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Liu S, Solomon P, Carpio R, Fowler B, Simmons D, Wang J, Wise R, Imper G, Riley N, Moslehi M, Ravindra N. Modeling, Simulation and Control of Single Wafer Process in Cluster Tool Base on Ft-Ir In-Line Sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-389-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper outlines our current approach to utilize infrared reflectance spectroscopy for thin film measurement in the semiconductor industry. The multi-layer thickness and doping concentration of IC wafers can be determined by a single angle, unpolarized infrared reflectance measurement performed using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. A computer algorithm, which matches theoretical to measured infrared reflectance spectra, was successfully employed to determine multiple thin film properties.
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DeVilliers P, Suggs C, Simmons D, Murrah V, Wright JT. Microgenomics of ameloblastoma. J Dent Res 2011; 90:463-9. [PMID: 21282726 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiles of human ameloblastoma microdissected cells were characterized with the purpose of identifying genes and their protein products that could be targeted as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as for potential therapeutic interventions. Five formalin-fixed, decalcified, paraffin-embedded samples of ameloblastoma were subjected to laser capture microdissection, linear mRNA amplification, and hybridization to oligonucleotide human 41,000 RNA arrays and compared with universal human reference RNA, to determine the gene expression signature. Assessment of the data by Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and cluster analysis showed that 38 genes were highly expressed (two-fold increase) in all samples, while 41 genes were underexpressed (two-fold reduction). Elements of the sonic hedgehog pathway and Wingless type MMTV integration site family were validated by immunohistochemistry. We have identified the expression of multiple genes and protein products that could serve as potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets.
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Simmons D. Increased red cell count in diabetes and pre-diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90:e50-3. [PMID: 20701991 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether an increased red cell count (RCC) is present in pre-diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The results demonstrate that these diabetes precursor states are associated with an increased RCC. This relationship can be explained, in part, by an increased HbA1c.
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Coulthard L, Costantini K, Lor M, Simmons D, Taylor S, Woodruff T. Complement expression in mice throughout neural tube closure. Mol Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.05.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gonzales CB, Simmons D, MacDougall M. Competing roles of TGFbeta and Nma/BAMBI in odontoblasts. J Dent Res 2010; 89:597-602. [PMID: 20173182 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510363363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nma/BAMBI is a novel pseudoreceptor with homology to a TGFbeta type I receptor that lacks a serine/threonine kinase domain. Nma/BAMBI functions as a dominant-negative protein that regulates reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nma/BAMBI regulates TGFbeta signaling and downstream gene expression during dentinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we examined the downstream gene expression profiles of major dentin extracellular matrix proteins in response to Nma/BAMBI, and we examined the roles of Nma/BAMBI and TGFbeta-1 during dentinogenesis. Overexpression of Nma/BAMBI in the mouse odontoblast-like cell line MD10-A2 down-regulated expression of DSPP by 66% and up-regulated expression of DMP1 four-fold. TGFbeta treatment reversed Nma/BAMBI's negative effect on DSPP expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TGFbeta negatively regulates Nma/BAMBI's expression levels in MD10-A2 odontoblast-like cells. Analysis of these data, together, indicates that TGFbeta and Nma/BAMBI are inversely regulated and that the sequence of expression determines the net effect on downstream gene expression.
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Murphy HR, Temple RC, Ball VE, Roland JM, Steel S, Zill-E-Huma R, Simmons D, Royce LR, Skinner TC. Personal experiences of women with diabetes who do not attend pre-pregnancy care. Diabet Med 2010; 27:92-100. [PMID: 20121895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the views of women who did not attend pre-pregnancy care (PPC), in particular their accounts of contraception, previous pregnancies and the influence of healthcare advice. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with 29 pregnant women (21 with Type 1 diabetes, eight with Type 2 diabetes) at three UK specialist diabetes antenatal clinics. Interviews explored women's journeys to becoming pregnant, including use of contraception, their views regarding diabetes and pregnancy and the factors which encouraged and discouraged them from attending PPC. RESULTS All women had some understanding of the issues concerning diabetes during pregnancy, predominantly regarding the benefits of PPC (90%) and optimal glycaemic control (80%) and risks of malformation (48%) and macrosomia (35%). Most were not regularly using contraception (70%), having stopped deliberately (45%), become unintentionally less rigorous (28%) or experienced side effects/contraindications (14%). Knowledge concerning the risks of pregnancy (90%) and past pre-conception counselling (38%) did not encourage women to attend PPC, and neither did personal experience of miscarriage, malformation or stillbirth in women with previous poor pregnancy outcome (41%). Barriers included conceiving faster than anticipated (45%), fertility concerns (31%), negative experiences with health professionals (21%), desire for a 'normal' pregnancy (17%) and the logistics of attending (10%). CONCLUSIONS More integrated diabetes and reproductive health/contraceptive advice, increased awareness of the potentially short time between stopping contraception and conception and more intensive support between pregnancies are required, particularly for women with previously poor outcomes. Research is also needed into how communication between health professionals and women with diabetes can be improved.
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Pugach MK, Li Y, Suggs C, Wright JT, Aragon MA, Yuan ZA, Simmons D, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW. The amelogenin C-terminus is required for enamel development. J Dent Res 2009; 89:165-9. [PMID: 20042744 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509358392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundant amelogenin proteins are responsible for generating proper enamel thickness and structure, and most amelogenins include a conserved hydrophilic C-terminus. To evaluate the importance of the C-terminus, we generated transgenic mice that express an amelogenin lacking the C-terminal 13 amino acids (CTRNC). MicroCT analysis of TgCTRNC29 teeth (low transgene number) indicated that molar enamel density was similar to that of wild-type mice, but TgCTRNC18 molar enamel (high transgene number) was deficient, indicating that extra transgene copies were associated with a more severe phenotype. When amelogenin-null (KO) and TgCTRNC transgenic mice were mated, density and volume of molar enamel from TgCTRNCKO offspring were not different from those of KO mice, indicating that neither TgCTRNC18 nor TgCTRNC29 rescued enamel's physical characteristics. Because transgenic full-length amelogenin partially rescues both density and volume of KO molar enamel, it was concluded that the amelogenin C-terminus is essential for proper enamel density, volume, and organization.
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Rush EC, Crook N, Simmons D. Relationships between a walk test, body size and metabolic risk among a New Zealand Māori community. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 37:117-27. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460903264251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Frazier-Bowers SA, Simmons D, Koehler K, Zhou J. Genetic analysis of familial non-syndromic primary failure of eruption. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:74-81. [PMID: 19419450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While some eruption disorders occur as part of a medical syndrome, primary failure of eruption (PFE) - defined as a localized failure of secondary tooth eruption - exists without systemic involvement. Recent studies support that heredity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PFE. The objective of our human genetic study is to investigate the genetic contribution to PFE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four candidate genes POSTN, RUNX2, AMELX, and AMBN) were investigated because of their relationship to tooth eruption or putative relationship to each other. Families and individuals were ascertained based on the clinical diagnosis of PFE. Pedigrees were constructed and analyzed by inspection to determine the mode of inheritance in four families. The candidate genes were directly sequenced for both unrelated affected individuals and unaffected individuals. A genome wide scan using 500 microsatellite markers followed by linkage analysis was carried out for one family. RESULTS Pedigree analysis of families suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. Sequence analysis revealed two non-functional polymorphisms in the POSTN gene and no other sequence variations in the remaining candidate genes. Genotyping and linkage analysis of one family yielded a LOD score of 1.51 for markers D13S272; D15S118 and D17S831 on chromosomes 13, 15 and 17 respectively. CONCLUSIONS While LOD scores were not significant evidence of linkage, extension of current pedigrees and novel SNP chip technology holds great promise for identification of a causative locus for PFE.
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Wright JT, Frazier-Bowers S, Simmons D, Alexander K, Crawford P, Han ST, Hart PS, Hart TC. Phenotypic variation in FAM83H-associated amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Res 2009; 88:356-60. [PMID: 19407157 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509333822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM83H gene mutations are associated with autosomal-dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI), which is typically characterized by enamel having normal thickness and a markedly decreased mineral content. This study tested the hypothesis that there are phenotype and genotype associations in families with FAM83H-associated ADHCAI. Seven families segregating ADHCAI (147 individuals) were evaluated. Phenotyping included clinical, radiographic, histological, and biochemical studies, and genotyping was by mutational analysis. Multiple novel FAM83H mutations were identified, including two 2-bp-deletion mutations, the first non-nonsense mutations identified. Craniofacial deviation from normal was more prevalent in the affected individuals. Affected individuals having truncating FAMH3H mutations of 677 or fewer amino acids presented a generalized ADHCAI phenotype, while those having mutations capable of producing a protein of at least 694 amino acids had a unique and previously unreported phenotype affecting primarily the cervical enamel. This investigation shows that unique phenotypes are associated with specific FAM83H mutations.
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Bell A, Ayoub A, Lo R, Brown D, Bowman A, Millar K, Siebert P, Simmons D. Three-dimensional assessment of surgical outcomes and psychological analyses in ten-year-old children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.03.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen L, De Bacquer D, Mitchell P, Dobson A, Giles G, Phillips P, Shaw J, Simmons D, Simons L, Tonkin A. Recalibration and validation of the SCORE risk chart in the Australian population: The AusSCORE chart. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2009.05.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
AIM To determine the utility of finger-prick point-of-care testing (POCT) of blood glucose for the detection of dysglycaemia. METHODS A fasting POCT and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with laboratory assays were performed as part of the baseline screening for 5309 participants enrolled in the Te Wai o Rona Diabetes Prevention Strategy. Participants were aged 46 +/- 19 years with no self-reported diabetes. Dysglycaemia, including diabetes, was defined using World Health Organization criteria. Agreement between the two fasting plasma glucose measurements and their screening properties (with sensitivity and specificity for cut points) were compared using receiver operator characteristic analysis. RESULTS A total of 3225 participants had both capillary and venous fasting blood sampled within 30 min and then underwent OGTT. New diabetes was found in 161 participants (5.0%) and pre-diabetes in 414 [impaired glucose tolerance 299 (9.3%), impaired fasting glucose 115 (3.6%)]. The mean difference in capillary and venous measures was 0.02 mmol/l (95% confidence interval -0.04 to +0.01; limits of agreement -1.37 to 1.33 mmol/l). Capillary POCT was a poorer predictor of dysglycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance and new diabetes (area under curve 0.76 and 0.71) than venous laboratory analysis (area under curve 0.87 and 0.81 respectively). Optimal screening criteria were best at a venous glucose of 5.4 mmol/l; 77% sensitivity/specificity. CONCLUSIONS POCT significantly underestimated the true blood glucose at diagnostic levels for diabetes. POCT cannot be recommended as a means of screening for or diagnosing diabetes or pre-diabetes.
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Devers MC, Campbell S, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Simmons D. Should liver function tests be included in definitions of metabolic syndrome? Evidence from the association between liver function tests, components of metabolic syndrome and prevalent cardiovascular disease. Diabet Med 2008; 25:523-9. [PMID: 18346165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The definition of metabolic syndrome (MS) continues to be debated and does not include abnormal liver function tests (LFTs). This study aims to determine: (1) the association between the five ATP3 MS diagnostic components and different LFTs, and (2) the association between raised LFTs and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS A total of 1357 patients, without alcoholism or known liver disease, from randomly selected households from rural Victoria, Australia, attended for biomedical assessment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) areas under the curve (AUC) were determined for associations between the ATP3 diagnostic components, and between LFTs and ATP3 diagnostic components. RESULTS The range of ROC AUC for ATP3 diagnostic components was 0.60-0.77. Waist had the strongest association and blood pressure the weakest. The strength of association between ATP3 diagnostic components and gamma GT (GGT) was similar (0.63-0.72), but was less for alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Using the ROC-derived GGT cut-off (men 27 IU, women 20 IU), those with MS and a high GGT had more CVD than those with MS and a low GGT, and those without MS (18% vs. 10% vs. 7%, respectively; P < 0.001). Among those with MS, after adjusting for covariates, the odds ratio of CVD was 2.66 (1.18-5.96) for a high GGT compared to a low GGT. CVD was not significantly more prevalent in MS patients with a low GGT compared to non-MS patients. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that including a raised GGT in the criteria for MS could increase its predictive nature for CVD. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.
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Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To compare the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in European, Maori and Pacific peoples with diabetes. METHODS Biomedical assessment and retinal examination, using photography where possible, was undertaken in 458 (67.5% of eligible) randomly selected household survey participants with known diabetes (168 Europeans, 144 Maori, 149 Pacific people). Glycaemia was measured by glycated haemoglobin, fructosamine and random glucose. RESULTS In those with Type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of moderate or more severe retinopathy was 4.0% in Europeans, 12.9% in Maori and 15.8% in Pacific people (P = 0.003). There was no significant ethnic difference in the prevalence of retinopathy overall or in that of macular disease. Cataracts were more common in Pacific people (19.3%, 16.4%, 36.6%, respectively, P < 0.001). After adjusting for diabetes duration and ethnicity, Type 1 diabetes was associated with 5.3(1.7-16.4)-fold increase in moderate or more severe retinopathy. Although Maori and Pacific people with Type 2 diabetes were more hyperglycaemic, with higher systolic and lower diastolic blood pressure, in the logistic regression analysis, moderate or more severe retinopathy was associated with diabetes duration, insulin therapy, ethnicity and the extent of renal disease, but not glycaemia. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that moderate or more severe retinopathy is more common in Polynesians than Europeans. The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to long-standing hyperglycaemia.
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Bassi RS, Simmons D, Ali F, Nuttall D, Birch A, Trail IA, Stanley JK. Early results of the Acclaim elbow replacement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 89:486-9. [PMID: 17463117 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b4.18197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Acclaim total elbow replacement is a modular system which allows implantation in both unlinked and linked modes. The results of the use of this implant in primary total elbow replacement in 36 patients, operated on between July 2000 and August 2002, are presented at a mean follow-up of 36 months (24 to 49). Only one patient did not have good relief of pain, but all had improved movement and function. No implant showed clinical or radiological loosening, although one had a lucent area in three of seven humeral zones. The short-term results of the Acclaim total elbow replacement are encouraging. However, 11 patients (30.5%) suffered an intra-operative fracture of the humeral condyle. This did not affect the outcome, or the requirement for further surgery, except in one case where the fracture failed to unite. This problem has hopefully been addressed by redesigning the humeral resection guide. Other complications included three cases of ulnar neuropathy (8.3%) and one of deep infection (2.8%).
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Simmons D, Clover G. A case control study of diabetic patients who default from primary care in urban New Zealand. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2007; 33:109-13. [PMID: 17363315 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic patients defaulting from specialist care have worse metabolic control and complications than those attending regularly. We have compared the clinical characteristics of defaulters and more regular health care attenders on a population basis in a multi-ethnic community. METHODS We performed a 2:1 case control study of those defaulting from care for at least 10 months identified from a cross-sectional household survey of known diabetes in inner urban South Auckland, New Zealand. Thirty-seven cases and 52 controls with type 2 diabetes were examined (28 and 36 having retinal photography). RESULTS Defaulters were less likely to have been damaged by their diabetes (including less severe/proliferative retinopathy 16.7% vs. 0%, respectively, P<0.05), more likely to have worse foot care (95% vs. 79% poor nail or skin care, P<0.05) but had similar metabolic control as regular attenders. Most patients could either give no reason for default (40%) or claimed that their diabetes had gone (14%). Twenty-four (65%) reported that nothing could lead them to start attending for diabetes care. CONCLUSION We conclude that unlike those defaulting from specialist care, many, but not all, of those with diabetes defaulting from all care generally have comparable metabolic control and less complication than regular attenders. The patients had a range of attitudes to their diabetes suggesting that attracting such patients back into care, prior to a major clinical event or the development of symptoms, is unlikely without major effort.
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Simmons D. Relationship between maternal glycaemia and birth weight in glucose-tolerant women from different ethnic groups in New Zealand. Diabet Med 2007; 24:240-4. [PMID: 17263762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare the population attributable fraction(PAF) for a large baby (> or =4 kg) due to glycaemia, weight and smoking in glucose-tolerant women from different ethnic groups. METHODS A retrospective review of screening for gestational diabetes (GDM)and associated birth weight was undertaken in New Zealand European (n= 529), Maori (n= 540) and Pacific (n= 916) women. The proportion with a large baby was compared by 1-h post 50-g glucose challenge test tertile and maternal weight tertile. RESULTS Large babies were more common from Pacific and European than Maori women (24.3%, 18.8%, 8.9%, respectively; P<0.001). Birth weight increased significantly with increasing glucose among Pacific women (P<0.001) even after adjusting for maternal weight and other confounders. The risk of having a large baby was 2.56 (1.82-3.60)-fold greater in women in the highest maternal weight tertile (> or =84 kg), with a significantly greater PAF in Pacific women(27.2%, 12.9%, 16.4%, respectively; P<0.001). The odds ratio (OR) of having a large baby increased with even mildly elevated maternal 1-h glucose concentrations [OR for 5.6-6.2 mmol/l: 1.54 (1.11-2.14); for > or =6.3 mmol/l: 2.06 (1.50-2.82)], with no ethnic differences in PAF (11.1-11.8%, 16.7-18.7%, respectively). Smoking and being Maori were associated with smaller babies. CONCLUSIONS Increased maternal weight and glycaemia are associated with a greater proportion of large babies among glucose-tolerant women. Growth of Pacific babies may be more sensitive to a higher maternal glucose when the mother is obese.
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Kerr GD, Gamble GD, Doughty RN, Simmons D, Baker J. Mortality in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and heart disease in a unique New Zealand population. Diabet Med 2006; 23:1313-8. [PMID: 17116181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine rate and predictors of mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes living in a population with a large proportion of Maori and Pacific peoples who were admitted to hospital with myocardial infarction (MI) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF). METHODS The study population included 4193 individuals with Type 2 diabetes who lived in South Auckland and who participated in a primary care audit between 1994 and 1999. We studied a subgroup of 319 patients who subsequently had a hospital admission for MI or CCF between 1999 and 2001. We examined their demographics, drug treatment, vascular risk factors and mortality up to 2003. RESULTS Following discharge, the prescription of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, aspirin and statins had all increased significantly. Vascular risk factors including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) improved significantly. Nevertheless, mortality remained high with individuals admitted because of an MI 7.2-fold more likely to die early and those with a CCF admission 5.9-fold more likely to die early than other individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Maori patients have an 80% excess mortality. CONCLUSIONS Patients with past admission for MI and/or CCF remain at exceptionally high risk of death for at least 4 years after hospital admission, even with improvements in management of cardiovascular risk factors. Maori individuals are at particular risk.
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Simmons D, Shaw J, McKenzie A, Eaton S, Cameron AJ, Zimmet P. Is grand multiparity associated with an increased risk of dysglycaemia? Diabetologia 2006; 49:1522-7. [PMID: 16752170 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to determine the risk of diabetes and IGT/IFG with grand multiparity. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Women, aged > or =25 years, from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study and the Crossroads Undiagnosed Disease Study (a rural study in Victoria, Australia), participated in a household census (response 67 and 70%, respectively), subsequently attending a biomedical examination that included an oral glucose tolerance test (58% [6198] and 69% [819]). RESULTS After adjusting for age, obesity and socio-economic status, diabetes, but not IGT/IFG, was less common among women with a parity of 1 to 2 (odds ratio [OR]=0.64 [0.48-0.84]) and 3 to 4 (OR=0.72 [0.53-0.96]) than in grand multiparous women. This relationship was unrelated to past hysterectomy, use of the oral contraceptive pill or menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Grand multiparity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes but not of IGT/IFG. We postulate that parity accelerates transition from IGT/IFG to diabetes, more than it does transition from normal glucose tolerance to IGT/IFG.
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Simmons D, Culliney K, Joshy G, McKenzie A, Morgan SM. Dental health in rural Victoria: the Crossroads Household Survey. Aust Dent J 2006; 51:140-5. [PMID: 16848261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to describe dental health and perceived barriers to dental care in a regional centre and surrounding smaller towns in rural Victoria. METHODS A stratified, randomized, face-to-face household survey was undertaken to assess levels of edentulism and access to oral health services. A study response rate of 70.3 per cent (6316/9260) was achieved. RESULTS When compared with those in the regional centre, people living in the shire capitals were more likely to travel greater distances to see a dentist and were less likely to have seen a dentist within the past 12 months. While there was little difference in the edentulous proportion living in shire capitals compared with the regional centre, the level of edentulousness over the entire region was greater than overall Australian estimates. Differences in perceived barriers to care within the region were less than expected. Existing perceived barriers were lack of need, time until available appointments, attitudes of dentists and lack of public dental facilities. Differences in these barriers existed between socio-economic groups. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the prevalence of edentulism was higher in the areas studied relative to the Australian population. Significant patient perceived barriers to care exist which may contribute to the problem.
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Cutchie WA, Cheung NW, Simmons D. Comparison of international and New Zealand guidelines for the care of pregnant women with diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23:460-8. [PMID: 16681554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare international guidelines for the care of women with diabetes and pregnancy with reported current practice among New Zealand tertiary centres. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A literature review of national and international guidelines for the care of women with diabetes in pregnancy was undertaken. Guideline activities were placed within nine facets of care, from preconception advice, through pregnancy from screening to follow-up. New Zealand tertiary centres guidelines were obtained and placed in the same framework. RESULTS International guideline consensus was inconsistent across most facets of care. Those for the detection and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were particularly discordant internationally, although intranational agreement has occurred. CONCLUSIONS International guidelines for the care of women with diabetes in pregnancy remain fragmented. The development of one set of guidelines based on the consensus of international best practice could overcome many of the misconceptions associated with diabetes in pregnancy.
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Govindarajan R, Ratnasinghe L, Midathada M, Kim P, Darbe M, Barnhart S, Siegel E, Simmons D, Kim L, Lang N. Association between the use of thiazolidinediones and the risk of cancer in diabetic patients. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Simmons D, McKenzie A, Eaton S, Cox N, Khan MA, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Choice and availability of takeaway and restaurant food is not related to the prevalence of adult obesity in rural communities in Australia. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:703-10. [PMID: 15809667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish whether choice and availability of takeaway and restaurant food consumption are associated with increased obesity. DESIGN Crossroads Undiagnosed Disease Study: a cross-sectional study undertaken between June 2001 and March 2003. SETTING A regional centre and six shire capitals of variables size in rural Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS In total, 1454 residents of randomly selected households. MEASUREMENTS Obesity (by body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference), weekly recreational activity, self-reported frequency of takeaway consumption, number of local takeaway and restaurant food outlets in the area. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity ranged from 25.5-30.8% and was higher than the general Australian population among both men and women. Those in the regional centre were less likely than those in large and small shire capitals to participate in recreational activity of 150 min or more (39.7 vs 48.4%, 46.0% respectively, P=0.023) and yet reported better access to facilities and amenities for physical activity. Recreational activity of > or =150 min/week was associated with 0.75 (0.58-0.97) fold less risk of obesity. BMI was unrelated to takeaway consumption. Waist circumference was significantly lower among those eating no takeaways, but similar whether takeaways were consumed <1/month or > or =1/week. Increased takeaway consumption was associated with increased consumption of higher fat preparations of dairy and meat products. Availability of takeaway outlets and restaurants was unrelated to obesity. CONCLUSION The obesity epidemic exists among those without significant consumption of or availability to takeaway foods. In a setting of easy availability of food, the obesity epidemic relates strongly to reduced physical activity, but not to consumption of takeaway food.
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