers function to extract CAF marker genes and constructed a signature to predict the biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) of PCa in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Subsequently, different algorithms were applied to reveal the differences of the TME, immune infiltration, treatment responses in the high- and low-risk groups. Additionally, the CAF heterogeneity was assessed in PCa, which were confirmed by the functional enrichment analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and AUCell method. The scRNA-seq analysis identified a CAF cluster with 783 cells and determined 183 CAF marker genes. Cell-cell communication revealed extensive interactions between fibroblasts and immune cells. A CAF-related prognostic model, containing 7 genes (ASPN, AEBP1, ALDH1A1, BGN, COL1A1, PAGE4 and RASD1), was developed to predict bRFS and validated by 4 independent bulk RNA-seq cohorts. Moreover, the high-risk group of the signature score connected with an immunosuppressive TME, such as a higher level of M2 macrophages and lower levels of plasma cells and CD8+ T cells, and a reduced reaction rate for immunotherapy compared with low-risk group. After re-clustering CAFs via unsupervised clustering, we revealed 3 biologically distinct CAF subsets, namely myofibroblast-like CAFs (myCAFs), immune and inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) and antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs). In conclusion, the CAF-derived signature, the first of its kind, can effectively predict PCa prognosis and serve as an indicator for immunotherapy. Furthermore, our study identified 3 CAF subpopulations with distinct functions in PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gan Y, Chen X, Li Y, Guo Y, Wang R. Sequential Azidation/Azolation of Prenylated Derivatives and a Click Reaction Enable Selective Labeling and Degradation of RAS Protein. J Org Chem 2023; 88:10836-10843. [PMID: 37462271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose the introduction of the azido and azo-functionalities into prenylated derivatives under mild conditions in a selective and efficient way. Upon protocol establishment and substrate scope determination, we apply this method to prenylated protein (citronellol-BSA) labeling, chemical pulldown, and enrichment. Eventually, we achieve the degradation of RAS on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines by employing the well-designed probe von Hippel-Lindau derivatives C4 through the sequential azidation/azolation and click-reaction (SACR) pathway targeting the prenyl functionality attached to the Caax motif of the tested RAS protein. This method displays great potential in regulation of prenylated molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youfang Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuyang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518063, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
van Norman M, Molony DA. KDIGO provided recommendations on SGLT2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal MRAs in patients with diabetes and CKD. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:JC50. [PMID: 37126811 DOI: 10.7326/j23-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SOURCE CITATION Navaneethan SD, Zoungas S, Caramori ML, et al. Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the KDIGO 2022 clinical practice guideline update. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176:381-387. 36623286.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew van Norman
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA (M.V., D.A.M.)
| | - Donald A Molony
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA (M.V., D.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jeuken S, Shkura O, Röger M, Brickau V, Choidas A, Degenhart C, Gülden D, Klebl B, Koch U, Stoll R, Scherkenbeck J. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Binding Mode of a New Class of Oncogenic K-Ras4b Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200392. [PMID: 35979853 PMCID: PMC9826232 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are implicated in some of the most common life-threatening cancers. Despite intense research during the past three decades, progress towards small-molecule inhibitors of mutant Ras proteins still has been limited. Only recently has significant progress been made, in particular with ligands for binding sites located in the switch II and between the switch I and switch II region of K-Ras4B. However, the structural diversity of inhibitors identified for those sites to date is narrow. Herein, we show that hydrazones and oxime ethers of specific bis(het)aryl ketones represent structurally variable chemotypes for new GDP/GTP-exchange inhibitors with significant cellular activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Jeuken
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Oleksandr Shkura
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospec | NMRUniversity of BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Marc Röger
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Victoria Brickau
- Lead Discovery Center GmbHOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1544227DortmundGermany
| | - Axel Choidas
- Lead Discovery Center GmbHOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1544227DortmundGermany
| | | | - Daniel Gülden
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbHOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1544227DortmundGermany
| | - Uwe Koch
- Lead Discovery Center GmbHOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1544227DortmundGermany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryBiomolecular Spectroscopy and RUBiospec | NMRUniversity of BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Jürgen Scherkenbeck
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
East P, Kelly GP, Biswas D, Marani M, Hancock DC, Creasy T, Sachsenmeier K, Swanton C, Downward J, de Carné Trécesson S. RAS oncogenic activity predicts response to chemotherapy and outcome in lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5632. [PMID: 36163168 PMCID: PMC9512813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in KRAS occur in 32% of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). Despite leading to aggressive disease and resistance to therapy in preclinical studies, the KRAS mutation does not predict patient outcome or response to treatment, presumably due to additional events modulating RAS pathways. To obtain a broader measure of RAS pathway activation, we developed RAS84, a transcriptional signature optimised to capture RAS oncogenic activity in LUAD. We report evidence of RAS pathway oncogenic activation in 84% of LUAD, including 65% KRAS wild-type tumours, falling into four groups characterised by coincident alteration of STK11/LKB1, TP53 or CDKN2A, suggesting that the classifications developed when considering only KRAS mutant tumours have significance in a broader cohort of patients. Critically, high RAS activity patient groups show adverse clinical outcome and reduced response to chemotherapy. Patient stratification using oncogenic RAS transcriptional activity instead of genetic alterations could ultimately assist in clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip East
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin P Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michela Marani
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David C Hancock
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Todd Creasy
- Oncology Data Science, Oncology Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Kris Sachsenmeier
- Oncology Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Lung Cancer Group, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu Y, Zhang P, Shi Y, Dong X, Wu Y, Dong D, Li E, Fan Y. Inhibition of Ras protein activator like 2 produces antitumor effects in gastric cancer via the suppression of YAP1 activation. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:527-538. [PMID: 34826200 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ras protein activator like 2 (RASAL2) has a cancer-related function, but plays inconsistent roles in different malignancies. This project was designed to determine the role of RASAL2 in carcinogenesis in gastric cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas data revealed high levels of RASAL2 in gastric cancer tissue, which was confirmed in clinical specimens of gastric cancer via real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting assays. High RASAL2 was correlated with a reduced survival rate in gastric cancer patients. In gastric cancer cell lines, the silencing of RASAL2 restrained cellular proliferation, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, while enhancing chemosensitivity to cisplatin. Mechanistically, the silencing of RASAL2 was found to inhibit the activation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a pro-oncogenic protein in gastric cancer, and decrease the expression of YAP1 target genes. The re-expression of constitutively active YAP1 substantially reversed RASAL2-silencing-produced antitumor effects. Moreover, treatment with YAP1 inhibitors could diminish RASAL2-overexpression-evoked oncogenic effects in gastric cancer cells. Additionally, gastric cancer cells with RASAL2 silencing exhibited a reduced ability to form xenograft tumors in nude mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the silencing of RASAL2 has noteworthy antitumor effects in gastric cancer cells via the suppression of YAP1 activation. This project underscores a vital role of the RASAL2/YAP1 axis in gastric progression and indicates that targeting this oncogenic axis may be applied as a potential therapeutic option for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Pengchuang Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Cancer, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xuyuan Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yinying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Danfeng Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Enxiao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yangwei Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Q, Riley-Gillis B, Han L, Jia Y, Lodi A, Zhang H, Ganesan S, Pan R, Konoplev SN, Sweeney SR, Ryan JA, Jitkova Y, Dunner K, Grosskurth SE, Vijay P, Ghosh S, Lu C, Ma W, Kurtz S, Ruvolo VR, Ma H, Weng CC, Ramage CL, Baran N, Shi C, Cai T, Davis RE, Battula VL, Mi Y, Wang J, DiNardo CD, Andreeff M, Tyner JW, Schimmer A, Letai A, Padua RA, Bueso-Ramos CE, Tiziani S, Leverson J, Popovic R, Konopleva M. Activation of RAS/MAPK pathway confers MCL-1 mediated acquired resistance to BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:51. [PMID: 35185150 PMCID: PMC8858957 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high initial response rates, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with the BCL-2-selective inhibitor venetoclax (VEN) alone or in combinations commonly acquires resistance. We performed gene/protein expression, metabolomic and methylation analyses of isogenic AML cell lines sensitive or resistant to VEN, and identified the activation of RAS/MAPK pathway, leading to increased stability and higher levels of MCL-1 protein, as a major acquired mechanism of VEN resistance. MCL-1 sustained survival and maintained mitochondrial respiration in VEN-RE cells, which had impaired electron transport chain (ETC) complex II activity, and MCL-1 silencing or pharmacologic inhibition restored VEN sensitivity. In support of the importance of RAS/MAPK activation, we found by single-cell DNA sequencing rapid clonal selection of RAS-mutated clones in AML patients treated with VEN-containing regimens. In summary, these findings establish RAS/MAPK/MCL-1 and mitochondrial fitness as key survival mechanisms of VEN-RE AML and provide the rationale for combinatorial strategies effectively targeting these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Lina Han
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yannan Jia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Haijiao Zhang
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Saravanan Ganesan
- Université de Paris, Institut de la Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Inserm Unit 1131, Paris, France
| | | | - Sergej N Konoplev
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Yulia Jitkova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Dunner
- High Resolution Electron Microscopy Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wencai Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Kurtz
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Ma
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Connie C Weng
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra L Ramage
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital Affiliated Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkata L Battula
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingchang Mi
- Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffery W Tyner
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rose Ann Padua
- Université de Paris, Institut de la Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Inserm Unit 1131, Paris, France
| | - Carlos E Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang T, Li YQX, Zhou MY, Hu RH, Zou GL, Li JC, Feng S, Liu YM, Xin CQ, Zhao XK. Focal adhesion kinase-related non-kinase ameliorates liver fibrosis by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis via the FAK/Ras/c-myc/ENO1 pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:123-139. [PMID: 35125823 PMCID: PMC8793014 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) hyperactivation is a central link in liver fibrosis development. HSCs perform aerobic glycolysis to provide energy for their activation. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promotes aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells or fibroblasts, while FAK-related non-kinase (FRNK) inhibits FAK phosphorylation and biological functions.
AIM To elucidate the effect of FRNK on liver fibrosis at the level of aerobic glycolytic metabolism in HSCs.
METHODS Mouse liver fibrosis models were established by administering CCl4, and the effect of FRNK on the degree of liver fibrosis in the model was evaluated. Transforming growth factor-β1 was used to activate LX-2 cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation at position 397 (pY397-FAK) was detected to identify activated FAK, and the expression of the glycolysis-related proteins monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1) and enolase1 (ENO1) was assessed. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict putative binding sites for c-myc in the ENO1 promoter region, which were validated with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays.
RESULTS The pY397-FAK level was increased in human fibrotic liver tissue. FRNK knockout promoted liver fibrosis in mouse models. It also increased the activation, migration, proliferation and aerobic glycolysis of primary hepatic stellate cells (pHSCs) but inhibited pHSC apoptosis. Nevertheless, opposite trends for these phenomena were observed after exogenous FRNK treatment in LX-2 cells. Mechanistically, the FAK/Ras/c-myc/ENO1 pathway promoted aerobic glycolysis, which was inhibited by exogenous FRNK.
CONCLUSION FRNK inhibits aerobic glycolysis in HSCs by inhibiting the FAK/Ras/c-myc/ ENO1 pathway, thereby improving liver fibrosis. FRNK might be a potential target for liver fibrosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yuan-Qing-Xiao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Rui-Han Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Gao-Liang Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian-Chao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chang-Qin Xin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, People’s Hospital of Weining Yi, Hui and Miao Autonomous County, Weining 553100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xue-Ke Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vichas A, Riley AK, Nkinsi NT, Kamlapurkar S, Parrish PCR, Lo A, Duke F, Chen J, Fung I, Watson J, Rees M, Gabel AM, Thomas JD, Bradley RK, Lee JK, Hatch EM, Baine MK, Rekhtman N, Ladanyi M, Piccioni F, Berger AH. Integrative oncogene-dependency mapping identifies RIT1 vulnerabilities and synergies in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4789. [PMID: 34373451 PMCID: PMC8352964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based cancer dependency maps are accelerating advances in cancer precision medicine, but adequate functional maps are limited to the most common oncogenes. To identify opportunities for therapeutic intervention in other rarer subsets of cancer, we investigate the oncogene-specific dependencies conferred by the lung cancer oncogene, RIT1. Here, genome-wide CRISPR screening in KRAS, EGFR, and RIT1-mutant isogenic lung cancer cells identifies shared and unique vulnerabilities of each oncogene. Combining this genetic data with small-molecule sensitivity profiling, we identify a unique vulnerability of RIT1-mutant cells to loss of spindle assembly checkpoint regulators. Oncogenic RIT1M90I weakens the spindle assembly checkpoint and perturbs mitotic timing, resulting in sensitivity to Aurora A inhibition. In addition, we observe synergy between mutant RIT1 and activation of YAP1 in multiple models and frequent nuclear overexpression of YAP1 in human primary RIT1-mutant lung tumors. These results provide a genome-wide atlas of oncogenic RIT1 functional interactions and identify components of the RAS pathway, spindle assembly checkpoint, and Hippo/YAP1 network as candidate therapeutic targets in RIT1-mutant lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athea Vichas
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda K Riley
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naomi T Nkinsi
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shriya Kamlapurkar
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phoebe C R Parrish
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - April Lo
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fujiko Duke
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iris Fung
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Rees
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Austin M Gabel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James D Thomas
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert K Bradley
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John K Lee
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily M Hatch
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marina K Baine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Federica Piccioni
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Berger
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heppner DE, Eck MJ. A structural perspective on targeting the RTK/Ras/MAP kinase pathway in cancer. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1535-1553. [PMID: 34008902 PMCID: PMC8284588 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision oncology is premised on identifying and drugging proteins and pathways that drive tumorigenesis or are required for survival of tumor cells. Across diverse cancer types, the signaling pathway emanating from receptor tyrosine kinases on the cell surface to RAS and the MAP kinase pathway is the most frequent target of oncogenic mutations, and key proteins in this signaling axis including EGFR, SHP2, RAS, BRAF, and MEK have long been a focus in cancer drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of historical and recent efforts to develop inhibitors targeting these nodes with an emphasis on the role that an understanding of protein structure and regulation has played in inhibitor discovery and characterization. Beyond its well-established role in structure-based drug design, structural biology has revealed mechanisms of allosteric regulation, distinct effects of activating oncogenic mutations, and other vulnerabilities that have opened new avenues in precision cancer drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Heppner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity at Buffalo, State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael J. Eck
- Department of Cancer BiologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ash RT, Buffington SA, Park J, Suter B, Costa-Mattioli M, Zoghbi HY, Smirnakis SM. Inhibition of Elevated Ras-MAPK Signaling Normalizes Enhanced Motor Learning and Excessive Clustered Dendritic Spine Stabilization in the MECP2-Duplication Syndrome Mouse Model of Autism. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0056-21.2021. [PMID: 34021030 PMCID: PMC8260274 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0056-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflexible repetitive behaviors and "insistence on sameness" seen in autism imply a defect in neural processes controlling the balance between stability and plasticity of synaptic connections in the brain. It has been proposed that abnormalities in the Ras-ERK/MAPK pathway, a key plasticity-related cell signaling pathway known to drive consolidation of clustered synaptic connections, underlie altered learning phenotypes in autism. However, a link between altered Ras-ERK signaling and clustered dendritic spine plasticity has yet to be explored in an autism animal model in vivo The formation and stabilization of dendritic spine clusters is abnormally increased in the MECP2-duplication syndrome mouse model of syndromic autism, suggesting that ERK signaling may be increased. Here, we show that the Ras-ERK pathway is indeed hyperactive following motor training in MECP2-duplication mouse motor cortex. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK signaling normalizes the excessive clustered spine stabilization and enhanced motor learning behavior in MECP2-duplication mice. We conclude that hyperactive ERK signaling may contribute to abnormal clustered dendritic spine consolidation and motor learning in this model of syndromic autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas Ash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Jamaica Plain Veterans Administration Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shelly Alexandra Buffington
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Jamaica Plain Veterans Administration Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bernhard Suter
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Jamaica Plain Veterans Administration Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Huda Yaya Zoghbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Stelios Manolis Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Jamaica Plain Veterans Administration Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Haspel N, Jang H, Nussinov R. Active and Inactive Cdc42 Differ in Their Insert Region Conformational Dynamics. Biophys J 2021; 120:306-318. [PMID: 33347888 PMCID: PMC7840443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42) protein, a Ras superfamily GTPase, regulates cellular activities, including cancer progression. Using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and essential dynamic analysis, we investigated the structure and dynamics of the catalytic domains of GDP-bound (inactive) and GTP-bound (active) Cdc42 in solution. We discovered substantial differences in the dynamics of the inactive and active forms, particularly in the "insert region" (residues 122-135), which plays a role in Cdc42 activation and binding to effectors. The insert region has larger conformational flexibility in the GDP-bound Cdc42 than in the GTP-bound Cdc42. The G2 loop and switch I at the effector lobe of the catalytic domain exhibit large conformational changes in both the GDP- and the GTP-bound systems, but in the GTP-bound Cdc42, the switch I interactions with GTP are retained. Oncogenic mutations were identified in the Ras superfamily. In Cdc42, the G12V and Q61L mutations decrease the GTPase activity. We simulated these mutations in both GDP- and GTP-bound Cdc42. Although the overall structural organization is quite similar between the wild type and the mutants, there are small differences in the conformational dynamics, especially in the two switch regions. Taken together, the G12V and Q61L mutations may play a role similar to their K-Ras counterparts in nucleotide binding and activation. The conformational differences, which are mainly in the insert region and, to a lesser extent, in the switch regions flanking the nucleotide binding site, can shed light on binding and activation. We propose that the differences are due to a network of hydrogen bonds that gets disrupted when Cdc42 is bound to GDP, a disruption that does not exist in other Rho GTPases. The differences in the dynamics between the two Cdc42 states suggest that the inactive conformation has reduced ability to bind to effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Haspel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M LoRusso
- From Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (P.M.L.); and the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.S.S.-L.)
| | - Judith S Sebolt-Leopold
- From Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT (P.M.L.); and the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor (J.S.S.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of developmental genetic syndromes that are caused by germline mutations in genes encoding proteins of the Ras-Mitogen-Activated Protein kinase (RAS-MAPK) pathway. RASopathies include Noonan Syndrome (NS), Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML/LEOPARD), Costello syndrome (CS), Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM) and Legius Syndrome. These syndromes have many overlapping features; however, the most persistent feature common to all is the postnatal growth failure. The mechanism of growth failure in Rasopathies is highly complex and there are many proposed hypotheses including partial growth hormone insensitivity, growth hormone deficiency, neurosecretory dysfunction of growth hormone secretion, delayed puberty, poor feeding and skeletal abnormalities. Amongst these causes, the most widely accepted is partial growth hormone insensitivity due to a post-receptor signaling defect. Growth hormone therapy seems to be effective in improving height velocity in these syndromes, although the long-term effects on final height remain unproven. However, it is important to consider the potential risk of tumors and cardiomyopathy before and during growth hormone therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sommayya Aftab
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Breilyn MS, Mehta L. Clinical Manifestations of Noonan Syndrome and Related Disorders. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2019; 16:428-434. [PMID: 31115194 DOI: 10.17458/per.vol16.2019.bm.clinicalnoonan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome represents a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Related syndromes include cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines and Costello syndrome. The common phenotypic features of Noonan syndrome include facial dysmorphisms, short stature, congenital heart defects and genitourinary abnormalities. These and other findings as well as features of related disorders are discussed. In addition we briefly review clinical diagnosis and prenatal findings of these syndromes and genetic counseling implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margo Sheck Breilyn
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences & Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Lakshmi Mehta
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences & Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Ritt et al. (2016) describe a stress-induced checkpoint that effectively suppresses RAS-MAPK signaling. This pathway, activated by agents such as Rigosertib that induce mitotic and oxidative stress, results in JNK-mediated inhibition of RAS-MAPK pathway components SOS and RAF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Foster
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shiva Malek
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The term 'undruggable' was coined to describe proteins that could not be targeted pharmacologically. However, progress is being made to 'drug' many of these targets, and therefore more appropriate terms might be 'difficult to drug' or 'yet to be drugged'. Many desirable targets in cancer fall into this category, including the RAS and MYC oncogenes, and pharmacologically targeting these intractable proteins is now a key challenge in cancer research that requires innovation and the development of new technologies. In this Viewpoint article, we asked four scientists working in this field for their opinions on the most crucial advances, as well as the challenges and what the future holds for this important area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi V. Dang
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Present addresses: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10017, USA, and The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA or
| | - E. Premkumar Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Cellex Centre, Barcelona 08035; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rivera F, Valladares M, Gea S, López-Martínez N. Cost-effectiveness analysis in the Spanish setting of the PEAK trial of panitumumab plus mFOLFOX6 compared with bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 for first-line treatment of patients with wild-type RAS metastatic colorectal cancer. J Med Econ 2017; 20:574-584. [PMID: 28107090 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2017.1285780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the cost-effectiveness of panitumumab in combination with mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin) vs bevacizumab in combination with mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment of patients with wild-type RAS metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Spain. METHODS A semi-Markov model was developed including the following health states: Progression free; Progressive disease: Treat with best supportive care; Progressive disease: Treat with subsequent active therapy; Attempted resection of metastases; Disease free after metastases resection; Progressive disease: after resection and relapse; and Death. Parametric survival analyses of patient-level progression free survival and overall survival data from the PEAK Phase II clinical trial were used to estimate health state transitions. Additional data from the PEAK trial were considered for the dose and duration of therapy, the use of subsequent therapy, the occurrence of adverse events, and the incidence and probability of time to metastasis resection. Utility weightings were calculated from patient-level data from panitumumab trials evaluating first-, second-, and third-line treatments. The study was performed from the Spanish National Health System (NHS) perspective including only direct costs. A life-time horizon was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses and scenario sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model. RESULTS Based on the PEAK trial, which demonstrated greater efficacy of panitumumab vs bevacizumab, both in combination with mFOLFOX6 first-line in wild-type RAS mCRC patients, the estimated incremental cost per life-year gained was €16,567 and the estimated incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was €22,794. The sensitivity analyses showed the model was robust to alternative parameters and assumptions. LIMITATIONS The analysis was based on a simulation model and, therefore, the results should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSIONS Based on the PEAK Phase II clinical trial and taking into account Spanish costs, the results of the analysis showed that first-line treatment of mCRC with panitumumab + mFOLFOX6 could be considered a cost-effective option compared with bevacizumab + mFOLFOX6 for the Spanish NHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivera
- a Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla , Santander , Spain
| | | | - Salvador Gea
- c Unidad de Farmacoeconomía e Investigación de Resultados en Salud, AMGEN , S . A. , Barcelona , Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy and it most commonly occurs in postmenopausal women. Ninety per cent of ovarian cancers are derived from the ovarian surface epithelium and these neoplasms are classified into serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear-cell and transitional-cell types. The molecular pathology of ovarian carcinomas is heterogeneous and involves various putative precursor lesions and multiple pathways of development. The most common subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma, is characterized by p53 mutations, and BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 dysfunction. It most likely arises from epithelium within inclusion cysts or from the surface of the ovary. In contrast, low-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by KRAS or BRAF mutations and appear to arise via an adenoma–borderline–carcinoma sequence. Similarly, mucinous carcinomas have KRAS mutations and probably develop via an adenoma–borderline–carcinoma sequence. Low-grade endometrioid carcinomas, however, are characterized by mutations in PTEN and CTNNB1, and microsatellite instability, and may arise from ovarian endometriosis or borderline endometrioid tumours. High-grade endometrioid carcinomas have similar changes to high-grade serous carcinomas. Clear-cell carcinomas are characterized by mutations of TGFbetaR2 and over-expression of HNF-1beta, and probably arise from ovarian endometriosis. The molecular changes in transitional-cell carcinomas of the ovary remain largely unknown. The identified molecular changes and pathways of development in epithelial ovarian cancer will facilitate the rationalized development of new diagnostic modalities and tailored therapies for this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Christie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ehrhardt A, Wang B, Yung AC, Wang Y, Kozlowski P, van Breemen C, Schrader JW. Urinary Retention, Incontinence, and Dysregulation of Muscarinic Receptors in Male Mice Lacking Mras. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141493. [PMID: 26516777 PMCID: PMC4627820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that male, but not female mice lacking expression of the GTPase M-Ras developed urinary retention with distention of the bladder that exacerbated with age but occurred in the absence of obvious anatomical outlet obstruction. There were changes in detrusor morphology in Mras-/- males: Smooth muscle tissue, which exhibited a compact organization in WT mice, appeared disorganized and became increasingly ‘layered’ with age in Mras-/- males, but was not fibrotic. Bladder tissue near the apex of bladders of Mras-/- males exhibited hypercontractility in response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol in in vitro, while responses in Mras-/- females were normal. In addition, spontaneous phasic contractions of detrusors from Mras-/- males were increased, and Mras-/- males exhibited urinary incontinence. We found that expression of the muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors that mediate the cholinergic contractile stimuli of the detrusor muscle was dysregulated in both Mras-/- males and females, although only males exhibited a urinary phenotype. Elevated expression of M2R in young males lacking M-Ras and failure to upregulate M3R with age resulted in significantly lower ratios of M3R/M2R expression that correlated with the bladder abnormalities. Our data suggests that M-Ras and M3R are functionally linked and that M-Ras is an important regulator of male bladder control in mice. Our observations also support the notion that bladder control is sexually dimorphic and is regulated through mechanisms that are largely independent of acetylcholine signaling in female mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/physiology
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Proteinuria/genetics
- Proteinuria/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/physiology
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/physiology
- Sex Characteristics
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder, Overactive/genetics
- Urinary Bladder, Overactive/physiopathology
- Urinary Incontinence/genetics
- Urinary Incontinence/physiopathology
- Urinary Retention/genetics
- Urinary Retention/physiopathology
- Urination/physiology
- ras Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ehrhardt
- The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bin Wang
- The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Yung
- The University of British Columbia MRI Research Centre, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yanni Wang
- The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- The University of British Columbia MRI Research Centre, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Departments of Radiology and Urologic Sciences, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cornelis van Breemen
- The University of British Columbia, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John W. Schrader
- The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Quinlan MP. Suppression of Epithelial Cell Transformation and Induction of Actin Dependent Differentiation by Dominant Negative Rac1, but not Ras, Rho or Cdc42. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 3:65-70. [PMID: 14726704 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.3.1.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major cancer therapeutic approaches are based on inhibition of the ras-signaling pathway, with special emphasis on the MAPK arm. Transformation progression from benign to malignant can be effected by the expression of Rho GTPases, also ras effectors. To ascertain whether their inhibition, could suppress progression, dominant negative (DN) GTPases were transfected into malignantly transformed epithelial cells. N17rac gave rise to cells that, though viable, were severely depressed in their growth rate and saturation density, due to increased apoptosis. This was in contrast to cells expressing WTrac1 or the other DN GTPases, which did not exhibit altered growth kinetics. WTrac1 and N17rac transfectants were no longer able to grow in soft agar, unlike the other DN GTPase transfectants, which retained their ability to grow in soft agar. Thus, not only progression, but transformation per se was suppressed by DNrac1. V12rac1 alters the expression and localization of the actin regulating proteins vinculin and VASP, which results in the loss of stable F-actin structures and actin-based differentiation characteristics. In the presence of N17rac1, VASP was downregulated and vinculin and F-actin colocalization restored. Consequently, F-actin structures and their dependent adhesive interactions were reestablished. Thus, rac1 and its effectors may also serve as important targets for cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Quinlan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Guthrie Research Institute, Sayre, Pennsylvania 18840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bolli N, Avet-Loiseau H, Wedge DC, Van Loo P, Alexandrov LB, Martincorena I, Dawson KJ, Iorio F, Nik-Zainal S, Bignell GR, Hinton JW, Li Y, Tubio JM, McLaren S, O' Meara S, Butler AP, Teague JW, Mudie L, Anderson E, Rashid N, Tai YT, Shammas MA, Sperling AS, Fulciniti M, Richardson PG, Parmigiani G, Magrangeas F, Minvielle S, Moreau P, Attal M, Facon T, Futreal PA, Anderson KC, Campbell PJ, Munshi NC. Heterogeneity of genomic evolution and mutational profiles in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:2997. [PMID: 24429703 PMCID: PMC3905727 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy with a complex and incompletely understood molecular pathogenesis. Here we use whole-exome sequencing, copy-number profiling and cytogenetics to analyse 84 myeloma samples. Most cases have a complex subclonal structure and show clusters of subclonal variants, including subclonal driver mutations. Serial sampling reveals diverse patterns of clonal evolution, including linear evolution, differential clonal response and branching evolution. Diverse processes contribute to the mutational repertoire, including kataegis and somatic hypermutation, and their relative contribution changes over time. We find heterogeneity of mutational spectrum across samples, with few recurrent genes. We identify new candidate genes, including truncations of SP140, LTB, ROBO1 and clustered missense mutations in EGR1. The myeloma genome is heterogeneous across the cohort, and exhibits diversity in clonal admixture and in dynamics of evolution, which may impact prognostic stratification, therapeutic approaches and assessment of disease response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo Bolli
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CIMR, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hervé Avet-Loiseau
- Unité de Génomique du Myélome, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse 31059, France
- CRCT, INSERM U1037, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - David C. Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Inigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kevin J. Dawson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory—European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Graham R. Bignell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jonathan W. Hinton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yilong Li
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jose M.C. Tubio
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah O' Meara
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam P. Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W. Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Mudie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Naim Rashid
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Masood A. Shammas
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Boston Veterans Administration Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA
| | - Adam S. Sperling
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mariateresa Fulciniti
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Parmigiani
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Florence Magrangeas
- Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers, UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS-University of Nantes, IRS-UN, Nantes 4407, France
- UMGC, University Hospital, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Stephane Minvielle
- Center for Cancer Research Nantes-Angers, UMR 892 Inserm-6299 CNRS-University of Nantes, IRS-UN, Nantes 4407, France
- UMGC, University Hospital, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Michel Attal
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital and CRCT, INSERM U1037, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Thierry Facon
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, Lille 59045, France
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Present address: MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter J. Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, CIMR, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nikhil C. Munshi
- Lebow Institute of Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Boston Veterans Administration Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lawrence D, Maschio M, Leahy KJ, Yunger S, Easaw JC, Weinstein MC. Economic analysis of bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Med Econ 2013; 16:1387-98. [PMID: 24102083 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2013.852097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers). Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to human vascular endothelial growth factor. A sub-study confirmed its effectiveness in KRAS wild-type patients. Recent evidence has shown clinical benefit from anti-epidermal growth factor treatments cetuximab and panitumumab in these patients. The cost-effectiveness, to the Canadian healthcare system, of fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (FBC) in combination with bevacizumab, cetuximab, or panitumumab was assessed for first-line treatment of KRAS wild-type mCRC patients. METHODS A Markov model was developed and calibrated to progression-free/overall survival, using separately reported trial survival and adverse event results for each comparator. Health-state resource utilization was derived from published data and oncologist input. Utilities and unit prices were obtained from published literature and standard Canadian sources. RESULTS Results per patient are over a lifetime horizon, to a maximum of 10 years, with 5% annual discounting. Comparators are ordered by total cost and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of each is determined against the previous non-dominated therapy. Compared to FBC alone, bevacizumab + FBC has an ICER of $131,600 per QALY gained. Compared to bevacizumab + FBC, panitumumab + FBC is dominated and cetuximab + FBC has an ICER of $3.8 million per QALY. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, bevacizumab + FBC had ∼100%, ∼100%, and 98.9% probabilities of being more cost-effective than both of the other combination treatments at thresholds of $50,000/QALY, $100,000/QALY, and $200,000/QALY, respectively. CONCLUSION For first-line treatment of KRAS-WT mCRC, bevacizumab + FBC is associated with substantially lower costs as compared to panitumumab + FBC or cetuximab + FBC. Key limitations were that survival curves and adverse event rates were taken from separate clinical trials and that an indirect comparison was not included. Given these findings, bevacizumab is likely to offer the best value for money for this patient population.
Collapse
|
31
|
Srivastava DP, Woolfrey KM, Jones KA, Anderson CT, Smith KR, Russell TA, Lee H, Yasvoina MV, Wokosin DL, Ozdinler PH, Shepherd GMG, Penzes P. An autism-associated variant of Epac2 reveals a role for Ras/Epac2 signaling in controlling basal dendrite maintenance in mice. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001350. [PMID: 22745599 PMCID: PMC3383751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture of dendritic arbors determines circuit connectivity, receptive fields, and computational properties of neurons, and dendritic structure is impaired in several psychiatric disorders. While apical and basal dendritic compartments of pyramidal neurons are functionally specialized and differentially regulated, little is known about mechanisms that selectively maintain basal dendrites. Here we identified a role for the Ras/Epac2 pathway in maintaining basal dendrite complexity of cortical neurons. Epac2 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the Ras-like small GTPase Rap, and it is highly enriched in the adult mouse brain. We found that in vivo Epac2 knockdown in layer 2/3 cortical neurons via in utero electroporation reduced basal dendritic architecture, and that Epac2 knockdown in mature cortical neurons in vitro mimicked this effect. Overexpression of an Epac2 rare coding variant, found in human subjects diagnosed with autism, also impaired basal dendritic morphology. This mutation disrupted Epac2's interaction with Ras, and inhibition of Ras selectively interfered with basal dendrite maintenance. Finally, we observed that components of the Ras/Epac2/Rap pathway exhibited differential abundance in the basal versus apical dendritic compartments. These findings define a role for Epac2 in enabling crosstalk between Ras and Rap signaling in maintaining basal dendrite complexity, and exemplify how rare coding variants, in addition to their disease relevance, can provide insight into cellular mechanisms relevant for brain connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience & Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Woolfrey
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Jones
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katharine R. Smith
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Theron A. Russell
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyerin Lee
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marina V. Yasvoina
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David L. Wokosin
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - P. Hande Ozdinler
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Cognitive Neurology and Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Lurie Cancer Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gordon M. G. Shepherd
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Lurie Cancer Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Basu A, Banerjee P, Contreras AG, Flynn E, Pal S. Calcineurin inhibitor-induced and Ras-mediated overexpression of VEGF in renal cancer cells involves mTOR through the regulation of PRAS40. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23919. [PMID: 21886838 PMCID: PMC3160347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy is a major problem in patients treated with immunosuppressive agents. We have demonstrated that treatment with calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) can induce the activation of proto-oncogenic Ras, and may promote a rapid progression of human renal cancer through the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Interestingly, we found that CNI-induced VEGF overexpression and cancer cell proliferation was inhibited by rapamycin treatment, indicating potential involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in this tumorigenic process. Here, we examined the role of mTOR pathway in mediating CNI- and Ras-induced overexpression of VEGF in human renal cancer cells (786-0 and Caki-1). We found that the knockdown of raptor (using siRNA) significantly decreased CNI-induced VEGF promoter activity as observed by promoter-luciferase assay, suggesting the role of mTOR complex1 (mTORC1) in CNI-induced VEGF transcription. It is known that mTOR becomes activated following phosphorylation of its negative regulator PRAS40, which is a part of mTORC1. We observed that CNI treatment and activation of H-Ras (through transfection of an active H-Ras plasmid) markedly increased the phosphorylation of PRAS40, and the transfection of cells using a dominant-negative plasmid of Ras, significantly decreased PRAS40 phosphorylation. Protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ and PKC-δ, which are critical intermediary signaling molecules for CNI-induced tumorigenic pathway, formed complex with PRAS40; and we found that the CNI treatment increased the complex formation between PRAS40 and PKC, particularly (PKC)-ζ. Inhibition of PKC activity using pharmacological inhibitor markedly decreased H-Ras-induced phosphorylation of PRAS40. The overexpression of PRAS40 in renal cancer cells significantly down-regulated CNI- and H-Ras-induced VEGF transcriptional activation. Finally, it was observed that CNI treatment increased the expression of phosho-PRAS40 in renal tumor tissues in vivo. Together, the phosphorylation of PRAS40 is critical for the activation of mTOR in CNI-induced VEGF overexpression and renal cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aninda Basu
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pallavi Banerjee
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Contreras
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Flynn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soumitro Pal
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tsujii M, Iijima H, Takehara T. [Search for molecular marker/target molecule useful for colorectal cancer treatment]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2011; 108:1354-1362. [PMID: 21817838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Saito M, Yoshino T. [Clinical development of biomarkers for personalized medicine]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68:1111-1116. [PMID: 20535964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in a number of molecular profiling technologies and molecular target agents allow the development of personalized medicine. Biomarkers play a critical role in drug discovery, development, and prediction of treatment response and safety. Reliable biomarkers improve disease understanding, and make it possible to tailor medication use in individual patients with the goals of enhancing efficacy and minimizing toxicity. Recently, several important breakthroughs have occurred, such as the identification of a mechanism of resistance to EGFR monoclonal antibodies in colorectal cancer, which may be followed by further predictive tests leading to a reduction of ineffective therapies. This paper focuses on the state of the biomarkers and its clinical applications for personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Saito
- Division of Digestive Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Watanabe-Takano H, Takano K, Keduka E, Endo T. M-Ras is activated by bone morphogenetic protein-2 and participates in osteoblastic determination, differentiation, and transdifferentiation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:477-90. [PMID: 19800879 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase M-Ras is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays essential roles in neuronal differentiation. However, its other cellular and physiological functions remain to be elucidated. Here, we clarify the novel functions of M-Ras in osteogenesis. M-Ras was prominently expressed in developing mouse bones particularly in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Its expression was elevated in C3H/10T1/2 (10T1/2) mesenchymal cells and in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts during differentiation into osteoblasts. Treatment of C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblasts with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to bring about transdifferentiation into osteoblasts also induced M-Ras mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, the BMP-2 treatment activated the M-Ras protein. Stable expression of the constitutively active M-Ras(G22V) in 10T1/2 cells facilitated osteoblast differentiation. M-Ras(G22V) also induced transdifferentiation of C2C12 cells into osteoblasts. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous M-Ras by RNAi interfered with osteoblast differentiation in 10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 cells. Osteoblast differentiation in M-Ras(G22V)-expressing C2C12 cells was inhibited by treatment with inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not by inhibitors of MAPK and ERK kinase (MEK) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These results imply that M-Ras, induced and activated by BMP-2 signaling, participates in the osteoblastic determination, differentiation, and transdifferentiation under p38 MAPK and JNK regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Watanabe-Takano
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Takahashi C, Takegami Y, Shamma A. [Genetic and biochemical interactions of Rb and ras]. Seikagaku 2009; 81:873-883. [PMID: 19928527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Takemoto Y, Imoto M. [Development of farnesyltransferase inhibitor for anti-cancer drugs]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2007; 52:1713-1718. [PMID: 18051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
40
|
Abstract
This paper reviews recent progress in understanding the function of RAS in three systems: the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and Xenopus laevis oocytes. One of the functions of RAS in S. cerevisiae is the stimulation of adenylate cyclase. This leads to the activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases--a function that has probably not been conserved in evolution. The immediate function of RAS in S. pombe is not known, but it may lead to the activation of a protein kinase cascade. This cascade has likely been conserved in evolution and linkage between it and RAS can be demonstrated in cell-free extracts from Xenopus oocytes. The Xenopus cell-free system provides a means to test specific hypotheses about RAS function and to isolate targets of RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marcus
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yokoyama T, Takano K, Yoshida A, Katada F, Sun P, Takenawa T, Andoh T, Endo T. DA-Raf1, a competent intrinsic dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras-ERK pathway, is required for myogenic differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:781-93. [PMID: 17535970 PMCID: PMC2064279 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200703195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ras activates Raf, leading to the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)–mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is involved in a variety of cellular, physiological, and pathological responses. Thus, regulators of this Ras–Raf interaction play crucial roles in these responses. In this study, we report a novel regulator of the Ras–Raf interaction named DA-Raf1. DA-Raf1 is a splicing isoform of A-Raf with a wider tissue distribution than A-Raf. It contains the Ras-binding domain but lacks the kinase domain, which is responsible for activation of the ERK pathway. As inferred from its structure, DA-Raf1 bound to activated Ras as well as M-Ras and interfered with the ERK pathway. The Ras–ERK pathway is essential for the negative regulation of myogenic differentiation induced by growth factors. DA-Raf1 served as a positive regulator of myogenic differentiation by inducing cell cycle arrest, the expression of myogenin and other muscle-specific proteins, and myotube formation. These results imply that DA-Raf1 is the first identified competent, intrinsic, dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras–ERK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoyama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tsao AS, Tang XM, Sabloff B, Xiao L, Shigematsu H, Roth J, Spitz M, Hong WK, Gazdar A, Wistuba I. Clinicopathologic characteristics of the EGFR gene mutation in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 1:231-9. [PMID: 17409862 DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(15)31573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors sought to define clinicopathologic features associated with mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS The authors evaluated surgically resected NSCLC tumors for EGFR (exons 18-21) and KRAS (codons 12-13) mutations and immunohistochemistry (EGFR, phosphorylated-EGFR, and HER2/Neu), and correlated results with clinical outcome and patient and disease features. After their analysis on 159 patients was completed, they selected a second cohort of Asian patients (n = 22) and compared EGFR mutation results to place of birth and immigration to the United States. RESULTS Of 159 patients, 14 had EGFR mutations and 18 had KRAS mutations. EGFR mutations were associated with adenocarcinoma (p = 0.002), female gender (p = 0.02), never-smoking (p < 0.0001), Asian ethnicity (p = 0.005), air bronchograms (p = 0.004), and multiple wedge resections (p = 0.03). Although statistical significance was not reached, a higher incidence of synchronous primary cancers (36% versus 17%; p = 0.09) and a smaller median tumor size (11.8 cm versus 24.0 cm; p = 0.24) were seen. There was no difference in disease-free survival; however, median overall survival in patients with EGFR mutations was shorter (3.49 versus 4.29 years; p = 0.85). EGFR mutation did not correlate with immunohistochemistry. In the second cohort of 22 Asian patients, 12 (55%) had the mutation. Of interest, there was no geographic difference in incidence of EGFR mutation. Asian women with the EGFR mutation developed adenocarcinoma at an earlier age than other lung cancer patients. CONCLUSION There is a distinct clinical profile for NSCLC patients with the EGFR mutation. However, this mutation does not alter disease-free survival and is likely attributable to an inherited susceptibility instead of an environmental effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Tsao
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ichihara S, Toyooka S, Fujiwara Y, Hotta K, Shigematsu H, Tokumo M, Soh J, Asano H, Ichimura K, Aoe K, Aoe M, Kiura K, Shimizu K, Date H, Shimizu N. The impact of epidermal growth factor receptor gene status on gefitinib-treated Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1239-47. [PMID: 17192902 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationships between genetic factors and clinical outcome in Japanese non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with gefitinib. Ninety-eight NSCLC patients who had been treated with gefitinib, were screened for mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exons 18-21, KRAS exon2, and polymorphisms including the CA simple sequence repeat in intron1 (CA-SSR1) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region (-216G/T and -191C/A), using a PCR-based assay and direct sequencing. The EGFR copy number status was also evaluated using a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. EGFR and KRAS mutations were found in 38 (38.8%) and 8 (8.2%) of the 98 patients, respectively. A high EGFR copy number status was identified in 31 (41.3%) of the 75 assessable patients. Drug-sensitive EGFR mutations limited to exon19 deletions and L858R were independent predictive factors of a stronger sensitivity to gefitinib (p = 0.0002), the overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0036), and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001). The EGFR copy number status was not related to a sensitivity to gefitinib and prolonged OS and PFS. Regarding polymorphisms, patients with a short CA-SSR1 showed a prolonged OS as compared with those with a long length in patients with a drug-sensitive EGFR mutation, although this difference was not significant (p = 0.13). Thus, drug-sensitive EGFR mutations predict a favorable clinical outcome and a high EGFR copy number may not be related to clinical benefits in gefitinib-treated Japanese patients with NSCLC. Our findings also suggest that the CA-SSR1 length may influence the clinical outcome in patients with a drug-sensitive EGFR mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ichihara
- Department of Cancer and Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kannangai R, Vivekanandan P, Martinez-Murillo F, Choti M, Torbenson M. Fibrolamellar carcinomas show overexpression of genes in the RAS, MAPK, PIK3, and xenobiotic degradation pathways. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:639-44. [PMID: 17367606 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinomas (FLC) are a rare type of primary hepatocellular carcinoma found in younger individuals. FLC are known to have relatively few consistent chromosomal alterations, although a gain of chromosome 1q has been reported. The gene expression of 4 FLC (2 primary FLC and 2 metastatic deposits) were studied using Affymetrix DNA microarray technology (Santa Clara, CA). Selected genes were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Relatively few genes were significantly overexpressed-447 genes, case 1; 1298 genes, case 2-corresponding to approximately 0.8% and 2.3%, respectively, of the 56000 transcripts present in the arrays. Of these, 155 genes were overexpressed simultaneously by both tumors. The number of significantly overexpressed genes more than doubled in the 2 metastatic deposits (2777 and 2855 genes compared with 1298 in the primary tumor). Proteins involved in the RAS, MAPK, PIK3, and xenobiotic degradation pathways were commonly overexpressed. Because chromosome 1q is thought to contain an important oncogene, additional attention was focused on this region. Of 114 total genes found overexpressed in common among all primary and metastatic tumors, 11 of 114 genes were located on chromosome 1q: ARF1, CD46, CNIH4, ENSA, FH, NICE-3, PSMB4, RGS2, RGS5, TIMM17A, and UFC1. Primary FLC show overexpression of genes involved in the RAS, MAPK, PIK3, and xenobiotic degradation pathways. Eleven common genes were consistently overexpressed on chromosome 1q among all tumors and metastases and warrant further study as potential oncogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Trevisiol C, Di Fabio F, Nascimbeni R, Peloso L, Salbe C, Ferruzzi E, Salerni B, Gion M. Prognostic value of circulating KRAS2 gene mutations in colorectal cancer with distant metastases. Int J Biol Markers 2007; 21:223-8. [PMID: 17177160 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2008.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While tissue KRAS2 mutations have been extensively investigated, the role of circulating mutant KRAS2 gene in patients with colorectal carcinoma remains obscure. The aim of the present study was to explore the prognostic significance of circulating KRAS2 gene mutational status in subjects undergoing primary treatment for colorectal cancer. Codon 12 KRAS2 mutations were examined in DNA samples extracted from the serum of 86 patients with colorectal cancer and were compared with the KRAS2 status of their primary tumors. Tissue and serum KRAS2 status was compared with other clinicopathological variables (including CEA and CA 19-9 levels) and with cancer-related survival. KRAS2 mutations were found in tissue samples of 28 patients (33%); serum KRAS2 mutations were detected in 10 of them (36%). Serum KRAS2 status was significantly associated with Dukes' stage D (p=0.001) and with preoperative CA 19-9 levels (p=0.01). At multivariate analysis, cancer-related survival was associated with Dukes' stage (p<0.0001), CEA level (p=0.02), and mutant circulating KRAS2 (p=0.01). All 7 stage D patients with serum KRAS2 mutations died of the disease within 24 months of primary treatment; cancer-related survival was significantly better in 9 stage D patients without serum KRAS2 mutations, with 5 patients (56%) alive after 24 months and 1 patient (13%) alive after 44 months. Residual disease after surgery was evident in all 7 stage D patients with mutant circulating KRAS2, and in 5 out of 9 stage D patients without serum mutations. Serum KRAS2 status may impact substantially on the management of stage D colorectal carcinoma, since it appears to cor-relate with prognosis in this patient subgroup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Trevisiol
- ABO Association, Center for the Study of Biological Markers of Malignancy, General Regional Hospital ULSS 12, Venice, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 2 (TIM-2) has been shown to regulate T cell activation in vitro and T cell-mediated disease in vivo. However, it is still not clear whether TIM-2 acts mainly to augment T cell function or to inhibit it. We have directly examined the function of TIM-2 in murine and human T cell lines. Our results indicate that expression of TIM-2 significantly impairs the induction of NFAT and AP-1 transcriptional reporters by not only TCR ligation but also by the pharmacological stimuli PMA and ionomycin. This does not appear to be due to a general effect on cell viability, and the block in NFAT activation can be bypassed by expression of activated alleles of Ras or calcineurin, or MEK kinase, in the case of AP-1. Thus, our data are consistent with a model whereby TIM-2 inhibits T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared E Knickelbein
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Will O, Carvajal-Carmona LG, Gorman P, Howarth KM, Jones AM, Polanco-Echeverry GM, Chinaleong JA, Günther T, Silver A, Clark SK, Tomlinson I. Homozygous PMS2 deletion causes a severe colorectal cancer and multiple adenoma phenotype without extraintestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:527-30. [PMID: 17258725 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We report a patient of Indian descent with parental consanguinity, who developed 10 carcinomas and 35 adenomatous polyps at age 23 and duodenal adenocarcinoma at age 25. He also had dysmorphic features, mental retardation, and café-au-lait spots but no brain tumor. We aimed to establish his molecular diagnosis. METHODS Germ-line screening for APC and MYH/MUTYH mutations was normal as was immunohistochemistry for MLH1 and MSH2 proteins. Investigation by array-comparative genomic hybridization revealed deletion of a small region on chromosome 7. Using polymerase chain reaction, this region was refined to a 400-kilobase deletion, which included exons 9-15 of the PMS2 gene, and all coding regions of oncomodulin, TRIAD3, and FSCN1. RESULTS The deletion was confirmed as homozygous, and both parents were carriers. Immunohistochemistry showed absent PMS2 expression in all tumors and normal tissue. Most tumors showed microsatellite instability, more marked at dinucleotide than mononucleotide repeats. The tumors harbored no somatic mutations in APC, BRAF, AXIN2, or beta-catenin, but KRAS2 and TGFBR2 mutations were found. CONCLUSIONS Our patient represents a novel phenotype for homozygous PMS2 mutation and perhaps the most severe colorectal cancer phenotype-in terms of numbers of malignancies at an early age-described to date. PMS2 mutations-and perhaps other homozygous mismatch repair mutations-should be considered in any patient presenting with multiple gastrointestinal tumors, since our patient could not be distinguished clinically from cases with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis or MUTYH-associated polyposis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Will
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Ogawa A, Kirkner GJ, Loda M, Fuchs CS. TGFBR2 mutation is correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:614-20. [PMID: 17270239 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 2 gene (TGFBR2) is mutated in most microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancers. Promoter methylation of RUNX3 (runt-related transcription factor 3; encoding a transcription factor downstream of the TGF-beta pathway) is observed in colorectal cancer with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), which is characterized by extensive promoter methylation and is associated with MSI-H and BRAF mutations. However, no study to date has examined interrelationship between TGFBR2 mutation, RUNX3 methylation, and CIMP in colorectal cancer. Using 144 MSI-H colorectal cancers derived from 2 large prospective cohort studies, we analyzed a mononucleotide repeat of TGFBR2 and quantified DNA methylation (by MethyLight technology) in 8 CIMP-specific promoters (RUNX3, CACNA1G [calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type alpha-1G subunit], CDKN2A [p16], CRABP1 [cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1], IGF2 [insulin-like growth factor 2], MLH1, NEUROG1 [neurogenin 1], and SOCS1 [suppressor of cytokine signaling 1]). Among the 144 MSI-H tumors, the presence of TGFBR2 mutation (overall 72% frequency) was correlated positively with CIMP-high (with >/=6/8 methylated promoters; P < .0001), RUNX3 methylation (P = .0004), BRAF mutation (P = .0006), and right colon (P = .05); inversely with KRAS mutation (P = .006); but not significantly with sex, tumor differentiation, and p53 status (assessed by immunohistochemistry). After stratification by sex, location, tumor differentiation, RUNX3 status, KRAS/BRAF status, or p53 status, CIMP-high was persistently correlated with TGFBR2 mutation. In contrast, RUNX3, KRAS, or BRAF status was no longer correlated with TGFBR2 mutation after stratification by CIMP status. In conclusion, TGFBR2 mutation is associated with CIMP-high and indirectly with RUNX3 methylation. Our findings emphasize the importance of analyzing global epigenomic status (for which CIMP status is a surrogate marker) when correlating a single epigenetic event (eg, RUNX3 methylation) with any other molecular or clinicopathologic variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of cancer biology have led to the development of therapies targeting specific signaling pathways. Molecular targeting promises to improve our ability to predict who will respond by assessing the state of these targeted pathways in patients. However, a single pathway can be deregulated by multiple mechanisms, and for some pathways it may be difficult to assess activation state by analyzing a single oncogene or tumor suppressor. Therefore, developing gene expression signatures of pathway activation status using model systems or human tumor samples may enable a more reliable measurement of pathway activity. This review discusses recent advances in the identification of gene expression-based signatures of pathway deregulation and how this information may lead to improved therapeutic response prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Watters
- Department of Molecular Profiling, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Ogawa A, Kirkner GJ, Loda M, Fuchs CS. Cytoplasmic localization of p27 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B/KIP1) in colorectal cancer: inverse correlations with nuclear p27 loss, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:585-92. [PMID: 17239930 PMCID: PMC2000822 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 (CDKN1B/KIP1) is caused by activated AKT1 and has been associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. CIMP in colorectal cancer is characterized by extensive promoter methylation and is associated with MSI-MSI-H and BRAF mutations. We have recently shown a positive correlation between MSI/CIMP and loss of nuclear p27. However, no study has examined cytoplasmic p27 mislocalization in relation to CIMP and MSI in colorectal cancer. Using MethyLight assays, we quantified DNA methylation in 8 CIMP-specific gene promoters (CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3, and SOCS1) in 853 colorectal cancer samples obtained from 2 large prospective cohorts. We assessed expressions of nuclear and cytoplasmic p27 and nuclear p53 by immunohistochemistry. Cytoplasmic p27 expression was inversely associated with loss of nuclear p27 (P < .0001), CIMP-high (P < .0001), MSI-H (P < .0001), and BRAF mutations (P < .0001). The inverse association of cytoplasmic p27 with CIMP-high (or MSI-H) was independent of MSI (or CIMP) status. In addition, the inverse association of cytoplasmic p27 with CIMP-high was independent of KRAS/BRAF status. BRAF and CDKN2A (p16) methylation were not correlated with cytoplasmic p27 after stratification by CIMP status. The inverse associations of cytoplasmic p27 with MSI-H and CIMP-high were much more pronounced in p53-negative than p53-positive tumors. In conclusion, cytoplasmic p27 expression is inversely associated with MSI-H and CIMP-high, particularly in p53-negative tumors, suggesting interplay of functional losses of p27 and p53 in the development of various molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|