Naltrexone/Bupropion extended release-induced weight loss is independent of nausea in subjects without diabetes

Naltrexone/bupropion extended release (NB) is indicated as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adults with an initial body mass index of ≥30 or ≥27 kg m(-2) and ≥1 weight-related comorbidity (e.g. hypertension, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia). In phase 3 clinical studies, nausea occurred in significantly higher proportions of subjects randomized to NB vs. placebo (PBO). In this pooled analysis of three phase 3, 56-week, PBO-controlled studies, we characterized nausea and weight loss in NB- and PBO-treated subjects without diabetes. Subjects receiving NB (n = 1778) lost significantly more weight than those receiving PBO (n = 1160). Weight change was not significantly different between subjects reporting and not reporting nausea in either treatment arm. Severity of nausea was mild to moderate in ≥95% of all cases. In the NB arm, the highest incidence of nausea onset (9%) was reported during week 1. The median duration of mild, moderate and severe nausea in subjects receiving NB was 14, 9 and 13 days, respectively. Our results demonstrate that nausea associated with NB is rarely severe, primarily occurs early in treatment and is not a contributor to weight loss.

[Outcome of treatment of Y chromosome AZFc microdeletion patients]

OBJECTIVE

To discuss the treatment options for patients with azoospermia factor (AZF) c microdeletion on Y chromosome.

METHODS

One hundred and eighty three patients, who were diagnosed as AZFc microdeletion on Y chromosome in Peking University Third Hospital, were recruited in our study. In order to get better treatment option for this kind of patients, we retrospectively analyzed their clinic data including the treatment process and pregnancy outcome and found out the characteristics of their semen.

RESULTS

Among the 183 patients, sperms can be found in ejaculated semen in 105 patients (57.4%, 105/183). One hundred and three patients (98.1%, 103/105) were diagnosed as severe or extremely severe oligospermia. Regular medication was given to 98 patients, 6 patients (6.1%, 6/98) of which got natural pregnancy. The other 99 patients who have sperms in their semen received intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 68 patients (68.7%, 68/99) of which got pregnancy. Seventy eight patients were diagnosed as azoospermia among all the 183 patients. Forty nine patients received testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), and 21 patients choose to receive micro-TESE directly. Among the 49 patients with TESA, sperms were retrieved in 17 patients (34.7%, 17/49), and sperms were not retrieved in 32 patients (65.3%, 32/49), of which 12 patients (37.5%, 12/32) gave up treatment and 20 patients (62.5%, 20/32) choose micro-TESE. Among the 41 patients who choose to receive micro-TESE, operation has been done on 19 patients, of which 11 patients (57.9%, 11/19) got sperms. Among the 11 patients, TESA has been done on 6 patients before micro-TESE, of which 4 patients (66.6%, 4/6) got sperms. ICSI has already been done on 7 azoospermia AZFc microdeletion patients who underwent micro-TESE, of which 4 patients (57.1%, 4/7) get pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

AZFc microdeletion patients who had sperms were always diagnosed as severe or extremely severe oligospermia. ICSI was their first choice instead of drug therapy. For AZFc microdeletion patients who were diagnosed as azoospermia, TESA was one of their choices, however, the success rate is not high. Micro-TESE is still possible to get sperms even after the failure of TESA. Therefore, we may choose micro-TESE instead of TESA in some azoospermia patients in order to reduce surgical trauma on patients.

[Outcome of treatment of Y chromosome AZFc microdeletion patients]

OBJECTIVE

To discuss the treatment options for patients with azoospermia factor (AZF) c microdeletion on Y chromosome.

METHODS

One hundred and eighty three patients, who were diagnosed as AZFc microdeletion on Y chromosome in Peking University Third Hospital, were recruited in our study. In order to get better treatment option for this kind of patients, we retrospectively analyzed their clinic data including the treatment process and pregnancy outcome and found out the characteristics of their semen.

RESULTS

Among the 183 patients, sperms can be found in ejaculated semen in 105 patients (57.4%, 105/183). One hundred and three patients (98.1%, 103/105) were diagnosed as severe or extremely severe oligospermia. Regular medication was given to 98 patients, 6 patients (6.1%, 6/98) of which got natural pregnancy. The other 99 patients who have sperms in their semen received intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 68 patients (68.7%, 68/99) of which got pregnancy. Seventy eight patients were diagnosed as azoospermia among all the 183 patients. Forty nine patients received testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), and 21 patients choose to receive micro-TESE directly. Among the 49 patients with TESA, sperms were retrieved in 17 patients (34.7%, 17/49), and sperms were not retrieved in 32 patients (65.3%, 32/49), of which 12 patients (37.5%, 12/32) gave up treatment and 20 patients (62.5%, 20/32) choose micro-TESE. Among the 41 patients who choose to receive micro-TESE, operation has been done on 19 patients, of which 11 patients (57.9%, 11/19) got sperms. Among the 11 patients, TESA has been done on 6 patients before micro-TESE, of which 4 patients (66.6%, 4/6) got sperms. ICSI has already been done on 7 azoospermia AZFc microdeletion patients who underwent micro-TESE, of which 4 patients (57.1%, 4/7) get pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

AZFc microdeletion patients who had sperms were always diagnosed as severe or extremely severe oligospermia. ICSI was their first choice instead of drug therapy. For AZFc microdeletion patients who were diagnosed as azoospermia, TESA was one of their choices, however, the success rate is not high. Micro-TESE is still possible to get sperms even after the failure of TESA. Therefore, we may choose micro-TESE instead of TESA in some azoospermia patients in order to reduce surgical trauma on patients.

Relationship between epicardial adipose tissue volume and atrial fibrillation : A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several studies have suggested that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume may be associated with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, these studies have reported conflicting results. We therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between EAT volume and AF.

METHODS

We systematically retrieved the relevant studies reporting on the relationship between EAT volume and AF using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, and Embase databases. Data were extracted from applicable articles, and mean differences were pooled using the RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS

Ten case-control studies were identified. With regard to the relationship between EAT volume and AF, both total-EAT volume (24.23 ml, 95 % CI: 19.40-29.06, p < 0.00001) and EAT volume surrounding the left atrium (LA-EAT; 16.35 ml, 95 %CI: 12.73-19.98, p < 0.00001) were significantly increased in patients with AF. With regard to the relationship between the different types of AF and EAT volume, there was a significant difference in the total-EAT volume subgroup (19.38 ml, 95 % CI: 11.45-27.31, p < 0.0001) and in the LA-EAT volume subgroup (17.91 ml, 95 % CI: 15.13-20.69, p < 0.00001) between patients with persistent AF (PeAF) and paroxysmal AF (PAF). However, there was no significant difference between the total-EAT and LA-EAT volume subgroups (χ (2)  = 0.12, p = 0.70).

CONCLUSION

EAT volume may be associated with an increased risk of AF. Additionally, the EAT volume in patients with PeAF was larger than that in PAF patients, independent of the location of EAT.

Controlling molecular ordering in solution-state conjugated polymers

Rationally encoding molecular interactions that can control the assembly structure and functional expression in a solution of conjugated polymers hold great potential for enabling optimal organic optoelectronic and sensory materials. In this work, we show that thermally-controlled and surfactant-guided assembly of water-soluble conjugated polymers in aqueous solution is a simple and effective strategy to generate optoelectronic materials with the desired molecular ordering. We have studied a conjugated polymer consisting of a hydrophobic thiophene backbone and hydrophilic, thermo-responsive ethylene oxide side groups, which shows a step-wise, multi-dimensional assembly in water. By incorporating the polymer into phase-segregated domains of an amphiphilic surfactant in solution, we demonstrate that both chain conformation and degree of molecular ordering of the conjugated polymer can be tuned in hexagonal, micellar and lamellar phases of the surfactant solution. The controlled molecular ordering in conjugated polymer assembly is demonstrated as a key factor determining the electronic interaction and optical function.

Correction: Controlling molecular ordering in solution-state conjugated polymers

Correction for 'Controlling molecular ordering in solution-state conjugated polymers' by J. Zhu et al., Nanoscale, 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02037a.

Trehalose decreases mutant SOD1 expression and alleviates motor deficiency in early but not end-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a SOD1-G93A mouse model

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no effective treatment. Studies indicate that enhancing autophagy in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease can ameliorate the behavioral symptoms and pathological damage associated with the accumulation of pathological mutant proteins such as mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD1). This study investigated the effects of trehalose treatment on both early and end-stage disease in a transgenic mouse model of ALS via short-term (30 days after administration) and long-term (from 60 days after administration to death) trehalose treatment experiments. Sixty-day-old female SOD1-G93A transgenic mice were treated daily with 2% (w/v) trehalose in their drinking water for 30 days and monitored until they reached a neurological score of four, whereupon they were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Neurological, rotarod performance test and hanging wire test scores were recorded and body weight monitored. After death, the spinal cord was removed to assess the number of motor neurons and to measure the expression of mutant SOD1, LC3-II and p62. Trehalose significantly reduced the levels of mutant SOD1 and p62 and increased LC3-II in the spinal cords of 90-day-old SOD1-G93A transgenic mice. Furthermore, trehalose treatment significantly postponed disease onset, lengthened the time it took to reach a neurological score of 2 and preserved motor function; however, trehalose became less effective at delaying further disease progression as the disease progressed beyond a neurological score of 2 and it failed to extend the survival of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice. Additionally, independent of autophagy, trehalose consistently inhibited microgliosis and astrogliosis throughout the entire duration of the study. In conclusion, trehalose may be a useful add-on therapy in conjunction with other ALS treatment options to alleviate symptoms in early-stage ALS.

Inter-particle correlations in a hard-sphere colloidal suspension with polymer additives investigated by Spin Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS)

Using a neutron scattering technique that measures a statistically-averaged density correlation function in real space rather than the conventional reciprocal-space structure factor, we have measured correlations between poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal particles of several sizes suspended in decalin. The new method, called Spin Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS) provides accurate information about particle composition, including the degree of solvent penetration into the polymer brush grafted on to the PMMA spheres to prevent aggregation. It confirms for particles, between 85 nm and 150 nm in radius that inter-particle correlations closely follow the Percus-Yevick hard-sphere model when the colloidal volume-fraction is between 30% and 50% provided the volume-fraction is used as a fitted parameter. No particle aggregation occurs in these systems. When small amounts of polystyrene are added as a depletant to a concentrated suspension of PMMA particles, short-range clustering of the particles occurs and there is an increase in the frequency of near-neighbor contacts. Within a small range of depletant concentration, near-neighbor correlations saturate and large aggregates with power law density correlations are formed. SESANS clearly separates the short- and long-range correlations and shows that, in this case, the power-law correlations are visible for inter-particle distances larger than roughly two particle diameters. In some cases, aggregate sizes are within our measurement window, which can extend out to 16 microns in favorable cases. We discuss the advantages of SESANS for measurements of the structure of concentrated colloidal systems and conclude that the method offers several important advantages.

A rare loss-of-function SCN5A variant is associated with lidocaine-induced ventricular fibrillation

The human genome contains over 4 million variant sites, as compared to the reference genome, including rare sequence variants, which have the potential to exert large phenotypic effects, such as susceptibility to drug toxicity. We report identification and functional characterization of a rare non-synonymous (p.A1427S) variant in the SCN5A gene that was associated with incessant and lethal ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation after administration of lidocaine to a patient with acute myocardial infarction. The variant, located in a highly conserved domain distinct from the predicted lidocaine binding site, decreased peak current density of the sodium channel. With the increasing availability of the whole exome and whole genome sequencing data, it would be possible to identify and characterize rare variants in SCN5A that might predispose to lethal ventricular arrhythmias.

PCR screening reveals considerable unexploited biosynthetic potential of ansamycins and a mysterious family of AHBA-containing natural products in actinomycetes

AIMS

Ansamycins are a family of macrolactams that are synthesized by type I polyketide synthase (PKS) using 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) as the starter unit. Most members of the family have strong antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer and/or antiviral activities. We aimed to discover new ansamycins and/or other AHBA-containing natural products from actinobacteria.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Through PCR screening of AHBA synthase gene, we identified 26 AHBA synthase gene-positive strains from 206 plant-associated actinomycetes (five positives) and 688 marine-derived actinomycetes (21 positives), representing a positive ratio of 2·4-3·1%. Twenty-five ansamycins, including eight new compounds, were isolated from six AHBA synthase gene-positive strains through TLC-guided fractionations followed by repeated column chromatography. To gain information about those potential ansamycin gene clusters whose products were unknown, seven strains with phylogenetically divergent AHBA synthase genes were subjected to fosmid library construction. Of the seven gene clusters we obtained, three show characteristics for typical ansamycin gene clusters, and other four, from Micromonospora spp., appear to lack the amide synthase gene, which is unusual for ansamycin biosynthesis. The gene composition of these four gene clusters suggests that they are involved in the biosynthesis of a new family of hybrid PK-NRP compounds containing AHBA substructure.

CONCLUSIONS

PCR screening of AHBA synthase is an efficient approach to discover novel ansamycins and other AHBA-containing natural products.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This work demonstrates that the AHBA-based screening method is a useful approach for discovering novel ansamycins and other AHBA-containing natural products from new microbial resources.