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Clark K, Cavicchi J, Jensen K, Fitzgerald R, Bennett A, Kowalski SP. Patent data mining: a tool for accelerating HIV vaccine innovation. Vaccine 2011; 29:4086-93. [PMID: 21496469 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Global access to advanced vaccine technologies is challenged by the interrelated components of intellectual property (IP) management strategies, technology transfer (legal and technical) capabilities and the capacity necessary for accelerating R&D, commercialization and delivery of vaccines. Due to a negative association with the management of IP, patents are often overlooked as a vast resource of freely available, information akin to scientific journals as well as business and technological information and trends fundamental for formulating policies and IP management strategies. Therefore, a fundamental step towards facilitating global vaccine access will be the assembly, organization and analysis of patent landscapes, to identify the amount of patenting, ownership (assignees) and fields of technology covered. This is critical for making informed decisions (e.g., identifying licensees, building research and product development collaborations, and ascertaining freedom to operate). Such information is of particular interest to the HIV vaccine community where the HIV Vaccine Enterprise, have voiced concern that IP rights (particularly patents and trade secrets) may prevent data and materials sharing, delaying progress in research and development of a HIV vaccine. We have compiled and analyzed a representative HIV vaccine patent landscape for a prime-boost, DNA/adenoviral vaccine platform, as an example for identifying obstacles, maximizing opportunities and making informed IP management strategy decisions towards the development and deployment of an efficacious HIV vaccine.
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Capasso F, Tavares IA, Bennett A. PAF formation by human gastrointestinal mucosa/submucosa in-vitro: release by ricinoleic acid, and inhibition by 5-aminosalicylic acid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:771-2. [PMID: 1360533 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb05518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Human isolated gastrointestinal mucosa/submucosa incubated with ricinoleic acid (12·5–100 μg mL−1) or the calcium ionophore A23187 (10 μg mL−1) released platelet-activating factor (PAF) as determined by a scintillation proximity assay after extraction and purification. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (25–100 μg mL−1) inhibited PAF release by ricinoleic acid in a concentration-dependent manner, and 50 μg mL−1 reduced the effect of A23187. We suggest that PAF may play a role in the taxation and mucosal damage by ricinoleic acid released from castor oil.
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78
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Bennett A, Lockett MARYF. Method for recording respiratory changes induced in guinea-pigs by aerosols of histamine or of specific antigen, and for assessing drugs which antagonise bronchoconstriction. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1964.tb07451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A lightly-anaesthetised guinea-pig is made to breathe an aerosol of histamine or of specific antigen pumped into a breathing chamber. The guinea-pig’s respiration produces pressure changes which are recorded on a smoked drum. Isoprenaline and the antihistamine thenyldiamine, administered as aerosols or by injection, have been used to inhibit the reduction in “tidal volume” due to the bronchoconstrictor agents.
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79
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Bennett A, Stamford IF, Sanger GJ, Bloom SR. The Effects of Various Peptides on Human Isolated Gut Muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:960-7. [PMID: 1361559 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb07074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of eleven peptides of gastrointestinal origin have been studied on the contraction, relaxation and spontaneous activity of circular and longitudinal muscle strips from different regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. The effects varied with the peptides and sometimes with the region and muscle layer. There was either contraction, no effect, or relaxation and/or inhibition of an acetylcholine-induced contraction. Responses to some peptides are consistent with the possibility that they may contribute directly to the control of motility: galanin, neurotensin and substance P might be involved in contraction, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine isoleucine and peptide histidine methionine might be inhibitory transmitters.
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Davies A, Pottage T, Bennett A, Walker J. Gaseous and air decontamination technologies for Clostridium difficile in the healthcare environment. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77:199-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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82
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Barboza PS, Bennett A, Lignot JH, Mackie RI, McWhorter TJ, Secor SM, Skovgaard N, Sundset MA, Wang T. Digestive challenges for vertebrate animals: microbial diversity, cardiorespiratory coupling, and dietary specialization. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:764-74. [PMID: 20578844 DOI: 10.1086/650472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The digestive system is the interface between the supply of food for an animal and the demand for energy and nutrients to maintain the body, to grow, and to reproduce. Digestive systems are not morphologically static but rather dynamically respond to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the diet and the level of food intake. In this article, we discuss three themes that affect the ability of an animal to alter digestive function in relation to novel substrates and changing food supply: (1) the fermentative digestion in herbivores, (2) the integration of cardiopulmonary and digestive functions, and (3) the evolution of dietary specialization. Herbivores consume, digest, and detoxify complex diets by using a wide variety of enzymes expressed by bacteria, predominantly in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Carnivores, such as snakes that feed intermittently, sometimes process very large meals that require compensatory adjustments in blood flow, acid secretion, and regulation of acid-base homeostasis. Snakes and birds that specialize in simple diets of prey or nectar retain their ability to digest a wider selection of prey. The digestive system continues to be of interest to comparative physiologists because of its plasticity, both phenotypic and evolutionary, and because of its widespread integration with other physiological systems, including thermoregulation, circulation, ventilation, homeostasis, immunity, and reproduction.
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Thompson K, Thomson G, Mittal H, Parks S, Dove B, Speight S, Walker J, Pappachan J, Hoffman P, Bennett A. FP3.2 Transmission of influenza to health-care workers in intensive care units – could Aerosol generating procedures play a role? J Hosp Infect 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(10)60017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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84
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Bennett A, Hayssen V. Measuring cortisol in hair and saliva from dogs: coat color and pigment differences. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 39:171-80. [PMID: 20705413 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol concentrations are frequently measured from a variety of sources including blood, saliva, urine, and feces to quantify stress in dogs. However, a need still exists for less intrusive collection methods in domestic animals and for more efficient means of measuring basal cortisol. The objectives of the present study were to minimize restraint for saliva sampling, to validate hair for basal cortisol measurement in dogs, and to determine concentrations of cortisol within the hair shaft and in relation to hair color. Using food luring, 79% of dogs required no restraint for saliva collection. Salivary and hair cortisol concentrations were positively correlated (P = 0.001), thus validating hair as a medium for basal cortisol quantification. Black dogs had less cortisol than nonblack dogs (P = 0.039) in hair, but not saliva. Across dogs, the average amount of cortisol did not differ between proximal and distal hair sections (P = 0.348). However, for 7 of the 9 dogs, more cortisol was present in the distal portions of the hair. We observed a difference in cortisol concentrations among hairs of different colors from individual dogs (P = 0.001). From the same 7 x 7 cm ischiatic patch from the same dog, black (eumelanin) hairs were consistently lower in cortisol than yellow (pheomelanin) hairs, and cortisol concentrations of agouti hairs were intermediate. This is the first evidence that hair of different colors might sequester cortisol differently.
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Speight S, Walker J, Chitnis R, Hoffman P, Bennett A. P08.08 An evaluation of the anti-sporicidal efficacy of disinfectants available to hospitals to reduce the viability of Clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(10)60080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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86
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Crancher P, King MG, Bennett A, Montgomery RB. Conditioning of a free operant in Octupus cyaneus Gray. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 17:359-62. [PMID: 16811591 PMCID: PMC1333911 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1972.17-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Operant conditioning was studied in six specimens of Octopus cyaneus Gray. An "arm-out-of-water" operant, in which the octopus inserted an arm up a feeding-tube breaking the water surface, proved susceptible to reinforcement schedules. An apparatus was developed that provided automated reinforcement and recording. Performance was studied under continuous reinforcement, fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules, and extinction conditions.
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Hewson D, Bennett A, Holliday S, Booker E. Childbirth in Sydney teaching hospitals: a study of low-risk primiparous women. COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDIES 2010; 9:195-202. [PMID: 4085196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1985.tb00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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88
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Murray N, Winstanley J, Bennett A, Francis K. [Diagnosis and therapy of advanced breast carcinoma: summary of the NICE guidelines]. PRAXIS 2009; 98:961-964. [PMID: 19711289 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157.98.17.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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89
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Bennett A. HIT. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/146598901750132090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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90
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Murray N, Winstanley J, Bennett A, Francis K. Diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2009; 338:b509. [PMID: 19244303 PMCID: PMC3266858 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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91
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Riddick NV, Czoty PW, Gage HD, Kaplan JR, Nader SH, Icenhower M, Pierre PJ, Bennett A, Garg PK, Garg S, Nader MA. Behavioral and neurobiological characteristics influencing social hierarchy formation in female cynomolgus monkeys. Neuroscience 2009; 158:1257-65. [PMID: 19059311 PMCID: PMC3170522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Socially housed monkeys have been used as a model to study human diseases. The present study examined behavioral, physiological and neurochemical measures as predictors of social rank in 16 experimentally naïve, individually housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The two behavioral measures examined were novel object reactivity (NOR), as determined by latency to touch an opaque acrylic box placed in the home cage, and locomotor activity assessed in a novel open-field apparatus. Serum cortisol concentrations were evaluated three times per week for four consecutive weeks, and stress reactivity was assessed on one occasion by evaluating the cortisol response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) following dexamethasone suppression. Measures of serotonin (5-HT) function included whole blood 5-HT (WBS) concentrations, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and brain 5-HT transporter (SERT) availability obtained using positron emission tomography (PET). After baseline measures were obtained, monkeys were assigned to four social groups of four monkeys per group. The two measures that correlated with eventual social rank were CSF 5-HIAA concentrations, which were significantly higher in the animals who eventually became subordinate, and latency to touch the novel object, which was significantly lower in eventual subordinate monkeys. Measures of 5-HT function did not change as a consequence of social rank. These data suggest that levels of central 5-HIAA and measures of novel object reactivity may be trait markers that influence eventual social rank in female macaques.
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93
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Raheem T, Raphael J, Duarte R, Akinwunmi J, Cooper R, Bennett A. 319. A Multi-Centre Open Prospective Study of Percutaneous Electrical Neuro-Stimulation in Post Surgical Scar Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-00115550-200809001-00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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94
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Watkins RM, Johnson F, Mayer A, Bennett A, Harker DJ, Parham D. Variations in excision biopsy rates for women with B3/C3 results do not account for high benign open biopsy rates in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: a regional study. Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3332636 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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95
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Benbough J, Bennett A, Parks S. Determination of the collection efficiency of a microbial air sampler. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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96
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Bennett A, Coulson G. Evaluation of an exclusion plot design for determining the impacts of native and exotic herbivores on forest understoreys. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/am08010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of grazing and browsing by Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and wombats (Vombatus ursinus) exclosure plots measuring 10 m x 10 m were erected in the Upper Yarra and O'Shannassy water catchments near Melbourne, Victoria. Total exclusion fences and partial exclusion fences were erected. Design details and costs are provided. Operational problems are discussed.
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Bennett A, Phillip R, Scott P, Minden D, Jones T, Mistlin A. Rheumatology, rehabilitation medicine and sports and exercise medicine. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2007; 152:163-74. [PMID: 17295015 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-152-03-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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98
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Bennett A, Selim L, Davidson I, Wardell A, Sammel N, Brien J. Prescription of and Adherence to Evidence-Based Medications Post-Hospitalisation in High-Risk Cardiovascular Patients. Heart Lung Circ 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2007.06.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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99
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Taylor GC, Thomas DJ, Bennett A. Results of field trials using the NPL simulated reactor neutron field facility. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2007; 126:89-92. [PMID: 17848380 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncm018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The NPL simulated reactor neutron field facility provides neutron spectra similar to those found in the environs of UK gas-cooled reactors. Neutrons are generated by irradiating a thick lithium-alloy target with monoenergetic protons between 2.5 and 3.5 MeV (depending on the desired spectrum), and then moderated by a 40-cm diameter sphere of heavy water. This represents an extremely soft workplace field, with a mean neutron energy of 25 keV and, more significantly, a mean fluence to ambient dose equivalent conversion coefficient of the order of 20 pSv cm(2), approximately 20 times lower than those of the ISO standard calibration sources (252)Cf and (241)Am-Be. Results of field trials are presented, including readings from neutron spectrometers, personal dosimeters (active and passive) and neutron area survey meters, and issues with beam monitoring are discussed.
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100
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West J, Brousil J, Gazis A, Jackson L, Mansell P, Bennett A, Aithal GP. Elevated serum alanine transaminase in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. QJM 2006; 99:871-6. [PMID: 17121768 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcl116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of chronic liver disease is higher in diabetics, and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) is a sensitive predictor of mortality from liver disease. AIM To estimate the prevalence of elevated ALT in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and identify possible risk factors. METHODS We identified all patients (n = 2077) attending review between September 2002 and August 2003. We excluded those with no ALT measurement (n = 73); those whose alcohol consumption was >14 units/week (women) (n = 276) or >21 units/week (men) (n = 324); and those with a diagnosis of Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, secondary diabetes, gestational diabetes or uncertain type of diabetes (n = 51). We calculated the prevalences of elevated ALT in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, and compared the demographic, microvascular risk factors and current drug use between each group using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Of 1353 patients included, 836 (61.9%) had type 2 diabetes. Elevated ALT was found in 9.5% (95%CI 7.1-12.3%) of patients with type 1 diabetes, and 12.1% (95%CI 9.9-14.5%) of those with type 2 diabetes. The risk of elevated ALT in patients with type 2 diabetes increased with increasing body mass index (p(trend) = 0.04), and was lower in those taking insulin (OR 0.38, 95%CI 0.22-0.65). DISCUSSION The prevalence of elevated ALT is 3-4 times higher in patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes than in the general population. Further studies investigating the aetiology and mechanisms of this elevation may suggest appropriate early interventions.
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