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Arnardottir NY, Jonsdottir SS, Petersen H. Seasickness among Icelandic seamen. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273477. [PMID: 36018861 PMCID: PMC9416988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The working environment abroad a ship is unique, with constant stimuli such as rolling of the vessel, noise, and vibration. Fishing industry is important for Icelandic economy, still the effect of seasickness-related symptoms on seamen´s health is not fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the impact of seasickness-related symptoms, i.e., seasickness, seasickness symptoms and mal de débarquement on seaman´s health, and how their working environment may affect those factors. Methods Cross-sectional data was collected from 262 seamen answering questionnaire. Majority of the seamen participated while attending a compulsory course held by the Maritime Safety and Survival Training Centre. The majority of participants were men. A chi-square test was used to detect the difference between variables. Results The majority of seamen had experienced seasickness (87.8%) or mal de débarquement (85.8%). Having a history of tension headache (38.1%) and tinnitus (37.9%) was quite common. A total of 30.6% of the participants had been admitted to hospital once or more due to mishaps or accidents on land. Discussion Seasickness and seasickness symptoms together with mal de débarquement are common in Icelandic seamen. Working conditions at sea are demanding and seam to affect the seamen´s health both at sea and ashore, making further research needed.
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Park S, Ha J, Kim L. Effect of Visually Induced Motion Sickness from Head-Mounted Display on Cardiac Activity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22166213. [PMID: 36015973 PMCID: PMC9412462 DOI: 10.3390/s22166213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality devices can facilitate positive experiences such as co-presence and deep immersion; however, motion sickness (MS) due to these experiences hinders the development of the VR industry. This paper proposes a method for assessing MS caused by watching VR content on an HMD using cardiac features. Twenty-eight undergraduate volunteers participated in the experiment by watching VR content on a 2D screen and HMD for 12 min each, and their electrocardiogram signals were measured. Cardiac features were statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The proposed model for classifying MS was implemented in various classifiers using significant cardiac features. The results of ANCOVA reveal a significant difference between 2D and VR viewing conditions, and the correlation coefficients between the subjective ratings and cardiac features have significant results in the range of -0.377 to -0.711 (for SDNN, pNN50, and ln HF) and 0.653 to 0.677 (for ln VLF and ln VLF/ln HF ratio). Among the MS classification models, the linear support vector machine achieves the highest average accuracy of 91.1% (10-fold cross validation) and has a significant permutation test outcome. The proposed method can contribute to quantifying MS and establishing viewer-friendly VR by determining its qualities.
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Li CC, Zhang M, Liu YH, Zhang ZR, Wang D, Huang LG, Wang H, Wang XC. [The feasibility study of objective evaluation of the severity of motion sickness by quantitative analysis of the facial skin color]. ZHONGHUA ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2022; 57:943-947. [PMID: 36058660 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115330-20211120-00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the feasibility of applying quantitative analysis of the facial skin color to evaluate the severity of motion sickness objectively and to seek objective indicators that can reflect the severity of motion sickness. Methods: Motion sickness was induced in 51 male adult subjects recruited at the Air Force Medical University by Coriolis acceleration stimulation, and facial skin colorimetric values were acquired using a portable spectrophotometer at five time points: before stimulation and at 0 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min after the end of stimulation. The Graybiel rating scales were applied to assess the severity of motion sickness in subjects at each time point after stimulation, and the correlation between the magnitude of change in each colorimetric value and the maximum Graybiel's score was analyzed. The ROC curves were used to compare the evaluation performance of colorimetric value indicators which could reflect the severity of motion sickness. Results: Each colorimetric value in the CIE-L*a*b* color system changed significantly after exposure to provocative motion stimuli, and the trend was consistent with the typical sign of pallor in motion sickness. The magnitudes of the increase in the colorimetric value CIE-L*, the decrease in CIE-a*, and the increase in CIE-b* were all significantly and positively correlated with the maximum of Graybiel's scores (r=0.490 0, P=0.000 3; r=0.549 3, P<0.000 1; r=0.540 9, P<0.000 1). Comparing the performance of three colorimetric indicators to assess the severity of motion sickness, CIE-a* had an area under the ROC curve of 0.875 0, a sensitivity of 85.71%, and a specificity of 87.50%, which was better than CIE-L* and CIE-b*. Conclusions: The CIE-L*a*b* colorimeter values can be considered as objective indicators of the severity of motion sickness, among which the colorimetric indicator CIE-a* has the most diagnostic significance, and the method of quantitative analysis of the facial skin color can provide a new reference for the objective evaluation of the severity of motion sickness.
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Riera JV, Casas S, Alonso F, Fernández M. A Case Study on Vestibular Sensations in Driving Simulators. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5837. [PMID: 35957391 PMCID: PMC9371164 DOI: 10.3390/s22155837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motion platforms have been used in simulators of all types for several decades. Since it is impossible to reproduce the accelerations of a vehicle without limitations through a physically limited system (platform), it is common to use washout filters and motion cueing algorithms (MCA) to select which accelerations are reproduced and which are not. Despite the time that has passed since their development, most of these algorithms still use the classical washout algorithm. In the use of these MCAs, there is always information that is lost and, if that information is important for the purpose of the simulator (the training simulators), the result obtained by the users of that simulator will not be satisfactory. This paper shows a case study where a BMW 325Xi AUT fitted with a sensor, recorded the accelerations produced in all degrees of freedom (DOF) during several runs, and data have been introduced in mathematical simulation software (washout + kinematics + actuator simulation) of a 6DOF motion platform. The input to the system has been qualitatively compared with the output, observing that most of the simulation adequately reflects the input to the system. Still, there are three events where the accelerations are lost. These events are considered by experts to be of vital importance for the outcome of a learning process in the simulator to be adequate.
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Papaioannou G, Htike Z, Lin C, Siampis E, Longo S, Velenis E. Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Sorting Motion Planner Alternatives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5177. [PMID: 35890856 PMCID: PMC9316958 DOI: 10.3390/s22145177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Automated vehicles are expected to push towards the evolution of the mobility environment in the near future by increasing vehicle stability and decreasing commute time and vehicle fuel consumption. One of the main limitations they face is motion sickness (MS), which can put their wide impact at risk, as well as their acceptance by the public. In this direction, this paper presents the application of motion planning in order to minimise motion sickness in automated vehicles. Thus, an optimal control problem is formulated through which we seek the optimum velocity profile for a predefined road path for multiple fixed journey time (JT) solutions. In this way, a Pareto Front will be generated for the conflicting objectives of MS and JT. Despite the importance of optimising both of these, the optimum velocity profile should be selected after taking into consideration additional objectives. Therefore, as the optimal control is focused on the MS minimisation, a sorting algorithm is applied to seek the optimum solution among the pareto alternatives of the fixed time solutions. The aim is that this solution will correspond to the best velocity profile that also ensures the optimum compromise between motion comfort, safety and driving behaviour, energy efficiency, journey time and riding confidence.
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Li Z, Zhao L, Chang J, Li W, Yang M, Li C, Wang R, Ji L. EEG-based evaluation of motion sickness and reducing sensory conflict in a simulated autonomous driving environment. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:4026-4030. [PMID: 36086173 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous driving offers significant potential for changes in the automotive industry. However, sensory conflict during autonomous driving can lead to motion sickness. Quantitative evaluation and effective preventions to predict and reduce motion sickness are needed. The goal of this study is to verify the objective indicator of motion sickness level based on encephalography (EEG) that we proposed before and investigate the influence of attenuating sensory conflict on motion sickness. A 6-degree of freedom (DOF) driving simulator platform was used to provide an autonomous driving environment to the subjects, and the subjective motion sickness level (MSL), as well as the EEG signals of 15 healthy subjects, were collected simultaneously during 3 conditions, i) autonomous driving, ii) autonomous driving with eyes blindfolded and iii) active driving. The MSLs were reported by the subjects every two minutes, providing a reference to the recorded EEG signals. The EEG signals were analyzed and compared among different conditions. Average MSLs were higher in autonomous driving than in autonomous driving with eyes blindfolded and active driving, together with the increase of the mean EEG frequency of theta band in the central, parietal and occipital areas (FC5, Cz, CP5, P3, and POz). These findings validated that EEG mean frequency of theta band could be an indicator of motion sickness, besides an attenuated visual input or active control of the vehicle can effectively reduce the generation of motion sickness.
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Pradhan GN, Galvan-Garza RC, Perez AM, Stepanek J, Cevette MJ. Visual Vestibular Conflict Mitigation in Virtual Reality Using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:406-414. [PMID: 35551727 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5921.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) is an effective technique to reduce cost and increase fidelity in training programs. In VR, visual and vestibular cues are often in conflict, which may result in simulator-induced motion sickness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the integration of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) with a VR flight training simulator by assessing flight performance, secondary task performance, simulator sickness and presence.METHODS: There were 20 participants who performed 2 separate VR flight simulation sessions, with and without GVS (control). Flight performance, secondary task performance, and electrogastrogram were measured during VR flight simulation. The standardized simulator sickness and presence questionnaires were administered.RESULTS: Electrogastrogram measures such as dominant power instability coefficient (DPIC) and percentages of bradygastric waves (%B) were lower in the GVS session than the control session in the flight simulation (DPIC: 0.44 vs. 0.54; %B: 21.2% vs. 30.5%) and postflight (DPIC: 0.38 vs. 0.53; %B: 22.8% vs. 31.4%) periods. Flight performance (#hit-gates) was improved in the GVS session compared to the control (GVS: 17, Control: 15.5). Secondary task performance (%hits) was improved with GVS for the Easy task (GVS: 55.5%, Control: 43.1%).DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates the potential of synchronizing GVS with visual stimuli in VR flight training to reduce visual-vestibular sensory conflict to improve fidelity and performance. These results provide initial evidence, but continued research is warranted to further understand the benefits and applications of GVS in VR simulator training.Pradhan GN, Galvan-Garza RC, Perez AM, Stepanek J, Cevette MJ. Visual vestibular conflict mitigation in virtual reality using galvanic vestibular stimulation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(5):406-414.
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Kim H, Lee IK. Studying the Effects of Congruence of Auditory and Visual Stimuli on Virtual Reality Experiences. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2022; 28:2080-2090. [PMID: 35167477 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2022.3150514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies in virtual reality (VR) have introduced numerous multisensory simulation techniques for more immersive VR experiences. However, although they primarily focus on expanding sensory types or increasing individual sensory quality, they lack consensus in designing appropriate interactions between different sensory stimuli. This paper explores how the congruence between auditory and visual (AV) stimuli, which are the sensory stimuli typically provided by VR devices, affects the cognition and experience of VR users as a critical interaction factor in promoting multisensory integration. We defined the types of (in)congruence between AV stimuli, and then designed 12 virtual spaces with different types or degrees of congruence between AV stimuli. We then evaluated the presence, immersion, motion sickness, and cognition changes in each space. We observed the following key findings: 1) there is a limit to the degree of temporal or spatial incongruence that can be tolerated, with few negative effects on user experience until that point is exceeded; 2) users are tolerant of semantic incongruence; 3) a simulation that considers synesthetic congruence contributes to the user's sense of immersion and presence. Based on these insights, we identified the essential considerations for designing sensory simulations in VR and proposed future research directions.
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Houben MMJ, Meskers AJH, Bos JE, Groen EL. The perception threshold of the vestibular Coriolis illusion. J Vestib Res 2021; 32:317-324. [PMID: 34924407 DOI: 10.3233/ves-210073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vestibular Coriolis illusion is a disorienting sensation that results from a transient head rotation about one axis during sustained body rotation about another axis. Although often used in spatial disorientation training for pilots and laboratory studies on motion sickness, little is known about the minimum required rotation rate to produce the illusion. OBJECTIVE This study determined the perception threshold associated with the Coriolis illusion. METHODS Nineteen participants performed a standardized pitching head movement during continuous whole-body yaw rotation at rates varying between 5 to 50 deg/s. The participants reported their motion sensation in relation to three hypothesized perception thresholds: 1) any sense of motion, 2) a sense of rotation, and 3) a sense of rotation and its direction (i.e., the factual Coriolis illusion). The corresponding thresholds were estimated from curves fitted by a generalized linear model. RESULTS On average threshold 1 was significantly lower (8 deg/s) than thresholds 2 and 3. The latter thresholds did not differ from each other and their pooled value was 10 deg/s. CONCLUSIONS The Coriolis illusion is perceived at yaw rates exceeding 10 deg/s using a pitching head movement with 40 deg amplitude and 55 deg/s peak velocity. Model analysis shows that this corresponds to an internal rotation vector of 6 deg/s. With this vector the Coriolis perception threshold can be predicted for any other head movement.
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Goodge T, Kroll V, Vernon M, Ventsislavova P, Crundall D. A comparison of cybersickness symptoms across 360-degree hazard perception and hazard prediction tests for drivers. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 97:103549. [PMID: 34375879 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hazard perception assessment may benefit from VR-presentation by removing field-of-view restrictions imposed by single-screen tests. One concern is whether VR-induced 'cybersickness' will offset any benefits. Self-reported cybersickness ratings were recorded from 77 participants viewing two variants of a 360-degree hazard test: hazard perception and hazard prediction. The latter was hypothesised to be particularly susceptible as clips abruptly cut to a probe question at hazard onset. Such sudden occlusions are thought to increase cybersickness. Overall cybersickness levels were low, with only four participants excluded for above-threshold sickness ratings. The remaining participants showed unexpectedly lower symptoms for the hazard prediction test and rated this test format as more comfortable and engaging. These findings mitigate concerns over the use of 360-degree videos in formative hazard assessments, even when clips involve sudden occlusions. Nonetheless, removal of any participants due to cybersickness raises problems for using VR for formal assessments of hazard perception skill.
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Kim YM, Rhiu I. A comparative study of navigation interfaces in virtual reality environments: A mixed-method approach. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 96:103482. [PMID: 34116411 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, motion-based navigation interfaces have been widely utilized in virtual reality (VR) environments. However, improper navigation interfaces can negatively impact the VR experience, and because different interfaces have different characteristics, the navigation experience may vary. Although comparative studies have been conducted with various interfaces, information obtained by focusing on qualitative evaluation was limited. Thus, this study explores the effects from three navigation interfaces (walking-in-place (WIP), joystick, and teleportation) on user performance, sense of presence, workload, usability, and motion sickness through a mixed-method design. Twenty-one participants were asked to perform a navigation task using selected navigation interfaces. The results indicated different advantages and disadvantages in the navigation interfaces for each evaluation metric. In particular, it was found that more research on user safety is required for the WIP interface. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of guidelines for applying navigation interfaces to specific VR environments.
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Takata R, Kanehira M, Kato Y, Matsuura T, Kato R, Maekawa S, Obara W. Improvement of three-dimensional motion sickness using a virtual reality simulator for robot-assisted surgery in undergraduate medical students: A prospective observational study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:498. [PMID: 34548032 PMCID: PMC8454008 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A virtual reality (VR) simulator is utilized as an inexpensive tool for gaining basic technical competence in robotic-assisted surgery (RAS). We evaluated operator 3D motion sickness while using a VR simulator and assessed whether it can be reduced by repeating the training. METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University, a tertiary training hospital in an urban setting. A total of 30 undergraduate medical students participated in the study. We compared whether the VR simulator improved the students' skills in operating the da Vinci robot. Fifteen students underwent training with a VR simulator for 4 h a day for 5 days. Then, motion sickness was determined using the Visual Analog Scale and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) before and after the training. RESULTS Manipulation time significantly improved after training compared to before training (293.9 ± 72.4 versus 143.6 ± 18.4 s; p < 0.001). Although motion sickness worsened after each training session, it gradually improved with continuous practice with the VR simulator. SSQ subscores showed that the VR simulator induced nausea, disorientation, and oculomotor strain, and oculomotor strain was significantly improved with repeated training. CONCLUSIONS In undergraduate students, practice with the VR simulator improved RAS skills and operator 3D motion sickness caused by 3D manipulation of the da Vinci robot.
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Stelling D, Hermes M, Huelmann G, Mittelstädt J, Niedermeier D, Schudlik K, Duda H. Individual differences in the temporal progression of motion sickness and anxiety: the role of passengers' trait anxiety and motion sickness history. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:1062-1071. [PMID: 33566736 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1886334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to show that trait anxiety and motion sickness history are responsible for different temporal progressions of sickness in passengers. The level of inflight anxiety and inflight sickness severity was monitored for 124 passengers in a full-motion cabin simulator during a short-haul flight with four different flight segments. Four groups with different characteristics in trait anxiety and motion sickness susceptibility showed different profiles of inflight sickness development. High trait anxiety was responsible for high inflight anxiety and a constantly high level of motion sickness, while passengers with just a motion sickness history showed an increase in motion sickness severity over time. We suggest that trait anxiety and motion sickness susceptibility interact and have an impact on the temporal progression of inflight sickness severity. The analysis of temporal developments of anxiety and sickness are fruitful for understanding the origins of motion sickness, research and individual treatments. Practitioner summary: In a full-motion cabin simulator study with 124 passengers the level of inflight anxiety and inflight sickness severity was monitored. Trait anxiety and motion sickness history were found to have different impacts on the temporal progression of individual sickness severity. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; AVES: air vehicle simulator; hiA/hiM: group with high anxiety and high motion sickness susceptibility; hiA/loM: group with high anxiety and low motion sickness susceptibility;MSSQ: motion sickness susceptibility scale; loA/hiM: group with low anxiety and high motion sickness susceptibility; loA/loM: group with low anxiety and low motion sickness susceptibility; SPSS: statistical package for the social sciences; SSQ-TS: total score from the simulator sickness questionaire; STAI: state trait anxiety inventory.
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Huang KC, John AR, Jung TP, Tsai WF, Yu YH, Lin CT. Comparing the Differences in Brain Activities and Neural Comodulations Associated With Motion Sickness Between Drivers and Passengers. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:1259-1267. [PMID: 34181544 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3092876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is common to believe that passengers are more adversely affected by motion sickness than drivers. However, no study has compared passengers and drivers' neural activities and drivers experiencing motion sickness (MS). Therefore, this study attempts to explore brain dynamics in motion sickness among passengers and drivers. Eighteen volunteers participated in simulating the driving winding road experiment while their subjective motion sickness levels and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were simultaneously recorded. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was employed to isolate MS-related independent components (ICs) from EEG. Furthermore, comodulation analysis was applied to decompose spectra of interest ICs, related to MS, to find the specific spectra-related temporally independent modulators (IMs). The results showed that passengers' alpha band (8-12 Hz) power increased in correlation with the MS level in the parietal, occipital midline and left and right motor areas, and drivers' alpha band (8-12 Hz) power showed relatively smaller increases than those in the passenger. Further, the results also indicate that the enhanced activation of alpha IMs in the passenger than the driver is due to a higher degree of motion sickness. In conclusion, compared to the driver, the passenger experience more conflicts among multimodal sensory systems and demand neuro-physiological regulation.
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Park S, Mun S, Ha J, Kim L. Non-Contact Measurement of Motion Sickness Using Pupillary Rhythms from an Infrared Camera. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144642. [PMID: 34300382 PMCID: PMC8309520 DOI: 10.3390/s21144642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both physiological and neurological mechanisms are reflected in pupillary rhythms via neural pathways between the brain and pupil nerves. This study aims to interpret the phenomenon of motion sickness such as fatigue, anxiety, nausea and disorientation using these mechanisms and to develop an advanced non-contact measurement method from an infrared webcam. Twenty-four volunteers (12 females) experienced virtual reality content through both two-dimensional and head-mounted device interpretations. An irregular pattern of the pupillary rhythms, demonstrated by an increasing mean and standard deviation of pupil diameter and decreasing pupillary rhythm coherence ratio, was revealed after the participants experienced motion sickness. The motion sickness was induced while watching the head-mounted device as compared to the two-dimensional virtual reality, with the motion sickness strongly related to the visual information processing load. In addition, the proposed method was verified using a new experimental dataset for 23 participants (11 females), with a classification performance of 89.6% (n = 48) and 80.4% (n = 46) for training and test sets using a support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel, respectively. The proposed method was proven to be capable of quantitatively measuring and monitoring motion sickness in real-time in a simple, economical and contactless manner using an infrared camera.
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Hussain R, Chessa M, Solari F. Mitigating Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Systems through Foveated Depth-of-Field Blur. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124006. [PMID: 34200616 PMCID: PMC8229538 DOI: 10.3390/s21124006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cybersickness is one of the major roadblocks in the widespread adoption of mixed reality devices. Prolonged exposure to these devices, especially virtual reality devices, can cause users to feel discomfort and nausea, spoiling the immersive experience. Incorporating spatial blur in stereoscopic 3D stimuli has shown to reduce cybersickness. In this paper, we develop a technique to incorporate spatial blur in VR systems inspired by the human physiological system. The technique makes use of concepts from foveated imaging and depth-of-field. The developed technique can be applied to any eye tracker equipped VR system as a post-processing step to provide an artifact-free scene. We verify the usefulness of the proposed system by conducting a user study on cybersickness evaluation. We used a custom-built rollercoaster VR environment developed in Unity and an HTC Vive Pro Eye headset to interact with the user. A Simulator Sickness Questionnaire was used to measure the induced sickness while gaze and heart rate data were recorded for quantitative analysis. The experimental analysis highlighted the aptness of our foveated depth-of-field effect in reducing cybersickness in virtual environments by reducing the sickness scores by approximately 66%.
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Qi RR, Xiao SF, Pan LL, Mao YQ, Su Y, Wang LJ, Cai YL. Profiling of cybersickness and balance disturbance induced by virtual ship motion immersion combined with galvanic vestibular stimulation. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 92:103312. [PMID: 33338973 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Profile of cybersickness and balance disturbance induced by virtual ship motion alone and in combination with galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) remained unclear. Subjects were exposed to a ship deck vision scene under simulated Degree 5 or 3 sea condition using a head-mounted virtual reality display with or without GVS. Virtual ship motion at Degree 5 induced significant cybersickness with symptom profile: nausea syndrome > central (headache and dizziness) > peripheral (cold sweating) > increased salivation. During a single session of virtual ship motion exposure, GVS aggravated balance disturbance but did not affect most cybersickness symptoms except cold sweating. Repeated exposure induced cybersickness habituation which was delayed by GVS, while the temporal change of balance disturbance was unaffected. These results suggested that vestibular inputs play different roles in cybersickness and balance disturbance during virtual reality exposure. GVS might not serve as a potential countermeasure against cybersickness induced by virtual ship motion.
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Widdowson C, Becerra I, Merrill C, Wang RF, LaValle S. Assessing Postural Instability and Cybersickness Through Linear and Angular Displacement. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:296-311. [PMID: 31651196 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819881254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that constant speed is more comfortable than variable speed profiles and may minimize cybersickness. BACKGROUND Current best practices for virtual reality (VR) content creation suggest keeping any form of acceleration as short and infrequent as possible to mitigate cybersickness. METHODS In Experiment 1, participants experienced repetitions of simulated linear motion, and in Experiment 2, they experienced repetitions of a circular motion. Three speed profiles were tested in each experiment. Each trial lasted 2 min while standing. Cybersickness was measured using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and operationally defined in terms of total severity scores. Postural stability was measured using a Wii Balance Board and operationally defined in terms of center of pressure (COP) path length. Postural measures were decomposed into anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes and subjected to detrended fluctuation analysis. RESULTS For both experiments, no significant differences were observed between the three speed profiles in terms of cybersickness or postural stability, and none of the baseline postural measures could predict SSQ scores for the speed profile conditions. An axis effect was observed in both experiments such that normalized COP movement was significantly greater along the anterior-posterior axis than the medial-lateral axis. CONCLUSION Results showed no convincing evidence to support the common belief that constant speed is more comfortable than variable speed profiles for scenarios typical of VR applications. APPLICATION The present findings offer guidelines for the design of locomotion techniques involving traversal in VR environments.
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Curry C, Peterson N, Li R, Stoffregen TA. Postural precursors of motion sickness in head-mounted displays: drivers and passengers, women and men. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:1502-1511. [PMID: 32780665 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1808713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Motion sickness is preceded by distinctive patterns of postural activity that differ between the sexes. We asked whether such postural precursors of motion sickness might exist before participants were exposed to a virtual driving game presented via a head-mounted display. Men and women either controlled a virtual vehicle (drivers), or viewed a recording of virtual vehicle motion (passengers). Before exposure to the game, we recorded standing body sway while participants performed simple visual tasks (staring at a blank page vs. counting target letters in a block of text). Following game exposure, participants were classified into Well and Sick groups. In a statistically significant interaction, the multifractality of body sway varied as a function of sex, vehicle control, and motion sickness status. The results confirm that postural precursors of motion sickness differ between the sexes, and extend these to the control of virtual vehicles in head-mounted displays. Practitioner Summary: We asked whether postural sway might predict motion sickness during exposure to a driving game via a head-mounted display. Participants drove a virtual car (drivers), or watched recorded car motion (passengers). Beforehand, we measured standing body sway. Postural precursors of motion sickness differed between the sexes and drivers and passengers. Abbreviations: M: meters; SD: standard deviation; kg: kilograms; COP: centre of pressure; AP: anterior-posterior; ML: mediolateral; cm: centimeters; s: seconds; min: minutes; MF: DFA: multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis; DFA: detrended fluctuation analysis; ANOVA: analysis of variance; CI: confidence interval; Hz: hertz; SE: standard error of the mean.
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Kuiper OX, Bos JE, Schmidt EA, Diels C, Wolter S. Knowing What's Coming: Unpredictable Motion Causes More Motion Sickness. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:1339-1348. [PMID: 31590575 PMCID: PMC7672670 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819876139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores the role of anticipation in motion sickness. We compared three conditions varying in motion predictability and assessed the effect of anticipation on subsequent illness ratings using a within-subjects design. BACKGROUND Anticipation is thought to play a role in motion sickness by reducing the discrepancy between sensed and expected sensory information. However, both the exact role and potential magnitude of anticipation on motion sickness are unknown. METHOD Participants (N = 17) were exposed to three 15-min conditions consisting of repeated fore-aft motion on a sled on a 40-m rail (1) at constant intervals and consistent motion direction, (2) at constant intervals but varied motion direction, and (3) at varied intervals but consistent motion direction. Conditions were otherwise identical in motion intensity and displacement, as they were composed of the same repetitions of identical blocks of motion. Illness ratings were recorded at 1-min intervals using an 11-point motion sickness scale. RESULTS Average illness ratings after exposure were significantly lower for the predictable condition, compared with both the directionally unpredictable condition and the temporally unpredictable condition. CONCLUSION Unpredictable motion is significantly more provocative compared with predictable motion. Findings suggest motion sickness results from a discrepancy between sensed and expected motion, rather than from unpreparedness to motion. APPLICATION This study underlines the importance of an individual's anticipation to motion in motion sickness. Furthermore, this knowledge could be used in domains such as that of autonomous vehicles to reduce carsickness.
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Goncalves G, Melo M, Vasconcelos-Raposo J, Bessa M. Impact of Different Sensory Stimuli on Presence in Credible Virtual Environments. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2020; 26:3231-3240. [PMID: 31283481 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2019.2926978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors can affect presence in virtual environments, such as the number of human senses engaged in a given experience or the extent to which the virtual experience is credible. The purpose of the present work is to study how the inclusion of credible multisensory stimuli affects the sense of presence, namely, through the use of wind, passive haptics, vibration, and scent. Our sample consisted of 37 participants (27 men and 10 women) whose ages ranged from 17 to 44 years old and were mostly students. The participants were divided randomly into 3 groups: Control Scenario (visual and auditory - N = 12), Passive Haptic Scenario (visual, auditory, and passive haptic - N = 13) and Multisensory Scenario (visual, auditory, wind, passive haptic, vibration, and scent - N = 12). The results indicated a significant increase in the involvement subscale when all multisensory stimuli were delivered. We found a trend where the use of passive haptics by itself has a positive impact on presence, which should be the subject of further work.
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Frett T, Green DA, Mulder E, Noppe A, Arz M, Pustowalow W, Petrat G, Tegtbur U, Jordan J. Tolerability of daily intermittent or continuous short-arm centrifugation during 60-day 6o head down bed rest (AGBRESA study). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239228. [PMID: 32946482 PMCID: PMC7500599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial gravity through short-arm centrifugation has potential as a multi-system countermeasure for deconditioning and cranial fluid shifts that may underlie ocular issues in microgravity. However, the optimal short-arm centrifugation protocol that is effective whilst remaining tolerable has yet to be determined. Given that exposure to centrifugation is associated with presyncope and syncope and in addition motion sickness an intermittent protocol has been suggested to be more tolerable. Therefore, we assessed cardiovascular loading and subjective tolerability of daily short arm centrifugation with either an intermittent or a continuous protocol during long-term head-down bed rest as model for microgravity exposure in a mixed sex cohort. During the Artificial Gravity Bed Rest with European Space Agency (AGBRESA) 60 day 6° head down tilt bed rest study we compared the tolerability of daily +1 Gz exposure at the center of mass centrifugation, either performed continuously for 30 minutes, or intermittedly (6 x 5 minutes). Heart rate and blood pressure were assessed daily during centrifugation along with post motion sickness scoring and rate of perceived exertion. During bed rest, 16 subjects (6 women, 10 men), underwent 960 centrifuge runs in total. Ten centrifuge runs had to be terminated prematurely, 8 continuous runs and 2 intermittent runs, mostly due to pre-syncopal symptoms and not motion sickness. All subjects were, however, able to resume centrifuge training on subsequent days. We conclude that both continuous and intermittent short-arm centrifugation protocols providing artificial gravity equivalent to +1 Gz at the center of mass is tolerable in terms of cardiovascular loading and motion sickness during long-term head down tilt bed rest. However, intermittent centrifugation appears marginally better tolerated, albeit differences appear minor.
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Pettijohn KA, Pistone DV, Warner AL, Roush GJ, Biggs AT. Postural Instability and Seasickness in a Motion-Based Shooting Simulation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2020; 91:703-709. [PMID: 32867900 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5539.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Motion sickness is a problem for many; however, it is especially pressing for military personnel who need to operate in life and death environments. The current study investigated the underlying cause of motion sickness by testing postural instability theory.METHODS: Subjects experienced realistic motion profiles while performing a virtual reality shooting task and reporting any motion sickness symptoms. Postural instability was manipulated within 20 subjects across 2 conditions. In one condition, subjects could readily adapt their posture to the motion profile by adjusting their feet on the platform (Free), and in the other condition, their feet were fixed in place on the moving platform (Fixed). This Free condition decreased postural instability by allowing adjustment, while the Fixed condition increased postural instability by restricting adjustment. The same subjects completed both conditions to control for individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility.RESULTS: Overall, motion sickness was mild as measured by SSQ (M 14.41, Free; M 18.89, Fixed), and no statistically significant differences were observed between the conditions. Performance on the shooting task was reduced in accuracy by approximately 40%, although this result did not differ between conditions.DISCUSSION: The results do not support postural instability as a contributing factor in motion sickness symptomology. They also demonstrate the importance of accounting for motion when conducting training.Pettijohn KA, Pistone DV, Warner AL, Roush GJ, Biggs AT. Postural instability and seasickness in a motion-based shooting simulation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(9):703709.
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Beutner FU. Additional Points. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 116:175. [PMID: 30995956 PMCID: PMC6482372 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Mülder K, Stober HD, Hamacher W, Spiewok G, Pätel K. Counterarguments. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 116:175. [PMID: 30995957 PMCID: PMC6482366 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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