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Baird CW, Zurakowski D, Bueno A, Borisuk MJ, Raju V, Mokashi SA, Emani S, Marx GR, del Nido PJ. Outcomes and Short-Term Follow-Up in Complex Ross Operations in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Damus-Kaye-Stansel Takedown. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 28:81-9. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Myers PO, Baird CW, Del Nido PJ, Pigula FA, Lang N, Marx GR, Emani SM. Neonatal Mitral Valve Repair in Biventricular Repair, Single Ventricle Palliation, and Secondary Left Ventricular Recruitment: Indications, Techniques, and Mid-Term Outcomes. Front Surg 2015; 2:59. [PMID: 26618162 PMCID: PMC4639623 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although mitral valve repair is rarely required in neonates, this population is considered to be at high risk for adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to review the indications for surgery, mechanisms, repair techniques, and mid-term outcomes of neonatal mitral valve repair. Methods The demographic, procedural, and outcome data were obtained for all neonates who underwent mitral valve repair from 2005 to 2012. The primary endpoints included mortality, transplantation, and mitral valve reoperation. Results Twenty patients were included during the study period. Median age at operation was 11 days (range: 3–25). Eleven patients (55%) presented with mitral stenosis, three had regurgitation (15%), and six had mixed mitral disease (30%). Nineteen of 20 patients had mild or less regurgitation on immediate postoperative imaging. During a median follow-up of 5 months (1 month–4.8 years), six patients died at a median of 33 months (7–41 months) from repair and one patient required orthotopic heart transplantation. Six patients required mitral valve reoperation, five for mitral valve re-repair, and one for mitral valve replacement. Freedom from death, transplantation, or mitral valve replacement was 84.2 ± 8.4% at 1 month, 71.3 ± 11% at 6 months, 64.1 ± 12% at 1 year, and 51.3 ± 15% at 2 years and was worse for patients presenting with mitral regurgitation compared to stenosis or mixed mitral valve disease. Conclusion Although mitral valve repair can be performed with acceptable immediate postoperative result, this procedure carries a high burden of late death and mitral valve reoperations.
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Myers PO, del Nido PJ, Bautista-Hernandez V, Marx GR, Emani SM, Pigula FA, Borisuk M, Baird CW. Biventricular repair for common atrioventricular canal defect with parachute left atrioventricular valve. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 49:546-51; discussion 551-2. [PMID: 25838456 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parachute left atrioventricular (AV) valve can complicate repair of common atrioventricular canal (CAVC), and single-ventricle palliation is sometimes preferred. The goal of this study is to review our single institutional experience in biventricular repair in this patient group. METHODS The demographic, procedural and outcome data were obtained for all children who underwent biventricular repair for complete CAVC with parachute [single left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle] or forme fruste parachute left AV valve (closely spaced LV papillary muscles) from 2001 to 2012. Primary outcomes were survival, freedom from left AV valve stenosis (defined as an inflow gradient ≥7 mmHg and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension) and freedom from left AV valve replacement. RESULTS A total of 24 patients were included (21 parachutes, 3 forme frustes). There was 1 early death (4.2%). At discharge, no patient had more-than-mild regurgitation and 1 had stenosis. During a median follow-up of 3.7 years (IQR 4 months to 5 years), there were 2 late deaths (8.3%), 6 patients (25%) presented significant left AV valve stenosis and 2 patients (8.3%) required valve replacement. Freedom from stenosis was 95 ± 4.9% at 1 year, 83.1 ± 8.9% at 3 years, 64.7 ± 13.5% at 5 years and 51.7 ± 15.8% at 10 years. Complete cleft closure was not associated with a significantly different freedom from left AV valve reoperation (log-rank test, P = 0.89) or significant stenosis (P = 0.47). CONCLUSION Biventricular repair in parachute left AV valve and CAVC is feasible with acceptable mortality and freedom from stenosis. The burden of reoperation remains significant in this patient group.
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Zachariah JP, Ingul CB, Marx GR. Linking pediatric obesity to subclinical alterations in cardiac structure and function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:1206-8. [PMID: 25457758 PMCID: PMC4282992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Escobar-Diaz MC, Friedman K, Salem Y, Marx GR, Kalish BT, Lafranchi T, Rathod RH, Emani S, Geva T, Tworetzky W. Perinatal and infant outcomes of prenatal diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome (asplenia and polysplenia). Am J Cardiol 2014; 114:612-7. [PMID: 24996551 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heterotaxy syndrome (HS) have a range of anomalies and outcomes. There are limited data on perinatal outcomes after prenatal diagnosis. To determine the factors influencing perinatal and infant outcomes, we analyzed prenatal and postnatal variables in fetuses with HS from 1995 to 2011. Of 154 fetuses with HS, 61 (40%) had asplenia syndrome (ASP) and 93 (60%) had polysplenia syndrome (PSP). In the ASP group, 22 (36%) patients were elected for termination of pregnancy, 4 (10%) had fetal death, and 35 of 39 (90%) continued pregnancies were live born. In the PSP group, 12 (13%) patients were elected for termination of pregnancy, 5 (6%) had fetal death (4 with bradyarrhythmia), and 76 of 81 (94%) continued pregnancies were live born. Bradyarrhythmia was the only predictor of fetal death. In the live-born ASP group, 43% (15 of 35) died, 7 because of pulmonary vein stenosis, 4 postoperatively, and 4 because of noncardiac causes. In the live-born PSP group, 13% (10 of 76) died, 5 postoperatively, 2 from bradyarrhythmia, 1 from a cardiac event, and 2 from noncardiac causes. Pulmonary vein stenosis and noncardiac anomalies were independent risk factors for postnatal death. Only 8% of ASP patients achieved biventricular circulation, compared with 65% of PSP patients. In the live-born cohort, the 5-year survival rate was 53% for ASP and 86% for PSP. In conclusion, most PSP patients are currently alive with biventricular circulation in contrast with few ASP patients. Bradyarrhythmia was the only predictor of fetal death. Pulmonary vein stenosis and noncardiac anomalies were predictors of postnatal death.
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Freud LR, McElhinney DB, Marshall AC, Marx GR, Friedman KG, del Nido PJ, Emani SM, Lafranchi T, Silva V, Wilkins-Haug LE, Benson CB, Lock JE, Tworetzky W. Fetal aortic valvuloplasty for evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome: postnatal outcomes of the first 100 patients. Circulation 2014; 130:638-45. [PMID: 25052401 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.009032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal aortic valvuloplasty can be performed for severe midgestation aortic stenosis in an attempt to prevent progression to hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). A subset of patients has achieved a biventricular (BV) circulation after fetal aortic valvuloplasty. The postnatal outcomes and survival of the BV patients, in comparison with those managed as HLHS, have not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 100 patients who underwent fetal aortic valvuloplasty for severe midgestation aortic stenosis with evolving HLHS from March 2000 to January 2013. Patients were categorized based on postnatal management as BV or HLHS. Clinical records were reviewed. Eighty-eight fetuses were live-born, and 38 had a BV circulation (31 from birth, 7 converted after initial univentricular palliation). Left-sided structures, namely aortic and mitral valve sizes and left ventricular volume, were significantly larger in the BV group at the time of birth (P<0.01). After a median follow-up of 5.4 years, freedom from cardiac death among all BV patients was 96±4% at 5 years and 84±12% at 10 years, which was better than HLHS patients (log-rank P=0.04). There was no cardiac mortality in patients with a BV circulation from birth. All but 1 of the BV patients required postnatal intervention; 42% underwent aortic or mitral valve replacement. On the most recent echocardiogram, the median left ventricular end-diastolic volume z score was +1.7 (range, -1.3 to +8.2), and 80% had normal ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS Short- and intermediate-term survival among patients who underwent fetal aortic valvuloplasty and achieved a BV circulation postnatally is encouraging. However, morbidity still exists, and ongoing assessment is warranted.
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Myers PO, del Nido PJ, Emani SM, Marx GR, Baird CW. Valve-sparing aortic root replacement and remodeling with complex aortic valve reconstruction in children and young adults with moderate or severe aortic regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:1768-74. [PMID: 24667028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The durability of valve-sparing aortic root procedures with aortic regurgitation due to leaflet disease is questioned. Here, we review our experience in combined aortic root and valve reconstruction in children and young adults. METHODS All valve-sparing aortic root procedures from 2000 to 2012 were reviewed, and patients with aortic valve repair beyond resuspension were included. Root procedures were classified as replacement with reimplantation, root remodeling, or aortic annular and sinotubular junction stabilization. The primary end point was structural valve deterioration, a composite of aortic valve reoperation and/or moderate or greater regurgitation at follow-up. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were included during the study period. The surgery consisted of reimplantation in 13 patients, remodeling in 16 patients, and annular and sinotubular junction stabilization in 5 patients. Valve repair consisted of leaflet procedures in 26 patients and subannular reduction in 15 patients. During a median follow-up of 4.2 months (range, 2 weeks-8 years), there were 5 reoperations for aortic valve replacement due to aortic regurgitation, and 2 patients presented with moderate or greater regurgitation. Freedom from structural valve deterioration was 70.1% ± 10.3% at 1 year and remained stable thereafter, although it was significantly worse in the reimplantation group (P = .039). A more severe degree of preoperative aortic regurgitation (P = .001) and smaller graft to aortic annulus ratio (P = .003) were predictors of structural valve deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Valve-sparing root and valve reconstruction can be done with low operative risk and allows valve preservation in most patients. These data should question the assumption that reimplantation is superior when associated with complex valve reconstruction.
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Feins EN, Yamauchi H, Marx GR, Freudenthal FP, Liu H, Del Nido PJ, Vasilyev NV. Repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse with a novel leaflet plication clip in an animal model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:783-90; discussion 790-1. [PMID: 24210830 PMCID: PMC3947119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, there has been increased interest in minimally invasive mitral valve prolapse repair techniques; however, these techniques have limitations. A new technique was developed for treating mitral valve prolapse that uses a novel leaflet plication clip to selectively plicate the prolapsed leaflet segment. The clip's efficacy was tested in an animal model. METHODS Yorkshire pigs (n = 7) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and mitral valve prolapse was created by cutting chordae supporting the P2 segment of the posterior leaflet. Animals were weaned off CPB and mitral regurgitation (MR) was assessed echocardiographically. CPB was reinitiated and the plication clip was applied under direct vision to the P2 segment to eliminate the prolapse. The animals survived for 2 hours. Epicardial echocardiography was obtained before and after prolapse creation and 2 hours after clip placement to quantify MR grade and vena contracta area. Posterior leaflet mobility and coaptation height were analyzed before and after clip placement. RESULTS There were no cases of clip embolization. Median MR grade increased from trivial (0-1.5) to moderate-severe after MR creation (2.5-4+) (P < .05), and decreased to mild after clip placement (0-3+) (P < .05). Vena contracta area tended to increase after cutting the chordae and decrease after clip placement: 0.08 ± 0.10 cm(2) versus 0.21 ± 0.15 cm(2) versus 0.16 ± 0.16 cm(2) (P = .21). The plication clip did not impair leaflet mobility. Coaptation height was restored to baseline: 0.51 ± 0.07 cm versus 0.44 ± 0.18 cm (P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS The leaflet plication clip can treat mitral valve prolapse in an animal model, restoring coaptation height without affecting leaflet mobility. This approach is a simple technique that may improve the effectiveness of beating-heart and minimally invasive valve surgery.
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Myers PO, Bautista-Hernandez V, Baird CW, Emani SM, Marx GR, del Nido PJ. Tricuspid regurgitation or Ebsteinoid dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in congenitally corrected transposition: Is valvuloplasty necessary at anatomic repair? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:576-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bautista-Hernandez V, Myers PO, Cecchin F, Marx GR, Del Nido PJ. Late left ventricular dysfunction after anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 148:254-8. [PMID: 24100093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early results for anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) are excellent. However, the development of left ventricular dysfunction late after repair remains a concern. In this study we sought to determine factors leading to late left ventricular dysfunction and the impact of cardiac resynchronization as a primary and secondary (upgrade) mode of pacing. METHODS From 1992 to 2012, 106 patients (median age at surgery, 1.2 years; range, 2 months to 43 years) with ccTGA had anatomic repair. A retrospective review of preoperative variables, surgical procedures, and postoperative outcomes was performed. RESULTS In-hospital deaths occurred in 5.7% (n = 6), and there were 3 postdischarge deaths during a mean follow-up period of 5.2 years (range, 7 days to 18.2 years). Twelve patients (12%) developed moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction. Thirty-eight patients (38%) were being paced at latest follow-up evaluation. Seventeen patients had resynchronization therapy, 9 as an upgrade from a prior dual-chamber system (8.5%) and 8 as a primary pacemaker (7.5%). Factors associated with left ventricular dysfunction were age at repair older than 10 years, weight greater than 20 kg, pacemaker implantation, and severe neo-aortic regurgitation. Eight of 9 patients undergoing secondary cardiac resynchronization therapy (upgrade) improved left ventricular function. None of the 8 patients undergoing primary resynchronization developed left ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Late left ventricular dysfunction after anatomic repair of ccTGA is not uncommon, occurring most often in older patients and in those requiring pacing. Early anatomic repair and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients requiring a pacemaker could preclude the development of left ventricular dysfunction.
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Marx GR, Shirali G, Levine JC, Guey LT, Cnota JF, Baffa JM, Border WL, Colan S, Ensing G, Friedberg MK, Goldberg DJ, Idriss SF, John JB, Lai WW, Lu M, Menon SC, Ohye RG, Saudek D, Wong PC, Pearson GD. Multicenter study comparing shunt type in the norwood procedure for single-ventricle lesions: three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:934-42. [PMID: 24097422 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pediatric Heart Network's Single Ventricle Reconstruction (SVR) trial randomized infants with single right ventricles (RVs) undergoing a Norwood procedure to a modified Blalock-Taussig or RV-to-pulmonary artery shunt. This report compares RV parameters in the 2 groups using 3-dimensional echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS Three-dimensional echocardiography studies were obtained at 10 of 15 SVR centers. Of the 549 subjects, 314 underwent 3-dimensional echocardiography studies at 1 to 4 time points (pre-Norwood, post-Norwood, pre-stage II, and 14 months) for a total of 757 3-dimensional echocardiography studies. Of these, 565 (75%) were acceptable for analysis. RV volume, mass, mass:volume ratio, ejection fraction, and severity of tricuspid regurgitation did not differ by shunt type. RV volumes and mass did not change after the Norwood, but increased from pre-Norwood to pre-stage II (end-diastolic volume [milliliters]/body surface area [BSA](1.3), end-systolic volume [milliliters]/BSA(1.3), and mass [grams]/BSA(1.3) mean difference [95% confidence interval]=25.0 [8.7-41.3], 19.3 [8.3-30.4], and 17.9 [7.3-28.5], then decreased by 14 months (end-diastolic volume/BSA(1.3), end-systolic volume/BSA(1.3), and mass/BSA(1.3) mean difference [95% confidence interval]=-24.4 [-35.0 to -13.7], -9.8 [-17.9 to -1.7], and -15.3 [-22.0 to -8.6]. Ejection fraction decreased from pre-Norwood to pre-stage II (mean difference [95% confidence interval]=-3.7 [-6.9 to -0.5]), but did not decrease further by 14 months. CONCLUSIONS We found no statistically significant differences between study groups in 3-dimensional echocardiography measures of RV size and function, or magnitude of tricuspid regurgitation. Volume unloading was seen after stage II, as expected, but ejection fraction did not improve. This study provides insights into the remodeling of the operated univentricular RV in infancy.
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Abstract
The important anatomic aspects of heterotaxy syndrome can be diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography in the newborn and infant. An organized approach and an understanding of asplenia (right atrial isomerism) and polysplenia (left atrial isomerism) are integral to the echocardiographic study. Detailed and precise depiction of the anatomy is the mainstay for staging subsequent medical and surgical management.
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Myers PO, Bautista-Hernandez V, del Nido PJ, Marx GR, Mayer JE, Pigula FA, Baird CW. Surgical repair of truncal valve regurgitation†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 44:813-20. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bautista-Hernandez V, Myers PO, Loyola H, Marx GR, Bacha EA, Baird CW, del Nido PJ. Atrioventricular Valve Annular Remodeling With a Bioabsorbable Ring in Young Children. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:2256-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Emani SM, McElhinney DB, Tworetzky W, Myers PO, Schroeder B, Zurakowski D, Pigula FA, Marx GR, Lock JE, del Nido PJ. Staged left ventricular recruitment after single-ventricle palliation in patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1966-74. [PMID: 23062531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to review results of a novel management strategy intended to rehabilitate the left heart (LH) in patients with LH hypoplasia who have undergone single-ventricle palliation (SVP). BACKGROUND Management of patients with hypoplastic LH syndrome and borderline left ventricle (LV) involves 2 options: SVP or biventricular repair. We hypothesized that staged LV recruitment and biventricular conversion may be achieved after SVP by using a strategy consisting of relief of inflow and outflow tract obstructions, resection of endocardial fibroelastosis, and promotion of flow through the LV. METHODS Patients with hypoplastic LH and borderline LV who underwent traditional SVP (n = 34) or staged LV recruitment (n = 34) between 1995 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with a control SVP group. RESULTS Mean initial z-scores for LH structures before stage 1 SVP were not significantly different between groups. Mortality occurred in 4 of 34 patients after LV recruitment and in 7 of 34 after traditional SVP. LH dimension z-scores increased significantly over time after LV recruitment, whereas they declined after traditional SVP, with significant interaction between stage of palliation and treatment group. Restriction of the atrial septum (conducted in 19 of 34 patients) was the only predictor of increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (p < 0.001). Native biventricular circulation was achieved in 12 patients after staged LV recruitment; all of these patients had restriction at the atrial septum. CONCLUSIONS In these patients with borderline LH disease who underwent SVP, it is possible to increase LH dimensions by using an LV recruitment strategy. In a subset of patients, this strategy allowed establishment of biventricular circulation.
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Perrin DP, Vasilyev NV, Marx GR, del Nido PJ. Temporal enhancement of 3D echocardiography by frame reordering. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:300-4. [PMID: 22421177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method to increase the frame rate for 3-dimensional ultrasound sequences of periodically moving cardiac structures by reordering the acquired volume series. The frame rate is especially important in studying intracardiac structures such as valve leaflet motion in which valve closing times are on the order of milliseconds. Current commercially available systems for volumetric ultrasound imaging are limited to approximately 10 to 20 volumes per second. Although this frame rate is sufficient for real-time observation of basic cardiac morphology, understanding cardiac dynamics requires faster frame rates. The presented work achieves higher frame rates by sampling over several beats and using a simultaneous electrocardiography signal to accurately place the frame within the cardiac cycle. The proposed method relies on periodicity of the heart motion and that within the temporal regions of highest velocity, the structural motions of interest have the lowest beat-to-beat variability.
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Myers PO, del Nido PJ, Marx GR, Emani S, Mayer JE, Pigula FA, Baird CW. Improving Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Repair in Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:599-605; discussion 605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yamauchi H, Vasilyev NV, Marx GR, Loyola H, Padala M, Yoganathan AP, del Nido PJ. Right ventricular papillary muscle approximation as a novel technique of valve repair for functional tricuspid regurgitation in an ex vivo porcine model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kipps AK, Graham DA, Lewis E, Marx GR, Banka P, Rhodes J. Natural history of exercise function in patients with Ebstein anomaly: A serial study. Am Heart J 2012; 163:486-91. [PMID: 22424021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of Ebstein anomaly (EA) vary greatly; criteria for surgical intervention remain undefined. Decisions regarding surgical intervention in asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic patients would be helpfully informed by a detailed, quantitative understanding of the natural history of exercise intolerance in these patients. However, past studies of exercise function in EA have been of a cross-sectional, rather than a serial, nature. We, therefore, analyzed serial cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) tests from patients with unrepaired EA to better appreciate the natural history of their exercise function. METHODS All patients with EA who had had at least 2 CPX tests, separated by at least 6 months, between November 2002 and October 2010 were identified. Patients with prior tricuspid valve surgery were excluded from the study. RESULTS Cardiopulmonary exercise data from 23 patients (64 CPX tests; 2.8 ± 1.0 tests/patient) were analyzed. The median time interval between the first and last CPX tests was 3.3 (range, 0.6-7.3) years. The percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption declined slowly (1.87 ± 8.04 percentage points/y) during the follow-up period. The decline was more pronounced (3.04 ± 6.78 percentage points/y) in patients <18 years old. On multivariate modeling, only the change in oxygen pulse at peak exercise (a surrogate for forward stroke volume) and the change in peak heart rate over time emerged as statistically significant correlates of the change in percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption. CONCLUSION The exercise function of patients with EA tends to deteriorate over time. This deterioration appears to be related to a progressive decline in their ability to augment their forward stroke volume and heart rate during exercise.
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Vogel M, Marx GR, Tworetzky W, Cecchin F, Graham D, Mayer JE, Pigula FA, Bacha EA, Del Nido PJ. Ebstein's Malformation of the Tricuspid Valve: Short-term Outcomes of the “Cone Procedure” versus Conventional Surgery. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2011; 7:50-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2011.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schneider RJ, Perrin DP, Vasilyev NV, Marx GR, del Nido PJ, Howe RD. Mitral annulus segmentation from four-dimensional ultrasound using a valve state predictor and constrained optical flow. Med Image Anal 2011; 16:497-504. [PMID: 22200622 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the shape and motion of the mitral valve annulus has proven useful in a number of applications, including pathology diagnosis and mitral valve modeling. Current methods to delineate the annulus from four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound, however, either require extensive overhead or user-interaction, become inaccurate as they accumulate tracking error, or they do not account for annular shape or motion. This paper presents a new 4D annulus segmentation method to account for these deficiencies. The method builds on a previously published three-dimensional (3D) annulus segmentation algorithm that accurately and robustly segments the mitral annulus in a frame with a closed valve. In the 4D method, a valve state predictor determines when the valve is closed. Subsequently, the 3D annulus segmentation algorithm finds the annulus in those frames. For frames with an open valve, a constrained optical flow algorithm is used to the track the annulus. The only inputs to the algorithm are the selection of one frame with a closed valve and one user-specified point near the valve, neither of which needs to be precise. The accuracy of the tracking method is shown by comparing the tracking results to manual segmentations made by a group of experts, where an average RMS difference of 1.67±0.63mm was found across 30 tracked frames.
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Kaza E, Marx GR, Kaza AK, Colan SD, Loyola H, Perrin DP, Del Nido PJ. Changes in left atrioventricular valve geometry after surgical repair of complete atrioventricular canal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 143:1117-24. [PMID: 22078711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most common reason for late surgical reintervention after repair of complete atrioventricular canal defects is the development of left atrioventricular valve regurgitation. We sought to determine the changes in left atrioventricular valve geometry after surgical repair that may predispose to regurgitation. METHODS Atrioventricular valve measurements were obtained by 2-dimensional echocardiography at 3 different time points (preoperative, early postoperative, and midterm postoperative [6-12 months]). Left atrioventricular valve annulus area and left ventricular volume were calculated; vena contracta of the regurgitant jet orifice was measured. All measurements were normalized relative to an appropriate power of body surface area. RESULTS From January 2000 to January 2008, 101 patients with complete atrioventricular canal repair were included. Left atrioventricular valve annulus was noted to remodel from an elliptical shape to a circular shape after surgery. Left atrioventricular valve annulus area increased early postoperatively (systole: 4.1 ± 0.2 cm(2)/m(2) vs 6.1 ± 0.3 cm(2)/m(2), P < .001; diastole: 7.2 ± 0.4 cm(2)/m(2) vs 10.0 ± 0.5 cm(2)/m(2), P < .001, pre- vs postoperative, respectively). This increase was sustained in the midterm postoperative period (systole: 6.1 ± 0.3 cm(2)/m(2), P = .85, vs diastole: 10.0 ± 0.4 cm(2)/m(2), P = .78, early vs midterm postoperative). Left ventricular volume increased in the early and midterm postoperative periods compared with preoperative (systole: 16.9 ± 1.2 mL/m(2) vs 26.2 ± 1.7 mL/m(2), P < .001; diastole: 35.0 ± 2.4 mL/m(2) vs 52.5 ± 3.2 mL/m(2), P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Complete atrioventricular canal repair leads to left atrioventricular valve annular shape change with increased area and circular shape. The change in left atrioventricular valve annulus shape appeared to be mainly due to increased circumference in the posterior free wall of the annulus. These findings may provide a mechanism for the progression of central regurgitation seen after complete atrioventricular canal repair and a potential solution.
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McElhinney DB, Marx GR, Marshall AC, Mayer JE, del Nido PJ. Cavopulmonary pathway modification in patients with heterotaxy and newly diagnosed or persistent pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after a modified Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141:1362-70.e1. [PMID: 21146835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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McElhinney DB, Marx GR, Newburger JW. Congenital portosystemic venous connections and other abdominal venous abnormalities in patients with polysplenia and functionally univentricular heart disease: a case series and literature review. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2011; 6:28-40. [PMID: 21269410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2010.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Published case reports suggest that congenital portosystemic venous connections (PSVC) and other abdominal venous anomalies may be relatively frequent and potentially important in patients with polysplenia syndrome. Our objective was to investigate the frequency and range of portal and other abdominal systemic venous anomalies in patients with polysplenia and inferior vena cava (IVC) interruption who underwent a cavopulmonary anastomosis procedure at our center, and to review the published literature on this topic and the potential clinical importance of such anomalies. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study and literature review were used. RESULTS Among 77 patients with heterotaxy, univentricular heart disease, and IVC interruption who underwent a bidirectional Glenn and/or modified Fontan procedure, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations were diagnosed in 33 (43%). Bilateral superior vena cavas were present in 42 patients (55%). Despite inadequate imaging in many patients, a partial PSVC, dual IVCs, and/or renal vein anomalies were detected in 15 patients (19%). A PSVC formed by a tortuous vessel running from the systemic venous system to the extrahepatic portal vein was found in six patients (8%). Abdominal venous anomalies other than PSVC were documented in 13 patients (16%), including nine (12%) with some form of duplicated IVC system, with a large azygous vein continuing to the superior vena cava and a parallel, contralateral IVC of similar or smaller size, and seven with renal vein anomalies. In patients with a partial PSVC or a duplicate IVC that connected to the atrium, the abnormal connection allowed right-to-left shunting. CONCLUSIONS PSVC and other abdominal venous anomalies may be clinically important but under-recognized in patients with IVC interruption and univentricular heart disease. In such patients, preoperative evaluation of the abdominal systemic venous system may be valuable. More data are necessary to determine whether there is a pathophysiologic connection between the polysplenia variant of heterotaxy, PSVC, and cavopulmonary anastomosis-associated pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.
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Margossian R, Spencer CT, Alexander ME, Smoot LB, Dorfman AL, Bergersen L, Gauvreau K, Marx GR, Colan SD. REPRODUCIBILITY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF VENTRICULAR NONCOMPACTION. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(11)60468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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