Constituents of Euphorbiaceae, 13. Comm. [1] Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Five Cerebrosides from Euphorbia characias L

Five cerebrosides B-1−B-4 were isolated from the fraction B, obtained from the latex of Euphorbia characias L. On the basis of spectral evidences and chemical reactions they were characterized as (2S, 3S, 4R, 8Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxytetracosenoyl]-8 (Z)-octadecene-1,3,4-triol-2-amino (B-1), (2S, 3S, 4R, 8Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2 N-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxyhexacosenoyl]-8(Z)-octadecene-1,3,4-triol-2-amino(B-2), (2 S, 3 S,4 R, 8 Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxyoctacosenoyl]-8 (Z)-octa-decene-1,3,4-triol-2-amino (B-3), (2 S, 3 S, 4R, 8Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxyhexacosanoyl]-8 (Z)-octadecene-1,3,4-triol-2-amino (B-3a), (2S, 3S, 4R, 8Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2 N-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxyheptacosanoyl]-8 (Z)-octadecene-1,3,4-triol-2-amino (B-4).

Reversed phase column flash chromatography was effective for the isolation of the cerebrosides. FAB-MS spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR analyses and DQF-COSY and 1H-detected HMQC (single bond and multiple bond) experiments and chemical reactions were useful in providing informations for the structure elucidation.

Synthese und endgültiger Strukturbeweis von Glucofrangulin A aus Rhamnus frangula L

Durch Umsetzung eines Gemisches von Frangulin A und B bzw. reinem 1.6.8-Trihydroxy-3methyl-anthrachinon-6-O-α-ʟ-rhamnosid (Frangulin A) mit α-Acetobromglucopyranose nach einer modifizierten Koenigs-Knorr- Methode wurde Glucofrangulin A erhalten und über das Acetat identifiziert. Das synthetische Glucofrangulin-A-Acetat ist in jeder Hinsicht mit dem von SEEBECK und SCHINDLER sowie MÜHLEMANN aus natürlichem Glucofrangulin hergestellten Acetat identisch. Durch NMR-Vergleich mit verschiedenen Anthrachinon-1- bzw. -8-glykosiden wird für das Glucofrangulin A die endgültige Struktur eines 1.6.8-Trihydroxy-3-methyl-anthrachinon-6-O-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-8-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosides bewiesen.

Über einen neuen Typ der Lysolecithin-Acylierung

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Hydrolyse des Lecithins mit Phospholipase A (EC. 3.1.1.4.) nur reversibel ist, wenn in der β-Stellung des Substrates ungesättigte Fettsäuren enthalten sind. Die Zusammensetzung der vom Lecithin abgespaltenen Fettsäuren hat zudem einen quantitativen Einfluß auf die Reacylierung des Lysolecithins. Bei der Rückreaktion werden bevorzugt ungesättigte Fettsäuren wieder verestert.

Biflavones from the Leaves of Araucaria rulei F. Muell. and a Survey on Biflavanoids of the Araucaria Genus

Eleven biflavones have been isolated from the leaves of Araucaria rulei and identified by NMR spectroscopy and via the permethylated and peracetylated products. The biflavones found until now in the Araucaria genus are summarized in a table.

Über neue Inhaltsstoffe aus den Rinden von Viburnum prunifolium L. (Amerikanischer Schneeball) und Viburnum opulus L. (Gemeiner Schneeball)

Aus der Rinde des amerikanischen Schneeballs (Viburnum prunifolium L.) wurden als neue Verbindungen das Bis- (5.7.4′-Trihydroxy-Flavon) Amentoflavon, Scopoletin, Sitosterin, Äsculetin, α,β-Amyrin, Oleanol- und Ursolsäure, ein in seiner Struktur noch unbekanntes Polyen (farbloses Carotinoid) und Arbutin, aus der Rinde des gemeinen Schneeballs (Viburnum opulus L.) ᴅʟ-Catechin als phenolischer Hauptbestandteil isoliert. An der spasmolytischen Wirksamkeit alkoholischer Viburnum-prunifolium-Auszüge sind die Cumarine beteiligt.

Die Flavon-C-glykoside von Viola tricolor L. / The Flavone-C-glycosides of Viola tricolor L

For a flavone-di-glycoside from a garden variety of Viola tricolor L. the structure 5,7,4′-Trihydroxyflavone-6-C-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-8-C-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranoside was elucidated using mainly perjodate oxidation, NMR- and mass-spectroscopy.

From the same plant besides the mono-C-glucosides Vitexin, Saponaretin, Orientin and Isoorientin four Apigenin-di-C-glycosides were isolated, one of them proved to be identical with Vicenine-2.

Über eine in-vivo-Methode zur Herstellung radioaktiv markierter Phosphatide mit Sojabohnen / A Method for Preparing Radioactive Labeled Phosphatides Using Soybeans in-Vivo

Germinating soybeans, when incubated for 20-30 hours under an illumination at 25°-30° temp, with labeled 32P-phosphate, 14C-acetate, 14C-glycerol and 14C-choline, radioactivity ranging from 2 to 14% is incorporated into the main phosphatides lecithin (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and monophosphoinositide (MPI). The incorporation of 32P-phosphate in these phosphatides depending on light and temperature, increases to its maximum (3.7 mCi/1 g soybeans) almost running linear and continues further even in the absence of any further germination due to intensive exposure to radiation.

14C-acetate is incorporated almost exclusively into fatty acids of the phospholipids during germination as a result of which highest specific radioactivity was seen in the stearic acid followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. Linol- and linolenic acid under these experimental conditions are weakly or not labeled, 14C-choline is incorporated only in PC. As the PC after 14C-(methyl) -methionine-incubation does not exhibit any significant labeling, one can exclude the pathway of PC-biosynthesis through PE-methylation. The utilization of 14C-glycerol proves that the incorporation of all the compounds under consideration here is effected not by a mere exchange but by a de novo synthesis. This procedure of labeling is suitable for preparing 3H-, 14C- and 32P-PC, -PE, -MPI and phosphatidic acid (PA).

Constituents of Euphorbiaceae, 10. Comm. / New Cerebrosides from Euphorbia characias L

Four new cerebrosides C-1 – C-4 were isolated from the latex of Euphorbia characias L. On the basis of spectral evidences and chemical reactions they were characterized as (2S, 3S, 4R, 5R, 6Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2'R)-2′-hydroxy-(15′Z)-tetracosenoyl]-6(Z)-octadecene-1,3,4,5-tetraol-2-amino (C-1), (2 S, 3 S, 4 R, 5 R, 6 Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2′ R)-2′hydroxy-(17′ Z)-hexacosenoyl]-6(Z)-octadecene-1,3,4,5-tetraol- 2-amino (C-2), (2S, 3S, 4R, 5R, 6Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2′R)-2′-hydroxy-(19′Z)-octacosenoyl]-6-(Z)-octadecene-1,3,4,5-tetraol-2-amino (C-3) and (2 S, 3 S, 4 R, 5 R, 6 Z)-1-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2N-[(2′R)-2′-hydroxy-octacosanoyl]-6-(Z)-octadecene-1,3,4,5-tetraol-2-amino (C-4).

Reversed phase column flash chromatography was effective for the isolation of the cerebrosides. FAB-MS spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR analysis and chemical reactions were useful in providing information for the structure elucidation.

Chemische Struktur und serologische Aktivität tierischer und pflanzlicher Polyglycerophosphatide I

Durch präparative Dünnschichtchromatographie wurden die Cardiolipine verschiedener Rinderorgane (Herzmuskel, Niere, Leber, Lunge, Testes, Placenta und Ovarien) erstmals in reiner Form isoliert, ihre Fettsäuremethylester durch direkte Umesterung gewonnen und quantitativ Gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Nach ihrer Fettsäurezusammensetzung lassen sich die untersuchten Organ-Cardiolipine in einen Linolsäure- und einen Linol-Ölsäure-Typ unterteilen. Für die präparative Isolierung von Nieren-Cardiolipin wurde ein neues Säulen-chromatographisches Verfahren ausgearbeitet.

1. Reacylierung des Lysolecithins nach einer Deacylierung von Lecithin durch Phospholipase A im wäßrigen Milieu

Gereinigtes Soja-Lecithin wird in einer wäßrigen 0,1-m. Glycinlösung von Phospholipase A (EC. 3.1.1.4) aus Crotalus terr. terr., von Crotalus adamanteus-Gift und der Pankreasphospholipase A zu 40 — 70% zu Lysolecithin abgebaut. Die Deacylierungsreaktion ist bereits nach zwei bis fünf Min. beendet.

Durch Zugabe von EDTA zum Reaktionssystem läßt sich eine Acylierung des gebildeten Lysolecithins zu Lecithin auslösen. Durch einen geringen Überschuß an Ca2® kann die Deacylierungs-Reaktion wieder gestartet werden. Diese reversible Deacylierung des Lecithins wird mit 14C-Leci-thin als Substrat bewiesen.

Enthält das Reaktionssystem Äther oder Desoxycholat, die als Aktivatoren der Deacylierungs-Reaktion bekannt sind, wird keine vollständige Acylierung des Lysolecithins nach EDTA-Zugabe mehr erreicht.

Wird die Deacylierung des Lecithins durch Bienengift-Phospholipase A katalysiert, läßt sich eine Acylierung des gebildeten Lysolecithins nicht auslösen!

Es wird experimentell belegt, daß die Reacylierung des Lysolecithins nicht durch die Phospholipase A katalysiert wird. Eine Hypothese des Reaktionsablaufs der beschriebenen reversiblen Deacylierung von Lecithin wird zur Diskussion gestellt.

Triacylglycerols, Fucosterol, Diacylglyceroglycolipids and Fucoxanthin from Fucus virsoides

From the marine brown macroalga Fucus virsoides J. AG. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae), a mixture of triacylglycerols 1 -3, fucosterol 4, a mixture of galactosyldiacylglycerols 5-8 and fucoxanthin 9 have been isolated. Normal phase column flash chromatography was effective for the isolation of the marine compounds. FAB-MS, CI-MS spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY and 1H-13C COSY experiments were useful in providing informations for their structure elucidation

Follow-up of loci from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Disease Project identifies TRIP4 as a novel susceptibility gene

To follow-up loci discovered by the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Disease Project, we attempted independent replication of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a large Spanish sample (Fundació ACE data set; 1808 patients and 2564 controls). Our results corroborate association with four SNPs located in the genes INPP5D, MEF2C, ZCWPW1 and FERMT2, respectively. Of these, ZCWPW1 was the only SNP to withstand correction for multiple testing (P=0.000655). Furthermore, we identify TRIP4 (rs74615166) as a novel genome-wide significant locus for Alzheimer's disease risk (odds ratio=1.31; confidence interval 95% (1.19-1.44); P=9.74 × 10(-)(9)).

Laughing: a demanding exercise for trunk muscles

Social, psychological, and physiological studies have provided evidence indicating that laughter imposes an increased demand on trunk muscles. It was the aim of this study to quantify the activation of trunk muscles during laughter yoga in comparison with crunch and back lifting exercises regarding the mean trunk muscle activity. Muscular activity during laughter yoga exercises was measured by surface electromyography of 5 trunk muscles. The activation level of internal oblique muscle during laughter yoga is higher compared to the traditional exercises. The multifidus, erector spinae, and rectus abdominis muscles were nearly half activated during laughter yoga, while the activation of the external oblique muscle was comparable with the crunch and back lifting exercises. Our results indicate that laughter yoga has a positive effect on trunk muscle activation. Thus, laughter seems to be a good activator of trunk muscles, but further research is required whether laughter yoga is a good exercise to improve neuromuscular recruitment patterns for spine stability.

Impaired visual perception of hurtful actions in patients with chronic low back pain

Visually presented biological motion stimuli activate regions in the brain that are also related to musculo-skeletal pain. We therefore hypothesized that chronic pain impairs the perception of visually presented actions that involve body parts that hurt. In the first experiment, chronic back pain (CLBP) patients and healthy controls judged the lifted weight from point-light biological motion displays. An actor either lifted an invisible container (5, 10, or 15 kg) from the floor, or lifted and manipulated it from the right to the left. The latter involved twisting of the lower back and would be very painful for CLBP patients. All participants recognized the displayed actions, but CLBP patients were impaired in judging the difference in handled weights, especially for the trunk rotation. The second experiment involved discrimination between forward and backward walking. Here the patients were just as good as the controls, showing that the main result of the first experiment was indeed specific to the sensory aspects of the task, and not to general impairments or attentional deficits. The results thus indicate that the judgment of sensorimotor aspects of a visually displayed movement is specifically affected by chronic low back pain.