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Millrine D, Tei M, Gemechu Y, Kishimoto T. Rabex-5 is a lenalidomide target molecule that negatively regulates TLR-induced type 1 IFN production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10625-30. [PMID: 27601648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611751113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are a family of compounds derived from thalidomide. Binding of the IMiD molecule to the Lon protease Cereblon initiates the degradation of substrates via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Here, we show that Cereblon forms a complex with Rabex-5, a regulator of immune homeostasis. Treatment with lenalidomide prevented the association of Cereblon with Rabex-5. Conversely, mutation of the IMiD binding site increased Cereblon-Rabex-5 coimmunoprecipitation. The thalidomide binding region of Cereblon therefore regulates the formation of this complex. Knockdown of Rabex-5 in the THP-1 macrophage cell line up-regulated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced cytokine and type 1 IFN production via a STAT1/IRF activating pathway. Thus, we identify Rabex-5 as a IMiD target molecule that functions to restrain TLR activated auto-immune promoting pathways. We propose that release of Rabex-5 from complex with Cereblon enables the suppression of immune responses, contributing to the antiinflammatory properties of IMiDs.
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Murai T, Kawashita N, Tian YS, Takagi T. In silico analysis of enantioselective binding of immunomodulatory imide drugs to cereblon. Springerplus 2016; 5:1122. [PMID: 27478739 PMCID: PMC4949186 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Thalidomide and its analogs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide (referred to as immunomodulatory imide drugs or IMiDs) have been known to treat multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies as well as to cause teratogenicity. Recently the protein cereblon was identified as the primary target of IMiDs, and crystallographic studies of the cereblon–IMiDs complex showed strong enantioselective binding for the (S)-enantiomer of IMiDs. Results Using the structures of cereblon and IMiDs [both (S)-enantiomers and (R)-enantiomers] we performed docking simulations in order to replicate this enantiomeric selectivity and to identify the region(s) contributing to this selectivity. We confirmed the enantioselective binding of IMiDs to cereblon with high accuracy, and propose that the hairpin connecting the β10–β11 region of cereblon (residues 351–355) contributes to this selectivity and to the increased affinity with IMiDs. Conclusions Our docking results provide novel insights into the binding mode of IMiD-like molecules and contribute to a deeper understanding of cereblon-related biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2761-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yu-Shi Tian
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Ito T, Handa H. Cereblon and its downstream substrates as molecular targets of immunomodulatory drugs. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:293-9. [PMID: 27460676 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide was first developed as a sedative around 60 years ago, but exhibited teratogenicity, leading to serious defects such as limb deformities. Nevertheless, thalidomide is now recognized as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of Hansen's disease and myeloma. Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), a new class of anti-cancer drug derived from thalidomide, have also been developed and exert potent anti-cancer effects. Although the molecular mechanism of thalidomide and IMiDs remained unclear for a long time, cereblon, a substrate receptor of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase was identified as a primary direct target by a new affinity technique. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effect of IMiDs on myeloma and other cancer cells is mediated by CRBN. Each IMiD binds to CRBN and alters the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, resulting in breakdown of intrinsic downstream proteins such as Ikaros and Aiolos. Here we give an overview of the current understanding of mechanism of action of IMiDs via CRBN and prospects for the development of new drugs that degrade protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ito
- Department of Nanoparticle Translational Research, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Nanoparticle Translational Research, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
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Kim HK, Ko TH, Nyamaa B, Lee SR, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Park CS, Nilius B, Han J. Cereblon in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1299-309. [PMID: 27343012 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate receptor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that has been linked to autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation. Several key findings suggest diverse roles of CRBN, including its regulation of the large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BKCa) channels, regulation of thalidomide-binding proteins, and mediation of lenalidomide treatment in multiple myeloma. Recent studies also indicate that CRBN is involved in energy metabolism and negatively regulates AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. Mice with genetic depletion of CRBN are resistant to various stress conditions including a high-fat diet, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and alcohol-related liver damage. In this review, we discuss the various roles of CRBN in human health and disease and suggest avenues for further research to enhance our basic knowledge and clinical application of CRBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Tae Hee Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Bayalagmaa Nyamaa
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- School of Life Sciences and National Leading Research Laboratory for Ion Channels, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712, South Korea
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, South Korea.
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Del Prete D, Rice RC, Rajadhyaksha AM, D'Adamio L. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) May Act as a Substrate and a Recognition Unit for CRL4CRBN and Stub1 E3 Ligases Facilitating Ubiquitination of Proteins Involved in Presynaptic Functions and Neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17209-27. [PMID: 27325702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose mutations cause Alzheimer disease, plays an important in vivo role and facilitates transmitter release. Because the APP cytosolic region (ACR) is essential for these functions, we have characterized its brain interactome. We found that the ACR interacts with proteins that regulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system, predominantly with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases Stub1, which binds the NH2 terminus of the ACR, and CRL4(CRBN), which is formed by Cul4a/b, Ddb1, and Crbn, and interacts with the COOH terminus of the ACR via Crbn. APP shares essential functions with APP-like protein-2 (APLP2) but not APP-like protein-1 (APLP1). Noteworthy, APLP2, but not APLP1, interacts with Stub1 and CRL4(CRBN), pointing to a functional pathway shared only by APP and APLP2. In vitro ubiquitination/ubiquitome analysis indicates that these E3 ligases are enzymatically active and ubiquitinate the ACR residues Lys(649/650/651/676/688) Deletion of Crbn reduces ubiquitination of Lys(676) suggesting that Lys(676) is physiologically ubiquitinated by CRL4(CRBN) The ACR facilitated in vitro ubiquitination of presynaptic proteins that regulate exocytosis, suggesting a mechanism by which APP tunes transmitter release. Other dementia-related proteins, namely Tau and apoE, interact with and are ubiquitinated via the ACR in vitro This, and the evidence that CRBN and CUL4B are linked to intellectual disability, prompts us to hypothesize a pathogenic mechanism, in which APP acts as a modulator of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase(s), shared by distinct neuronal disorders. The well described accumulation of ubiquitinated protein inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases and the link between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and neurodegeneration make this concept plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Del Prete
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Richard C Rice
- the Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- the Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Luciano D'Adamio
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
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56
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Millrine D, Miyata H, Tei M, Dubey P, Nyati K, Nakahama T, Gemechu Y, Ripley B, Kishimoto T. Immunomodulatory drugs inhibit TLR4-induced type-1 interferon production independently of Cereblon via suppression of the TRIF/IRF3 pathway. Int Immunol 2016; 28:307-15. [PMID: 26865412 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide and its derivatives, collectively referred to as immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), are effective inhibitors of inflammation and are known to inhibit TLR-induced TNFα production. The identification of Cereblon as the receptor for these compounds has led to a rapid advancement in our understanding of IMiD properties; however, there remain no studies addressing the role of Cereblon in mediating the suppressive effect of IMiDs on TLR responses. Here, we developed Cereblon-deficient mice using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. TLR-induced cytokine responses were unaffected by Cereblon deficiency in vivo Moreover, IMiD treatment inhibited cytokine production even in the absence of Cereblon. The IMiD-induced suppression of cytokine production therefore occurs independently of Cereblon in mice. Further investigation revealed that IMiDs are potent inhibitors of TLR-induced type-1 interferon production via suppression of the TRIF/IRF3 pathway. These data suggest that IMiDs may prove effective in the treatment of disorders characterized by the ectopic production of type-1 interferon. Significantly, these properties are mediated separately from thalidomide's teratogenic receptor, Cereblon. Thus, certain therapeutic properties of Thalidomide can be separated from its harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Millrine
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Miyata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mami Tei
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Praveen Dubey
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kishan Nyati
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yohannes Gemechu
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Barry Ripley
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, IFReC Research Building, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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57
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Sawamura N, Wakabayashi S, Matsumoto K, Yamada H, Asahi T. Cereblon is recruited to aggresome and shows cytoprotective effect against ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:1054-1059. [PMID: 26188093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is encoded by a candidate gene for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic intellectual disability (ID). The nonsense mutation, R419X, causes deletion of 24 amino acids at the C-terminus of CRBN, leading to mild ID. Although abnormal CRBN function may be associated with ID disease onset, its cellular mechanism is still unclear. Here, we examine the role of CRBN in aggresome formation and cytoprotection. In the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, exogenous CRBN formed perinuclear inclusions and co-localized with aggresome markers. Endogenous CRBN also formed perinuclear inclusions under the same condition. Treatment with a microtubule destabilizer or an inhibitor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of CRBN blocked formation of CRBN inclusions. Biochemical analysis showed CRBN containing inclusions were high-molecular weight, ubiquitin-positive. CRBN overexpression in cultured cells suppressed cell death induced by proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous CRBN in cultured cells increased cell death induced by proteasome inhibitor, compared with control cells. Our results show CRBN is recruited to aggresome and has functional roles in cytoprotection against ubiquitin-proteasome system impaired condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sawamura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Research Organization for Nano-life Innovation, Waseda University, Japan.
| | - Satoru Wakabayashi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kodai Matsumoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Research Organization for Nano-life Innovation, Waseda University, Japan
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58
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Kortüm KM, Zhu YX, Shi CX, Jedlowski P, Stewart AK. Cereblon binding molecules in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2015; 29:329-34. [PMID: 25843596 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation is an established treatment strategy in multiple myeloma with thalidomide and its derivatives lenalidomide and pomalidomide as its FDA approved representatives. Just recently the method of action of these cereblon binding molecules was deciphered and results from large phase 3 trials confirmed the backbone function of this drug family in various combination therapies. This review details the to-date knowledge concerning mechanism of IMiD action, clinical applications and plausible escape mechanisms in which cells may become resistant/refractory to cereblon binding molecule based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kortüm
- Mayo Clinic in AZ, Department of Hematology, USA
| | - Y X Zhu
- Mayo Clinic in AZ, Department of Hematology, USA
| | - C X Shi
- Mayo Clinic in AZ, Department of Hematology, USA
| | - P Jedlowski
- Mayo Clinic in AZ, Department of Hematology, USA
| | - A K Stewart
- Mayo Clinic in AZ, Department of Hematology, USA.
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Lee KM, Yang SJ, Park S, Choi YD, Shin HK, Pak JH, Park CS, Kim I. Depletion of the cereblon gene activates the unfolded protein response and protects cells from ER stress-induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:34-9. [PMID: 25619137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that cereblon (CRBN) binds to various cellular target proteins, implying that CRBN regulates a wide range of cell responses. In this study, we found that deletion of the Crbn gene desensitized mouse embryonic fibroblast cells to various cell death-promoting stimuli, including endoplasmic reticulum stress inducers. Mechanistically, deletion of Crbn activates pathways involved in the unfolded protein response prior to ER stress induction. Loss of Crbn activated PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) with enhanced phosphorylation of eIF2α. Following ER stress induction, loss of Crbn delayed dephosphorylation of eIF2α, while reconstitution of Crbn reversed enhanced phosphorylation of PERK and eIF2α. Lastly, we found that activation of the PERK/eIF2α pathway following Crbn deletion is caused by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We propose that CRBN plays a role in cellular stress signaling, including the unfolded protein response, by controlling the activity of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas South Western Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Seung-Joo Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Duk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- School of Life Sciences and Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inki Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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60
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Lee KM, Yang SJ, Choi JH, Park CS. Functional effects of a pathogenic mutation in Cereblon (CRBN) on the regulation of protein synthesis via the AMPK-mTOR cascade. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23343-52. [PMID: 24993823 PMCID: PMC4156075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially identified as a protein implicated in human mental deficit, cereblon (CRBN) was recently recognized as a negative regulator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in vivo and in vitro. Here, we present results showing that CRBN can effectively regulate new protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a downstream target of AMPK. Whereas deficiency of Crbn repressed protein translation via activation of the AMPK-mTOR cascade in Crbn-knock-out mice, ectopic expression of the wild-type CRBN increased protein synthesis by inhibiting endogenous AMPK. Unlike the wild-type CRBN, a mutant CRBN found in human patients, which lacks the last 24 amino acids, failed to rescue mTOR-dependent repression of protein synthesis in Crbn-deficient mouse fibroblasts. These results provide the first evidence that Crbn can activate the protein synthesis machinery through the mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting AMPK. In light of the fact that protein synthesis regulated by mTOR is essential for various forms of synaptic plasticity that underlie the cognitive functions of the brain, the results of this study suggest a plausible mechanism for CRBN involvement in higher brain function in humans, and they may help explain how a specific mutation in CRBN can affect the cognitive ability of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Min Lee
- From the School of Life Sciences, Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, The Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Yang
- From the School of Life Sciences, Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Choi
- From the School of Life Sciences, Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, The Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- From the School of Life Sciences, Cell Dynamics Research Center and National Leading Research Laboratory, Gwangju Institute Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, The Republic of Korea
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Gandhi AK, Kang J, Havens CG, Conklin T, Ning Y, Wu L, Ito T, Ando H, Waldman MF, Thakurta A, Klippel A, Handa H, Daniel TO, Schafer PH, Chopra R. Immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide co-stimulate T cells by inducing degradation of T cell repressors Ikaros and Aiolos via modulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4(CRBN.). Br J Haematol 2013; 164:811-21. [PMID: 24328678 PMCID: PMC4232904 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN), the molecular target of lenalidomide and pomalidomide, is a substrate receptor of the cullin ring E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4CRBN. T cell co-stimulation by lenalidomide or pomalidomide is cereblon dependent: however, the CRL4CRBN substrates responsible for T cell co-stimulation have yet to be identified. Here we demonstrate that interaction of the transcription factors Ikaros (IKZF1, encoded by the IKZF1 gene) and Aiolos (IKZF3, encoded by the IKZF3 gene) with CRL4CRBN is induced by lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Each agent promotes Aiolos and Ikaros binding to CRL4CRBN with enhanced ubiquitination leading to cereblon-dependent proteosomal degradation in T lymphocytes. We confirm that Aiolos and Ikaros are transcriptional repressors of interleukin-2 expression. The findings link lenalidomide- or pomalidomide-induced degradation of these transcriptional suppressors to well documented T cell activation. Importantly, Aiolos could serve as a proximal pharmacodynamic marker for lenalidomide and pomalidomide, as healthy human subjects administered lenalidomide demonstrated Aiolos degradation in their peripheral T cells. In conclusion, we present a molecular model in which drug binding to cereblon results in the interaction of Ikaros and Aiolos to CRL4CRBN, leading to their ubiquitination, subsequent proteasomal degradation and T cell activation.
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Schuster SR, Kortuem KM, Zhu YX, Braggio E, Shi CX, Bruins LA, Schmidt JE, Ahmann G, Kumar S, Rajkumar SV, Mikhael J, Laplant B, Champion MD, Laumann K, Barlogie B, Fonseca R, Bergsagel PL, Lacy M, Stewart AK. The clinical significance of cereblon expression in multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2013; 38:23-8. [PMID: 24129344 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) mediates immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) action in multiple myeloma (MM). We demonstrate here that no patient with very low CRBN expression responded to IMiD plus dexamethasone therapy. In 53 refractory MM patients treated with pomalidomide and dexamethasone, CRBN levels predict for decreased response rates and significant differences in PFS (3.0 vs. 8.9 months, p<0.001) and OS (9.1 vs. 27.2 months, p=0.01) (lowest quartile vs. highest three quartiles). While higher CRBN levels can serve as a surrogate for low risk disease, our study demonstrates that low CRBN expression can predict resistance to IMiD monotherapy and is a predictive biomarker for survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Schuster
- Cancer Care and Hematology, University of Colorado Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - K Martin Kortuem
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Yuan Xiao Zhu
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Laura A Bruins
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Greg Ahmann
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Joseph Mikhael
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Betsy Laplant
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mia D Champion
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Kristina Laumann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Department of Hematology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rafael Fonseca
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - P Leif Bergsagel
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Martha Lacy
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Keith Stewart
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Abstract
A nonsense mutation in cereblon (CRBN) causes autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation. Cereblon is a substrate receptor for the Cullin-RING E3 ligase complex and couples the ubiquitin ligase to specific ubiquitination targets. The CRBN nonsense mutation (R419X) results in a protein lacking 24 amino acids at its C terminus. Although this mutation has been linked to mild mental retardation, the mechanism by which the mutation affects CRBN function is unknown. Here, we used biochemical and mass spectrometric approaches to explore the function of this mutant. We show that the protein retains its ability to assemble into a Cullin-RING E3 ligase complex and catalyzes the ubiquitination of CRBN-target proteins. However, we find that this mutant exhibits markedly increased levels of autoubiquitination and is more readily degraded by the proteasome than the wild type protein. We also show that the level of the mutant protein can be restored by a treatment of cells with a clinically utilized proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that this agent may be useful for the treatment of mental retardation associated with the CRBN R419X mutation. These data demonstrate that enhanced autoubiquitination and degradation account for the defect in CRBN activity that leads to mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China and
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