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Martín N, Scott LT. Challenges in aromaticity: 150 years after Kekulé's benzene. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6397-400. [PMID: 26287283 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs90085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Guest editors Nazario Martín and Lawrence T. Scott introduce the Challenges in Aromaticity: 150 years after Kekulé's benzene issue of Chemical Society Reviews
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Kato K, Segawa Y, Scott LT, Itami K. Synthesis, Properties, and Packing Structures of Corannulene-Based π-Systems Containing Heptagons. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1635-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cho HY, Scott LT. Oxidative cyclotrimerization of unsaturated compounds with DDQ and triflic acid: An efficient synthetic route to triply-fused benzene rings. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu B, Liu J, Li HB, Bhola R, Jackson EA, Scott LT, Page A, Irle S, Morokuma K, Zhou C. Nearly exclusive growth of small diameter semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes from organic chemistry synthetic end-cap molecules. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:586-95. [PMID: 25521257 DOI: 10.1021/nl504066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The inability to synthesize single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) possessing uniform electronic properties and chirality represents the major impediment to their widespread applications. Recently, there is growing interest to explore and synthesize well-defined carbon nanostructures, including fullerenes, short nanotubes, and sidewalls of nanotubes, aiming for controlled synthesis of SWCNTs. One noticeable advantage of such processes is that no metal catalysts are used, and the produced nanotubes will be free of metal contamination. Many of these methods, however, suffer shortcomings of either low yield or poor controllability of nanotube uniformity. Here, we report a brand new approach to achieve high-efficiency metal-free growth of nearly pure SWCNT semiconductors, as supported by extensive spectroscopic characterization, electrical transport measurements, and density functional theory calculations. Our strategy combines bottom-up organic chemistry synthesis with vapor phase epitaxy elongation. We identify a strong correlation between the electronic properties of SWCNTs and their diameters in nanotube growth. This study not only provides material platforms for electronic applications of semiconducting SWCNTs but also contributes to fundamental understanding of the growth mechanism and controlled synthesis of SWCNTs.
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Cho HY, Ansems RBM, Scott LT. Site-selective covalent functionalization at interior carbon atoms and on the rim of circumtrindene, a C36H12 open geodesic polyarene. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:956-68. [PMID: 24991245 PMCID: PMC4077463 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumtrindene (6, C36H12), one of the largest open geodesic polyarenes ever reported, exhibits fullerene-like reactivity at its interior carbon atoms, whereas its edge carbons react like those of planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Bingel–Hirsch and Prato reactions – two traditional methods for fullerene functionalization – afford derivatives of circumtrindene with one of the interior 6:6 C=C bonds modified. On the other hand, functionalization on the rim of circumtrindene can be achieved by normal electrophilic aromatic substitution, the most common reaction of planar PAHs. This peripheral functionalization has been used to extend the π-system of the polyarene by subsequent coupling reactions and to probe the magnetic environment of the concave/convex space around the hydrocarbon bowl. For both classes of functionalization, computational results are reported to complement the experimental observations.
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Gallego M, Calbo J, Aragó J, Krick Calderon RM, Liquido FH, Iwamoto T, Greene AK, Jackson EA, Pérez EM, Ortí E, Guldi DM, Scott LT, Martín N. Cover Picture: Electron Transfer in a Supramolecular Associate of a Fullerene Fragment (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gallego M, Calbo J, Aragó J, Krick Calderon RM, Liquido FH, Iwamoto T, Greene AK, Jackson EA, Pérez EM, Ortí E, Guldi DM, Scott LT, Martín N. Titelbild: Electron Transfer in a Supramolecular Associate of a Fullerene Fragment (Angew. Chem. 8/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gallego M, Calbo J, Aragó J, Krick Calderon RM, Liquido FH, Iwamoto T, Greene AK, Jackson EA, Pérez EM, Ortí E, Guldi DM, Scott LT, Martín N. Electron Transfer in a Supramolecular Associate of a Fullerene Fragment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2170-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gallego M, Calbo J, Aragó J, Krick Calderon RM, Liquido FH, Iwamoto T, Greene AK, Jackson EA, Pérez EM, Ortí E, Guldi DM, Scott LT, Martín N. Electron Transfer in a Supramolecular Associate of a Fullerene Fragment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jackson EA, Xue X, Cho HY, Scott LT. Probing Mechanisms of Aryl–Aryl Bond Cleavages under Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis Conditions. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several biaryls have been subjected to flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) at 1100°C and 0.8–0.9 hPa. Product compositions are reported for the FVP of 9-phenylanthracene (1), 2-bromobiphenyl (5), biphenyl (8), 1,10-diphenylanthracene (12), 9-(2-naphthyl)anthracene (17), and 9,9′-bianthracenyl (20). The experimental results have been used to evaluate four possible mechanistic pathways for the cleavage of aryl–aryl bonds under these conditions: (1) the ‘explosion’ of substituted phenyl radicals; (2) hydrogen atom attachment to an ipso-carbon atom of the biaryl followed by C–C bond cleavage; (3) direct homolysis; and (4) loss of a fragment as an aryne. None of these mechanisms by itself successfully accommodates all of the experimental facts. The data suggest that aryl–aryl bond cleavages under FVP conditions involve at least two different mechanistic pathways and that the relative contributions of the competing pathways probably vary from one biaryl to the next.
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Ozoe H, Uno Y, Kitamura C, Kurata H, Oda M, Jones JW, Scott LT, Kawase T. Bicyclo[6.3.0]undecapentaenyl Anion: The Next Higher Homolog of the Indenyl Anion with Exceptionally Large Ion-Pairing Effects on its Tropicity. Chem Asian J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kawasumi K, Zhang Q, Segawa Y, Scott LT, Itami K. A grossly warped nanographene and the consequences of multiple odd-membered-ring defects. Nat Chem 2013; 5:739-44. [PMID: 23965674 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Graphite, the most stable form of elemental carbon, consists of pure carbon sheets stacked upon one another like reams of paper. Individual sheets, known as graphene, prefer planar geometries as a consequence of the hexagonal honeycomb-like arrangements of trigonal carbon atoms that comprise their two-dimensional networks. Defects in the form of non-hexagonal rings in such networks cause distortions away from planarity. Herein we report an extreme example of this phenomenon. A 26-ring C80H30 nanographene that incorporates five seven-membered rings and one five-membered ring embedded in a hexagonal lattice was synthesized by stepwise chemical methods, isolated, purified and fully characterized spectroscopically. Its grossly warped structure was revealed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. An independent synthetic route to a freely soluble derivative of this new type of 'nanocarbon' is also reported. Experimental data reveal how the properties of such a large graphene subunit are affected by multiple odd-membered-ring defects.
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Scott LT, Cho HY, Eliseeva MN, Jackson EA, Tanaka T, Tanikawa T. Aromaticity and Other Conjugation Effects. Von Rolf Gleiter und Gebhard Haberhauer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Scott LT, Cho HY, Eliseeva MN, Jackson EA, Tanaka T, Tanikawa T. Aromaticity and Other Conjugation Effects. By Rolf Gleiter and Gebhard Haberhauer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Greene AK, Scott LT. Rapid, Microwave-Assisted Perdeuteration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Org Chem 2012; 78:2139-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301903m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Eisenberg D, Quimby JM, Ho D, Lavi R, Benisvy L, Scott LT, Shenhar R. Special Electronic Structure and Extended Supramolecular Oligomerization of Anionic 1,4-Dicorannulenylbenzene (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 32/2012). European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201290087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Q, Kawasumi K, Segawa Y, Itami K, Scott LT. Palladium-catalyzed C-H activation taken to the limit. Flattening an aromatic bowl by total arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15664-7. [PMID: 22978569 DOI: 10.1021/ja306992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
All 10 C-H positions on the rim of corannulene can be arylated by repetitive palladium-catalyzed C-H activation. To relieve congestion among the 10 tightly packed aryl substituents in the product, the central corannulene adopts a nearly planar geometry.
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Eliseeva MN, Scott LT. Pushing the Ir-Catalyzed C–H Polyborylation of Aromatic Compounds to Maximum Capacity by Exploiting Reversibility. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15169-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307547j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Eisenberg D, Quimby JM, Ho D, Lavi R, Benisvy L, Scott LT, Shenhar R. Special Electronic Structure and Extended Supramolecular Oligomerization of Anionic 1,4-Dicorannulenylbenzene. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fort EH, Jeffreys MS, Scott LT. Diels-Alder cycloaddition of acetylene gas to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bay region. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8102-4. [PMID: 22763579 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33885h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct conversion of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bay region to a new, unsubstituted benzene ring by Diels-Alder cycloaddition of acetylene gas is reported for the first time. At 140 °C in dimethylformamide, under 1.8 atm pressure of acetylene gas, 7,14-dimesitylbisanthene is slowly converted to 7,14-dimesitylbenzo[ghi]bisanthene (21% conversion in 48 h).
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Eisenberg D, Quimby JM, Scott LT, Shenhar R. 1,3,5-tricorannulenylbenzene: stereochemistry, reduction and supramolecular dimerization of a branched oligocorannulene. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fort EH, Scott LT. Facile air-oxidation of large aromatic hydrocarbon bay regions to bay region quinones: predicted oxygen-sensitivity of hydrogen-terminated carbon nanotubes. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5747-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dawe LN, AlHujran TA, Tran HA, Mercer JI, Jackson EA, Scott LT, Georghiou PE. Corannulene and its penta-tert-butyl derivative co-crystallize 1 : 1 with pristine C60-fullerene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5563-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30652b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Scott LT, Jackson EA, Zhang Q, Steinberg BD, Bancu M, Li B. A Short, Rigid, Structurally Pure Carbon Nanotube by Stepwise Chemical Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:107-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209461g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Fort EH, Scott LT. Gas-phase Diels–Alder cycloaddition of benzyne to an aromatic hydrocarbon bay region: Groundwork for the selective solvent-free growth of armchair carbon nanotubes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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