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Sutton JJ, Preston D, Traber P, Steinmetzer J, Wu X, Kayal S, Sun XZ, Crowley JD, George MW, Kupfer S, Gordon KC. Excited-State Switching in Rhenium(I) Bipyridyl Complexes with Donor-Donor and Donor-Acceptor Substituents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9082-9093. [PMID: 34111929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of two Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl complexes in which the bpy is substituted with two donor (triphenylamine, TPA, ReTPA2) as well as both donor (TPA) and acceptor (benzothiadiazole, BTD, ReTPA-BTD) groups are presented. For ReTPA2 the absorption spectra show intense intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) bands at 460 nm with small solvatochromic behavior; for ReTPA-BTD the ILCT transitions are weaker. These transitions are assigned as TPA → bpy transitions as supported by resonance Raman data and TDDFT calculations. The excited-state spectroscopy shows the presence of two emissive states for both complexes. The intensity of these emission signals is modulated by solvent. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy definitively assigns the excited states present in CH2Cl2 to be MLCT in nature, and in MeCN the excited states are ILCT in nature. DFT calculations indicated this switching with solvent is governed by access to states controlled by spin-orbit coupling, which is sufficiently different in the two solvents, allowing to select out each of the charge-transfer states.
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Steel TR, Tong KK, Söhnel T, Jamieson SM, Wright LJ, Crowley JD, Hanif M, Hartinger CG. Homodinuclear organometallics of ditopic N,N-chelates: Synthesis, reactivity and in vitro anticancer activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Crowley JD, Oliver RA, Dan MJ, Wills DJ, Rawlinson JW, Crasto RA, O'Connor JM, Mitchell GJ, Tan CJ, Walsh WR. Single level posterolateral lumbar fusion in a New Zealand White rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) model: Surgical anatomy, operative technique, autograft fusion rates, and perioperative care. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1135. [PMID: 33778408 PMCID: PMC7984023 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) New Zealand White (NZW) (Oryctolagus cuniculus) rabbit model is a long-standing surgical technique for the preclinical evaluation of materials for spinal fusion. A detailed understanding of lumbar spine anatomy and perioperative care requirements of rabbits is imperative for correct execution of the model both scientifically and ethically. This study describes the preoperative procedures and surgical techniques used in single level PLF in a NZW rabbit model as it pertains to the animal husbandry, lumbar spine anatomy, anesthesia, surgical approach, and perioperative care of rabbits in a research setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS We describe the surgical technique and perioperative patient care for single level PLF in a NZW rabbit model. Medical records from a single research facility were retrospectively reviewed for adult NZW rabbits that underwent single level PLF (L4-L5) between January 2016 and December 2019. The number of lumbar vertebrae per rabbit, fusion rates at 12 weeks using iliac crest autograft and complications are reported. Skeletal maturity was confirmed by preoperative fluoroscopic and radiographic documented closure of hindlimb physes. RESULTS The PLF rabbit surgical model and perioperative patient care is described. PLF was performed in 868 adult female entire NZW rabbits. The majority of rabbits had seven lumbar vertebrae (620/868; 71.4%), followed by six (221/868; 25.5%), and eight (27/868; 3.1%). Fusion rates at 12 weeks for PLF using iliac crest autograft as assessed by manual palpation and radiographic assessment was 76.9% and 70.0%, respectively. Postoperative complications included occasional partial autograft site wound dehiscence due to self-trauma. CONCLUSIONS For PLF rabbit models, a detailed understanding of the surgical technique, rabbit lumbar anatomy including number of lumbar vertebrae, and dietary and husbandry requirements of rabbits, is essential for execution of the model and animal welfare.
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Dan MJ, Parr WCH, Crowley JD, Oliver RA, Kai Lun K, Lovric V, Cross M, Broe D, Walsh WR. Moment arm function dictates patella sagittal height anatomy: Rabbit epiphysiodesis model alters limb length ratios and subsequent patellofemoral anatomical development. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:637-647. [PMID: 32406960 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patellofemoral anatomical dysplasia is associated with patellofemoral instability and pain. The closure of the knee physis occurs at the same age as the peak incidence of patellofemoral dislocation. This study determined the effect on the patellofemoral anatomical development in a rabbit epiphysiodesis model. Twenty-four skeletally immature New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups (a) distal femur epiphysiodesis (FE) (b) proximal tibia epiphysiodesis (TE) (c) control; no epiphysiodesis (C) performed at 6 weeks of age. The primary endpoint was shape analysis using three-dimensional reconstructions of micro-computed tomographys (CTs) performed at 30 weeks of age. The limb length ratios (femur:tibia) were significantly different for both FE (mean 0.72, SD 0.0381, P < .001) and TE (mean 0.91, SD 0.0383, P < .001) treatment groups compared to control (mean 0.81, SD 0.0073). Patella height, as measured from the most distal point of the patella to the tibial joint surface (modified Caton-Deschamps measurement), was lower (baja) in the FE and higher (alta) for the TE, compared with the control group. Our findings suggest femoral and tibial shortening can influence the development of the patellofemoral joint, which may be dictated by moment arm function and is potentially responsible for the etiology of patella alta. Future studies are warranted to explore this association further with the view for the development of treatment options for patella alta in human patients.
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Vasdev RAS, Findlay JA, Turner DR, Crowley JD. Self-Assembly of a Redox Active, Metallosupramolecular [Pd 3 L 6 ] 6+ Complex Using a Rotationally Flexible Ferrocene Ligand. Chem Asian J 2020; 16:39-43. [PMID: 33251757 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new ferrocene-containing [Pd3 (L4EFc )6 ]6+ (X- )6 (C ⋅ BF4 and C ⋅ SbF6 where X=BF4 - or SbF6 - ) self-assembled double-walled triangle has been synthesized from the known, rotationally flexible, 1,1'-bis(4-pyridylethynyl)ferrocene ligand (L4EFc ), and characterized by 1 H, 13 C and diffusion ordered (DOSY) NMR spectroscopies, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), X-ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The molecular structures confirmed that double-walled triangle cage systems (C ⋅ BF4 and C ⋅ SbF6 ) were generated. C ⋅ BF4 was shown to interact with the anionic guest, p-toluenesulfonate. CV experiments revealed that the triangles were redox active, however addition of the guest did not influence the redox potentials.
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Crowley JD, Hosgood G, Appelgrein C. Seed skin grafts for reconstruction of distal limb defects in 15 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:561-567. [PMID: 32715484 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the surgical technique of seed skin grafting and clinical application for reconstruction of wounds on the distal limb of client-owned dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records from The Animal Hospital at Murdoch University were retrospectively reviewed for dogs requiring reconstruction using seed grafting for distal limb skin defects between January 2009 and May 2020. RESULTS Fifteen dogs were included. Grafting was performed on distal limb wounds at or below the carpus or tarsus, following trauma (n = 12) or neoplasia excision (n = 3). Complete epithelialisation with minimal contracture was recorded at a median of 4 weeks (range 3 to 8 weeks) after implantation. Median follow-up was 37 months (range 3 to 55 months) after grafting. Postoperative complications included epidermal inclusion cyst in two dogs. Good functional outcome with acceptable cosmesis despite sparse hair growth was achieved in all cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Seed grafting is a simple technique that can be used reliably to reconstruct wounds on the distal limb in dogs where other reconstructive techniques are not suitable. Complete epithelialisation with sparse hair growth, good long-term functional outcome and minimal complications can be expected.
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McNeill SM, Giles NM, Preston D, Jones PP, Crowley JD, Giles GI. Quadruply Stranded Metallo-Supramolecular Helicate [Pd 2(hextrz) 4] 4+ Acts as a Molecular Mimic of Cytolytic Peptides. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1822-1834. [PMID: 32347099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ is a quadruply stranded helicate, a novel bioinorganic complex designed to mimic the structure and function of proteins due to its high stability and supramolecular size. We have previously reported that [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ exhibited cytotoxicity toward a range of cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 3 to 10 μM. Here we demonstrate that [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ kills cells by forming pores within the cell membrane, a mechanism of cell death analogous to the naturally occurring cytolytic peptides. [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ induced cell death is characterized by an initial influx of Ca2+, followed by nuclear condensation and mitochondrial swelling. This is accompanied by progressive cell membrane damage that results in the formation of large blebs at the cell surface. This allows the efflux of molecules from the cell leading to loss of cell viability. These data suggest that it may be possible to design metallo-supramolecular complexes to mimic the cytotoxic action of pore forming proteins and peptides and so provide a new class of drug to treat cancer, autoimmune disorders, and microbial infection.
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Lisboa LS, Findlay JA, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. A Reduced‐Symmetry Heterobimetallic [PdPtL
4
]
4+
Cage: Assembly, Guest Binding, and Stimulus‐Induced Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11101-11107. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lisboa LS, Findlay JA, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. A Reduced‐Symmetry Heterobimetallic [PdPtL
4
]
4+
Cage: Assembly, Guest Binding, and Stimulus‐Induced Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Shillito GE, Preston D, Traber P, Steinmetzer J, McAdam CJ, Crowley JD, Wagner P, Kupfer S, Gordon KC. Excited-State Switching Frustrates the Tuning of Properties in Triphenylamine-Donor-Ligand Rhenium(I) and Platinum(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6736-6746. [PMID: 32338504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl and platinum(II) bis(acetylide) complexes containing a triphenylamine (TPA)-substituted 1,10-phenanthroline ligand have been examined. The complexes possess both metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) transitions that absorb in the visible region. The relative energies and ordering of the absorbing CT states have been successfully controlled by changing the metal center and modulating the donating ability of the TPA group through the addition of electron-donating methoxy and electron-withdrawing cyano groups. The ground-state properties behave in a predictable manner as a function of the TPA substituent and are characterized with a suite of techniques including electronic absorption spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and time-dependent density functional theory calculations. However, systematic control over the ground-state properties of the complexes does not extend to their excited-state behavior. Unexpectedly, despite variation of both the MLCT and ILCT state energies, all of the luminescent complexes displayed near-isoenergetic emission at 298 K, yet the emissive lifetimes of the complexes vary from 290 ns to 3.9 μs. Excited-state techniques including transient absorption and transient resonance Raman, combined with a suite of quantum-chemical calculations, including scalar relativistic effects to elucidate competitive excited-state relaxation pathways, have been utilized to aid in assignment of the long-lived state in the complexes, which was shown to possess differing 3MLCT and 3ILCT contributions across the series.
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Lagesse NR, Tan KYL, Crowley JD, Findlay JA. Planar 2‐Pyridyl‐1,2,3‐triazole Derived Metallo‐ligands: Self‐assembly with PdCl2and Photocatalysis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1567-1573. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Crlikova H, Malina J, Novohradsky V, Kostrhunova H, Vasdev RAS, Crowley JD, Kasparkova J, Brabec V. Antiproliferative Activity and Associated DNA Interactions of [Co2L3]6+ Cylinders Derived from Bis(bidentate) 2-Pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole Ligands. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crowley JD, Hosgood G, Crawford NV, Richardson JL. Computed tomographic findings, surgical management and postoperative outcomes of large intermuscular lipomas in the hindlimb of 11 dogs. Aust Vet J 2019; 98:135-139. [PMID: 31788782 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipomas are benign adipose tissue tumours of mesenchymal origin and can originate in various locations. Intermuscular lipomas in the thigh can cause substantial hindlimb expansion in the dog. We describe the computed tomography findings, surgical management and the outcomes of 11 dogs with large intermuscular lipomas of the hindlimb. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records between 2009 and 2019 of dogs presenting to The Animal Hospital at Murdoch University were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included dogs with a histologically confirmed, large hindlimb lipoma that was surgically excised following preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging. RESULTS CT with intravenous contrast revealed a well-defined, smoothly marginated, fat attenuating mass with minimal vascularity, separating the muscle bellies of the caudal hindlimb. The mass was often in close proximity to the femoral artery and vein. All lipomas were marginally excised. At surgery, some lipomas were intimately associated with the sciatic nerve and some showed infiltration of, or attachment to, neighbouring muscle that could be excised en bloc with the lipoma. Postoperative closed-suction wound drainage was used in 6 of 11 dogs. One dog required revision surgery due to partial wound dehiscence. Long-term follow-up with owners reported good postoperative function of the affected hindlimb in all dogs. One dog developed an infiltrative lipoma in the same location 22 months post-excision. CONCLUSION Preoperative CT allowed a presumptive diagnosis of intermuscular lipoma and facilitated surgical planning for marginal excision. Large intermuscular lipomas of the hindlimb can be safely excised with minimal short-term complications, good long-term functional outcome and low likelihood of recurrence.
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Barnsley JE, Findlay JA, Shillito GE, Pelet WS, Scottwell SØ, McIntyre SM, Tay EJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Long-lived MLCT states for Ru(ii) complexes of ferrocene-appended 2,2'-bipyridines. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15713-15722. [PMID: 31549707 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present two ruthenium(ii) diimine complexes appended with ferrocene which show metal to ligand charge transfer 3MLCT emission lifetimes around 630 ns. We also present a similar complex with two ferrocene units which has decreased emission. These complexes have been studied by electrochemical, electronic absorption, and Raman, resonance Raman and transient resonance Raman means, coupled with density functional theoretical approaches. For these systems, the optical spectra are dominated by a low energy ruthenium(ii) MLCT transition; which can be modulated by the presence of pendant ferrocene units and the extent of conjugation of the ferrocenyl bipyridine backbone. Tuning of the lowest energy transition in terms of intensity (4 to 18 × 10-3 M-1 cm-1) and energy (535 to 563 nm) was achieved by these means.
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Preston D, Inglis AR, Crowley JD, Kruger PE. Self‐assembly and Cycling of a Three‐state Pd
x
L
y
Metallosupramolecular System. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3404-3408. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Vasdev RAS, Findlay JA, Garden AL, Crowley JD. Redox active [Pd 2L 4] 4+ cages constructed from rotationally flexible 1,1'-disubstituted ferrocene ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7506-7509. [PMID: 31187814 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new ferrocene-containing [Pd2(LFc)4]4+(X-)4 (where X- = BF4- or SbF6-) self-assembled cages (C·BF4 and C·SbF6) were synthesised from the known, rotationally flexible, 1,1'-bis(3-pyridylethynyl)ferrocene ligand (LFc), and characterised by 1H, 13C and diffusion ordered (DOSY) NMR and UV-visible absorption spectroscopies, high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The molecular structures confirmed that cage-like systems (C·BF4 and C·SbF6) were generated. Similar to related [Pd2L4]4+(X-)4, C·SbF6 was able to interact with a range of neutral and anionic guests, with p-toluenesulfonate showing the strongest association constant. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that the cage systems were redox active. However, the redox potential of the cage was unperturbed upon the addition of guests.
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Crowley JD, Thomas KA, Donahoe SL, Child G, Hickey MC, Mooney ET. Hypoventilation, cardiac dysrhythmia, and cardiac arrest following acute
Brunfelsia
species (Yesterday, today, tomorrow) intoxication in a dog. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:202-207. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Casini A, Crowley JD. Editorial: Supramolecular Metal-Based Entities for Biomedical and Biological Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:293. [PMID: 31080795 PMCID: PMC6497750 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mapley JI, Ross DAW, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Triphenylamine-substituted 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole copper(I) complexes: an experimental and computational investigation. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1593388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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van Hilst QVC, Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Findlay JA, Scottwell SØ, Giles GI, Brooks HJL, Crowley JD. Synthesis, Characterisation and Antimicrobial Studies of some 2,6‐
bis
(1,2,3‐Triazol‐4‐yl)Pyridine Ruthenium(II) “Click” Complexes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Vasdev RAS, Gaudin LF, Preston D, Jogy JP, Giles GI, Crowley JD. Anticancer Activity and Cisplatin Binding Ability of Bis-Quinoline and Bis-Isoquinoline Derived [Pd 2L 4] 4+ Metallosupramolecular Cages. Front Chem 2018; 6:563. [PMID: 30525025 PMCID: PMC6262750 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New bis-quinoline (L q) and bis-isoquinoline-based (L iq) ligands have been synthesized, along with their respective homoleptic [Pd2(L q or L iq)4]4+ cages (C q and C iq). The ligands and cages were characterized by 1H, 13C and diffusion ordered (DOSY) NMR spectroscopies, high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS) and in the case of the bis-quinoline cage, X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of the C q architecture showed that the [Pd2(L q)4]4+ cage formed a twisted meso isomer where the [Pd(quinoline)4]2+ units at either end of the cage architecture adopt the opposite twists (left and right handed). Conversely, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on the C iq cage architecture indicated that a lantern shaped conformation, similar to what has been observed before for related [Pd2(L tripy)4]4+ systems (where L tripy = 2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)pyridine), was generated. The different cage conformations manifest different properties for the isomeric cages. The C iq cage is able to bind, weakly in acetonitrile, the anticancer drug cisplatin whereas the C q architecture shows no interaction with the guest under the same conditions. The kinetic robustness of the two cages in the presence of Cl- nucleophiles was also different. The C iq cage was completely decomposed into free L iq and [Pd(Cl)4]2- within 1 h. However, the C q cage was more long lived and was only fully decomposed after 7 h. The new ligands (L iq and L q) and the Pd(II) cage architectures (C iq and C q) were assessed for their cytotoxic properties against two cancerous cell lines (A549 lung cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer) and one non-cancerous cell line (HDFa skin cells). It was found that L q and C q were both reasonably cytotoxic (IC50S ≈ 0.5 μM) against A549, while C iq was slightly less active (IC50 = 7.4 μM). L iq was not soluble enough to allow the IC50 to be determined against either of the two cancerous cell lines. However, none of the molecules showed any selectivity for the cancer cells, as they were all found to have similar cytotoxicities against HDFa skin cells (IC50 values ranged from 2.6 to 3.0 μM).
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Kim TY, Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Crowley JD. Frontispiece: Strategies for Reversible Guest Uptake and Release from Metallosupramolecular Architectures. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201885663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Preston D, Findlay JA, Crowley JD. Recognition Properties and Self‐assembly of Planar [M(2‐pyridyl‐1,2,3‐triazole)2]2+Metallo‐ligands. Chem Asian J 2018; 14:1136-1142. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim TY, Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Crowley JD. Strategies for Reversible Guest Uptake and Release from Metallosupramolecular Architectures. Chemistry 2018; 24:14878-14890. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Findlay JA, Barnsley JE, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Synthesis and Light-Induced Actuation of Photo-Labile 2-Pyridyl-1,2,3-Triazole Ru(bis-bipyridyl) Appended Ferrocene Rotors. Molecules 2018; 23:E2037. [PMID: 30110981 PMCID: PMC6222349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To realise useful control over molecular motion in the future an extensive toolbox of both actionable molecules and stimuli-responsive units must be developed. Previously, our laboratory has reported 1,1'-disubstituted ferrocene (Fc) rotor units which assume a contracted/π-stacked conformation until complexation of cationic metal ions causes rotation about the Ferrocene (Fc) molecular 'ball-bearing'. Herein, we explore the potential of using the photochemical ejection of [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ units as a stimulus for the rotational contraction of new ferrocene rotor units. Fc rotors with both 'regular' and 'inverse' 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole binding pockets and their corresponding [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ complexes were synthesised. The rotors and complexes were characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopies, Electro-Spray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI⁻MS), and electrochemistry. The 1,1'-disubstituted Fc ligands were shown to π-stack both in solution and solid state. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations (CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d)) support the notion that complexation to [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ caused a rotation from the syn- to the anti-conformation. Upon photo-irradiation with UV light (254 nm), photo-ejection of the [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂(CH₃CN)₂]2+ units in acetonitrile was observed. The re-complexation of the [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ units could be achieved using acetone as the reaction solvent. However, the process was exceedingly slowly. Additionally, the Fc ligands slowly decomposed when exposed to UV irradiation meaning that only one extension and contraction cycle could be completed.
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