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Soong W, Bernstein J, Sussman G, Lanier B, Sitz K, Maurer M, Giménez-Arnau A, Hua E, Barve A, Severin T, Janocha R. Long-term treatment with ligelizumab achieves prolonged symptom control during the post-treatment follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soong W, Chipps B, Trevor J, Carr W, O’Quinn S, Trudo F, Ambrose C. Health-related Quality of Life and Productivity Among a Real-World Cohort of Severe Asthma Patients in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chipps B, Ambrose C, Trevor J, Belton L, Gandhi H, Lugogo N, Soong W, Carr W, Moore W, Trudo F, Panettieri R. P204 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGIC OR MAINTENANCE SYSTEMIC CORTICOSTEROID TREATMENT AMONG UNITED STATES SEVERE ASTHMA PATIENTS. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soong W, Yoo B, Pazwash H, Holweg C, Casale T. P208 RESPONSE TO OMALIZUMAB IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA PATIENTS BY NUMBER AND TYPE OF ALLERGENS IN PROSPERO. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sitz K, Soong W, Lanier B, Kobayashi K, Barve A, Hua E, Janocha R, Severin T. P153 LIGELIZUMAB REDUCES RESCUE MEDICATION USE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SPONTANEOUS URTICARIA: PHASE 2B STUDY RESULTS. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Panettieri R, Chipps B, Moore W, Soong W, Carr W, Kreindler J, O'Quinn S, Trudo F, Ambrose C. COMPARISON OF ASTHMA CONTROL AND TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENTS BETWEEN US PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND TREATING SUBSPECIALISTS: REAL-WORLD DATA FROM THE CHRONICLE STUDY. Chest 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Panettieri R, Chipps B, Moore W, Soong W, Carr W, Kreindler J, O'Quinn S, Trudo F, Ambrose C. COMPARISON OF ASTHMA CONTROL AND TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENTS BETWEEN US PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA AND TREATING SUBSPECIALISTS: REAL-WORLD DATA FROM THE CHRONICLE STUDY. Chest 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Deleuran M, Thaçi D, Beck LA, de Bruin-Weller M, Blauvelt A, Forman S, Bissonnette R, Reich K, Soong W, Hussain I, Foley P, Hide M, Bouaziz JD, Gelfand JM, Sher L, Schuttelaar MLA, Wang C, Chen Z, Akinlade B, Gadkari A, Eckert L, Davis JD, Rajadhyaksha M, Staudinger H, Graham NMH, Pirozzi G, Ardeleanu M. Dupilumab shows long-term safety and efficacy in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis enrolled in a phase 3 open-label extension study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 82:377-388. [PMID: 31374300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant unmet need exists for long-term treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with AD. METHODS This ongoing, multicenter, open-label extension study (NCT01949311) evaluated long-term dupilumab treatment in adults who had previously participated in phase 1 through 3 clinical trials of dupilumab for AD. This analysis examined patients given 300 mg dupilumab weekly for up to 76 weeks at data cutoff (April 2016). Safety was the primary outcome; efficacy was also evaluated. RESULTS Of 1491 enrolled patients (1042.9 patient-years), 92.9% were receiving treatment at cutoff. The safety profile was consistent with previously reported trials (420.4 adverse events/100 patient-years and 8.5 serious adverse events/100 patient-years), with no new safety signals; common adverse events included nasopharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and injection-site reactions. Sustained improvement was seen up to 76 weeks in all efficacy outcomes, including measures of skin inflammation, pruritus, and quality of life. LIMITATIONS Lack of control arm, limited number of patients with 76 weeks or longer of treatment (median follow-up, 24 weeks), and patients not receiving the approved dose regimen of 300 mg every 2 weeks. CONCLUSION The safety and efficacy profile from this study supports the role of dupilumab as continuous long-term treatment for patients with moderate to severe AD.
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Deleuran M, Thaçi D, Beck LA, Forman S, Soong W, Hussain I, Bissonnette R, Bouaziz JD, Gelfand J, Sher L, Chen Z, Akinlade B, Gadkari A, Eckert L, Graham NM, Pirozzi G, Ardeleanu M. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Open-Label Dupilumab in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Donohue JF, Soong W, Wu X, Shrestha P, Lei A. Long-term safety of aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate fixed-dose combination: Results of a randomized 1-year trial in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2016; 116:41-8. [PMID: 27296819 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TRIAL DESIGN This was a one-year, Phase III randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-control study investigating the long-term safety and tolerability of twice-daily aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg versus formoterol 12 μg. METHODS Eligible patients were male or female, current or ex-smokers (history of ≥10 pack-years) aged ≥40 years with a diagnosis of moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <70%, and post-bronchodilator FEV1≥30% and <80% predicted. Patients were randomized 2:1 to twice-daily aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg or formoterol 12 μg, administered via a multidose dry powder inhaler (Genuair™/Pressair(®))(1). The objective was to evaluate the one-year safety of aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg versus formoterol 12 μg. RESULTS All 590 patients were included in the safety population; 392 patients received aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg and 198 patients received formoterol 12 μg. Of these, 581 patients were included in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (385 patients received aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg; 196 patients received formoterol 12 μg). In the safety population, the percentage of patients with ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event was similar between aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg (71.4%) and formoterol 12 μg (65.7%). Mean baseline post-bronchodilator FEV1 was 51.3% of predicted (ITT population). Aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg significantly improved morning pre-dose (trough) FEV1 and trough FVC versus formoterol 12 μg at each assessment, with improvements at Week 1 (least squares mean difference [LSMD]: 87.4 mL and 157.8 mL, respectively) maintained at study end (LSMD: 81.5 mL and 185.4 mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to formoterol 12 μg and consistent with that seen in two Phase III studies. Additionally, aclidinium 400 μg/formoterol 12 μg improved lung function versus formoterol 12 μg, with a sustained effect over one year.
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Harris JM, Maciuca R, Bradley MS, Cabanski CR, Scheerens H, Lim J, Cai F, Kishnani M, Liao XC, Samineni D, Zhu R, Cochran C, Soong W, Diaz JD, Perin P, Tsukayama M, Dimov D, Agache I, Kelsen SG. A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of quilizumab in adults with inadequately controlled allergic asthma. Respir Res 2016; 17:29. [PMID: 26993628 PMCID: PMC4797126 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quilizumab, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, targets the M1-prime segment of membrane-expressed IgE, leading to depletion of IgE-switched and memory B cells. In patients with mild asthma, quilizumab reduced serum IgE and attenuated the early and late asthmatic reaction following whole lung allergen challenge. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of quilizumab in adults with allergic asthma, inadequately controlled despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and a second controller. Methods Five hundred seventy-eight patients were randomized to monthly or quarterly dosing regimens of subcutaneous quilizumab or placebo for 36 weeks, with a 48-week safety follow-up. Quilizumab was evaluated for effects on the rate of asthma exacerbations, lung function, patient symptoms, serum IgE, and pharmacokinetics. Exploratory analyses were conducted on biomarker subgroups (periostin, blood eosinophils, serum IgE, and exhaled nitric oxide). Results Quilizumab was well tolerated and reduced serum total and allergen-specific IgE by 30–40 %, but had no impact on asthma exacerbations, lung function, or patient-reported symptom measures. At Week 36, the 300 mg monthly quilizumab group showed a 19.6 % reduction (p = 0.38) in the asthma exacerbation rate relative to placebo, but this was neither statistically nor clinically significant. Biomarker subgroups did not reveal meaningful efficacy benefits following quilizumab treatment. Conclusions Quilizumab had an acceptable safety profile and reduced serum IgE. However, targeting the IgE pathway via depletion of IgE-switched and memory B cells was not sufficient for a clinically meaningful benefit for adults with allergic asthma uncontrolled by standard therapy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01582503 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0347-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Thaçi D, Simpson EL, Beck LA, Bieber T, Blauvelt A, Papp K, Soong W, Worm M, Szepietowski JC, Sofen H, Kawashima M, Wu R, Weinstein SP, Graham NMH, Pirozzi G, Teper A, Sutherland ER, Mastey V, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD, Ardeleanu M. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical treatments: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b trial. Lancet 2016; 387:40-52. [PMID: 26454361 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from early-stage studies suggested that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are requisite drivers of atopic dermatitis, evidenced by marked improvement after treatment with dupilumab, a fully-human monoclonal antibody that blocks both pathways. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of several dose regimens of dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical treatments. METHODS In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we enrolled patients aged 18 years or older who had an Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score of 12 or higher at screening (≥16 at baseline) and inadequate response to topical treatments from 91 study centres, including hospitals, clinics, and academic institutions, in Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Poland, and the USA. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1), stratified by severity (moderate or severe, as assessed by Investigator's Global Assessment) and region (Japan vs rest of world) to receive subcutaneous dupilumab: 300 mg once a week, 300 mg every 2 weeks, 200 mg every 2 weeks, 300 mg every 4 weeks, 100 mg every 4 weeks, or placebo once a week for 16 weeks. We used a central randomisation scheme, provided by an interactive voice response system. Drug kits were coded, providing masking to treatment assignment, and allocation was concealed. Patients on treatment every 2 weeks and every 4 weeks received volume-matched placebo every week when dupilumab was not given to ensure double blinding. The primary outcome was efficacy of dupilumab dose regimens based on EASI score least-squares mean percentage change (SE) from baseline to week 16. Analyses included all randomly assigned patients who received one or more doses of study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01859988. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2013, and Jan 27, 2014, 452 patients were assessed for eligibility, and 380 patients were randomly assigned. 379 patients received one or more doses of study drug (300 mg once a week [n=63], 300 mg every 2 weeks [n=64], 200 mg every 2 weeks [n=61], 300 mg every 4 weeks [n=65], 100 mg every 4 weeks [n=65]; placebo [n=61]). EASI score improvements favoured all dupilumab regimens versus placebo (p<0·0001): 300 mg once a week (-74% [SE 5·16]), 300 mg every 2 weeks (-68% [5·12]), 200 mg every 2 weeks (-65% [5·19]), 300 mg every 4 weeks (-64% [4·94]), 100 mg every 4 weeks (-45% [4·99]); placebo (-18% [5·20]). 258 (81%) of 318 patients given dupilumab and 49 (80%) of 61 patients given placebo reported treatment-emergent adverse events; nasopharyngitis was the most frequent (28% and 26%, respectively). INTERPRETATION Dupilumab improved clinical responses in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in a dose-dependent manner, without significant safety concerns. Our findings show that IL-4 and IL-13 are key drivers of atopic dermatitis. FUNDING Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.
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Wang P, Jeng M, Fang L, Soong W. Acute pathophysiological responses in the normal lungs of newborn piglets exposed to pure oxygen. Minerva Pediatr 2015; 67:383-390. [PMID: 26377776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the effect of short-term pure oxygen treatment on pulmonary function, serum cytokine levels, and apoptosis in the lungs of healthy newborn piglets. METHODS Twelve newborn piglets were randomly assigned to receive pure oxygen (OXY) (N.=6) or room air (AIR: 21% oxygen) (N.=6) for 4 hours. Cardiopulmonary function serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α were evaluated. Histology was used to assess apoptosis and morphological differences between treatment groups. RESULTS Four-hour treatment with 100% oxygen resulted in higher PaO2, AaDO2, and compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) in the OXY than in the AIR animals. Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in OXY piglets compared with AIR piglets (P=0.009), but there were no differences between groups in the serum levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α (P=0.640 and P=0.306, respectively). The piglets in the OXY group had a greater average number of apoptotic cells in the lung than AIR piglets, although this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that treatment with 100% oxygen for 4 hours may have clinical benefit by improving pulmonary function in normal neonates with limited increases in the inflammation and apoptosis.
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Soong W, Schultz JC, Patera AC, Sommer MH, Cohen JI. Infection of human T lymphocytes with varicella-zoster virus: an analysis with viral mutants and clinical isolates. J Virol 2000; 74:1864-70. [PMID: 10644359 PMCID: PMC111664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1864-1870.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) disseminates in the body in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during chickenpox. Up to 1 in 10,000 mononuclear cells are infected during the viremic phase of the disease. We developed an in vitro system to infect human mononuclear cells with VZV by using umbilical cord blood. In this system, 3 to 4% of T cells were infected with VZV. VZV mutants unable to express certain genes, such as open reading frame 47 (ORF47) or ORF66, were impaired for growth in T cells, while other mutants showed little difference from parental virus. VZV unable to express ORF47 was even more impaired for spread from umbilical cord blood cells to melanoma cells in vitro. Early-passage clinical isolates of VZV infected T cells at a similar rate to the Oka vaccine strain; however, the clinical isolates were more efficient in spreading from infected T cells to melanoma cells. This in vitro system for infecting human T cells with VZV should be useful for identifying cellular and viral proteins that are important for virus replication in T cells and for the spread of virus from T cells to other cells.
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Reddy SM, Cox E, Iofin I, Soong W, Cohen JI. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) ORF32 encodes a phosphoprotein that is posttranslationally modified by the VZV ORF47 protein kinase. J Virol 1998; 72:8083-8. [PMID: 9733848 PMCID: PMC110145 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8083-8088.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encodes five gene products that do not have homologs in herpes simplex virus. One of these genes, VZV open reading frame 32 (ORF32), is predicted to encode a protein of 16 kDa. VZV ORF32 protein was shown to be phosphorylated and located in the cytosol of virus-infected cells. Antibody to ORF32 protein immunoprecipitated 16- and 18-kDa phosphoproteins from VZV-infected cells. Since VZV encodes two protein kinases that might phosphorylate ORF32 protein, immunoprecipitations were performed with cells infected with VZV mutants unable to express either of the viral protein kinases. Cells infected with VZV unable to express the ORF66 protein kinase contained both the 16- and 18-kDa ORF32 phosphoproteins; however, cells infected with the VZV ORF47 protein kinase mutant showed only the 16-kDa ORF32 phosphoprotein. Treatment of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins with calf intestine alkaline phosphatase resulted in a decrease in size of the ORF32 proteins from 16 and 18 kDa to 15 and 17 kDa, respectively. VZV unable to express ORF32 protein replicated in human melanoma cells to titers similar to those seen with parental virus; however, VZV unable to express ORF32 was impaired for replication in U20S osteosarcoma cells. Thus, VZV ORF32 protein is posttranslationally modified by the ORF47 protein kinase. Since the VZV ORF47 protein kinase has recently been shown to be critical for replication in human fetal skin and lymphocytes, its ability to modify the ORF32 protein suggests that the latter protein may have a role for VZV replication in human tissues.
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Sutherland D, McClellan JS, Milner D, Soong W, Axon N, Sanders M, Hester A, Kao YH, Poczatek T, Routt S, Pezzementi L. Two cholinesterase activities and genes are present in amphioxus. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1997; 277:213-29. [PMID: 9062997 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19970215)277:3<213::aid-jez3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To obtain information about the evolution of the cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the vertebrates, we investigated the cholinesterase (ChE) activity of the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae and Branchiostoma lanceolatum). On the basis of evidence from enzymology, pharmacology, and molecular biology, we conclude that amphioxus possesses two ChE activities and two ChE genes. Two covalent inhibitors of cholinesterases were able to pharmacologically isolate the two activities as drug-sensitive ChE and drug-resistant ChE. Kinetically, in terms of substrate specificity, the drug-sensitive ChE resembles vertebrate AChE, and the drug-resistant ChE resembles the BuChE of cartilaginous and bony fish or the intermediate ChE of protostome invertebrates. We also used the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotide primers and genomic DNA to obtain clones of 1,574 and 1,011 bp corresponding to two cholinesterase genes from amphioxus, which we designated as ChE1 and ChE2. ChE2 codes for an enzyme with an acyl-binding pocket sequence, a portion of the protein that plays an important role in determining substrate specificity, typical of invertebrate ChE. ChE1, which contains a 503-bp intron, encodes a protein with a novel acyl binding site. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences suggests that the two genes are a result of a duplication event in the lineage leading to amphioxus. We discuss the relevance of our results to the evolution of the cholinesterases in the chordates. Previously, we reported that amphioxus contained a single cholinesterase activity with properties intermediate to AChE and BuChE (Pezzementi et al. [1991] In: Cholinesterases: Structure, Function, Mechanism, Genetics and Cell Biology. J. Massoulié et al., eds. ACS: Washington, D.C., pp. 24-31).
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Sanders M, Mathews B, Sutherland D, Soong W, Giles H, Pezzementi L. Biochemical and molecular characterization of acetylcholinesterase from the hagfish Myxine glutinosa. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 115:97-109. [PMID: 8896335 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(96)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To obtain information about the evolution of the cholinesterases, we investigated the cholinesterase activity of an agnathan vertebrate, the hagfish Myxine glutinosa. On the basis of evidence from enzymology, pharmacology, and molecular biology, we conclude that the cholinesterase activity is due to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The enzyme hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine preferentially and exhibits substrate inhibition. The hydrolysis of both acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine are inhibited in parallel by cholinesterase inhibitors, with the AChE-specific drug BW284c51 being the most potent; however, this drug and propidium, a peripheral anionic site ligand, are much weaker inhibitors of the hagfish enzyme than of Torpedo AChE. We used sequential extraction, collagenase digestion, and velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients to determine that the AChE from the skeletal muscle of the hagfish is present in both globular and asymmetric forms. We also used the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotide probes and genomic DNA to obtain a 1 kb gene fragment for hagfish AChE. The enzyme has an acyl binding site typical of other vertebrate AChE, but lacks two aromatic residues implicated in the function of the peripheral anionic subsite. We discuss the relevance of our findings to the evolution of the cholinesterases in the vertebrates.
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