Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Natural Killer Cells: A New Breakthrough in the Treatment of Solid Tumours

Natural killer (NK) cells can quickly and directly eradicate tumour cells without recognising tumour-specific antigens. NK cells also participate in immune surveillance, which arouses great interest in the development of novel cancer therapies. The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) family is composed of receptor proteins that give immune cells extra capabilities to target specific antigen proteins or enhance their killing effects. CAR-T cell therapy has achieved initial success in haematological tumours, but is prone to adverse reactions, especially with cytokine release syndrome in clinical applications. Currently, CAR-NK cell therapy has been shown to successfully kill haematological tumour cells with allogeneic NK cells in clinical trials without adverse reactions, proving its potential to become an off-the-shelf product with broad clinical application prospects. Meanwhile, clinical trials of CAR-NK cells for solid tumours are currently underway. Here we will focus on the latest advances in CAR-NK cells, including preclinical and clinical trials in solid tumours, the advantages and challenges of CAR-NK cell therapy and new strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of CAR-NK cell therapy.

Effect of clay supplementation on growth performance of broiler chickens: a systematic review and meta-analysis

1. This review assessed the effect of dietary clay supplementation as a drug and toxin adsorbent on broiler growth performance as a meta-analysis.2. A total of 33 eligible studies were included in the present study after identification and evaluation from online databases. Standardised mean differences (SMD) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed with a fixed-effects model.3. The results indicated that clay supplementation significantly improved broiler daily gain (P < 0.001) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001), but did not affect feed intake (P = 0.954). Results of subgroup analysis showed that zeolite clay had the most stable medium improvement effect on FCR, while kaolin had a large effect. In addition, male broilers and Cobb or Ross broilers were more sensitive to the addition of clay, and the best supplemental levels, in general, were 10 g/kg to 30 g/kg.4. Meta-regression analysis showed that clay supplemental level and sex of broilers may be important factors in the effect of clay on ADG and FCR of broilers, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed high stability of the results and no significant publication bias was found with funnel plot analysis and Egger's or Begg's test (P > 0.05).5. In conclusion, an appropriate addition level is a prerequisite for effective clay application. Kaolin and zeolite clays seem to be more suitable for enhancing broiler growth performance, and the value of clay is amplified in specific broiler breeds.

The role of mitochondrial fission in intervertebral disc degeneration

Low back pain (LBP) is an extremely common disorder and is a major cause of disability globally. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the main contributor to LBP. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of IVDD remain unclear. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission, known as mitochondrial dynamics. Accumulating evidence has revealed that aberrantly activated mitochondrial fission leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction, which are involved in the development and progression of IVDD. To date, research into mitochondrial dynamics in IVDD is at an early stage. The present narrative review aims to summarize the most recent findings about the role of mitochondrial fission in the pathogenesis of IVDD.

Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using Recoil Protons at Super-Kamiokande

We report a search for cosmic-ray boosted dark matter with protons using the 0.37  megaton×years data collected at Super-Kamiokande experiment during the 1996-2018 period (SKI-IV phase). We searched for an excess of proton recoils above the atmospheric neutrino background from the vicinity of the Galactic Center. No such excess is observed, and limits are calculated for two reference models of dark matter with either a constant interaction cross section or through a scalar mediator. This is the first experimental search for boosted dark matter with hadrons using directional information. The results present the most stringent limits on cosmic-ray boosted dark matter and exclude the dark matter-nucleon elastic scattering cross section between 10^{-33}cm^{2} and 10^{-27}cm^{2} for dark matter mass from 1  MeV/c^{2} to 300  MeV/c^{2}.

[Analysis of the characteristics of retracted scientific papers in the field of global liver diseases published by Chinese scholars]

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of scientific papers in the field of global liver diseases published by Chinese scholars that were retracted for diverse reasons from the Retraction Watch database, so as to provide a reference to publishing-related papers. Methods: The Retraction Watch database was retrieved for retracted papers in the field of global liver disease published by Chinese scholars from March 1, 2008 to January 28, 2021. The regional distribution, source journals, reasons for retraction, publication and retraction times, and others were analyzed. Results: A total of 101 retracted papers that were distributed across 21 provinces/cities were retrieved. Zhejiang area (n = 17) had the most retracted papers, followed by Shanghai (n = 14), and Beijing (n = 11). The vast majority were research papers (n = 95). The journal PLoS One had the highest number of retracted papers. In terms of time distribution, 2019 (n = 36) had the most retracted papers. 23 papers, accounting for 8.3% of all retractions, were retracted owing to journal or publisher concerns. Liver cancer (34%), liver transplantation (16%), hepatitis (14%), and others were the main areas of retracted papers. Conclusion: Chinese scholars have a large number of retracted articles in the field of global liver diseases. A journal or publisher chooses to retract a manuscript after investigating and discovering more flawed problems, which, however, require further support, revision, and supervision from the editorial and academic circles.

Imaging Cerebral Blood Vessels Using Near-Infrared Optical Tomography: A Simulation Study

Cerebral veins have received increasing attention due to their importance in preoperational planning and the brain oxygenation measurement. There are different modalities to image those vessels, such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and recently, contrast-enhanced (CE) 3D gradient-echo sequences. However, the current techniques have certain disadvantages, i.e., the long examination time, the requirement of contrast agents or inability to measure oxygenation. Near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) is emerging as a viable new biomedical imaging modality that employs near infrared light (650-950 nm) to image biological tissue. It was proven to easily penetrate the skull and therefore enables the brain vessels to be assessed. NIROT utilizes safe non-ionizing radiation and can be applied in e.g., early detection of neonatal brain injury and ischemic strokes. The aim is to develop non-invasive label-free dynamic time domain (TD) NIROT to image the brain vessels. A simulation study was performed with the software (NIRFAST) which models light propagation in tissue with the finite element method (FEM). Both a simple shape mesh and a real head mesh including all the segmented vessels from MRI images were simulated using both FEM and a hybrid FEM-U-Net network, we were able to visualize the superficial vessels with NIROT with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) lower than 0.079.

Base MRI Imaging Characteristics of Meningioma Patients to Discuss the WHO Classification of Brain Invasion Otherwise Benign Meningiomas

PURPOSE

Compared and analyzed the MRI imaging features of brain invasion otherwise benign (BIOB) meningiomas and WHO grade 1, grade 2 meningiomas, discussed the WHO grading of BIOB from the perspective of imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on 675 meningiomas patients who carried on MRI examination from January 2006 to February 2022. Setting the 2022 Central nervous system (CNS) WHO Guidelines as the gold standard for pathological diagnosis. Statistical analysis of age, gender, and MRI features of meningiomas in relation to WHO grade and brain invasion.

RESULTS

Among 675 cases meningiomas, 543 (80.4%) were WHO grade 1, 123 (18.2%) were WHO grade 2, and 9 (1.3%) were WHO grade 3. There were 108 cases meningiomas with brain invasion (BI) (16.0%) and 567 cases without BI (84.0%). Among BI cases, 67 cases were BIOB. Compared the MRI features between BIOB and WHO grade 1 meningiomas, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the most strongly factors associated with distinguish them were enhancement degree, peritumoral edema, tumor-brain interface, fingerlike protrusion, mushroom sign, and bone invasion (AUC: 0.925 (0.901∼0.945), sensitivity: 0.925, specificity: 0.801). Compared the MRI features between BIOB and WHO grade 2 meningiomas, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the most strongly factors associated with distinguish them were enhancement degree and the tumor-brain interface (AUC: 0.779 (0.686∼0.841), sensitivity: 0.746, specificity: 0.732), their efficacy was slightly weaker.

CONCLUSIONS

BIOB is more similar to WHO grade 2 meningiomas in clinical and imaging features than WHO grade 1, so we think that it may be reasonable to classify BIOB as WHO Grade 2 meningiomas in the guidelines.

Dynapenic Abdominal Obesity and Risk of Heart Disease among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES

The vicious cycle of dynapenia and abdominal obesity may have synergistic detrimental impacts on health. We aim to investigate the prospective association between dynapenic abdominal obesity and the risk of heart disease among middle-aged and older adults.

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study.

SETTING

English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 2002-2019.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 4734 participants aged 50 years and older were included.

MEASUREMENTS

Individuals were divided into non-dynapenia/non-abdominal obesity (ND/NAO), non-dynapenia/abdominal obesity (ND/AO), dynapenia/non-abdominal obesity (D/NAO), and dynapenia/abdominal obesity (D/AO) according to grip strength and waist circumference at baseline. The Cox proportional hazards models were used to obtain the hazard ratios (HRs) of incident heart disease associated with dynapenia and abdominal obesity after adjusting for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 9.5 years, 1040 cases of heart disease were recorded. Compared with ND/NAO group, the multivariable HRs were 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) for ND/AO group, 1.31 (0.96, 1.81) for D/NAO group, and 1.39 (1.03, 1.88) for D/AO group. The significant association of D/AO with incident heart disease was detected in women but not in men [HR = 1.55 (1.07, 2.24) and 1.06 (0.60, 1.88), respectively]. Among middle-aged adults, significant associations of D/NAO and D/AO with incident heart disease were observed [HR = 2.46 (1.42, 4.29) and 1.74 (1.02, 2.97), respectively].

CONCLUSION

Both D/NAO and D/AO might increase the risk of developing heart disease, highlighting the importance of dynapenia and obesity early screening for heart disease prevention.

[Current application and prospect of accurate navigation technology in orthopaedic trauma]

In the past decades,a dramatic development of navigation technology in orthopaedic surgery has been witnessed. By assisting the localization of surgical region,verification of target bony structure,preoperative planning of fixation,intraoperative identification of planned entry point and direction of instruments or even automated insertion of implants,its ability and potential to reduce operation time,intraoperative radiation,surgical trauma,and improve accuracy has been proved. However,in contrast to the widespread use of navigation technology in arthroplasty,orthopaedic tumor,and spine surgery,its application in orthopaedic trauma is relatively less. In this manuscript,the main purpose is to introduce the technical principles of navigation devices,outline the current clinical application of navigation systems in orthopaedic trauma,analyze the current challenges confronting its further application in clinical practice and its prospect in the future.

Clonal Evolution of t(8;21) Coexisting with t(9;22) in a Blastic Transformation of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Introduction/Objective

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by chromosomal translocation t(9;22) and the production of the fusion protein BCR-ABL1. The clinical course of the disease is characterized by a chronic phase, accelerated phase, and blast phase. One of the criteria for the progress of chronic phase to accelerated phase is the presence of cytogenetic anomaly additional to t(9;22). The blast phase of CML usually presents as acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); however, its characteristics are different from de novo AML. One of the most common subtypes of de novo AML with balanced translocation is AML with t(8;21). Here, we present a case of the blast phase of CML that presents t(8;21).

Methods/Case Report

The peripheral blood from a 51-years-old-man presenting with fatigue and splenomegaly showed leukocytosis, mild anemia, marked neutrophilia with left shift, monocytosis, basophilia, and &lt;1% blasts. Flow cytometry identified an increase in granulocyte events with the left shift. Chromosome studies detected t(9;22) by karyotyping and FISH. BCR-ABL1 transcript was detected at 41.98% on the International Scale by RT-PCR, consistent with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The following bone marrow biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of the chronic phase of CML with &lt;5% myeloblasts. After a year of treatment with imatinib, the patient developed marked leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Flow cytometry detected an immature cell population comprising ~50% of total cells positive for CD117, CD34 (partial), CD13 (dim), and CD33. A few blasts were also positive for cMPO and negative for CD14, CD64, TdT, Glycophorin A, cytoplasmic CD3, CD19, and other markers. BCR-ABL1 transcript was detected at 56.45% on the International Scale by RT-PCR. Chromosome analysis revealed all cells (20/20) exhibiting t(8;21) leading to a fusion between RUNX1 and RUNX1T1 genes with a maintained t(9;22). FISH analysis confirmed t(8;21) and t(9;22). These findings were consistent with a blast phase of CML.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

NA

Conclusion

Progression of CML is frequently accompanied by cytogenetic evolution. However, the development of t(8;21) in Ph+ clones is extremely rare. Only six cases have been previously reported. Misidentifying this blast phase of CML (in the absence of a clinical history of the chronic phase of CML) as AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities is a potential pitfall we should be aware of.

Real-world assessment of anti-platelet therapies for recurrent stroke prevention in non-atrial fibrillation Japanese patients after recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack

Background

Stroke is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular-related deaths and disability for adults in Japan and is more commonly seen among the elderly. The risks of developing a secondary stroke resulting in permanent damage after the incident ischemic stroke (IS)/transient ischemic stroke (TIA) are very high. It is critical to understand the treatment landscape for the secondary stroke prevention (SSP) and unmet needs of patients with prior IS/ TIA events.

Purpose

To evaluate the antiplatelet therapy (APT) treatment patterns for SSP after first hospitalization for IS/TIA events among the Japanese population.

Methods

Japan's Medical Data Vision (MDV) from Q12011 to Q22021 was used for this study. MDV is a hospital-based claims database covering approximately 35.5 million individuals in the inpatient and outpatient settings among 438 hospitals. Adult patients with an inpatient primary diagnosis of IS/TIA during the index period were identified. Patients require at least one medical claim each quarter within the 1 year before and after index date to ensure longitudinal analysis. Atrial fibrillation patients or patients on oral anticoagulant use were excluded. Patients' characteristics, treatment pattern and duration were evaluated.

Results

Of 18,948 patients in this study, the mean age was 75 years and 36.7% were female; 91.5% were treated with APT and 8.5% were untreated within 90 days of hospital discharge. Among 17,332 APT treated patients, 76.9% were initiated on single APT (SAPT), 22.7% were initiated on dual APT (DAPT), and &lt;1% were initiated on multiple APT (MAPT). The most used SAPT were aspirin (ASA; 33.2%), clopidogrel (28.7%) or cilostazol (14.8%) and the most used DAPT were ASA+clopidogrel (15.1%), ASA+cilostazol (4.2%) or cilostazol+clopidogrel (2.7%). The median duration of APT was 320, 414 and 411 days for patients who initiated ASA, clopidogrel and cilostazol, respectively. The median duration of APT for patients who initiated ASA+clopidogrel, ASA+cilostazol and cilostazol+clopidogrel was 298, 359 and 473 days respectively. Of patients initiated on ASA+clopidogrel, 52.4% were de-escalated to SAPT (71% clopidogrel, 29% ASA; median duration of 20 days); 36.2% of patients initiated on ASA+cilostazol were de-escalated to SAPT within a median of 19 days (84% cilostazol, 16% ASA); lastly, 54.4% of patients initiated on cilostazol+clopidogrel de-escalated to SAPT within a median of 35 days (76% cilostazol, 24% clopidogrel). Two years after initial hospitalization of IS/TIA, 52%-56% discontinued APT treatments among those previously receiving SAPT while 46%-57% of patients receiving DAPT discontinued treatment.

Conclusion

Majority of patients at risk of secondary stroke received APT. Further analyses are needed to explore reasons for early APT discontinuation, for no APT use, and to evaluate outcomes of patients in this study.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): This study was sponsored by Bristol Myers Squibb and Janssen Research & Development, LLC. – Anonymised and used for statistical purposes only

Heart failure across the range of preserved ejection fraction in United States clinical practice

Introduction

Recent clinical trials of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have observed varying patient profiles by ejection fraction (EF), with attenuation of treatment benefits as EF increases. In routine clinical practice, the degree to which patients hospitalized for HF with EF≥60% may differ from those with lower EF is unknown.

Purpose

To compare patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes across the range of EF among patients hospitalized for HFpEF.

Methods

Using the Humedica electronic medical records database between Jan 2010 and Dec 2020, patients hospitalized for a primary diagnosis of HF with EF&gt;40% and who were haemodynamically stable at admission, without concurrent acute coronary syndrome or end-stage renal disease, and treated with intravenous (IV) diuretic agents within 48 h of admission were identified. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes were compared by EF ranges of 41–49%, 50–59%, and ≥60%.

Results

Of 47,026 patients hospitalized with HFpEF, 6,335 (13%) had EF 41–49%, 18,603 (40%) had EF 50–59%, and 22,088 (47%) had EF≥60%. Across all 3 groups, patients were similar with respect to age (median 77 years for each group), race (83–84% White, 12–13% Black), systolic blood pressure (137–138 mmHg at admission), and eGFR (63–64 mL/min/1.73 m2 at admission). With progressively higher EF group, the proportion of women increased (45% vs 54% vs 65%) and median NT-proBNP decreased (4,221 vs 2,945 vs 2,234 pg/mL). Patients with EF ≥60% had the lowest rates of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, and the highest rates of chronic pulmonary disease (Figure 1, Panel A). Discharge medications were generally similar, with exception of less beta-blocker use and more calcium channel blocker use among those with EF ≥60% (Figure 1, Panel B). Discharge use of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor and sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor therapies were each &lt;1% in all groups. Hospital length of stay (median 4 days for each group) and in-hospital mortality (1.1–1.3%) were similar across groups, but rates of in-hospital acute respiratory failure were higher among patients with EF ≥60% (27% vs 230-25% for lower EF groups). Rates of 30-day and 12-month post-discharge clinical events were high irrespective of EF, without meaningful differences between groups (Figure 2).

Conclusion

In a contemporary real-world population of US patients hospitalized for HF with EF &gt;40%, nearly half had an EF≥60%. While clinical profiles and discharge medications varied, post-discharge outcomes were similarly poor irrespective of EF. There remain important opportunities to improve the care and outcomes for patients with HF across the range of preserved ejection fraction.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): MyoKardia, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb

[Mid-term efficacy of China Net Childhood Lymphoma-mature B-cell lymphoma 2017 regimen in the treatment of pediatric Burkitt lymphoma]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of children with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and to summarize the mid-term efficacy of China Net Childhood Lymphoma-mature B-cell lymphoma 2017 (CNCL-B-NHL-2017) regimen. Methods: Clinical features of 436 BL patients who were ≤18 years old and treated with the CNCL-B-NHL-2017 regimen from May 2017 to April 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical characteristics of patients at disease onset were analyzed and the therapeutic effects of patients with different clinical stages and risk groups were compared. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression was used to identify the prognostic factors. Results: Among 436 patients, there were 368 (84.4%) males and 68 (15.6%) females, the age of disease onset was 6.0 (4.0, 9.0) years old. According to the St. Jude staging system, there were 4 patients (0.9%) with stage Ⅰ, 30 patients (6.9%) with stage Ⅱ, 217 patients (49.8%) with stage Ⅲ, and 185 patients (42.4%) with stage Ⅳ. All patients were stratified into following risk groups: group A (n=1, 0.2%), group B1 (n=46, 10.6%), group B2 (n=19, 4.4%), group C1 (n=285, 65.4%), group C2 (n=85, 19.5%). Sixty-three patients (14.4%) were treated with chemotherapy only and 373 patients (85.6%) were treated with chemotherapy combined with rituximab. Twenty-one patients (4.8%) suffered from progressive disease, 3 patients (0.7%) relapsed, and 13 patients (3.0%) died of treatment-related complications. The follow-up time of all patients was 24.0 (13.0, 35.0) months, the 2-year event free survival (EFS) rate of all patients was (90.9±1.4) %. The 2-year EFS rates of group A, B1, B2, C1 and C2 were 100.0%, 100.0%, (94.7±5.1) %, (90.7±1.7) % and (85.9±4.0) %, respectively. The 2-year EFS rates was higher in group A, B1, and B2 than those in group C1 (χ²=4.16, P=0.041) and group C2 (χ²=7.21, P=0.007). The 2-year EFS rates of the patients treated with chemotherapy alone and those treated with chemotherapy combined with rituximab were (79.3±5.1)% and (92.9±1.4)% (χ²=14.23, P<0.001) respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that stage Ⅳ (including leukemia stage), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)>4-fold normal value, and with residual tumor in the mid-term evaluation were risk factors for poor prognosis (HR=1.38,1.23,8.52,95%CI 1.05-1.82,1.05-1.43,3.96-18.30). Conclusions: The CNCL-B-NHL-2017 regimen show significant effect in the treatment of pediatric BL. The combination of rituximab improve the efficacy further.

P15.06.B Influence of arterial transit time delays on the differentiation between tumor progression and pseudo-progression in glioblastoma by arterial spin labeling MRI

Background

Perfusion MRI by Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) and Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) has shown its potential for differentiating tumor progression from pseudo-progression in glioblastoma patients. The ASL scans can be affected by arterial transit time (ATT) delays, which could be caused by treatment effects due to concomitant radiochemotherapy. A prolonged ATT is present as apparent signal increase in the large arteries due to labeled spins still residing within the vasculature, leading to underestimation of tissue perfusion and thus potentially affecting clinical decision-making. The research questions were: 1) Do delayed ATTs lead to a difference in the visual assessment of ASL perfusion (normal/increased) maps compared to DSC-MRI?; 2) Does the radiological evaluation (progression vs. pseudo-progression) of ASL and DSC perfusion maps differ when ATT artifacts are present?; 3) Do delayed ATTs affect the predictive value of ASL-MRI scans 3 months post-radiotherapy for detecting true disease progression?

Material and Methods

This retrospective, single-center study included 68 adult patients with histologically confirmed glioblastoma who received postoperative radio(chemo)therapy. ASL and DSC scans were acquired 3 months post-radiotherapy as part of routine clinical follow-up. The perfusion data were visually scored by a neuroradiologist who determined presence/absence of ATT artifacts and their severity (%), perfusion of the enhancing tumor lesion and the radiological evaluation of tumor progression versus pseudo-progression. Presence of true disease progression was determined by follow-up of clinical data until 9 months post-radiotherapy available for 49/68 patients. Logistic regression was performed with gender, age, treatment type and tumor genetic status as covariates to assess the predictive value of ASL.

Results

In 78% of the patients ATT artifacts were present. No statistically significant association between the agreement of the perfusion maps and presence of ATT artifacts was found, but presence of ATT artifacts lowered the agreement between the DSC and ASL radiological evaluation. The logistic regression analysis showed that the ASL-based radiological score could not predict true disease progression, whereas higher age and unmethylated MGMT gene were associated with progression. Presence of ATT artifacts was not associated with tumor progression.

Conclusion

The presence of delayed ATT in ASL data seems to impact the radiological evaluation of ASL data, steering interpretation towards tumor progression (as compared to the DSC evaluation), whereas in patients without ATT artifacts ASL and DSC provide more similar radiological scores. Therefore, it is highly recommended to consider these artifacts when interpreting ASL perfusion MRI to differentiate between tumor progression and pseudo-progression in glioblastoma patients.

[Association between metabolic risk factors and the hepatitis B reactivation of inactive HBsAg carriers in Jiangsu province: a cohort study]

Objective: To analyze the impact of metabolic risk factors on the epidemiological characteristics of the reactivation of inactive HBsAg carriers (IHC) and provide effective intervention measures to standardize the management of chronic hepatitis B infections. Methods: Based on the chronic hepatitis B infection cohort established in 2010 in Jiangsu province, six follow-up visits from 2012 to 2020 were conducted to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of the hepatitis B reactivation of IHC and the impact of metabolic risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and hyperglycemia. Results: From 2012 to 2020, 2 527 IHC and 17 730 person-years were observed during a median follow-up period of 7.0 person-years. Ninety-eight cases of hepatitis B reactivation, with a cumulative reaction rate, was 3.9%, and the incidence density was 5.53/1 000 person-years. Multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that age and baseline HBV DNA were independent risk factors of HBV reactivation. Compared with the patients ≥60 years, 40-49 age group (aHR=2.16, 95%CI:1.20-3.90) and 20-29 age group (aHR=5.48, 95%CI:2.07-14.48) were significantly associated with hepatitis B reactivation. Compared with the HBV DNA negative patients at baseline, the risk of hepatitis B reactivation was higher in the group with low HBV DNA level 100-1 999 IU/ml (aHR=1.67, 95%CI:1.11-2.52). Stratification analysis results showed that compared with those without metabolic risk factors, in the ≥50 age group, patients with ≥2 metabolic risk factors showed adjusted HR of 2.73 (95%CI:1.08-6.96). Conclusions: The risk of hepatitis B being reactive is the persistent existence of IHC in communities in Jiangsu province, especially young adults, low-level HBV DNA carriers, and IHC with ≥2 metabolic risk factors. Follow-up for these IHC should be strengthened to reduce the risk of disease progression by antiviral treatment at the right time.