Genotyping of Campylobacter coli isolated from humans and retail meats using multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

AIMS

To determine the antimicrobial resistant profiles and clonality of Campylobacter coli isolated from clinically ill humans and retail meats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 98 C. coli isolates (20 from humans and 78 from retail meats) were phenotypically characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using agar dilution method for ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin and doxycycline. Seventy C. coli isolates including humans (n = 20) and retail meats (n = 50) were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found in 29% and 15% of isolates from retail meats and humans. We observed 61 PFGE profiles using two enzymes (SmaI, KpnI) with an Index of discrimination of 0.99, whereas MLST generated 37 sequence types. Two clonal complexes were identified with 58 (82%) C. coli isolates clustered in the ST-828 complex.

CONCLUSIONS

Resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was identified in C. coli obtained from retail meats and ill humans. PFGE typing of C. coli isolates was more discriminatory than MLST. Grouping of C. coli isolates (82%) by MLST in ST-828 clonal complex indicates a common ancestry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

A high frequency of resistance found to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin is concerning from food safety perspective. PFGE using single or double restriction enzymes was found to be more discriminatory than MLST for genotyping C. coli. Overall, the C. coli populations recovered from humans and retail meats were genotypically diverse.

Effects of Chinese Herb Danshen-Dahuang on Hippocampal Gene Expression of APP and PS1 in Rats with Alzheimer Disease

Aims:

To investigate the effect of Chinese herb Danshen-Dahuang on learning and memory ability in rats with Alzheimer disease (AD) induced by D-galactose and AlCl3 and its possible mechanisms.

Methods:

The AD model was produced by injecting D-galactose and AlCl3 intraperitoneally for 90 days. Since the 20th day of D-galactose and AlCl3 intraperitoneal injection, the rats in Danshen-Dahuang group had been treated with Danshen-Dahuang extraction by intragastric administration for 70 days. Subsequently,learning and memory ability of the mice was evaluated by Morris water maze and hippocampal gene expression of APP, PS1 was tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results:

Rats intragastric administration with Danshen-Dahuang, mice had shorter latency (P< 0.05) and less error times (P< 0.05) in water maze test compared with those in AD model group. At the same time, Danshen-Dahuang down regulated the expression of APP, PS1 mRNA (P< 0.05) in hippocampus.

Conclusions:

Danshen-Dahuang improves the learning and memory ability of AD rats, its mechanism may be related to the downregulated expression of APP, PS1 mRNA.

A Study on Personal Characteristics of the Freshman and Graduates of in Five Different Universities of Shanxi Province of China

Aims:

To study on Personal Characteristics of the freshman and graduates in five different universities.

Methods:

The 1022 freshman and 956 graduates from five different universities were tested with the Eysenck Personality Questiornaire (EPQ). They came from one was general university, two technological universities, one is medical university, one is agricultural university.

Results:

Distribution of freshman and graduates personal characteristics in various sexes and universities is different. There are 19% and 12% of freshman with some psychological problem were P type and N type respectively according to neuroticism scale of EPQ, 64% of that were unstable temperament; 31% of the freshman who were unstable temperament and 25% were mental health status was extroversion disposition. But in graduates are 42% and 34% ( P type and N type) respectively according to neuroticism scale of EPQ. Unstable temperament is 58% and mental health status was extroversion disposition is 39%.

Conclusion:

The freshman and graduates psychological health of Shanxi Province of China is poor and should be paid more attention. the psychological state is related to different universities. the freshman and graduates are associated with personal characteristics, unstable professions, emotional trouble and passive attitude to the value and so on.

Over-expression of SOCS-3 gene promotes IL-10 production by JEG-3 trophoblast cells

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) plays an important role in negative regulation of inflammatory response. Evidence has shown that SOCS-3 and IL-10 expressions were significantly reduced in placental trophoblasts from preeclampsia. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In this study, we sought to determine if enhance SOCS-3 expression could affect IL-10 production in placental trophoblasts. Placental JEG-3 cells were used. Over-expression of SOCS-3 was generated by transfection of JEG-3 cells with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged SOCS-3 gene, SOCS-3/ZsGreen1, by siPORT lipid transfection. Cells transfected with ZsGreen1 vector only was used as control. Our results showed that IL-6 production was reduced in cells over-expressed with SOCS-3. Moreover, SOCS-3 transfected cells produced more IL-10 when stimulated with IL-6. The increased IL-10 production by JEG-3 cells was in a dose-dependent manner, p<0.05. Our data suggested that enhanced SOCS-3 gene expression could promote IL-10 production by placental trophoblast cells, suggesting that SOCS-3 may play an important role in regulation of cytokine induced anti-inflammatory response in placental trophoblasts.

Altered interleukin-6 receptor, IL-6R and gp130, production and expression and decreased SOCS-3 expression in placentas from women with pre-eclampsia

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its receptor complex, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and gp130, are critical in induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) protein, a negative cytokine regulator and anti-inflammatory mediator, in a biological system. Increased inflammatory response is believed to contribute to the placental dysfunction in pre-eclampsia (PE). However, it is not known if altered IL-6 receptor signalling and decreased SOCS-3 expression occur in placentas from PE. To study this, we examined IL-6, soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) and soluble gp130 (sgp130) production by villous tissue from normal and PE placentas. Hypoxia effects on IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 production was determined. IL-6R, gp130 and SOCS-3 expression were determined by immunohistochemical staining and by Western blot. Our results showed that under normoxic conditions (21% O(2)), villous tissue from PE placentas produced relative more sgp130, but significantly less IL-6 and sIL-6R (p<0.01) than normal placental tissue. The ratio of sgp130/sIL-6R release was significantly higher by PE placentas than normal placentas, p<0.01. Under hypoxic conditions (2% O(2)), IL-6 production was significantly reduced by both normal (p<0.01) and PE (p<0.05) placental tissue. Hypoxia promoted sgp130 release by normal, but not by PE, placental tissue. Reduced IL-6R and SOCS-3 immunostaining and expression were found in PE placentas. We concluded that increased ratio of sgp130/sIL-6R production and/or reduced sIL-6R production combined with down-regulation of IL-6R and SOCS-3 expression in trophoblasts may lead to less cytokine inhibitory activity in PE placentas, which may account for the increased placental inflammatory response in PE.

First Report of Ranunculus mild mosaic virus on Ranunculus asiaticus in Yunnan Province, China

In June 2007, a new viral disease occurred in commercial fields of Ranunculus asiaticus in the Yunnan Province of China. Infected plants exhibited mosaic symptoms and growth abnormalities. Viral disease incidence for this ornamental crop host in the Yunnan Province was estimated to range from 10 to 20%. Electron microscopic examination of negatively stained leaf-dip preparations from symptomatic plants identified long, flexuous linear particles (approximately 800 nm). The samples were tested using indirect antigen-coated plate (ACP)-ELISA. ACP-ELISA results showed that the leaf samples from symptomatic plants reacted positively to the potyvirus group antibody (Agdia Inc., Eklhart, IN). Total nucleic acid extracted from symptomatic plants was tested using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with primers (S 5'-GGNAAAAYAGYGGNCARCC-3'; M4: 5'-GTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC-3' [N = A, G, C, or T; Y = C or T; and R = A or G]) designed to amplify the 3' terminal region of genomic RNA of the genus Potyvirus (1). RT-PCR produced a 1,650-bp amplification product that was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU684747). The sequenced portion showed 90 and 99% identity with the Ranunculus mild mosaic virus (RMMV) isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ152191 and EF445546) from Italy and Israel, respectively (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of RMMV in China. Infection from this virus may cause losses for cut-flower production of Ranunculus asiaticu and it is also a potential threat for international trade of Ranunculus germplasm. References: (1) J. Chen and J. P. Chen. Chin. J. Virol. 18:371, 2002. (2) M. Turina et al. Phytopathology 96:560, 2006.

Linkage mapping of five genes on SSC12 in a Berkshire × Yorkshire cross (Brief report)

Abstract. three-generation family of pig was generated by an intercross between animals of two Berkshire grand sires and nine Yorkshire grand dams (BY), and a total of 525 F2 offspring were produced. The initial genome scan analysis identified suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fat traits on chromosome 12 (SSC12) (MALEK et al., 2001). Animals that were homozygous for Berkshire alleles had relatively less back fat than those with Yorkshire alleles, and heterozygotes were fattest for these QTL. The objective of this study was to further characterize these SSC12 QTL by mapping five additional genes (PSME3, GRB7, MAC30, RPS6KB1 and TAX1BP3) in the BY family and see if they were associated with fatness traits.

Progress in understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis

Ginseng is an economically important medicinal plant. The major bioactive ingredients of ginseng are ginsenosides, which are triterpene saponins. Because of difficulties in ginseng cultivation and the low productivity of ginseng cell and tissue culture, it has become important to improve ginsenoside levels by using metabolic engineering based on the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. During the last decade, substantial advances have been made in biosynthesis of ginsenosides. This review is concerned with recent developments in our understanding of the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.

The feasibility of characterizing the spatial distribution of cartilage T(2) using texture analysis

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was (1) to characterize the spatial distribution of cartilage T(2) in postmenopausal osteoarthritis (OA) patients and age-matched healthy subjects using second order texture measures at baseline, and (2) to analyze changes in the texture of cartilage T(2) after 9 months.

METHODS

3.0T-MRI of the knee was performed in 8 mild OA patients and 10 age-matched controls at baseline and after 9 months. Cartilage T(2), volume, and average thickness were calculated in all patients. Texture analysis, based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix, was performed on the cartilage T(2) maps. Texture parameters, including entropy and angular second moment, were calculated at 0 degrees (corresponding to the anterior-posterior axis) and at 90 degrees (corresponding to the superior-inferior axis), with pixel offsets ranging from 1 to 3 pixels.

RESULTS

Least square means analysis showed that mean T(2) values, their standard deviation (SD), and their entropy were greater (P<0.05) in OA patients than in controls. Over 9 months, the SD and entropy of cartilage T(2) significantly (P<0.05) decreased in OA patients, while no significant changes were evident in cartilage thickness or volume.

CONCLUSION

The mean cartilage T(2) values, their SD, and their entropy were greater in OA patients than in controls, indicating that the T(2) values in osteoarthritic cartilage are not only elevated, but also more heterogeneous than those in healthy cartilage. The longitudinal results demonstrate that changes in texture parameters of cartilage T(2) may precede morphological changes in thickness and volume in the progression of OA.

Diet-induced central obesity and insulin resistance in rabbits

The present study was designed to examine whether rabbits fed a diet containing high fat and sucrose could develop obesity and insulin resistance (IR), the major pathophysiological features of metabolic syndrome. Male Japanese white rabbits were fed either a normal chow diet (control) or high fat and sucrose diet (HFSD) for 36 weeks. Plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose and insulin were measured. To evaluate glucose metabolism, we performed an intravenous glucose tolerance test. In addition, we compared adipose tissue accumulation in HFSD-fed rabbits with that in normal rabbits. HFSD constantly and significantly led to an increase in body weight of HFSD-fed rabbits, caused by significantly higher visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Although there were no differences in plasma TG, TC, glucose, insulin levels and blood pressure between the two groups, HFSD-fed rabbits showed impaired glucose clearance associated with higher levels of insulin secretion compared to control rabbits. Our results showed that HFSD induced IR and increased adipose accumulation in rabbits, suggesting that HFSD-fed rabbits may become a model for research on human IR and obesity.

Stress distribution and induced birefringence analysis for pressure vector sensing based on single mode fibers

We propose a theoretical approach to analyze the pressure stress distribution in single mode fibers (SMFs) and achieve the analytical expression of stress function, from which we obtain the stress components with their patterns in the core and compute their induced birefringence. Then we perform a pressure vector sensing based on approximately 2 km SMF. Using Mueller matrix method we measure the birefringence vectors which are employed to compute the pressure magnitudes and their orientation. When rotating the pressure around the fiber, the corresponding birefringence vector rotates around a circle with double speed. Statistics show the average deviation of calculated pressure-magnitude to practical value is approximately 0.17 N and it is approximately 0.85 degrees for orientation.

First Report of a Leaf Spot on Snow Lotus Caused by Alternaria carthami in China

Snow lotus (Saussurea involucrata Karel. & Kir. ex Sch. Bip.) is an economically important medicinal herb increasingly grown in China in recent years. In June of 2005, a leaf spot disease on commercially grown plants was found in the QiTai Region, south of the Tianshan Mountain area of Xinjiang, China at 2,100 m above sea level. Disease incidence was approximately 60 to 70% of the plants during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. Initial symptoms appeared on older leaves as irregularly shaped, minute, dark brown-to-black spots, with yellow borders on the edge of the leaflet blade by July. As the disease progressed, the lesions expanded, causing the leaflets to turn brown, shrivel, and die. A fungus was consistently isolated from the margins of these lesions on potato dextrose agar. Fifty-eight isolates were obtained that produced abundant conidia in the dark. Conidia were usually solitary, rarely in chains of two, ellipsoid to obclavate, with 6 to 11 transverse and one longitudinal or oblique septum. Conidia measured 60 to 80 × 20 to 30 μm, including a filamentous beak (13 to 47 × 3.5 to 6 μm). According to the morphology, and when compared with the standard reference strains, the causal organism of leaf spot of snow lotus was identified as Alternaria carthami (1,4). Pathogenicity of the strains was tested on snow lotus seedlings at the six-leaf stage. The lower leaves of 20 plants were sprayed until runoff with conidial suspensions of 1 × 10⁴ spores mL^-1, and five plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. All plants were covered with a polyethylene bag, incubated at 25°C for 2 days, and subsequently transferred to a growth chamber at 25°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Light brown lesions developed within 10 days on leaflet margins in all inoculated plants. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves, and isolates were deposited at the Key Oasis Eco-agriculture Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Xinjiang and the Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University. No reports of a spot disease caused by A. carthami on snow lotus leaves have been found, although this pathogen has been reported on safflower in western Canada (3), Australia (2), India (1), and China (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a leaf spot caused by A. carthami on snow lotus in China. References: (1) S. Chowdhury. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 23:59, 1944. (2) J. A. G. Irwin. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 16:921, 1976. (3) G. A. Petrie. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 54:155, 1974. (4) T. Y. Zhang. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ.17:320, 2002.

MRI-derived T2 relaxation times and cartilage morphometry of the tibio-femoral joint in subjects with and without osteoarthritis during a 1-year follow-up

OBJECTIVE

To assess differences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based compositional (T2) and morphometric (volume and thickness) parameters of the tibio-femoral joint cartilage in subjects with and without osteoarthritis (OA) and compare these with clinical assessment tools during a 1-year follow-up.

METHOD

Three Tesla MRI of the knee joint was performed in eight female patients (body mass index [BMI]>30) with early OA and 10 age-matched female controls (BMI<30) at baseline (BL) and after 3, 6 and 12 months. Cartilage T2 maps, volume and average thickness were calculated in five compartments (medial/lateral femoral condyle, medial/lateral tibia and trochlea). These data were correlated with changes in clinical parameters and joint space width determined in standardized knee radiographs using a mixed random effects model.

RESULTS

At BL, T2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) across the cartilage in patients (45.68+/-5.17ms) compared to controls (41.75+/-4.33ms). Patients had significantly (P<0.05) less cartilage volume and less average cartilage thickness in the tibia than controls (2.10+/-0.53cm(3) vs 2.91+/-0.49cm(3) and 1.59+/-0.24mm vs 1.90+/-0.29mm, respectively). A significant change in clinical parameters of OA, cartilage T2 values or a decrease of volume and average thickness could not be demonstrated within both groups.

CONCLUSION

Significant differences between the groups indicate that both T2 and morphometric parameters may be useful in quantifying early OA related changes. In a 12-month follow-up, however, no significant alterations of the studied parameters were found, which may be due to the length of the observation interval.

Predominant basal directional release of thromboxane, but not prostacyclin, by placental trophoblasts from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies

OBJECTIVE

To investigate apical and basal releases of thromboxane (TX) and prostacyclin (PGI2) by trophoblasts (TCs) from normal and preeclamptic (PE) placentas.

METHODS

TCs isolated from normal and PE placentas were incubated in cell culture inserts for 48h. Medium from the upper (apical) and the lower (basal) chambers were then collected separately and measured for TX and PGI2 by their stable metabolites of TXB2 and 6-keto PGF1alpha by ELISA. Apical and basal releases of TX and PGI were also examined with apical exposure of TCs to arachidonic acid (AA)+/-aspirin at different concentrations. Villous tissue expressions for PGI synthase, TX synthase and TX (TP) receptor were examined by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

(1) TXB2, but not 6-keto PGF1alpha, concentrations were significantly higher in the lower than in the upper chambers with both normal and PE TCs (p<0.01); (2) apical exposure of TCs to AA resulted in a significant increase in TX release towards both the upper and the lower chambers in normal TCs (p<0.01), but only a significant increase in the upper chamber in PE TCs (p<0.01); (3) aspirin could attenuate AA-induced TX release both in the upper and the lower chambers in normal, but not in PE, TCs (p<0.01), respectively; (4) there were no differences in 6-keto PGF1alpha productions both in normal and PE TCs treated with AA+/-aspirin; (5) intense staining of TX synthase and TP receptor was seen in syncytiotrophoblast layer, villous core vessels and stromal cells in preeclamptic placental tissue sections.

CONCLUSION

Predominant basal release of TX together with intense staining of TX synthase and TP receptor in trophoblasts, stromal cells and villous core vessels are found in placentas from PE. We speculate if predominant basal release of TX by TCs occurs in vivo as we found in our in vitro culture condition, basal released TX may play a significant role in increased placental vasoconstriction such as in PE.

Assignment of solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), members <i>SLC2A2</i>, <i>SLC2A3</i>, <i>SLC2A5</i>, <i>SLC2A8</i> and <i>SLC2A12</i> to porcine chromosomes by somatic cell and radiation hybrid panel mapping (Brief report)

Abstract. The transport of glucose plays an important role in cellular glucose homeostasis and metabolism [1]. Due to the hydrophilic character of glucose, the transport of glucose in and out of cells requires specific carrier proteins. The mammalian facilitative glucose transport family, which contains the energy-independent transporters (gene symbol SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT), catalyzes the entry of glucose into mammalian cells by facilitative diffusion down a concentration gradient. Thirteen members of mammalian GLUT family have been now characterized [1]. In swine, the chromosomal locations for the five genes (SLC2A2, SLC2A3, SLC2A5, SLC2A8 and SLC2A12) have not yet been determined. In this study, as the first step to better understand of the roles of these GLUTs in pigs which could subsequently be beneficial for pig production, we report the mapping of the five genes using both porcine somatic cell hybrid panel (INRA-SCHP) and radiation hybrid panel (IMpRH).

A novel nude mice model of human extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma

A novel nude mice model of human extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma was established by subcutaneously implanting the sample taken from the patient with secondary extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma of the stomach into the right axillary region of a BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mouse. This model had been successfully transplanted in vivo for thirty-two generations with a stable growth cycle. The survival rates of both resuscitation and transplantation were 100%. Histologically, the tumor cells were medium to large size and arranged in sheets, with a little mesenchyma, and disseminated almost in all passages of the lymphoma-bearing nude mice. Immunologically, the tumor cells were positive for CD56, cytoplasmic CD3, granzyme B or TIA-1 and LMP1, sometimes for CD8 but negative for surface CD3, CD7, CD20 and CD1a. EBER1/2 was found. No T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement was detected in the transplanted tumors. Furthermore, both human sequencing-tagged sites SY14 and Y chromosome were detected by PCR or fluorescent in situ hybridization, respectively, in the transplanted tumor. The transplanted tumor in this novel nude mice model maintained the essential features of human extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma, and it would be an ideal tool in vivo for further research of the tumor.

Characterization of multidrug resistant Salmonella recovered from diseased animals

Three hundred and eighty Salmonella isolates recovered from animal diagnostic samples obtained from four state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (AZ, NC, MO, and TN) between 2002 and 2003 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities and further characterized for bla(CMY) beta-lactamase genes, class 1 integrons and genetic relatedness using PFGE. Forty-seven serovars were identified, the most common being S. Typhimurium (26%), S. Heidelberg (9%), S, Dublin (8%), S. Newport (8%), S. Derby (7%), and S. Choleraesuis (7%). Three hundred and thirteen (82%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 265 (70%) to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (78%), followed by streptomycin (73%), sulfamethoxazole (68%), and ampicillin (54%), and to a lesser extent chloramphenicol (37%), kanamycin (37%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20%), and ceftiofur (17%). With regards to animal of origin, swine Salmonella isolates displayed the highest rate of resistance, being resistant to at least one antimicrobial (92%), followed by those recovered from turkey (91%), cattle (77%), chicken (68%), and equine (20%). Serovars commonly showing multidrug resistance (MDR) to > or =9 antimicrobials were S. Uganda (100%), S. Agona (79%), and S. Newport (62%), compared to S. Heidelberg (11%) and S. Typhimurium (7%). Class-1 integrons were detected in 43% of all isolates, and were found to contain aadA, aadB, dhfr, cmlA and sat1 gene cassettes alone or in various combinations. All ceftiofur resistant isolates (n=66) carried the bla(CMY) beta-lactamase gene. A total of 230 PFGE patterns were generated among the 380 isolates tested using XbaI, indicating extensive genetic diversity across recovered Salmonella serovars, however, several MDR clones were repeatedly recovered from different diseased animals.