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Koutagiar I, Vlachopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Skoumas I, Sigala E, Gardikioti V, Pantou S, Rigatou A, Ioakeimidis N, Georgakopoulos C, Skliros NA, Benetos G, Galanakos S, Tousoulis D. P76 CAROTID THERMAL HETEROGENEITY AND DYSLIPIDEMIA: THE HEAT IS ON. Artery Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2018.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Gkini KP, Terentes-Printzios D, Vlachopoulos C, Koutagiar I, Rigatou A, Pantou S, Georgakopoulos C, Tousoulis D. P157 AORTIC CALCIFICATIONS AND INFLAMMATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH IN-HOSPITAL COMPLICATIONS IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME. Artery Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2018.10.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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53
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Terentes-Printzios D, Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Ioakeimidis N, Aznaouridis K, Baou K, Kardara D, Georgiopoulos G, Georgakopoulos C, Tousoulis D. Cardiovascular Risk Factors Accelerate Progression of Vascular Aging in the General Population: Results From the CRAVE Study (Cardiovascular Risk Factors Affecting Vascular Age). Hypertension 2017; 70:1057-1064. [PMID: 28923899 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular aging, as assessed by structural and functional arterial properties, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized that the number of cardiovascular risk factors determines the progression of vascular aging. One hundred forty-two subjects (mean age 51.9 years, 94 men) without established cardiovascular disease were investigated in 2 examinations over a 2-year period. Subjects were classified at baseline according to their number of risk factors (from 0 to 2 and more). Subjects had determinations of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation index, brachial flow-mediated dilatation, and common carotid intima-media thickness and their annual absolute changes were calculated. Subjects with more risk factors had a gradual higher annual progression of pulse wave velocity (0.092 m/s/y for 0, 0.152 m/s/y for 1, and 0.352 m/s/y for 2 and more; P=0.007). Patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia have 4× higher annual progression rate compared with subjects without these risk factors (0.398 m/s/y versus 0.102 m/s/y). When only subjects 55 years old and under were considered, the progression rate of augmentation index was higher in subjects with more risk factors (1.15%/y versus 1.50%/y versus 2.99%/y, respectively; P=0.037). No association was found with the annual change of flow-mediated dilatation or carotid intima-media thickness. In the general population, increasing number of risk factors is associated with accelerated deterioration of specific indices of vascular aging, such as pulse wave velocity and augmentation index; in contrast, flow-mediated dilatation and carotid intima-media thickness are insensitive to such changes. Accordingly, the former may be more useful for gauging vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Charalambos Vlachopoulos
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Xaplanteris
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ioakeimidis
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Aznaouridis
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Katerina Baou
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Despina Kardara
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Christos Georgakopoulos
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- From the Peripheral Vessels Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Georgakopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Angelis A, Xaplanteris P, Maggas N, Gourgouli I, Tousoulis D. P3004Differences in macrovascular and microvascular changes between treated and never treated hypertensive males with erectile dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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55
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Georgakopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Angelis A, Skliros N, Kratiras Z, Maggas N, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D. P3439Erectile dysfunction and risk of adverse cardiovascular events in males with familiar hypercholesterolemia and familiar combined hyperlipidemia. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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56
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Angelis A, Terentes-Printzios D, Georgakopoulos C, Skliros N, Pollalis D, Rokkas K, Tousoulis D. P4436Association between SCORE and male sexual dysfunction: a hormonal and penile Doppler study. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Terentes-Printzios D, Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Aznaouridis K, Georgakopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Magkas N, Sigala E, Tousoulis D. P2113Blood pressure variability: Do blood pressure changes in one day cause target organ damage in hypertension? Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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58
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Gravos A, Vlachopoulos C, Georgiopoulos G, Terentes-Printzios D, Pietri P, Georgakopoulos C, Stamatelopoulos K, Tousoulis D. P1109Effect of TNF-a antagonists on wave reflections: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Abdelrasoul M, Georgakopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Maggas N, Katsi V, Stefanadis C, Tousoulis D. P3406Aortic stiffness is significantly increased in low-nicotine dependent smokers after the use of both combustible and electronic cigarettes. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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60
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Angelis A, Terentes-Printzios D, Georgakopoulos C, Skliros N, Pollalis D, Rokkas K, Tousoulis D. P4428Association between cigarette smoking and testosterone levels in men with erectile dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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61
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Georgakopoulos C, Angelis A, Aznaouridis K, Maggas N, Koutagiar J, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D. P1404Carotid atherosclerosis, aortic stiffness and penile vascular damage in patients with erectile dysfunction: Relation to low density lipoprotein levels and statin therapy. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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62
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Georgakopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Pietri P, Maggas N, Skliros N, Rokkas K, Stefanadis C, Tousoulis D. P4456Association between glucose metabolic status and global arterial function and early structural changes in men with erectile dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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63
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Georgakopoulos C, Abdelrasoul M, Terentes-Printzios D, Gourgouli I, Maggas N, Lazaros G, Tousoulis D. P4421Effect of electronic cigarette smoking on pulse pressure amplification. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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64
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Angelis A, Ioakeimidis N, Aznaouridis K, Georgakopoulos C, Gourgouli I, Rokas K, Terentes D, Zisimos K, Chrysohoou C, Aggeli K, Vlachopoulos C, Tousoulis D. 5027Mediterranean diet adherence in essential hypertension middle aged men, outcome in endogenous testosterone left ventricular geometry and central haemodynamics. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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65
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Skoumas I, Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Chrysohoou C, Michalakeas C, Georgakopoulos C, Katsi V, Panagiotakos D, Tousoulis D. Statin Therapy and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Aging Patients With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia or Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia: A 10-Year Follow-Up. Angiology 2017; 69:242-248. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319717718331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Skoumas
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ioakeimidis
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Vlachopoulos
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Michalakeas
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Georgakopoulos
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vicky Katsi
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Rokkas K, Angelis A, Terentes-Printzios D, Kratiras Z, Georgakopoulos C, Tousoulis D. Central Haemodynamics and Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:249-255. [PMID: 27927629 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether central hemodynamics predict major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in erectile dysfunction (ED) patients beyond traditional risk factors. METHODS MACEs in relation to aortic pressures and augmentation index (AIx) were analyzed in 398 patients (mean age, 56 years) with ED but without established cardiovascular (CV) disease. RESULTS During the mean follow-up period of 6.5 years, a total of 29 (6.5%) MACEs occurred. The adjusted relative risk of MACEs was 1.062 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.016-1.116) for a 10-mm Hg increase of aortic systolic pressure, 1.119 (95% CI, 1.036-1.155) for a 10-mm Hg increase of aortic pulse pressure (PP), and 1.191 (95% CI, 1.056-1.372) for a 10% absolute increase of AIx. While aortic pressures and AIx did not significantly improve the C-statistic models, the calibration for all indices was satisfactory. Regarding reclassification, the integrated discrimination improvement index (IDI) indicated improvement in risk discrimination of the models that included AIx and aortic PP compared to the reference model in identifying MACEs (IDI = 0.0069; P = 0.024, and IDI = 0.0060; P = 0.036, respectively). The based on categories for 10-year coronary heart disease risk and adapted at 6.5 years overall net reclassification index showed marginal and indicative risk reclassification for AIx (15.7%, P = 0.12) and aortic PP (7.2%, P = 0.20) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time that higher central pressures and AIx are associated with increased risk for a MACE in ED patients without known CV disease. Considering the adverse prognostic role of central hemodynamics on outcomes, the present findings may explain part of the increased CV risk associated with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Vlachopoulos
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ioakeimidis
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Rokkas
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Angelis
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zisis Kratiras
- Department of Urology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Georgakopoulos
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- Hypertension and Cardiometabolic and Sexual Health Units, First Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Koutagiar L, Vlachopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Loakeimidis N, Georgakopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Xaplanteris P, Angelis A, Tousoulis D. P115 ALBUMIN-TO-CREATININE RATIO IS ASSOCIATED WITH TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE IN HYPERTENSION. Artery Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2017.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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68
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Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Angelis A, Terentes- Printzios D, Georgakopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Koutagiar I, Skoumas J, Skliros, Tousoulis D. P193 CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS, AORTIC STIFFNESS AND PENILE VASCULAR DAMAGE IN PATIENTS WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: RELATION TO LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS AND STATIN THERAPY. Artery Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2017.10.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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69
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Angelis A, Ioakimidis N, Rokkas K, Terentes D, Gourgouli I, Georgakopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Vlachopoulos C, Tousoulis D. 11.2 CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE TOPOGRAPHY IN RELATION TO RHEOLOGY OF THE PERIPHERAL SMALL ARTERIES IN MIDDLE AGED ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION MEN. Artery Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2016.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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70
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Georgiopoulos G, Terentes-Printzios D, Vlachopoulos C, Gravos A, Pietri P, Georgakopoulos C, Stamatelopoulos K, Tousoulis D. 4.1 TNF- ANTAGONISTS IMPROVE ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A META-ANALYSIS. Artery Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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71
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Terentes-Printzios D, Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Abdelrasoul M, Georgakopoulos C, Pietri P, Stefanadis C, Tousoulis D. 4.3 ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE SMOKING INCREASES AORTIC STIFFNESS IN YOUNG SMOKERS. Artery Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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72
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Alsaadi K, Voss S, Kraiem S, Alwahaibi A, Alyazedi S, Dbes N, Goebel R, Mohamed-Ali V, Alsowaidi S, Seyam A, Bashraheel A, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C. The effect of fasting during Ramadan on parameters of the haematological and steroidal modules of the athletes biological passport - a pilot study. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1017-24. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Alsaadi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
| | - S.C. Voss
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
| | - S. Kraiem
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
| | - A. Alwahaibi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
| | - S. Alyazedi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
| | - N. Dbes
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
| | - R. Goebel
- Qatar University; Sport Science Department; Doha Qatar
| | - V. Mohamed-Ali
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Life Science Research Division; Doha Qatar
| | - S. Alsowaidi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Life Science Research Division; Doha Qatar
| | - A.M. Seyam
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Life Science Research Division; Doha Qatar
| | - A.S. Bashraheel
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Life Science Research Division; Doha Qatar
| | - M. Alsayrafi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doping Analysis Lab; Doha Qatar
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Kiousi P, Angelis YS, Fragkaki AG, Abushareeda W, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C, Lyris E. Markers of mesterolone abuse in sulfate fraction for doping control in human urine. J Mass Spectrom 2015; 50:1409-1419. [PMID: 26634976 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the direct detection of mesteroloe sulfo-conjugated metabolites by liquid chromatography/quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q/TOFMS) with special focus on evaluation of their retrospective detectability and their structure elucidation. A comparison of their long-term detectability, with the mesterolone main metabolite (1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted in glucuronide fraction and detected by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), is also presented. Studies on mesterolone were performed with samples obtained from two excretion studies after single oral administration of Proviron© by healthy volunteers. Potential sulfate metabolites were detected in post administration samples after liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate and LC/TOFMS analysis, in negative mode. Twelve mesterolone sulfate metabolites from the first excretion study and nine from the second were subsequently confirmed by LC/Q/TOFMS. Finally, six mesterolone sulfate metabolites were considered important taking into account their abundance and long-term detectability, encoded as M1, M2, M4, M5, M6 and M7. The proposed mesterolone sulfate metabolites M1, M2, M4 and M5 (excreted as sulfates) have the same retrospectivity with the main mesterolone metabolite, excreted in glucuronide fraction. For metabolite characterization, LC fractionation was performed. The metabolites were identified and characterized by GC/MS, after solvolysis and derivatization. Combined mass spectra data from trimethyl-silyl (TMS), TMS-enolTMS and methoxime-TMS derivatives were taken into account for the characterization of these metabolites. It was concluded that M1 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3β-ol-17 one, M2 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17 one, M4 is 1α-methyl-5a-androstan-3β, 16z-diol-17-one, M5 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-17z,4ξ-diol-3one, M6 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3z,6z-diol-17-one and M7 is 4z-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Y S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - W Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Alsayrafi
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - E Lyris
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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Terentes-Printzios* D, Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Pietri P, Angelis A, Gourgouli I, Georgakopoulos C, Stefanadis C, Tousoulis D. 5.6 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENDOGENOUS SERUM TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS AND AORTIC PRESSURES AND PULSE WAVE AMPLIFICATION INDICES IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION PATIENTS. Artery Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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75
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Fragkaki AG, Georgakopoulos C, Sterk S, Nielen MWF. Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:242-58. [PMID: 23954776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenergic agonists, or β2-agonists, are considered essential bronchodilator drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma, both as symptom-relievers and, in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, as disease-controllers. The use of β2-agonists is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to claimed anabolic effects, and also, is prohibited as growth promoters in cattle fattening in the European Union. This paper reviews the last seven-year (2006-2012) literature concerning the development of novel β2-agonists molecules either by modifying the molecule of known β2-agonists or by introducing moieties producing indole-, adamantyl- or phenyl urea derivatives. New emerging β2-agonists molecules for future therapeutic use are also presented, intending to emphasize their potential use for doping purposes or as growth promoters in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece.
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76
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Vassilaki M, Sioulas A, Tsantekidou M, Klitsa A, Desses N, Georgakopoulos C, Kosmidis C, Tsionou C, Parassiris V, Xepapadakis G. P275 Platinum compounds (PLcs) added to standard adjuvant or neoadjuvant regimen of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC), followed by weekly paclitaxel (wP) in triple negative (TN), HER 2-neu positive (HER 2+) or locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Breast 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(11)70217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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77
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Peters R, Stolker A, Mol J, Lommen A, Lyris E, Angelis Y, Vonaparti A, Stamou M, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen M. Screening in veterinary drug analysis and sports doping control based on full-scan, accurate-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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78
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Angelis YS, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Peters RJB, Nielen MWF, Georgakopoulos C. Preventive doping control screening analysis of prohibited substances in human urine using rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1595-1609. [PMID: 20486255 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Unification of the screening protocols for a wide range of doping agents has become an important issue for doping control laboratories. This study presents the development and validation of a generic liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) screening method of 241 small molecule analytes from various categories of prohibited substances (stimulants, narcotics, diuretics, beta(2)-agonists, beta-blockers, hormone antagonists and modulators, glucocorticosteroids and anabolic agents). It is based on a single-step liquid-liquid extraction of hydrolyzed urine and the use of a rapid-resolution liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric system acquiring continuous full scan data. Electrospray ionization in the positive mode was used. Validation parameters consisted of identification capability, limit of detection, specificity, ion suppression, extraction recovery, repeatability and mass accuracy. Detection criteria were established on the basis of retention time reproducibility and mass accuracy. The suitability of the methodology for doping control was demonstrated with positive urine samples. The preventive role of the method was proved by the case where full scan acquisition with accurate mass measurement allowed the retrospective reprocessing of acquired data from past doping control samples for the detection of a designer drug, the stimulant 4-methyl-2-hexanamine, which resulted in re-reporting a number of stored samples as positives for this particular substance, when, initially, they had been reported as negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spiros Louis', 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
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79
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Vassilaki M, Sioulas A, Tsantekidou M, Klitsa A, Desses N, Georgakopoulos C, Thomou P, Xepapadakis G. Platinum compounds (PLcs) added to standard adjuvant or neoadjuvant regimen of biweekly doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC), followed by weekly paclitaxel (wP) in triple-negative (TN), HER2-neu-positive (HER2+), or locally advanced breast cancer (LABC): Preliminary results of a prospective, phase II, nonrandomized study. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e11006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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80
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Peters RJB, Oosterink JE, Stolker AAM, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen MWF. Generic sample preparation combined with high-resolution liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for unification of urine screening in doping-control laboratories. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2583-98. [PMID: 20155493 PMCID: PMC2841770 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A unification of doping-control screening procedures of prohibited small molecule substances--including stimulants, narcotics, steroids, beta2-agonists and diuretics--is highly urgent in order to free resources for new classes such as banned proteins. Conceptually this may be achieved by the use of a combination of one gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method and one liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. In this work a quantitative screening method using high-resolution liquid chromatography in combination with accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated for determination of glucocorticosteroids, beta2-agonists, thiazide diuretics, and narcotics and stimulants in urine. To enable the simultaneous isolation of all the compounds of interest and the necessary purification of the resulting extracts, a generic extraction and hydrolysis procedure was combined with a solid-phase extraction modified for these groups of compounds. All 56 compounds are determined using positive electrospray ionisation with the exception of the thiazide diuretics for which the best sensitivity was obtained by using negative electrospray ionisation. The results show that, with the exception of clenhexyl, procaterol, and reproterol, all compounds can be detected below the respective minimum required performance level and the results for linearity, repeatability, within-lab reproducibility, and accuracy show that the method can be used for quantitative screening. If qualitative screening is sufficient the instrumental analysis may be limited to positive ionisation, because all analytes including the thiazides can be detected at the respective minimum required levels in the positive mode. The results show that the application of accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with generic extraction and purification procedures is suitable for unification and expansion of the window of screening methods of doping laboratories. Moreover, the full-scan accurate-mass data sets obtained still allow retrospective examination for emerging doping agents, without re-analyzing the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J B Peters
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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81
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Direct injection horse urine analysis for the quantification and identification of threshold substances for doping control. III. Determination of salicylic acid by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1403-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Direct injection horse-urine analysis for the quantification and confirmation of threshold substances for doping control. IV. Determination of 3-methoxytyramine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:365-71. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Fragkaki AG, Angelis YS, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Schemes of metabolic patterns of anabolic androgenic steroids for the estimation of metabolites of designer steroids in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:44-61. [PMID: 19429460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unified metabolism schemes of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in human urine based on structure classification of parent molecules are presented in this paper. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to AAS molecules referred in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of prohibited substances, resulting to their classification into six distinct groups related to structure features where metabolic alterations usually occur. The metabolites of the steroids participating to these six groups were treated using the Excel(c) classification filters showing that common metabolism routes are derived for each of the above PCA classes, leading to the proposed metabolism schemes of the present study. This rule-based approach is proposed for the prediction of the metabolism of unknown, chemically modified steroids, otherwise named as designer steroids. The metabolites of three known, in the literature, AAS are estimated using the proposed metabolism schemes, confirming that their use could be a useful tool for the prediction of metabolic pathways of unknown AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias, Maroussi, Greece
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84
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Direct injection liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric horse urine analysis for the quantification and confirmation of threshold substances for doping control. II. Determination of theobromine. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:1020-1028. [PMID: 19263423 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In equine sport, theobromine is prohibited with a threshold level of 2 microg mL(-1) in urine, hence doping control laboratories have to establish quantitative and qualitative methods for its determination. Two simple liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods for the identification and quantification of theobromine were developed and validated using the same sample preparation procedure but different mass spectrometric systems: ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Particle-free diluted urine samples were directly injected into the LC/MS systems, avoiding the time-consuming extraction step. 3-Propylxanthine was used as the internal standard. The tested linear range was 0.75-15 microg mL(-1). Matrix effects were evaluated analyzing calibration curves in water and different fortified horse urine samples. A great variation in the signal of theobromine and the internal standard was observed in different matrices. To overcome matrix effects, a standard additions calibration method was applied. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day analysis were lower than 8.6 and 7.2%, respectively, for the LC/ITMS method and lower than 5.7 and 5.8%, respectively, for the LC/TOFMS method. The bias was less than 8.7% for both methods. The methods were applied to two case samples, demonstrating simplicity, accuracy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spiros Louis', 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
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85
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Fragkaki AG, Angelis YS, Koupparis M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Kokotos G, Georgakopoulos C. Structural characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroids contributing to binding to the androgen receptor and to their anabolic and androgenic activities. Applied modifications in the steroidal structure. Steroids 2009; 74:172-97. [PMID: 19028512 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone introduced for therapeutic purposes providing enhanced anabolic potency with reduced androgenic effects. Androgens mediate their action through their binding to the androgen receptor (AR) which is mainly expressed in androgen target tissues, such as the prostate, skeletal muscle, liver and central nervous system. This paper reviews some of the wide spectrum of testosterone and synthetic AAS structure modifications related to the intended enhancement in anabolic activity. The structural features of steroids necessary for effective binding to the AR and those which contribute to the stipulation of the androgenic and anabolic activities are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spyros Louis, Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece
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86
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Direct injection LC/ESI-MS horse urine analysis for the quantification and identification of threshold substances for doping control. I. Determination of hydrocortisone. J Mass Spectrom 2008; 43:1255-1264. [PMID: 18407581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and rapid LC/MS methods with direct injection analysis were developed and validated for the quantification and identification of hydrocortisone in equine urine using the same sample preparation but different mass spectrometric systems: ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The main advantage of the proposed methodology is the minimal sample preparation procedure, as particle-free diluted urine samples were directly injected into both LC/MS systems. Desonide was used as internal standard (IS). The linear range was 0.25-2.5 microg ml(-1) for both methods. Matrix effects were evaluated by preparing and analyzing calibration curves in water solutions and different horse urine samples. A great variation of the signal both for hydrocortisone and the internal standard was observed in different matrices. To overcome matrix effects, the unavailability of blank matrix and the excessive cost of the isotopically labeled internal standard, standard additions calibration method was applied. This work is an exploration of the performance of the standard additions approach in a method where neither nonisotopic internal standards nor extensive sample preparation is utilized and no blank matrix is available. The relative standard deviations of intra and interday analysis of hydrocortisone in horse urine were lower than 10.2 and 5.4%, respectively, for the LC/IT-MS method and lower than 8.4 and 4.4%, respectively, for the LC/TOF-MS method. Accuracy (bias percentage) was less than 9.7% for both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spiros Louis, 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
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87
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Spyridaki MH, Kiousi P, Vonaparti A, Valavani P, Zonaras V, Zahariou M, Sianos E, Tsoupras G, Georgakopoulos C. Doping control analysis in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for the Olympic Games Athens 2004: Determination of corticosteroids and quantification of ephedrines, salbutamol and morphine. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:242-9. [PMID: 17723530 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) (n) ion trap method for the determination of corticosteroids in urine has been developed and validated. Some anabolic agents, such as epitrenbolone, trenbolone, 2-hydroxymethylformebolone, tetrahydrogestrinone, gestrinone and formoterol were included in the LC-ESI-MS method. Matrix interference, specificity, identification capability, carry over and robustness were estimated as validation parameters. Recoveries ranged from 74 to 113% at the minimum required performance limit (MRPL), which is 30 ng mL(-1) for corticosteroids and 10 ng mL(-1) for anabolic agents. Methods for the confirmation and quantification of norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, methylephedrine, salbutamol, morphine and morphine glucuronide were also developed and validated and in order to minimize analysis time, direct urine injection was used. These methods proved to be specific, accurate and precise across a calibration range for each substance since matrix interference, specificity, carry over, within and between run precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, intermediate precision and uncertainty were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Spyridaki
- Athens Doping Control Laboratory, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spiros Louis, 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Athens, Greece
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88
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Tsivou M, Kioukia-Fougia N, Lyris E, Aggelis Y, Fragkaki A, Kiousi X, Simitsek P, Dimopoulou H, Leontiou IP, Stamou M, Spyridaki MH, Georgakopoulos C. An overview of the doping control analysis during the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens, Greece. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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89
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90
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Statheropoulos M, Smaragdis E, Tzamtzis N, Georgakopoulos C. Principal component analysis for resolving coeluting substances in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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