Probing the Low-Frequency Response of Impedance Spectroscopy of Halide Perovskite Single Crystals Using Machine Learning

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as a versatile technique for characterization and analysis of metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The crucial information about ion migration and carrier accumulation in PSCs can be extracted from the low-frequency regime of the EIS spectrum. However, lengthy measurement time at low frequencies along with material degradation due to prolonged exposure to light and bias motivates the use of machine learning (ML) in predicting the low-frequency response. Here, we have developed an ML model to predict the low-frequency response of the halide perovskite single crystals. We first synthesized high-quality MAPbBr₃ single crystals and subsequently recorded the EIS spectra at different applied bias and illumination intensities to prepare the dataset comprising 8741 datapoints. The developed supervised ML model can predict the real and imaginary parts of the low-frequency EIS response with an R² score of 0.981 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.0196 for the testing set. From the ground truth experimental data, it can be observed that negative capacitance prevails at a higher applied bias. Our developed model can closely predict the real and imaginary parts at a low frequency (50 Hz-300 mHz). Thus, our method makes recording of EIS more accessible and opens a new way in using the ML techniques for EIS.

Tissue-Derived Primary Cell Type Dictates the Endocytic Uptake Route of Carbon Quantum Dots and In Vivo Uptake

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) require systemic biological delivery to advance their applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and bioimaging. We describe the endocytic pathways of green-emitting fluorescent carbon quantum dots (GCQDs) with sizes varying from 3 to 5 nm in mouse tissue-derived primary cells, tissues, and zebrafish embryos. The GCQDs demonstrated cellular internalization into mouse kidney and liver primary cells via a clathrin-mediated pathway. Using imaging, we were able to identify and reinforce the animal's body features in terms of different tissues exhibiting differential affinity for these CQDs, which will be extremely beneficial in the development of next-generation bioimaging and therapeutic scaffolds based on carbon-based quantum dots.

Aloe-emodin quantification using HPTLC and RP-UHPLC in extracts and commercial herbal formulations: Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant effects

BACKGROUND

High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was developed and validated for the determination of aloe-emodin in accordance with ICH guidelines. In addition, a novel RP-UHPLC method was developed, and both methods were used to analyse the herbal extract and herbal formulation.

METHODS

Separation was carried out on a silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plate using the mobile phase Toluene: Methanol (9:1). The linearity was good across the 800-4000 ng/spot range. Validation results are within acceptable limits. The percent RSD for accuracy was 0.58-1.77, and precision was 1.10-1.97 and 1.45-1.94 for intraday and interday, respectively. The percentage of aloe-emodin found in the herbal extract and aloe vera capsule was 99.83± 1.19 and 99.53± 1.29, respectively, using this method.

RESULTS

Quantification of aloe-emodin in herbal extract and herbal formulation was done using a novel UHPLC method with chromatographic conditions of orthophosphoric acid Methanol (0.1 percent OPA) : Water (65:35, v/v) and pH 3, a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min, and elute detection at 254 nm. At 6.32 minutes, a sharp and symmetric peak was observed. The method developed was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The percent RSD numerical value of accuracy was 0.304 - 0.576, and the inter-day and intra-day precision were 0.32-3.08 and 0.51-2.78, respectively. Herbal extract and aloe vera capsule were analysed using the new UHPLC method. Aloe-emodin percentages were reported as 100.3±0.89 and 99.53 ±1.29, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activities of an aloe-vera herbal formulation were studied, and the results were positive.

Elucidating Polaron Dynamics in Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite

Lead-free Cs₂AgBiBr₆ double perovskites have recently emerged as a possible alternative to lead-based halide perovskites for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Significant research efforts have been devoted toward device engineering to enhance the performance of Cs₂AgBiBr₆ double-perovskite-based photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices; however, less attention has been paid to address their intrinsic photophysical properties. In this work, we have shown that the small polaron formation under photoexcitation and polaron localization limits the carrier dynamics in Cs₂AgBiBr₆ double halide perovskites. Furthermore, temperature-dependent ac conductivity measurement reveals that single polaron hopping is the dominant conduction mechanism. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that a deformed lattice under photoexcitation leads to the formation of small polarons which act as self-trapped states (STSs) and lead to the ultrafast trapping of charge carriers. Our findings provide an in-depth understanding of intrinsic limitations of Cs₂AgBiBr₆ perovskites, which can be applicable for other bismuth-based semiconductors.

Cationic lipid modification of DNA tetrahedral nanocages enhances their cellular uptake

Self-assembled DNA nanocages are among the most promising candidates for bioimaging and payload delivery into cells. DNA nanocages have great potential to efficiently address drug resistance and nucleic acid delivery problems due to precise control of their shape and size, and excellent biocompatibility. Although DNA nanostructures demonstrate some cellular uptake, because they bear a highly negative charge, the uptake of tetrahedral nanostructures is hindered by electrostatic repulsion. In this study, we describe a method to enhance the cellular uptake of DNA nanostructures using a binary system containing DNA and a positively charged head group with a hydrophobic lipid chain containing lipids for cellular internalization. Here we represent the functionalization of a model cage, DNA tetrahedron (TD) with a cationic lipid, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and other standard characterization techniques were used to explore the co-assembly of the DNA tetrahedron and DOTMA. We revealed a simple confocal microscopy-based approach to show the enhancement in the cellular uptake of DNA nanocages. This new method will find multiple applications in delivery applications such as gene transfection, drug delivery and targeted bioimaging.

First report of Klebsiella Leaf Streak on Sorghum Caused by Klebsiella variicola in Haryana, India

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is one of the top ten cereal crops in the world and is grown for fodder and seed purposes. During the fall of 2019 to 2022, a disease causing small to long streaks on leaves was observed in sorghum fields of Hisar (29° 9' 6.6996'' N, 75° 43' 16.0428'' E), Rohtak (28° 53' 43.8540'' N, 76° 36' 23.8068'' E) and Mohindergarh (28° 16' 6.0492'' N, 76° 9' 3.3552'' E) regions of Haryana between July and October. The reddish brown streaks were observed in the interveinal spaces of upper and lower leaves. The disease incidence reached 20-30% of plants in affected fields. The diseased leaf tissues were disinfected with 70% alcohol and placed in a tube with sterile water. After 30 minutes, 100 µl of the suspension was inoculated onto nutrient agar medium, incubated at 28 ± 2°C for three days, and a pure culture was obtained by restreaking on nutrient agar (Janse, 2005). The rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium with round, cream to white colonies was positive for methyl red, citrate utilization, urease activity, and glucose, lactose, sorbitol, rhamnose and sucrose fermentation tests. The genomic DNA of the bacterial suspension was extracted and 16S rDNA was amplified using universal 27F/1492R primers (Marchesi et al. 1998), resulting in tentative identification as Klebsiella sp. It was further confirmed with PCR amplification of Klebsiella specific primers (F:5'-CGCGTACTATACGCCATGAACGTA-3'; R:5'-ACCGTTGATCACTTCGGTCAGG-3') for gyrA gene (Brisse and Verhoef 2001). Discrete PCR amplicons of 1,500 (16S rDNA) and 300 bp (gyrA) were observed in a 1% (w/v) agarose gel. Forward and reverse DNA sequencing of both amplicons of the Hisar isolate (VMKV101) was carried out using a BDT v3.1 Cycle sequencing kit and consensus sequences were generated by using the program SeqMan Ultra (DNASTAR Lasergene). Sequences of the PCR products were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MZ569433 (16S rDNA) and OP390080 (gyrA). The 16S rDNA sequence was 97.32% similar to K. variicola strain 13450 (CP026013; 1,450/1,490 bp) and the gyrA sequence had 99.66% similarity to K. variicola strain FH-1 (CP054254; 297/298 bp). A 16S RNA-based phylogenetic tree done by MEGA11 (Tamura et al. 2021) using the Maximum Likelihood method showed that strain VMKV101 clustered with K. variicola type strain F2R9. The complete bacterial genome (GCA025629215), sequenced by the Ion GeneStudio S5 system using Ion 530 chips (Thermo Fisher Scientific), was 99.03% identical by average nucleotide identity (ANI) to the type genome (CP045783) of Klebsiella variicola, with 87.8% genome coverage. For pathogenicity testing, a bacterial suspension (10 ml, 1×107 colony forming units/ml) was injected into the whole whorl after mechanical injury on 15-20 days old seedlings of the susceptible genotype HC-171, then plants were incubated at 35 ± 2°C, >80% relative humidity. Control plants were injected with sterile distilled water. Initial symptoms were observed on leaves of inoculated plants after 5 to 7 days as narrow, small longitudinal reddish brown streaks. As the disease progressed, the streaks on the leaf blade increased in number and size maintaining the reddish brown color. These streaks had slightly wavy margins and were surrounded by bright yellow halos. After 15 to 20 days, the streaks were 0.5 to 2.0 mm wide and 1.0 to 5.0 cm long, occasionally up to 10.0 cm long on both side of the leaves. Over time, neighboring streaks coalesced to form large necrotic areas. All inoculated plants exhibited identical symptoms. No symptoms were observed on control leaves. The reisolated bacterium from diseased sorghum leaves showed exactly the same morphological, biochemical and 16S RNA and gyrA molecular characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of K. variicola causing a leaf streak disease on sorghum. Klebsiella species primarily cause diseases in humans and animals, but K. variicola has been found to incite banana soft rot (Fan et al. 2015) and K. aerogenes to cause stem rot in pearl millet (Malik et al. 2022). Differences of prevalence, spread and control between K. variicola and two other bacteria (Xanthomonas vasicola pv. holcicola causing Bacterial leaf streak; Paraburkholderia andropogonis causing Bacterial leaf stripe) causing leaf streak diseases on sorghum need to be determined. The identification of Klebsiella leaf streak disease lays the groundwork for future investigations into epidemiology and management of K. variicola on sorghum.

An in-vitro analysis to evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma jet in Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals

Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma has shown successful antibacterial efficacy in different medical applications which have prompted researchers to explore its possible use in endodontics. The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of CAP Plasma jet with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Qmix in Enterococcus Faecalis infected root canals at different time intervals (2, 5, and 10 min). 210 single-rooted mandibular premolars were chemomechanically prepared and infected with E. faecalis. The test samples were exposed to CAP Plasma jet, 5.25% NaOCl, and Qmix for 2, 5, and 10 min. The residual bacteria from the root canals if any were collected and evaluated for colony-forming units (CFUs) growth. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to evaluate the significant difference between treatment groups. 5.25% NaOCl showed significantly more antibacterial effectiveness (<0.001) when compared with all other test groups except Qmix at 2 and 10 min of exposure time. A minimum contact time of 5 min with 5.25% NaOCl is recommended to get zero bacterial growth in E. faecalis infected root canals. QMix requires a minimum contact time of 10 min to achieve optimal CFUs reduction and CAP plasma jet requires a minimum contact time of 5 min to achieve substantial CFUs reduction.

Monochromatic visible lights modulate the timing of pre-adult developmental traits in Drosophila melanogaster

Light exposure impacts several aspects of Drosophila development including the establishment of circadian rhythms, neuroendocrine regulation, life-history traits, etc. Introduction of artificial lights in the environment has caused almost all animals to develop ecological and physiological adaptations. White light which comprises different lights of differing wavelengths shortens the lifespan in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. The wavelength-specific effects of white light on Drosophila development remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that different wavelengths of white light differentially modulate Drosophila development in all its concomitant stages when maintained in a 12-h light: 12-h dark photoperiod. We observed that exposure to different monochromatic lights significantly alters larval behaviours such as feeding rate and phototaxis that influence pre-adult development. Larvae grown under shorter wavelengths of light experienced an altered feeding rate. Similarly, larvae were found to avoid shorter wavelengths of light but were highly attracted to the longer wavelengths of light. Most of the developmental processes were greatly accelerated under the green light regime while in other light regimes, the effects were highly varied. Interestingly, pre-adult survivorship remained unaltered across all light regimes but light exposure was found to show its impact on sex determination. Our study for the first time reveals how different wavelengths of white light modulate Drosophila development which in the future might help in developing non-invasive therapies and effective pest measures.

Rhizosphere Priestia species altered cowpea root transcriptome and enhanced growth under drought and nutrient deficiency

Priestia species isolated from the cowpea rhizosphere altered the transcriptome of cowpea roots by colonization and enhanced nutrient uptake, antioxidant mechanisms, and photosynthesis, protecting cowpea from drought and nutrient deficiency. Cowpea is a significant grain legume crop primarily grown in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and South America. Drought and nutrient deficiency affect the growth and yield of cowpea. To address this challenge, we studied the phyto-beneficial effects of stress-tolerant rhizobacteria on the biomass yield of cowpea under water- and nutrient-deficit conditions. Among the bacteria isolated, two rhizobacillus genotypes, C8 (Priestia filamentosa; basonym: Bacillus filamentosus) and C29 (Priestia aryabhattai; basonym: Bacillus aryabhattai) were evaluated for the improvement of seed germination and growth of cowpea under stress. Our study revealed that C8 protected cowpea from stress by facilitating phosphorus and potassium uptake, protecting it from oxidative damage, reducing transpiration, and enhancing CO₂ assimilation. A 17% increase in root biomass upon C8 inoculation was concomitant with the induction of stress tolerance genes in cowpea roots predominantly involved in growth and metabolic processes, cell wall organization, ion homeostasis, and cellular responses to phosphate starvation. Our results indicate a metabolic alteration in cowpea root triggered by P. filamentosa, leading to efficient nutrient reallocation in the host plant. We propose inoculation with P. filamentosa as an effective strategy for improving the yield of cowpea in low-input agriculture, where chemical fertilization and irrigation are less accessible to resource-poor farmers.

Rationalizing the Effect of Polymer-Controlled Growth of Perovskite Single Crystals on Optoelectronic Properties

To improve and modulate the optoelectronic properties of single-crystal (SC) metal halide perovskites (MHPs), significant progress has been achieved. Polymer-assisted techniques are a great approach to control the growth rate of SCs effectively. However, the resultant optoelectrical properties induced by polymers are ambiguous and need to be taken into the consideration. In this study, we have synthesized methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) SCs using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polystyrene (PS) polymers where PEG contains oxygen functionalities and PS does not. We studied the electrical properties of these SCs under dark and illumination conditions. It was observed that PEG-assisted SCs showed few defects with lower photocurrent as compared to the PS-assisted ones because of defect-mediated conductivity. The results are further verified by transient current response, responsivity, and capacitance-frequency measurements. The present study sheds light on the polymer selection for the growth of MHP SCs and their optoelectronic properties.

Facile NaF Treatment Achieves 20% Efficient ETL-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Electron transporting layer (ETL)-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit promising progress in photovoltaic devices due to the elimination of the complex and energy-/time-consuming preparation route of ETLs. However, the performance of ETL-free devices still lags behind conventional devices because of mismatched energy levels and undesired interfacial charge recombination. In this study, we introduce sodium fluoride (NaF) as an interface layer in ETL-free PSCs to align the energy level between the perovskite and the FTO electrode. KPFM measurements clearly show that the NaF layer covers the surface of rough underlying FTO very well. This interface modification reduces the work function of FTO by forming an interfacial dipole layer, leading to band bending at the FTO/perovskite interface, which facilitates an effective electron carrier collection. Besides, the part of Na⁺ ions is found to be able to migrate into the absorber layer, facilitating enlarged grains and spontaneous passivation of the perovskite layer. As a result, the efficiency of the NaF-treated cell reaches 20%, comparable to those of state-of-the-art ETL-based cells. Moreover, this strategy effectively enhances the operational stability of devices by preserving 94% of the initial efficiency after storage for 500 h under continuous light soaking at 55 °C. Overall, these improvements in photovoltaic properties are clear indicators of enhanced interface passivation by NaF-based interface engineering.

Advancement in Deep Learning Methods for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death in women, mainly in developing countries, including India. Recent advancements in technologies could allow for more rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive screening and treatment measures for cervical cancer. To this end, deep learning-based methods have received importance for classifying cervical cancer patients into different risk groups. Furthermore, deep learning models are now available to study the progression and treatment of cancerous cervical conditions. Undoubtedly, deep learning methods can enhance our knowledge toward a better understanding of cervical cancer progression. However, it is essential to thoroughly validate the deep learning-based models before they can be implicated in everyday clinical practice. This work reviews recent development in deep learning approaches employed in cervical cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Further, we provide an overview of recent methods and databases leveraging these new approaches for cervical cancer risk prediction and patient outcomes. Finally, we conclude the state-of-the-art approaches for future research opportunities in this domain.

Clinical and radiological outcome of arthroscopic Bankart repair in traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability with all-suture anchors

Background: Arthroscopic Bankart repair has evolved as an excellent treatment option in the management of recurrent shoulder instability as includes minimally invasive approach and significant reduction in perioperative morbidity. Anchor-related complications such as secondary cartilage damage and proud implant position are well described in literature. An all-suture anchor was developed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2010. These anchors are placed into 1.4 mm diameter drilled holes which are smaller than the drill holes used for previously available anchor therefore minimize invasiveness and avoid complication related to metallic and bioabsorbable anchors. Aims and Objectives: This study to assess early radiological and clinical outcome after labral repair using all-suture anchors with specific consideration for bony reactions at the anchor site on magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients underwent labral repair using all-suture anchors were followed up for minimum of 1 year. Functional outcome was assessed on the basis of Rowe score, Constant and Murley score, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score. The radiological appearance of bony reaction around the anchor site was judged by the presence of bony edema, tunnel widening (>3 mm), and cyst formation. Results: A total number of 56 all-suture anchors were implanted in 10 patients. The total Rowe score significantly improved from a mean of 24.4 preoperatively to 92.5 postoperatively. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved from a mean of 47.1 preoperatively to 88.6 postoperatively and the Constant and Murley score improved from a mean of 57.3 preoperatively to 90.6 postoperatively. On post-operative MRI out of 56 anchors implanted, 35 anchors did not display any reactive bone changes around anchor site. In 17 anchors, bone edema around a suture anchor was seen. Tunnel widening >3 mm was seen in four anchors. None of the anchors showed cyst formation around anchor site. Conclusion: Clinicoradiological outcome after arthroscopic shoulder instability using all-suture anchors was excellent at 1 year follow-up and radiological imaging revealed a good labral healing.

Highly Efficient and Stable 2D Dion Jacobson/3D Perovskite Heterojunction Solar Cells

Heterostructures involving two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) perovskites have recently attracted increased attention due to their ability to combine the high photovoltaic performance of 3D perovskites with the increased stability of 2D perovskites. Here we report ammonium thiocyanate (NH₄SCN) passivated 3D methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) perovskite active layer and deposition of 2D perovskite capping layer using xylylene diammonium iodide (XDAI) organic cation. The 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction formation is probed by using FESEM and UPS spectroscopy. The NH₄SCN passivated MAPbI₃ perovskite has shown 19.6% PCE compared to the 17.18% PCE of pristine MAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Finally, the champion 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction based solar cells have achieved the remarkable PCE of 20.74%. The increased PCE in 2D/3D PSCs is mainly attributed to the reduced defect density and suppressed nonradiative recombination losses. Moreover, the hydrophobic 2D capping layer endows the 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites with exceptional moisture, thermal and UV stability, highlighting the promise of highly stable and efficient 2D/3D PSCs.

Alterations in lifespan and sleep/wake duration under selective monochromes of visible light in Drosophila melanogaster

Rapid technology development, exposure to gadgets, and artificial lights (with different monochromes) have disturbed our lifestyle and the circadian clock, which otherwise confers better regulation of behavioral patterns and sleep/wake cycles in most organisms including Drosophila melanogaster. We assay the effect of LD12:12 hr (light: dark) monochromatic lights (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red) on the lifespan, activity, and sleep of the D. melanogaster. We observe a shortened lifespan under 12h of violet, blue, green, and yellow lights, while significantly reduced activity levels under the light phase of blue and green light as compared to their dark phase is observed. Significant increase in the evening anticipation index of flies under blue and green light alongside increased and decreased sleep depth during the day and night respectively suggests the light avoidance, while there is no effect of colored light on the waking time, daily active time, and sleep time. Thus, our study shows short and long-term exposure to certain colored lights in terms of reduced lifespan and locomotor activity, which cause qualitative as well as quantitative changes in the sleep of flies; probably as a sign of aversion towards a specific light.

Effect of stabilizer on optical band gap of ZnO and their performance in dye-sensitized solar cells

ABSTRACT. In dye-sensitized solar cells, transparent metal oxide working electrodes play a vital role in defining the power conversion efficiency. It was found that the size of nanoparticles influences the electrical, optical properties of these electrodes. Herein, we describe the synthesis of ZnO with zinc acetate dihydrate and different stabilizers (diethylamine and triethylamine) by using a modified solvothermal process. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, HRTEM, UV-visible, FTIR, and Raman methods. The crystallite sizes for ZnO-1 and ZnO-2 samples were indexed as 39.0 and 40.5 nm for the highest peak intensity with diethylamine and triethylamine stabilizer, respectively. We examine the effect of stabilizers on the morphology, optical band gap, and photovoltaic performance of the prepared ZnO. We found that ZnO prepared using diethylamine stabilizer exhibiting significant efficiency of 1.45%, open-circuit voltage 0.454 V, short-circuit current density 2.128 mA/cm2, and 0.66 fill factor were achieved under 44 mW/cm2 illumination powers with dye-3.                 KEY WORDS: Dye-sensitized solar cells, ZnO, Band gap, Photovoltaic performance   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(1), 209-222.                                                        DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.17                                                      

2-Benzyllawsone protects against polymicrobial sepsis and vascular hyporeactivity in swiss albino mice

BACKGROUND

Novel naphthoquinone, 2-benzyllawsone (LT-9) was evaluated against vascular hyporeactivity and sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model in mice in view of its preliminary antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and to explore whether pretreatment with the molecule could restore vascular tone and contractile response to norepinephrine.

METHODS

Evaluation of LT-9 against vascular hyporeactivity, hypotension, and sepsis-related inflammation and infection was carried out in the CLP model in Swiss albino mice and aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro.

RESULTS

LT-9 showed potent reversal of the vascular hyporeactivity in CLP mice aorta. The increased contraction response to norepinephrine in CLP mouse aorta by LT-9 was mediated by opening of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) verified by ex vivo experiment where LT-9 enhanced contraction response to CaCl₂ in the aorta while abolishing the contraction response of known VDCC opener Bay K8644. LT-9 in aortic smooth muscle cells showed Fluo-4 mediated increase in calcium fluorescence. Oral administration of LT-9 at 50 and 100 mg kg^-1 day^-1 for 15 days significantly enhanced the mean survival time, improved hemodynamic and Electrocardiogram (ECG) profile, and aortic tissue reactivity in CLP mice. Further, LT-9 significantly reversed the perturbation of the expression profile of inflammatory cytokines, reduced the splenic microbial load, and was well tolerated in oral toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

LT-9 showed potent biological activity against sepsis and was found to be well tolerated in the toxicity study in Swiss albino mice and showed promise for the benzyllawsone class of molecules against sepsis for the development of novel pharmacophore.