Hypolipidemic effect of a novel biflavonoid from shells of Camellia oleifera (Abel.)

Camellia oleifera Abel. [C. oleosa (Lour.) Rehd.], an evergreen plant, is used for healthful oil production, but the shells are always discarded and need to be utilized. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of extracts from the shells of C. oleifera on adjusting cardiovascular system. A flavonoid was obtained by reflux extraction of the shells in 70% methanol, hydrolysis in 2 M hydrochloric acid, and crystallization in acetone. Its structure was identified as a novel biflavonoid. Mice model of hyperlipidemia was setup by high fat diet for 30 d to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of the biflavonoid at dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/d (ig). Antioxidative activity was determined by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in mice serum. The biflavonoid significantly controlled mice weight and liver coefficient, decreased the content of total cholesterol and triglyceride, promoted the level of high density lipoprotein in a dose dependent manner. The significant decrease of MDA content and increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity indicated it enhanced antioxidative capacity in vivo and was ascribed to hypolipidemic effect. The biflavonoid is useful in the prevention of high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia.

Galectin-1 prolongs survival of mouse liver allografts from Flt3L-pretreated donors

Liver allografts are spontaneously accepted across MHC barriers in mice. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Galectin-1, an endogenous lectin expressed in lymphoid organs, plays a vital role in maintaining central and peripheral tolerance. This study was to investigate the role of galectin-1 in spontaneous tolerance of liver allografts in mice, and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of galectin-1 on liver allograft rejection induced by donor Flt3L pretreatment. Blockade of the galectin-1 pathway via neutralizing antigalectin-1 mAb did not affect survival of the liver allografts from B6 donors into C3H recipients. Administration of rGal-1 significantly prolonged survival of liver allografts from Flt3L-pretreated donors and ameliorated Flt3L-triggered liver allograft rejection. This effect was associated with increased apoptosis of T cells in both allografts and spleens, decreased frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells, decreased expression of Th1-associated cytokines (IL-12, IL-2 and IFN-γ), Th17-associated cytokines (IL-23 and IL-17) and granzyme B, in parallel with selectively increased IL-10 expression in liver allografts. In vitro, galectin-1 inhibited Flt3L-differentiated DC-mediated proliferation of allo-CD4(+) T cells and production of IFN-γ and IL-17. These data provide new evidence of the potential regulatory effects of galectin-1 in alloimmune responses in a murine model of liver transplantation.

Litter production and litter elemental composition in two rehabilitated Kandelia obovata mangrove forests in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China

Spatial and seasonal variations in litter production and C, N, and P concentrations were compared between the 24 and 48 year old Kandelia obovata mangrove forests in the Jiulongjiang estuary, China. The 24 yr forest had significantly higher production of total, leaf and branch litter, but lower flower and fruit litter than the 48 yr forest. Total, leaf and branch litter production were significantly positively correlated to monthly temperature and rainfall. Spatial patterns of litter production among the inner, mid and outer zones in the same forest were similar to those of tree heights. C, N and P concentrations of leaf litter showed significant seasonality but varied little among these three forest zones. C/N and N/P ratios of leaf litter were significantly lower for the 24 yr forest than those for the 48 yr forest. During the entire sampling year, total litter of the 24 and 48 yr forests contained 590.31 and 437.31 g C m(-2) yr(-1), 8.46 and 5.47 g N m(-2) yr(-1), 1.92 and 1.16 g P m(-2) yr(-1), respectively.

Anesthesia management for open fetal intrauterine surgery

OBJECTIVE

Open fetal surgery is usually performed during the second trimester in a fetus suffering from severe congenital diseases, thus enabling the pregnancy to continue until delivery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The key of this treatment is to promote uterine relaxation enough to maintain both maternal and fetal circulation stable and once surgery is completed, to offer a perfect analgesic to avoid the contractions due to pain, and finally to reduce preterm delivery.

RESULTS

Successful anesthesia is fundamental to this surgery.

CONCLUSION

The authors have performed three cases under inhalation anesthesia combined with successful epidural anesthesia.

Potentiometric determination of iron using a fluoride ion-selective electrode-the application of the Apple II-ISE intelligent ion analyzer

A new method for determining iron is based on both nonlinear regression calibration plots and parabolic interpolation using a fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE) and the Apple II-ISE intelligent ion Analyzer developed by ourselves. The experimental conditions for determining iron are discussed. The appropriate acidity of the experimental solution is pH 3, controlled by total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) that is composed of glycine (aminoacetic acid), nitric acid and sodium nitrate. The suitable total concentration of fluoride is equal to the highest concentration of iron in the standard series. Because the mathematical model of the method coincides with the experimental data the Apple II-ISE intelligent ion Analyzer can perform data acquisition and data processing, and the performance of fluoride electrode is excellent, the new method for determination of iron is fast and accurate. This method has been used successfully in the determination of iron in mineral samples.

Irradiation by light-emitting diode light as an adjunct to facilitate healing of experimental periodontitis in vivo

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the biostimulatory effect of 660 nm light-emitting diode (LED) as an adjunct in the treatment of experimental periodontitis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley rats underwent experimental periodontitis by placement of a silk ligature followed with or without additive Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) injection. Irradiation with LED light was performed at varying energy densities of 5, 10 and 15 J/cm2, 1 d after debridement and detoxification. Rats were killed at 3, 7 and 14 d after irradiation with LED light, and the effect of irradiation was evaluated by descriptive histology and quantitative measurements of periodontal bone loss, inflammatory infiltration and cellular proliferation.

RESULTS

Reduction of inflammation, accelerated collagen deposition and realignment was noted following irradiation with LED light at densities of 10 and 15 J/cm2, and temporary reduction of periodontal bone loss, as well as bundle bone apposition, was noted at day 3 in rats treated with 10 J/cm2 light. The biomodulatory effect was stronger in sites treated with Pg-LPS injection. In sites without Pg-LPS injection, temporary reduction of inflammation was noted in all LED light-irradiated specimens at day 3. No significant change in cellular proliferation was noted in any LED light-treated group.

CONCLUSIONS

LED light (660 nm) with an energy density of 10 J/cm2 appeared suitable as an adjunct modality for periodontitis by temporarily reducing inflammation, facilitating collagen realignment and bundle bone deposition. Future studies will aim to amplify the biostimulatory effect of LED light by adding a supplementary medium or repeated irradiation.

Suppression of PP2A is critical for protection of melanoma cells upon endoplasmic reticulum stress

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers apoptosis by activating Bim in diverse types of cells, which involves dephosphorylation of Bim_EL by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). However, melanoma cells are largely resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Bim activation is suppressed in melanoma cells undergoing ER stress. We show here that ER stress reduces PP2A activity leading to increased ERK activation and subsequent phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of Bim_EL. Despite sustained upregulation of Bim at the transcriptional level, the Bim_EL protein expression was downregulated after an initial increase in melanoma cells subjected to pharmacological ER stress. This was mediated by increased activity of ERK, whereas the phosphatase activity of PP2A was reduced by ER stress in melanoma cells. The increase in ERK activation was, at least in part, due to reduced dephosphorylation by PP2A, which was associated with downregulation of the PP2A catalytic C subunit. Notably, instead of direct dephosphorylation of Bim_EL, PP2A inhibited its phosphorylation indirectly through dephosphorylation of ERK in melanoma cells. Taken together, these results identify downregualtion of PP2A activity as an important protective mechanism of melanoma cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis.

Formononetin-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells through ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase inactivation

Formononetin is a main active component of red clover plants (Trifolium pratense L.), and is considered as a phytoestrogen. Our previous studies demonstrated that formononetin caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by inactivating insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1)/IGF1R-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in MCF-7 cells. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of formononetin on prostate cancer cells. Our results suggested that higher concentrations of formononetin inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and PC-3), while the most striking effect was observed in LNCaP cells. We further found that formononetin inactivated extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner, which resulted in increased the expression levels of BCL2-associated X (Bax) mRNA and protein, and induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. Thus, we concluded that the induced apoptosis effect of formononetin on human prostate cancer cells was related to ERK1/2 MAPK-Bax pathway. Considering that red clover plants were widely used clinically, our results provided the foundation for future development of different concentrations formononetin for treatment of prostate cancer.

Measurement of the neutron radius of 208Pb through parity violation in electron scattering

We report the first measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry A(PV) in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 208Pb. A(PV) is sensitive to the radius of the neutron distribution (R(n)). The result A(PV)=0.656±0.060(stat)±0.014(syst) ppm corresponds to a difference between the radii of the neutron and proton distributions R(n)-R(p)=0.33(-0.18)(+0.16) fm and provides the first electroweak observation of the neutron skin which is expected in a heavy, neutron-rich nucleus.

Beam-target double-spin asymmetry A{LT} in charged pion production from deep inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized {3}He target at 1.4<Q{2}<2.7 GeV{2}

We report the first measurement of the double-spin asymmetry A{LT} for charged pion electroproduction in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic electron scattering on a transversely polarized {3}He target. The kinematics focused on the valence quark region, 0.16<x<0.35 with 1.4<Q{2}<2.7  GeV{2}. The corresponding neutron A{LT} asymmetries were extracted from the measured {3}He asymmetries and proton over {3}He cross section ratios using the effective polarization approximation. These new data probe the transverse momentum dependent parton distribution function g{1T}{q} and therefore provide access to quark spin-orbit correlations. Our results indicate a positive azimuthal asymmetry for π{-} production on {3}He and the neutron, while our π{+} asymmetries are consistent with zero.

Severe diffuse non-scarring hair loss in systemic lupus erythematosus - clinical and histopathological analysis of four cases

BACKGROUND

Although diffuse non-scarring hair loss been found common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), study that conduted on the severe type has been scarce.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to explore the dermoscopic and pathological features of severe diffuse hair loss in SLE.

METHOD

Data including clinico-laboratory, dermoscopic and histopathological findings of four patients with SLE with severe diffuse hair loss were analysed retrospectively.

RESULTS

All four patients were women aged 41, 39, 14 and 48 with complaints of hair loss involving 55%, 100%, 60% and 55% of their scalp respectively. Common clinical findings observed in the patients were sparse scalp hair with clusters of newly regrown hair. Scalp dermoscopy showed scaling, perifollicular telangiectasia, increased numbers of short vellus hairs, focal atrichia and decreased hair shaft pigmentation. Scalp tissue histopathology revealed typical changes of SLE such as epidermal atrophy with focal liquefaction, degeneration of the basement membrane zone, pigment incontinence, mild focal perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrates and deposition of immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction. Treatment and improvement in SLE disease activity indices had a favourable impact on hair regrowth.

CONCLUSION

The severe type of hair loss in patient with SLE presents a unique set of clinical, dermoscopic and histopathological features.

A variational principle for computing nonequilibrium fluxes and potentials in genome-scale biochemical networks

We derive a convex optimization problem on a steady-state nonequilibrium network of biochemical reactions, with the property that energy conservation and the second law of thermodynamics both hold at the problem solution. This suggests a new variational principle for biochemical networks that can be implemented in a computationally tractable manner. We derive the Lagrange dual of the optimization problem and use strong duality to demonstrate that a biochemical analogue of Tellegen's theorem holds at optimality. Each optimal flux is dependent on a free parameter that we relate to an elementary kinetic parameter when mass action kinetics is assumed.

Single spin asymmetries in charged pion production from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized 3He Target at Q2 = 1.4-2.7 GeV2

We report the first measurement of target single spin asymmetries in the semi-inclusive (3)He(e,e'π(±))X reaction on a transversely polarized target. The experiment, conducted at Jefferson Lab using a 5.9 GeV electron beam, covers a range of 0.16 < x < 0.35 with 1.4 < Q(2) < 2.7 GeV(2). The Collins and Sivers moments were extracted from the azimuthal angular dependence of the measured asymmetries. The π(±) Collins moments for (3)He are consistent with zero, except for the π(+) moment at x = 0.35, which deviates from zero by 2.3σ. While the π(-) Sivers moments are consistent with zero, the π(+) Sivers moments favor negative values. The neutron results were extracted using the nucleon effective polarization and measured cross section ratios of proton to (3)He, and are largely consistent with the predictions of phenomenological fits and quark model calculations.

Clinical correlates of white matter blood flow perfusion changes in Sturge-Weber syndrome: a dynamic MR perfusion-weighted imaging study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Low brain tissue perfusion due to abnormal venous drainage is thought to be a central mechanism of brain damage in SWS. Here, HR-PWI was used to quantify WM perfusion abnormalities and to correlate these with brain atrophy and clinical variables.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fourteen children (age range, 0.8-10.0 years) with unilateral SWS underwent MR imaging examinations, including HR-PWI. rCBV, rCBF, and MTT in the affected WM and in contralateral homotopic WM were measured. AI for each perfusion parameter was correlated with age, brain atrophy, and motor and seizure variables as well as IQ.

RESULTS

Increased perfusion was seen in the affected hemisphere in 5 children and decreased perfusion in 9 children. Brain atrophy was more severe in the low-perfusion group (P = .01) and was related to both CBF-AI and CBV-AI (r = -0.69, P = .007; r = -0.64, P = .014, respectively). Older children had lower CBV values on the affected side (r = -0.62, P = .02). Longer duration of epilepsy was related to lower CBF (more negative CBF-AI, r = -0.58, P = .03) and low CBV (r = -0.55, P = .04) on the affected side. Lower perfusion was associated with more frequent seizures (rCBF-AI: r = -0.56, P = .04; rCBV-AI: r = -0.63, P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased perfusion in the affected cerebral WM may indicate an early stage of SWS without severe brain atrophy. Decreased perfusion is associated with frequent seizures, long duration of epilepsy, and brain atrophy.

Assessment of cardiac diastolic dysfunction in HIV-infected people without cardiovascular symptoms in China

This study assessed cardiac diastolic dysfunction (DD) in HIV-infected subjects without cardiovascular symptoms in China. Eighty-four HIV-infected patients without cardiovascular symptoms were recruited and compared with 30 HIV-negative control subjects. Cardiac DD was evaluated using echocardiography including tissue Doppler imaging. DD was detected in 47.6% of AIDS patients and 42.8% of HIV-positive patients, which was significantly higher than in HIV-negative controls. After logistic regression analysis, HIV infection was independently correlated with cardiac DD (P < 0.05). Among HIV-positive subjects, logistic regression analysis showed that zidovudine exposure was associated with higher prevalence of DD (P < 0.05). Asymptomatic cardiac DD was observed frequently in HIV-infected subjects. HIV infection itself and zidovudine exposure were correlated with a higher prevalence of cardiac DD.

Küpffer cells promote acute rejection via induction of Th17 differentiation in rat liver allografts

BACKGROUND

Th17, a newly identified CD4+ T-cell subset, has been implicated in transplant rejection. Differentiation of Th17 cells is associated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are the main products of Küpffer cells.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether Küpffer cells promote acute liver allograft rejection by inducing Th17 cell differentiation.

METHODS

A rat model of allogeneic liver transplantation using Dark Agouti (DA) to Brown Norway (BN) rats was established with or without gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3)) pretreatment. Isogeneic liver transplantation (BN to BN) was performed as a control. Concentrations of cytokines secreted by Küpffer cells or Th17-related cytokines detected in the liver and peripheral blood were analyzed using immunohistochemistry assays, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Survival differences were compared between treatment groups. In vitro, Küpffer cells from liver grafts were isolated and co-cultured with naïve CD4 T cells.

RESULTS

Both Küpffer cells and Th17 cells infiltrated liver allografts, accompanied by an increase in concentrations of IL-6 and TGF-β. Pretreatment with GdCl(3) attenuated intragraft infiltration of Küpffer cells and Th17 cells, and decreased IL-6 and TGF-β concentrations. Liver function improved after pretreatment, and mean (SD) survival time was prolonged, compared with the control group (16.33 [0.96] days vs 11.50 [0.99] days, respectively; P < .01). In vitro, Küpffer cells from livers with allografts secreted significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 and TGF-β and induced Th17 differentiation more effectively compared with livers with isografts (30.8% vs 8.1%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Küpffer cells have the potential to induce Th17 cells by secreting IL-6 and TGF-β, and as a result, promote acute liver allograft rejection.

Evaluation of low-cost cathode catalysts for high yield biohydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cell

As an ideal fuel due to the advantages of no pollution, high combustion heat and abundant sources, hydrogen gas can be produced from organic matter through the electrohydrogenesis process in microbial electrolysis cells. But in many MECs, platinum is often used as catalyst, which limits the practical applications of MECs. To reduce the cost of the MECs, Ni-based alloy cathodes were developed by electrodepositing. In this paper hydrogen production using Ni-W-P cathode was studied for the first time in a single-chamber membrane-free MEC. At an applied voltage of 0.9 V, MECs with Ni-W-P cathodes obtained a hydrogen production rate of 1.09 m3/m3/day with an cathodic hydrogen recovery of 74%, a Coulombic efficiency of 56% and an electrical energy efficiency relative to electrical input of 139%, which was the best result of reports in this study. The Ni-W-P cathode demonstrated a better electrocatalytic activity than the Ni-Ce-P cathode and achieved a comparable performance to the Pt cathode in terms of hydrogen production rate, Coulombic efficiency, cathodic hydrogen recovery and electrical energy efficiency at 0.9 V.

Abstract P5-05-04: E-Cadherin and Its Proteolytic Fragments Trump Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Function as Dominant Oncogenes in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and its lymphovascular embolic signature seem to challenge the dogma of prerequisite epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) in human breast cancer progression by the apparent maintenance of an epithelial state in all stages of IBC. Previous studies with a human xenograft model of inflammatory breast cancer, MARY-X, demonstrated that overexpressed E-cadherin moderated the formation of the lymphovascular embolus in vivo and tumoral spheroids of super-high density in vitro. Although slug, snail and twist are increased in MARY-X spheroids and may decrease E-cadherin transcription to some extent, their effects are neutralized and frankly overridden by the post-transcriptional regulation of E-cadherin which includes its altered degradation and trafficking which, in turn, maintain the epithelial state. Materials and Methods: Because of the uniqueness of the MARY-X model and the observation that E-cadherin was not functioning as a tumor suppressor gene whose loss was triggering EMT but rather whose overexpression was mediating increased survival and resistance to apoptosis, we decided to examine the fate and role of E-cadherin more closely.

Results: We discovered that E-cadherin underwent extensive proteolytic processing which resulted in fragments also mediating increased survival and resistance to apoptosis. In both MARY-X and the MARY-X spheroids, Western blot revealed 5 E-cadherin bands: one full length (120 kDa) and four fragments: E-cad/NFT1 (100 kDa), E-cad/NTF2 (95 kDa), E-cad/NTF3 (85 kDa), E-cad/NTF4 (80kDa). Corresponding E-cad/CTF1-4 fragments were also generated. Compared to MARY-X, NFT1 was dramatically increased in the MARY-X spheroids whereas NFT2-4 were significantly decreased. These E-cadherin fragments were produced by specific proteolytic cleavage based on inhibitor studies: NFT1 was produced by calpain, NFT2 by γ-secretase, NFT3 by a matrix metalloproteinase and NFT4 by an unknown mechanism. Predictably levels of calpain activity were significantly increased in the MARY-X spheroids. NFT1 generatedby increased calpain activity retained the p120ctn binding site but lost both the β-catenin and α-binding sites, facilitating its 360° distribution around the cell. Calpain inhibition decreased NFT1 without any affect on full length E-cadherin yet induced disadherence of intact spheroids and prevented the assembly of de novo spheroids. Identical proteolytic fragments of E-cadherin were observed in 3 other human IBC cell lines as well as in lymphovascular emboli of human IBC cases obtained by laser capture microdissection.

Discussion: The selective proteolytic processing of E-cadherin ultimately then is responsible for the increased survival of the lymphovascular embolus of IBC and its resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Select NT proteolytic fragments may function as adhesion molecules whereas select CT proteolytic fragments may function as transcription factors which confer this survival advantage. E-cadherin and its proteolytic fragments then both trump EMT as well as function as dominant oncogenes in IBC.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-05-04.

The lymphovascular embolus of inflammatory breast cancer exhibits a Notch 3 addiction

Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is characterized by exaggerated lymphovascular invasion (LVI), recapitulated in our human xenograft, MARY-X. This model exhibited lymphovascular emboli in vivo and corresponding spheroids in vitro. Owing to the morphological and gene profile resemblance of these spheroids to embryonal blastocysts, we wondered whether they might exhibit embryonic stem cell signaling. Specifically we investigated Notch and observed selective Notch 3 activation by expression profiling, reverse transcriptase- and real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence in vitro, and immunohistochemistry in vivo. Notch 3 intracellular domain (N3icd) and six target genes, HES-5, HEY-1, c-Myc, Deltex-1, NRARP and PBX1, markedly increased in MARY-X. In addition, a significant percentage of MARY-X cells expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a stem cell marker. Only the ALDH(+) cells were capable of secondary spheroidgenesis, tumorigenicity and self-renewal. Inhibiting Notch 3 activation in vitro with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) or small interfering RNA resulted in a downregulation of Notch target genes, including CD133, and an induction of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Transfection of N3icd but not Notch 1 intracellular domain into normal human mammary epithelial cells resulted in increased expression of Notch target genes and induction of spheroidgenesis. GSI in vivo resulted in inhibitory but diffusion-limited effects on Notch 3 signaling, resulting in xenograft growth reduction. The lymphovascular emboli of human IBC exhibited dual N3icd and ALDH1 immunoreactivities independently of molecular subtype. This Notch 3 addiction of lymphovascular emboli might be exploited in future therapeutic strategies.

The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from infant formula milk

Enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen associated with severe diseases in neonates. Infant formula milk (IFM) has been identified as one of the major contaminated sources and a transmission vehicle. To determine the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of this pathogen, 22 E. sakazakii strains isolated from IFM by an FDA-recommended method and PCR on the alpha-glucosidase gene were subtyped by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and antibiotic resistance patterns. At a similarity threshold of 80%, 16 ERIC-PCR fingerprint types were identified with a discriminatory power (D) of 0.933, and 18 RAPD-PCR types were identified with D of 0.973. Resistance to 9 antibiotics tested by disk diffusion assay revealed 6 antibiotic resistance patterns with D of 0.749. The comparison of characterization indicated that RAPD-PCR and ERIC-PCR have high discriminatory power showing genetic diversity of E. sakazakii isolates, and ERIC-PCR patterns showed a closer correlation than RAPD-PCR patterns to phenotypic characterization and the brands of IFM. Overall, the ERIC-PCR typing method could be used for tracing sources of E. sakazakii isolates in the food chain.

Hsa-miR-9 methylation status is associated with cancer development and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The long-term prognosis for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is dramatically altered by the development of metastatic recurrence. However, there are very few indicators that can predict which patient will develop a recurrence. MicroRNAs regulate many cellular processes and have been shown to be associated with cancer development and recurrence. More recently it has been shown that microRNA genes can be epigenetically modified in cancer, resulting in aberrant silencing of microRNA genes with tumor suppressor functions. In this study, we show that two genes encoding for hsa-miR-9 are significantly hypermethylated in ccRCC tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues (P-value <0.001 for both miR-9-1 and miR-9-3) resulting in decreased expression, and that the methylation of these genes was more significant in DNA obtained from the primary tumor for patients who developed a recurrence (P-value: 0.012 and 0.009 for miR-9-1 and miR-9-3, respectively) than in tumors from nonrecurrent patients. Furthermore, methylation of miR-9-3 was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence (hazard ratio: 5.85, 95% confidence intervals: 1.30-26.35) and high methylation levels of either miR-9-1 or miR-9-3 resulted in a significant, nearly 30-month decrease in recurrence-free survival time (P-value: 0.034 and 0.007 for miR-9-1 and miR-9-3, respectively). Our results demonstrate that hsa-miR-9 is involved in the development of ccRCC while also having a role in the development of metastatic recurrence.

Summer fluxes of atmospheric greenhouse gases N2O, CH4 and CO2 from mangrove soil in South China

The atmospheric fluxes of N(2)O, CH(4) and CO(2) from the soil in four mangrove swamps in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, South China were investigated in the summer of 2008. The fluxes ranged from 0.14 to 23.83 micromol m(-2)h(-1), 11.9 to 5168.6 micromol m(-2)h(-1) and 0.69 to 20.56 mmol m(-2)h(-1) for N(2)O, CH(4) and CO(2), respectively. Futian mangrove swamp in Shenzhen had the highest greenhouse gas fluxes, followed by Mai Po mangrove in Hong Kong. Sha Kong Tsuen and Yung Shue O mangroves in Hong Kong had similar, low fluxes. The differences in both N(2)O and CH(4) fluxes among different tidal positions, the landward, seaward and bare mudflat, in each swamp were insignificant. The N(2)O and CO(2) fluxes were positively correlated with the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphate, total iron and NH(4)(+)-N contents, as well as the soil porosity. However, only soil NH(4)(+)-N concentration had significant effects on CH(4) fluxes.