Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of trospium chloride after a single-dose administration in healthy Chinese volunteers

The study aimed to compare and evaluate the bioequivalence of a new generic preparation of trospium chloride (CAS NO:10405-02-4) capsule (20 mg, test) and the available import tablet (20 mg , reference) for the requirement of state regulatory criteria in China. A randomized- sequence, 2-period crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy Chinese male volunteers in the fasted state. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 h after administration of a single oral dose of 40 mg trospium chloride capsules or tablets, followed by a 7-day washout period. The concentration of trospium chloride was determined by a LC-MS/MS method. Drug And Statistical-Version 2.0 was used to calculate the pharmacokinetics parameters and assess bioequivalence of the two preparations. It was considered bioequivalent if the 90% CIs of the mean ratios (test: reference) for Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were within the range from 80% to 125%, respectively. The main pharmacokinetics parameters of test and reference were as follows: t1/2 was (15.11 ± 3.24) h and (16.00 ± 3.96) h; Tmax was (4.0 ± 1.2) h and (4.1 ± 0.9) h; Cmax was (3.76 ± 1.87) ng·mL - 1 and (3.70 ± 1.89) ng·mL - 1; AUC0-t was (33.51 ± 14.39) ng·mL - 1·h and (33.33 ± 14.88) ng·mL - 1·h, and the AUC0-∞ was (35.20 ± 14.88) ng·mL - 1·h and (35.16±15.17) ng·mL - 1·h. The ratios (test: reference) for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 94.0%~111.7%, 96.4%~106.8%, and 96.1%~105.3%, respectively. No significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were found between preparations and periods (p>0.05). No obvious adverse events were monitored throughout the study based on clinical parameters and patient reports.

Bioequivalence of two misoprostol tablets in healthy Chinese female volunteers: a single-dose, two-period, double crossover study

OBJECTIVE

To assess the bioequivalence of a new generic formulation of misoprostol (CAS 59122-46-2) 0.2 mg tablets (test) and the available branded tablet (reference) for the requirement of state regulatory criteria and the marketing of the test product in China.

METHODS

A randomized-sequence, 2-period crossover study was conducted in 20 healthy Chinese female volunteers in the fasted state. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 0.083, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after a single oral dose of 0.6 mg misoprostol test or reference, followed by a 7-day washout period. Misoprostol acid, the active metabolite of misoprostol, was determined by an HPLC-MS/MS method. Drug And Statistics 2.0 was used to calculate the pharmacokinetics parameters and assess bioequivalence of the 2 formulations. It was considered bioequivalent if the 90% CIs of the mean ratios (test: reference) for Tmax, Cmax and AUC0-t were all within the range from 80% to 125%. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study based on clinical parameters and patient reports.

RESULTS

The main pharmacokinetics parameters for the test and reference were as follows: t1/2 was (0.680 ± 0.371) h and (0.650 ± 0.264) h; Tmax was (0.415 ± 0.087) h and (0.399 ± 0.097) h; Cmax was (1.941 ± 0.417) ng/mL and (2.047 ± 0.397) ng/mL; AUC0-t was (1.535 ± 0.419) ng·h/mL and (1.652 ± 0.400)ng·h/mL, and the AUC0-∞ was (1.576 ± 0.465) ng·h/mL and (1.686 ± 0.396) ng·h/mL. The mean ratios (test: reference) for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 95.3% ±13.2%, 92.65% ± 17.31%, and 93.61%±18.97%, respectively. No significant (p>0.05) differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were found between preparations, treatments and periods.

CONCLUSIONS

This single-dose study in healthy Chinese fasted volunteers was shown that the misoprostol test and reference met the requirement of US and China regulatory criterion, and the test and reference were bioequivalent.

Reverse line blot hybridisation screening of Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species in patients with cystic fibrosis

The PCR-RLB (reverse line blot hybridisation) was applied as a molecular technique for the detection of members of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium from sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Fifty-nine sputum samples were collected from 52 CF patients, which were analysed by culture and PCR-RLB. Conventional and semi-selective culture yielded five positive samples, but the PCR-RLB hybridisation assay permitted the detection of members of Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium in 32 out of 52 patients (61.5%). In total, PCR-RLB yielded 47 positives. Pseudallescheria apiosperma was detected in 20 samples, while Pseudallescheria boydii and Pseudallescheria aurantiacum were detected in 17 and eight samples, respectively. Six samples gave a positive reaction with two distinct species-specific probes and one sample with three probes. In conclusion, the PCR-RLB assay described in this study allows the detection of Scedosporium spp. in CF sputum samples and the identification of Pseudallescheria apiosperma, P. boydii, S. aurantiacum, Scedosporium prolificans and Pseudallescheria minutispora.

First Report of Turnip mosaic virus in Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) in California

Tomatillo is an important vegetable in Mexican cuisine. It is of Mesoamerica origin and now is grown widely in the Western Hemisphere. In 2011, 2% of commercially grown tomatillo plants in San Benito County, California exhibited severe stunting with foliage showing mosaic symptoms and leaf distortion. The fruits on infected plants were mottled and unmarketable. Flexuous filamentous-shaped virus particles of 800 to 850 nm long and 11 to 12 nm wide were observed from sap of the symptomatic plants with a transmission electron microscope. Sap from the diseased tomatillo plants reacted positively in an immunostrip assay for potyvirus (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN), indicating a potyvirus was associated with the disease. The causal agent was mechanically transmitted from the diseased field plants to six virus-free greenhouse tomatillo plants and all inoculated plants induced identical symptoms. The causal agent was also transmitted to Chenopodium quinoa and C. murale (chlorotic local lesions) and Nicotiana clevelandii, N. tabacum, and Physalis wrightii (systemic symptoms). The disease was also transmitted to tomatillo plants by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) in a nonpersistent manner (1-min acquisition access period and 1-min transmission access period with no latent period). To further identify the causal agent, total nucleic acids were extracted by a cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) method (2) and tested by reverse transcription-PCR using potyvirus degenerate primers CIFor and CIRev (1). An amplicon of approximately 700 bp from the diseased tomatillo was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the 631-bp partial CI sequence (GenBank Accession No. JN601884) showed that the virus had 93.6% nucleotide identity and 100% amino acid identity with cognate regions of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) (GenBank Accession No. D10927). Our results indicated that the disease was caused by TuMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TuMV in tomatillo. Since TuMV has a wide host range and is readily transmitted by green peach aphids, TuMV could be a new threat to tomatillo production in California. References: (1) C. Ha et al. Arch. Virol. 153:25, 2008. (2) R. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 154:48, 2008.

The effects of electromechanical wrist robot assistive system with neuromuscular electrical stimulation for stroke rehabilitation

An electromyography (EMG)-driven electromechanical robot system integrated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) was developed for wrist training after stroke. The performance of the system in assisting wrist flexion/extension tracking was evaluated on five chronic stroke subjects, when the system provided five different schemes with or without NMES and robot assistance. The tracking performances were measured by range of motion (ROM) of the wrist and root mean squared error (RMSE). The performance is better when both NMES and robot assisted in the tracking than those with either NMES or robot only (P<0.05). The muscle co-contractions in the upper limb measured by EMG were reduced when NMES provided assistance (P<0.05). All subjects also attended a 20-session wrist training for evaluating the training effects (3-5 times/week). The results showed improvements on the voluntary motor functions in the hand, wrist and elbow functions after the training, as indicated by the clinical scores of Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Action Research Arm Test, Wolf Motor Function Test; and also showed reduced spasticity in the wrist and the elbow as measured by the Modified Ashworth Score of each subject. After the training, the co-contractions were reduced between the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis, and between the biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Assistance from the robot helped improve the movement accuracy; and the NMES helped increase the muscle activation for the wrist joint and suppress the excessive muscular activities from the elbow joint. The NMES-robot assisted wrist training could improve the hand, wrist, and elbow functions.

[Mastocytosis: revisited with new cytogenetic data]

Mastocytosis is a heterogenous disorder due to abnormal proliferation and infiltration of mast cells in different tissues, primarily the skin and the bone marrow. Cutaneous mastocytosis is often benign and regresses spontaneously. Systemic mastocytosis is a chronic disease in which some types are indolent but other types such as mast cell leukemia are very aggressive. Pathogenesis of systemic mastocytosis involves a somatic mutation of the gene coding for the c-kit receptor, the most frequent mutation being D816V. Diagnostic criteria have been established by the WHO using histopathological, molecular and biochemical parameters. Treatment of systemic mastocytosis remains a challenge for the clinician due to variability and complexity of the disease. There is, in addition, a lack of a standard and efficient treatment. New targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors directed against the c-kit receptor are currently being studied, with the purpose to act specifically on the " primum movens "of the disease. The current review provides an overview of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and classification of cutaneous and systemic mastocytosis. We also discuss the prognosis and the different treatments currently available according to the sub-type of mastocytosis.

21 EFFECT OF SECOND TIME XENOPUS EGG EXTRACT TREATMENT ON COLONY FORMATION AND CLONED BLASTOCYST FORMATION IN PIG

Extract from Xenopus eggs can induce reprogramming in somatic cells. In our previous study, cell colony formation was induced during culture of porcine fetal fibroblasts after a single treatment with Xenopus egg extract and culture for several passages and using these long-term cultured cells for cloning increased the resulting blastocyst rate (Liu et al. 2011 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23, 130). However, both colony number and cloned blastocyst rate decreased after Passage 15 and no colonies formed after Passage 18. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of a second extract treatment on colony formation and cloned blastocyst formation. Extract-treated (ExT) porcine fetal fibroblasts at Passage 13 (P13) grown on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips were permeabilized by digitonin (7 μg mL–1, 2 min, 4°C) and incubated in extract at 37°C for 30 min. After resealing the membrane in DMEM supplemented with 2 mM CaCl2, the remaining cells were cultured in ES medium (Vejlsted et al. 2005 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70, 445). The treated cells were split onto 2 coverslips on Day 7 after the second extract treatment (2ExT), defined as Passage 1 (2ExT P1, comparable with ExT P14). New subcultures were made every 7 to 8 days when 70 to 80% clusters became colonies (i.e. 2ExT P8). Colony cells from both ExT (P14 and P16) and 2ExT (P1, P3 and P6) were used for handmade cloning and nontreated cells were used as control (Day 0). Blastocyst rates were analysed by chi-square test and colony numbers were analysed by 1-way ANOVA (SAS version 9.2). Colony numbers and cloned blastocyst rates on Day 6 are summarised in Table 1. Colonies continued to form in treated cells from 2ExT P1 to P8. The colony number maintained at a high level (60 to 80) from 2ExT P4 to P8 and it was significantly higher than that of ExT cells at the comparable passage numbers. No colonies formed in control cells. When using 2ExT colony cells at P3 and P6 for cloning, the blastocyst rates increased compared with controls and they were also higher than in the ExT group. Cloned blastocyst rates were not different between 2ExT P1 and ExT P14 groups. In conclusion, a second extract treatment can induce colony formation and increase cloned blastocyst rates, indicating that this repeated extract treatment again could activate the extract-treated cells to an activity level similar to that achieved after the first treatment. Table 1.Summary of colony number and cloned blastocyst rate with ExT and 2ExT colony cells

Hydatidiform mole in a perimenopausal and primary infertility patient: case report

We present a case of a 56-year-old woman with primary infertility who complained of amenorrhea for five months and vaginal bleeding for two months. Initially she was misdiagnosed with endometrial cancer due to her disease history and older age, but eventually a diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole was confirmed and then laparoscopic total hysterectomy was performed. The patient has been followed-up as an outpatient for more than one year, and hads an excellent prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of hydatidiform mole in a woman with primary infertility during the perimenopausal stage. Even though hydatidiform mole is rare in primary infertility patients during perimenopause, it should always be considered in case of misdiagnosis.

98 EFFECT OF ZONA PELLUCIDA ON PORCINE PARTHENOGENETICALLY ACTIVATED EMBRYOS

The need for zona pellucida (ZP) during pre-implantation embryo development is still debated. In porcine parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos, we have previously shown a different distribution in cell numbers on Day 6 blastocysts cultured with or without ZP (Li et al. 2010 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 22, 234). In the present study, we expanded this study to include also the timing of early development and the resulting quality and robustness (for vitrification) of porcine PA embryos. Parthenogenetic activation was made first by an electric pulse (1.26 kV cm–1, 80 μs) and then by incubation with 5 μg mL–1 cytochalasin B and 10 μg mL–1 cycloheximide in PZM-3 medium for 4 h. ZP was removed by 3.3 mg mL–1 pronase. Both zona-intact (PAZI) and zona-free (PAZF) embryos were cultured individually for 6 days either in time-lapse incubator (Embryoscope D, Unisense A/S, Aarhus, Denmark) for 15-min observations (Exp. 1; 60 oocytes, 2 replicates) or in standard a incubator for blastocyst quality studies on Day 6 (Exp. 2; 524 oocytes, 11 replicates) or for cryo-tolerance studies with vitrification using Cryotop on Day 4, followed by warming and 2 days further culture (Exp. 3; 449 oocytes, 4 replicates). The timing of morulae was recorded when they completed compaction. Good blastocysts were defined when they expanded to 1.5 times larger than oocytes and formed regular blastocoel cavity with uniform colour and distribution of cells. Timing data were analysed by Student's t-test, while development rates and survival rates were analysed by chi-squared test. Exp. 1: after activation, 42 blastocysts formed on Day 6, during which the timing of development was monitored (Table 1). PAZF embryos developed faster than PAZI, especially during the first 3 cell cycles. Exp. 2: after activation, 212 and 197 blastocysts formed on Day 6 with or without ZP, respectively. Both rates of total blastocysts and good blastocysts of PAZI embryos were significantly higher than those of PAZF embryos (80.1 ± 2.7% vs 69.9 ± 1.1%, 61.9 ± 3.3% vs 49.5 ± 2.5%, respectively), but no difference was found in all blastocyst's cell numbers between PAZI and PAZF (48.2 ± 2.3 and 47.9 ± 3.2, respectively). Exp. 3: after activation, 107 PAZI and 44 PAZF embryos were vitrified on Day 4. More PAZI than PAZF embryos survived (60.8 ± 8.3% vs 30.4 ± 11.9%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, removal of ZP can increase the speed of development of porcine PA embryos, especially at the timing of embryonic genome activation (5-cell stage). Furthermore, the zona pellucida can benefit the blastocyst formation and cryo-tolerance for PA embryos, perhaps by creating a more stable microenvironement. Table 1.Timing of developmental stages of porcine PA embryos with (PAZI) or without (PAZF) zona pellucida*

22 MALFORMATIONS FOUND BY AUTOPSY OF CLONED AND TRANSGENIC PIGLETS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS

Viability of cloned and transgenic piglets is seriously compromised and one obvious reason could be malformations. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe gross pathological conditions in dead pre-weaned piglets born after transfer to Large White (LW) recipients of cloned (LW donor cells) or transgenic (Yucatan or Göttingen donor cells) embryos. Donor cells were fibroblasts and the Göttingen and Yucatan cells were made transgenic with 1 of 5 genes known to dispose for different human diseases. Handmade cloning was used to produce embryos that after 5 to 6 days of in vitro culture were transferred surgically to 108 LW sows 4 days after their natural heat. Of these, 21 sows delivered cloned LW piglets, whereas 17 and 16 sows, respectively, delivered transgenic Göttingen and Yucatan piglets. Stillborn and dead pre-weaned piglets were necropsied and malformations registered. Data were analysed by Fisher's exact test with a significance level of P < 0.05. In the 54 litters, total litter size ranged from 1 to 22 piglets (mean 5.4 ± 0.5) and the overall mortality rate until weaning on day 28 was 59%. Malformations were found in piglets from 38 litters where an average of 35% of the piglets showed malformations (between 8 and 100%). In those litters, 1 to 7 piglets had 1, 2, or several malformations (Table 1). The malformation rate in the autopsied transgenic Göttingen was 58% and in Yucatan 46%; these were significantly higher than in the autopsied cloned LW piglets with 18%. Some of the malformations seemed to be related to breed and/or transgene; for instance, heart malformations were most frequent in Yucatan litters (70%) independent of the transgene, whereas gallbladder and gonad malformations were more frequent in various litters with the same transgene. These results show that the use of cloning in pigs results in a considerable loss of piglets due to malformations and transgenic transformation of the cells used for cloning superimpose on this problem. In combination, these elements could seriously compromise the use of pigs as a model for human diseases and the choice of breeds and also transgenes for this kind of work should be considered carefully. However, further improvements in production of cloned/transgenic embryos may ultimately reduce the incidence of malformations. Table 1.Number of malformations in 54 litters of cloned or transgenic piglets

143 TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING OF PORCINE PRE- AND PERI-IMPLANTATION EMBRYOS

Significant embryo mortality occurs at or around the time of implantation or attachment in virtually all mammalian species studied to date, even in naturally conceived embryos. Embryos resulting from assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are even more susceptible to peri-implantation failure. Herein we describe our effort to characterise the transcriptomes of embryonic disc (ED) and trophoblast (TE) cells from porcine embryos derived from AI, IVF, parthenogenetic oocyte activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) on Days 10, 12 and 14 of gestation. The IVF, PA and somatic cell NT embryos were generated using in vitro–matured oocytes, cultured overnight in vitro and then transferred at the 1- to 2-cell stage into appropriately synchronized recipient gilts. On the appropriate collection day, embryos were flushed from the uterus and ED was separated from TE by mechanical dissection. Double-stranded cDNA from the collected samples was sequenced using the GAII platform from Illumina (San Diego, CA, USA). The resulting sequencing reads were aligned to a custom swine transcriptome database (see Isom et al. 2010). A generalized linear model was fit for each of 41 693 genomic regions, for ED and TE samples separately, accounting for embryo type, gestation day and their interaction and using total lane read count as a normalizing offset. Genes with significant embryo type differences (controlling the false discovery rate at 0.10) were subsequently tested for differences between IVF and each of AI, PA and NT. Those genes with significant post hoc differences (either up- or down-regulated compared with IVF) were characterised in terms of gene ontologies and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways using a gene set enrichment test. Bone morphogenetic protein signalling was down-regulated (KEGG; P = 0.0099; adjusted to control for FDR at 0.05) in the ED of IVF embryos when compared with AI embryos. In TE cells from IVF embryos, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and ErbB signalling (adj P = 0.031 for both pathways) were aberrantly regulated when compared with AI embryos. Of particular interest is the observation that expression of genes involved in chromatin modification (GO:BiologicalProcess; q-value = 0.00005) and epigenetic regulation of transcription (q = 0.00007) was very significantly disrupted in inner cell mass cells from NT embryos compared with IVF embryos. Surprisingly, no such disruption of the epigenetic machinery was observed in the TE cells from NT embryos. In summary, we have used high-throughput sequencing technologies to compare gene expression profiles of various ART embryo types during peri-implantation development. We expect that these data will provide important insight into the root causes of (and possible opportunities for mitigation of) suboptimal development of embryos derived from ART. Funding was received from NIH R01 RR013438 and Food for the 21st Century (RSP) and the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UTA00151 and UTA00560 for S. C. Isom and J. R. Stevens, respectively).

P4-02-08: Obesity-Induced Aromatase Expression in the Breast Microenvironment Promotes Estrogen Receptor Activity Independent of Circulating Estradiol Levels

Epidemiological studies indicate that obesity increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by approximately 50%. In the past, researchers have hypothesized that elevated estrogen synthesis by the peripheral adipose tissue may be the principal mediator of breast tumorigenesis in this population, which primarily develops estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast cancer. However, obesity is also accompanied by an elevation in growth factor and cytokine signaling, and these pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis. In addition, certain growth factor and cytokine family members can promote aromatase expression in both the epithelial and stromal tumor compartments. Consequently, we hypothesized that obesity increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer via elevated aromatase expression and/or activity in the local mammary tissue.

To test our hypothesis, we investigated how ERa activity in mammary epithelial cells was influenced by adipose stromal cells (ASC) cultured under obesity-associated conditions, including high cell density and exposure to elevated levels of circulating growth factors and cytokines. For the latter condition, sera was obtained from postmenopausal women, pooled by BMI category (lean: 18.5−24.9; obese: ≥30), and applied to the ASC, which were originally derived from women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. High ASC density was achieved via the protocol previously published by Dr. Li. Preliminary data indicated that both elevated cell density and sera from obese postmenopausal women induces greater aromatase expression in ASC, indicating that multiple factors may be contributing to the increased local aromatase expression seen with obesity. We are currently exploring the signaling pathways responsible for obesity's upregulation of ASC aromatase expression and will present these results at the meeting. Intriguingly, exposure to conditioned media from both the high density and obese sera-exposed ASC enhanced ERa activity in MCF-7 mammary epithelial cells, independent from exogenous estradiol but dependent on the presence of androgens, suggesting an important role for the aromatase enzyme in this observation. To expand on this finding, we plan to investigate the effect of ASC conditioned media on different markers of cancer aggression, including proliferation and survival, and assess the degree to which these effects depend on estradiol. Through further examination of obesity's impact on signaling pathways in both the epithelial and stromal tumor compartments, we ultimately hope to identify more effective chemopreventive and therapeutic regimens for the high-risk obese postmenopausal population.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-08.

Analysis of altered proteins related to blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia by proteomic study

INTRODUCTION

Chromic myeloid leukemia (CML) blast crisis (BC) and imatinib (IM) resistance is a significant barrier to the effective treatment of the disease.

METHODS

Expression profiles of differential proteins were identified, and new biomarkers or pathways related to BC in CML were screened through proteomic analysis. Total proteins from primary bone marrow cells of CML patients in chronic phase (CP) and BC were separated via two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then analyzed by imagemaster 5.0 software to detect differential protein spots which were already identified by mass spectrometry. Based on the variation of the whole expression profile, some key proteins were picked out for Western blot to confirm the accuracy of proteomics data. Moreover, related signal pathways involving those proteins were investigated.

RESULTS

The result indicated that thirteen protein points between CML-CP and CML-BC were successfully determined. Results from Western blot of RhoA, hnRNPK, ANXA1, PSMB4, and LTA4H were similar to those from 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most of those proteins were involved in the proteosome pathway and the small G-protein pathway.

CONCLUSION

A group of proteins associated with BC can be obtained and the result of this study might provide clues for further research.

First Report of Little cherry virus 2 in Flowering and Sweet Cherry Trees in China

Many viruses infect Prunus spp. and cause diseases on them. During a survey of stone fruit trees in 2008 and 2009, flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata) and sweet cherry (P. avium) trees with foliar chlorosis and reddening, stem deformity, and tree stunting were observed in private orchards in Anning and Fumin counties of Yunnan Province. Some sweet cherry trees with severe symptoms yielded small and few fruits and had to be removed. Leaf samples were collected from 68 flowering cherry and 30 sweet cherry trees, either symptomatic or asymptomatic, from private orchards and community gardens in Kunming and counties Anning, Chenggong, Fumin, Jinning, Ludian and Yiliang. Total nucleic acids were extracted with a CTAB extraction method and tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay using virus-specific primers. Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), Cherry virus A (CVA), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), and Prune dwarf virus (PDV) were detected and infection rates were 68.4, 16.3, 9.2, and 7.1%, respectively. Infection of LChV-2 was common in all counties except Ludian where the orchards were healthy. Of 68 infected trees, 29 were found to be infected with LChV-2 and CVA, PDV or PNRSV. LChV-2 was detected in this study by RT-PCR using a pair of novel primers, LCV2-1 (5'-TTCAATATGAGCAGTGTTCCTAAC-3') and LCV2-4 (5'-ACTCGTCTTGTGACATACCAGTC-3'), in 59 flowering cherry (87%) and 8 sweet cherry (27%) trees, respectively. The primer pair was designed according to alignment of three available LChV-2 sequences (GenBank Nos. NC_005065, AF416335, and AF333237) to amplify the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (ORF1b) of 781 bp. The amplicons of selected samples (Anning26 and Yiliang60) were sequenced directly and sequences of 651 bp (GenBank No. HQ412772) were obtained from both samples. Pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences show that the two isolates are identical to one another and share 92 to 96% at the amino acid (aa) sequence level to those of other isolates available in the GenBank database. The sequence data confirm that these isolates are a strain of LChV-2 and genetic variation among different strains is relatively high (2). Biological and serological assays are not available for the LChV-2 detection; therefore, the LChV-2 infections of these trees were further confirmed by RT-PCR using primer pair LCV2-5 (5'-TGTTTGTGTCATGTTGTCGGAGAAG-3') and LCV2-6 (5'-TGAATACCCGAGAACAAGGACTC-3'), which amplified the helicase domain (ORF1a) of ~451 bp. The amplicons from samples Anning26 and Yiliang60 were cloned and sequenced. The 408-bp sequences (excluding primer sequences) were 92 to 98% identical at the aa sequence level to those of other isolates, confirming again their viral origin. LChV-2 (genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae) (4) has been associated with little cherry disease (LChD), a widespread viral disease of sweet and sour cherries (1,3). The virus is transferred between geographic areas mainly by propagated materials. Ornamental and sweet cherries are important crops in China and LChD has the potential to cause significant economic losses. Thus, certified clean stock should be used to establish new orchards. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LChV-2 in cherries in China. References: (1) N. B. Bajet et al. Plant Dis. 92:234, 2008. (2) W. Jelkmann et al. Acta Hortic. 781:321, 2008. (3) B. Komorowska and M. Cieslińska, Plant Dis. 92:1366, 2008. (4) M. E. Rott and W. Jelkmann. Arch. Virol. 150:107, 2005.

Association of CD247 with systemic lupus erythematosus in Asian populations

OBJECTIVE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease with complex genetic inheritance. CD247 (CD3Z, TCRZ) plays a vital role in antigen recognition and signal transduction in antigen-specific immune responses, and is known to be involved in SLE pathogenesis. Weak disease association was reported for genetic variants in this gene in Caucasian studies for SLE, Crohn's disease and systemic sclerosis, but its role as a genetic risk factor was never firmly established.

METHODS

In this study, using a collection of 612 SLE patients and 2193 controls of Chinese ethnicity living in Hong Kong in a genome-wide study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and around CD247 were identified as being associated with SLE. The two most significant SNPs in this locus were selected for further replication using TaqMan genotyping assay in 3339 Asian patients from Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Thailand, as well as 4737 ethnically and geographically matched controls.

RESULTS

The association of CD247 with SLE in Asian populations was confirmed (rs704853: odds ratio [OR] = 0. 81, p = 2.47 × 10(-7); rs858543: OR = 1.10, p = 0.0048). Patient-only analysis suggested that rs704853 is also linked to oral ulcers, hematologic disorders and anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody production.

CONCLUSION

A significant association between variants in CD247 and SLE was demonstrated in Asian populations. Understanding the involvement of CD247 in SLE may shed new light on disease mechanisms and development of new treatment paradigms.

SmgGDS splice variants: Potential novel targets for breast cancer therapeutics

225

Background: Breast cancer malignancy is promoted by the small GTPases K-Ras, Rap1, RhoA, and Rac1. We recently reported that the activity of these GTPases is regulated by two splice variants of SmgGDS, named SmgGDS-558 and SmgGDS-607. SmgGDS is overexpressed in lung and prostate cancer, but its role in breast cancer is unknown. Here we examine whether SmgGDS splice variants are expressed in breast cancer and promote breast cancer malignancy.

Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for SmgGDS was performed on archival human breast tumors (N=183) and normal breast tissue (N=22). Immunoblotting was used to detect SmgGDS splice variants in human breast cancer cell lines. siRNAs that silence different SmgGDS splice variants were used to examine the effects of SmgGDS knockdown on breast cancer cell spreading, cell proliferation via [3H]thymidine uptake, anchorage-independent cell growth using soft agar colony assays, and NF-kB activation using luciferase reporter assays.

Results: SmgGDS expression was detected in >65% of DCIS and invasive lobular and ductal carcinoma, and in 100% of metastatic tumors, but was detected in only 18% of normal breast tissue specimens (p<0.01). All tested cell lines expressed both SmgGDS splice variants. Silencing SmgGDS-558 or SmgGDS-607 with siRNA significantly diminished cell proliferation (100±2.0 vs. 11.3±1.0 vs. 50.5±2.2, p<0.05) in MCF-7 cells, with similar results in MDA-MB-231 and T47D cells. MCF-7 soft agar colony formation was significantly decreased 71% and 49% when SmgGDS-558 or SmgGDS-607 was silenced. MCF-7 cell spreading was promoted by silencing SmgGDS-558, but not SmgGDS-607. NF-kB activation was also decreased by 30% in resting and TNF-α-treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by silencing either splice variant.

Conclusions: SmgGDS is disproportionally expressed in human breast cancers. Reduction of SmgGDS-558 and SmgGDS-607 levels dramatically reduced breast cancer cell proliferation, soft agar colony formation, and NF-kB activation. Our results indicate that SmgGDS splice variants regulate breast cancer malignancy, most likely through their regulation of small GTPases. This study identifies SmgGDS splice variants as novel therapeutic targets in breast cancer.