Optical Entanglement of Distinguishable Quantum Emitters

Solid-state quantum emitters are promising candidates for the realization of quantum networks, owing to their long-lived spin memories, high-fidelity local operations, and optical connectivity for long-range entanglement. However, due to differences in local environment, solid-state emitters typically feature a range of distinct transition frequencies, which makes it challenging to create optically mediated entanglement between arbitrary emitter pairs. We propose and demonstrate an efficient method for entangling emitters with optical transitions separated by many linewidths. In our approach, electro-optic modulators enable a single photon to herald a parity measurement on a pair of spin qubits. We experimentally demonstrate the protocol using two silicon-vacancy centers in a diamond nanophotonic cavity, with optical transitions separated by 7.4 GHz. Working with distinguishable emitters allows for individual qubit addressing and readout, enabling parallel control and entanglement of both colocated and spatially separated emitters, a key step toward scaling up quantum information processing systems.

Resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: CODE-AF registry

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

The prognostic significance of resting heart rate and its therapeutic target in atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncertain.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AF.

Methods

A total of 8,886 patients with AF was included from the COmparison study of Drugs for symptom control and complication prEvention of AF (CODE-AF) registry. Patients were categorized according to baseline heart rate, and cardiovascular outcomes were accessed during a median follow-up of 30 months. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalization due to heart failure, and myocardial infarction/critical limb ischemia.

Results

Compared to heart rate ≥100 beats per minute (bpm), heart rate 80-99 bpm was associated with the lowest risk of primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.79, p=0.001). In subgroup of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart rate between 80-99 bpm was associated with reduced risk of primary outcome compared to heart rate ≥100 bpm (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.98, p=0.045). However, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), there was no association between resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes (P for interaction 0.001).

Conclusion

Resting heart rate was associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AF, and those with a resting heart rate between 80-99 bpm had the lowest risk of adverse events. The impact of resting heart rate on adverse events persisted in patients with concomitant HFpEF but was not apparent in those with concomitant HFrEF.

Measurement of Differential Branching Fractions of Inclusive B→X_{u}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} Decays

The first measurements of differential branching fractions of inclusive semileptonic B→X_{u}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} decays are performed using the full Belle data set of 711  fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity at the ϒ(4S) resonance and for ℓ=e, μ. With the availability of these measurements, new avenues for future shape-function model-independent determinations of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |V_{ub}| can be pursued to gain new insights in the existing tension with respect to exclusive determinations. The differential branching fractions are reported as a function of the lepton energy, the four-momentum-transfer squared, light-cone momenta, the hadronic mass, and the hadronic mass squared. They are obtained by subtracting the backgrounds from semileptonic B→X_{c}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} decays and other processes, and corrected for resolution and acceptance effects.

Precise Measurement of the D^{0} and D^{+} Lifetimes at Belle II

We report a measurement of the D^{0} and D^{+} lifetimes using D^{0}→K^{-}π^{+} and D^{+}→K^{-}π^{+}π^{+} decays reconstructed in e^{+}e^{-}→cc[over ¯] data recorded by the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider. The data, collected at center-of-mass energies at or near the ϒ(4S) resonance, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 72  fb^{-1}. The results, τ(D^{0})=410.5±1.1(stat)±0.8(syst)  fs and τ(D^{+})=1030.4±4.7(stat)±3.1(syst)  fs, are the most precise to date and are consistent with previous determinations.

Search for B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] Decays Using an Inclusive Tagging Method at Belle II

A search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decay B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] is performed at the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric energy electron-positron collider. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 63  fb^{-1} collected at the ϒ(4S) resonance and a sample of 9  fb^{-1} collected at an energy 60 MeV below the resonance. Because the measurable decay signature involves only a single charged kaon, a novel measurement approach is used that exploits not only the properties of the B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] decay, but also the inclusive properties of the other B meson in the ϒ(4S)→BB[over ¯] event, to suppress the background from other B meson decays and light-quark pair production. This inclusive tagging approach offers a higher signal efficiency compared to previous searches. No significant signal is observed. An upper limit on the branching fraction of B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] of 4.1×10^{-5} is set at the 90% confidence level.

Measurements of the Branching Fractions of the Semileptonic Decays Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} and the Asymmetry Parameter of Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+}

Using data samples of 89.5 and 711  fb^{-1} recorded at energies of sqrt[s]=10.52 and 10.58 GeV, respectively, with the Belle detector at the KEKB e^{+}e^{-} collider, we report measurements of branching fractions of semileptonic decays Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}ℓ^{+}ν_{ℓ} (ℓ=e or μ) and the CP-asymmetry parameter of Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+} decay. The branching fractions are measured to be B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e})=(1.31±0.04±0.07±0.38)% and B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}μ^{+}ν_{μ})=(1.27±0.06±0.10±0.37)%, and the decay parameter α_{Ξπ} is measured to be 0.63±0.03±0.01 with much improved precision compared with the current world average. The corresponding ratio B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}e^{+}ν_{e})/B(Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}μ^{+}ν_{μ}) is 1.03±0.05±0.07, which is consistent with the expectation of lepton flavor universality. The first measured asymmetry parameter A_{CP}=(α_{Ξ^{-}π^{+}}+α_{Ξ[over ¯]^{+}π^{-}})/(α_{Ξ^{-}π^{+}}-α_{Ξ[over ¯]^{+}π^{-}})=0.024±0.052±0.014 is found to be consistent with zero. The first and the second uncertainties above are statistical and systematic, respectively, while the third ones arise due to the uncertainty of the Ξ_{c}^{0}→Ξ^{-}π^{+} branching fraction.

Ammonium-free medium is critical for regeneration of shoot tips of the endangered species Pogostemon yatabeanus cryopreserved using droplet-vitrification

BACKGROUND

Pogostemon yatabeanus, synonym Dysophylla yatabeana, (Labiatae) is an endangered wild species in Korea. It has has a limited natural habitat and requires urgent conservation measures.

OBJECTIVE

To develop an efficient cryopreservation protocol using in vitro shoot tips to complement traditional conservation approaches in case seeds are unavailable, or insufficient in number for conservation programs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Node-cutting induced shoot tips of in vitro plants were produced and cryopreserved using a droplet-vitrification method following improvements in preculture, osmoprotection, vitrification solution (VS) and regrowth treatments. The starting protocol included preculture with 10% sucrose for 31 h, followed by osmoprotection with C4-35% (17.5% glycerol + 17.5% sucrose) for 40 min, and cryoprotection with A3-80% (33.3% glycerol + 13.3% DMSO + 13.3% EG + 20.1% sucrose) for 60 min on ice, cooling and warming using aluminum foil strips, and regrowth in MS hormone-free medium.

RESULTS

Shoot tips of Pogostemon yatabeanus were sensitive to the osmotic stress evidenced by low survival after step-wise preculture with 17.5% sucrose and cryopreservation without osmoprotection. Among VS tested, including PVS2, PVS3 and their alternatives, A3-80% on ice for 60 min resulted in the highest post-cryopreservation survival (80%) and regeneration (20%). Post-cryopreservation regeneration significantly improved (up to 73%) by incubation of cryopreserved shoot tips on ammonium-free medium followed by GA X₃-containing medium and medium without growth regulators.

CONCLUSION

Cryopreservation of in vitro shoot tips using droplet-vitrification was developed as a complementary conservation approach for D. yatabeana. Adjustment of medium composition during the recovery stage was important for regeneration of healthy plants from both cryoprotected-control and cryopreserved shoot tips.

The Safety of Intra-arterial Tirofiban during Endovascular Therapy after Intravenous Thrombolysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The safety and efficacy of tirofiban during endovascular therapy in patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant IV tPA remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of intra-arterial tirofiban use during endovascular therapy in patients treated with IV tPA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using a multicenter registry, we enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular therapy. Safety outcomes included postprocedural parenchymal hematoma type 2 and/or thick subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and 3-month mortality. Efficacy outcomes included the successful reperfusion rate, postprocedural reocclusion, and good outcomes at 3 months (mRS scores of 0-2). The tirofiban effect on the outcomes was evaluated using a multivariable analysis while adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Among enrolled patients, we identified 314 patients with stroke (279 and 35 patients in the no tirofiban and tirofiban groups, respectively) due to an intracranial artery occlusion who underwent endovascular therapy with intravenous thrombolysis. A multivariable analysis revealed no association of intra-arterial tirofiban with postprocedural parenchymal hematoma type and/or thick subarachnoid hemorrhage (adjusted OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.20-4.10; P = .918), intraventricular hemorrhage (adjusted OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.02-2.85; P = .467), and 3-month mortality (adjusted OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.04-1.87; P = .299). Intra-arterial tirofiban was not associated with good outcome (adjusted OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 0.89 -6.12; P = .099).

CONCLUSIONS

Using intra-arterial tirofiban during endovascular therapy after IV tPA could be safe.

AB0804 ONE YEAR FOLLOW-UP SAFETY AND EFFICACY RESULTS OF VACCINATION PROTOCOL FROM A RHEUMATOLOGY CLINIC

Background:

Patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) have a higher burden of infectious diseases compared to the general population. This could be explained by the disturbances in their immune system response, comorbidities and immunosuppressive treatment.Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infections.

Objectives:

To describe a cohort of patients with AIIRD referred to the infectious disease´s unit according to the vaccination protocol.

Methods:

Restrospective and descriptive study of a cohort of 286 patients with AIIRD who were evaluated in the rheumatology service of a tertiary hospital in Barcelona and referred to the infectious disease´s unit according to the vaccination protocol among 1 year,between January 1rst December 31st, 2019. The vaccination protocol included serologies of human immunodeficiency virus,hepatitis A,B and C, varicella zoster,tuberculosis,measles,mumps and rubella virus.The recommended vaccines were H.influenzae b,S.pneumonia,influenza,hepatitis A and B(immunity absence),meningococcus c,tetanus – diphtheria (low antigenic load),poliomyelitis and human papillomavirus (not vaccinated).The patients included were diagnosed with a rheumatologic condition under immunosuppressive therapy. Demographic variables,diagnosis,treatment,vaccines administered,infections and adverse effects were collected.

Results:

Of 286 patients reviewed the mean age was 61, 4 (±14.4) years. The characteristics of the cohort are shown in Table 1. Most of the patients used csDMARDs 149 (52.1%), 77(26.9%) patients used combined treatment. Measles and rubella are part of the triple virus vaccines included in the systematic Spanish vaccination schedule, in our cohort 20 (7%) patients had negative serologies for measles and 26 (9%) for rubella. 57 (20%) patients had latent TB with positive Quantiferon.Forty-one (14.3%) were vaccinated before receiving immunosuppressive treatment. The less administered vaccine was influenza with 44.9% (vaccination rate in Spain in healthy population, in 2019-2020 was 51.2%).No serious adverse effects were reported in relation to the vaccination. The infectious complications during the follow-up period were bronchopneumonia in a patient with RA treated with certolizumab (1), herpes zoster infection in RA on adalimumab(1), recurrent otitis in RA on adalimumab(1), mycobacterium avium infection in RA on etanercept(1), TB reactivation in RA with GCs and csDMARDs(1) and Papilloma virus infection in SpA on ustekinumab (1).

Table 1.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COHORT OF PATIENTS

Sex n % (women/men)193/93 (67,5/32,5)Age, years ± DE61.4 ± 14.4Diagnoses AIIRD, n (%)Rheumatoid arthritis n (%)164 (57.3)Systemic lupus erythematosus n (%)6 (2.1)Sjögren´s syndrome n (%)9 (3.1)Systemic sclerosis n (%)1 (0.35)Inflammatory myopathie n (%)5 (1.7)Vasculitis n (%)36 (12.6)Polymyalgia rheumatica n (%)4 (1.4)Spondyloarthropathy n (%)46 (16.1)Others n (%)15 (5.2)Treatment AIIRDGCs n (%)116 (40.7)csDMARDs n (%)149 (52.1)bDMARDs n (%)80 (27.8)tsDMARDs n (%)7 (2.4)Others1 n (%)12 (4.2)GCs + csDMARDs n (%)59 (21)GCs + bDMARDs n (%)14 (4.9)GCs + csDMARDs + bDMARDs n (%)4 (1.4)VaccinesPCV 13 n (%)283 (99)PPSV23 n (%)265 (93)HiB n (%)265 (93)NM n (%)247 (86.7)Influenza n (%)128 (44.9)HBV n (%)121 (42.3)Vaccination before IS n (%)41 (14.3)Vaccination with IS n (%)244 (85.3)

Other: Behcet,Adult Stills,Relapsing polychondritis,IGg4 related disease,Sarcoidosis

Others1: Mycophenolic acid,cyclosporine and tacrolimus

Conclusion:

In our cohort, the vaccination protocol proved to be a good tool to improve the vaccination rate of rheumatological patients, despite this, the vaccination of Hepatitis B and specially of influenza, continues to have a lower prevalence to general population.The vaccines were effective since none of the preventable infections occurred during follow up, despite the use of an immunosuppressant. Vaccination showed a good safety profile, without reported serious adverse effects or worsening of the underlying disease.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0129 IL-6R GENETIC VARIANTS AS PREDICTORS OF CLINICAL RESPONSE TO TOCILIZUMAB IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS

Background:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a first-line biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD) which inhibits Interleukin 6 (IL-6) pathway through blockade of its receptor. At present, there is a lack of evidence to recommend the treatment of one bDMARD over another.(1) Seeking for genetic biomarkers to predict response to treatment could be key towards a personalized treatment strategy in rheumatology.(2)

Objectives:

We aimed to evaluate whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL6R gene could predict response and/or toxicity to TZC in Caucasian patients diagnosed with RA.

Methods:

Retrospective analytical preliminar study of a cohort of 31 patients diagnosed with RA (ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria) who received treatment with TCZ within the last 10 years. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were collected. DNA was extracted from EDTA blood samples. Three SNPs in the IL-6 receptor gene (rs12083537, rs2228145, rs4329505) were genotyped by real-time PCR with TaqMan probes. The associations between polymorphisms and clinicopathological features were evaluated using parametric tests. Efficacy was assessed as the difference of DAS-28 CRP at 6 months. The toxicities recorded were hepatotoxicity, infections, hypersensibility, gastrointestinal, hematological and dyslipidemia.

Results:

The 31 DNA samples from patients included were mainly female (83.9%) and had a mean age at diagnosis of 46.8 years. The mean duration of treatment was 51.3 months and, previously to initiate TCZ, they received a mean of 2,6 csDMARD and 1,7 bDMARD.

The more frequent adverse effects were hypertransaminasemia (22.6%) and neutropenia (32.3%). Most relevant epidemiologic and clinical data is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics. RA=Rheumatoid Arthritis. CCP= anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptides. RF=Rheumatoid factor. csDMARDs= conventional synthetic Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. bDMARD= biological Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. BMI=Body Mass Index. Sc=subcutaneous. Ev=endovenous. DAS28= Disease Activity Score in 28 joints

Sex (n=31), n (% women/men) 26/5 (83,9%/16,1%)Age at diagnosis (n=31), years +- SD 46,8+- 12,8Erosive RA (n=31), n(%) 14 (45,2%)Anti-CCP positive (n=31), n(%)UI+- SD 23 (74,2%)259,7 +- 137,3RF positive (n=31), n (%)UI+-SD 21 (67,7%)189,4+- 114Previous csDMARD (n=31), n°+-SD2,6 +-1,3Previous bDMARD (n=31), n°+- SD1,7 +- 1,4BMI (n=29), mean +- SD29,3+- 5,1Duration of treatment (n=31), months +-SD51,3 +- 36,3-Active treatment (n=12)-80,9+- 18,3-Finished treatment (n=19)-32,6+- 32,2Route of administration (n=31), n (%) sc/ev 11/20 (35,5/64,5)Basal DAS28 (n=30), mean+- SD5,3 +- 1,1DAS28 reduction at 6 months (n=28), mean+-SD2,9 +-1,1

The univariate analyses showed that the rs2228145 variant was statistically associated with differences in DAS28 reduction at 6 months (p=0.042). Regarding efficacy, we also found a trend with the SNP rs4329505 (p=0.173), which could achieve statistical significance with the projected inclusion of more patients. No associations were found regarding adverse effects.

Conclusion:

The rs2228145 polymorphisms in the IL6R gene may be considered as a pharmacogenetic biomarker of TCZ response in RA patients. More studies are required in order to investigate the clinical use of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in rheumatic diseases.

References:

[1]Smolen, Josef S., Robert B., et al. 2020. “EULAR Recommendations for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Synthetic and Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: 2019 Update.” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79 (6): 685–99.

[2]Tarnowski, Maciej, Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka, et al. 2016. “The Effect of Gene Polymorphisms on Patient Responses to Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy.” Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 12 (1): 41–55.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

POS0827 HEPATOTROPIC VIRUSES WITH HIGHER RHEUMATOID FACTOR, BUT NOT RHEUMATIC DISEASES LINK TO PREVALENT CRYOGLOBULINEMIA. CORRELATION OF CLINICAL AND SEROLOGICAL MARKERS WITH ETIOLOGICAL CAUSES

Background:

Cryoglobulinemia (CG) is a rare phenomenon, which is defined as the persistent presence in serum of abnormal immunoglobulins (Igs) that precipitate in vitro at less than 37°C and dissolve when the temperature rises again. Is related to hematological disorders, infections and autoimmunes diseases.

Objectives:

To describe the differential clinical features, serological and demographics in a cohort of patients diagnosed with CG.

Methods:

We describe a retrospective cohort of 252 cryoglobulin (Cg) positive samples, obtained from a database from the immunology laboratory of a tertiary hospital (November 2018-November 2019). We obtained 182 patients with CG, classified according to their etiology into 4 groups: 1)Rheumatic diseases (RD) that includes rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren´s syndrome and Systemic scleroderma, 2)Hepatotropic viruses (HV) with patients diagnosed with Hepatitis C virus, B virus and both, 3)Hematological diseases (HD) and 4)Essential cryoglobulinemia (CGE). Demographic variables, clinical and serological data were collected. A comparative analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test and the multivariate Kruskal-Wallis test, nonparametric variables were compared using a Wilcoxon test. Ten patients, with more than one disease from 4 groups, were excluded from the study.

Results:

Out of 182 reviewed patients, 172 were included in the study. Mean age at diagnosis was 59.7(±14.0). Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics are described in table 1. Mixed CG was the predominant subtype, in 116 (67.4%) patients. The most prevalent CG-associated diseases were HV infection with 91(53%) patients. CGE mostly presented with cutaneous manifestations (p=0.0001), particularly purpura. In RD group the presence of Raynaud and non-erosive arthritis (p=0.0001) was relevant. Laboratory findings showed that CG titration varies according to the etiology, being HD the one with the highest values with 292.2 (±546.2). There is significant difference in terms of the average of rheumatoid factor (RF) being higher in the group by CGE. On other hand, the group HV presented more consumption of complement, and showed the lowest average p=0.0001, without more severe clinical manifestations.

RD (n=47)HV (n=91)HD (n=17)CGE (n=17)Gender,n(%) F42 (89.4)57 (62.6)7 (41.2)11 (64.7)Age at dg, years, (± SD)60.6 (±14)59.6 (±13.1)61.1(±16.6)56.3(±20.8)p=0.8CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICSSkin n (%)18 (38.3)10 (11.0)2 (11.8)9 (52.9)p<0.001Raynaud n (%)14 (29.8)1 (5.9)3 (17.6)p<0.001Purpura n (%)6 (12.8)9 (9.9)2 (11.8)6 (35.3)p=0.04Acrocyanosis n (%)6 (12.8)1 (5.9)p=0.0033Ulcers n (%)3 (6.4)2 (2.2) -2 (11.8)p=0.19Peripheric Neuro n (%)10 (21.3)9 (9.9)1 (5.9)4 (23.5)p=0.13N-E arthritis n (%)22 (46.8)8 (8.8)1 (5.9)4 (23.5)p<0.001GMN n (%)5 (10.6)3 (3.3)1 (5.9)3 (17.6)p=0.11LABORATORYCg (mg/dL) x (± SD)26.7 (±63.2)65.8 (±256.5)292.4 (±546.2)47.59 (±79.1)p<0.001Isotype IgG, n (%)G+M 26 (55.3)G+M 72 (79.1)M 8 (47.1)G+M 12 (70.6)β2M (≥1.8 mg/L), n (%)7/40 (17.5%)1/5 (20.0%)3/12 (25.0%)-p= 0.44RCP (mg/L) p 5010.3 (±26.2)3.9 (±3.0)13.4 (±18.3)8.5 (±12.0)p= 0.47ESR (mm/h) p5040.0 (±28.5)20.3 (±20.2)35.4 (±35.1)24.5 (±25.0)p= 0.0003RF + (>20UI/mL), n (%)19/46 (41.3)44/86 (51.2)5/11 (45.5)7/17 (41.2)p= 0.09p5090.6 (±175.9)161.0 (±219.5)94.8 (±135.6)284.5 (±619.3)p<0.001C3 (<85mg/dL), n %)20 (42.6)47 (51.6)3 (17.6)3 (17.6)p= 0.13x (± SD)90.1 (±28.6)68.5 (±10.8)99.1 (±29.0)114.8 (±12.7)p<0.001C4 (<12mg/dL), n (%)17 (36.2)36 (39.6) -3 (17.6)p= 0.02x (± SD)15.6 (±9.0)7.6 (±3.5)20.4 (±7.4)21.1 (±9.5)p<0.001

Conclusion:

In our cohort, not all patients with CG presented clinical manifestations being those associated with CGE and RD those with the highest skin and joint expression. The most prevalent association of CG continues to be the HV and we confirmed the characteristic decrease in C3 and C4 complement levels, together with the positivity for RF.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0643 IL-1 BLOCKAGE WITH ANAKINRA IN GOUT PATIENTS. SCOPING REVIEW OF THE PUBLISHED LITERATUR

Background:

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis in adults. It is caused by the chronic deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease are highly prevalent in gout patients.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids or colchicine are the first line therapeutic agents for flares. These drugs can be contraindicated in a large group of gout patients. Off label prescription of IL-1 receptor blockage with anakinra can be an alternative for this complex patients.

Objectives:

The main objective of this study is to perform a scoping review about patient characteristics, comorbidity, effectivity and safety profile of patients with gout treated with anakinra.

Methods:

A total of 1119 citations were screened. The reviewers performed a two-stage screening by title/abstract and full-text screening. Thirty six articles that finally met selection criteria, were included for data extraction and synthesis. Treatment duration of ≥12 weeks was considered chronic.

Results:

Four hundred forty three patients were included in the study. 20 patients (4,5%) received chronic treatment and 423 (95,5%) flare treatment. Outcomes from 496 flares were finally analyzed.

The mean age of the patients was 63.6 years and 84% were men. The clinical presentation was polyarticular in 47.9% and tophaceous gout in 66.5%. Some of these patients presented atypical forms of the disease such as spinal gout, autoinflammatory syndromes or sternoclavicular joint arthritis.

Most of the patients presented comorbidities, the most prevalent being arterial hypertension in 127 (70.5%) and chronic kidney disease (≥ 3 stage) in 220 (51.8%). History of transplant in 37 (14.6%) with stem cell, kidney, heart, and liver transplant. More than half of patients had more than one associated comorbidity. Demographic and clinical characteristics of gouty arthritis patients are presented in Table 1. Flare was present in admitted patients in 260 (57.5%). Anakinra was administered in 52 patients with an active infection.

Different treatment regimens were described. Daily administration was used in 98% of the patients. 92.8% of the flares were treated seven days or less, being the three days regimen the most prevalent. In the chronic group the longest treatment reported was 5 years.

Efficacy of treatment with anakinra was evidenced, in flare 426 patients (93%) and chronic 19 patients (91%). Overall, anakinra was well tolerated. In the case of flares, thirty-three (7.9%) adverse effects related to anakinra administration were registered: seven (1.6%) site injection reactions, five (1.1%) reversible hematological alterations and five acute infections (H1N1, herpes zoster, severe cold, pulmonary abscess and nosocomial pyelonephritis). In chronic treated patients, adverse infectious events were more prevalent, seven (32%) infections (Staphylococcus aureus tophus (2), Staphylococcus aureus lung abscess, erysipela of the leg, Streptococcus B urinary tract infection, Staphylococcus aureus knee arthritis and tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis).

Conclusion:

Anakinra has been shown to be effective and safe in treatment for flares in gout complex or resistant patients. It has been shown in multiples scenarios like active infections, dialysis, transplants, chronic kidney disease, tophi and polyarticular disease refractory to standard treatment. It has also shown its effectiveness as chronic treatment, but there are more concerns about its safety. These findings need to be confirmed with controlled clinical trials for anakinra inclusion in treatment recommendations in special situations of flares in complex or resistant gout patients.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared.