Prevalence of Candida bracarensis and Candida nivariensis in a Spanish collection of yeasts: comparison of results from a reference centre and from a population-based surveillance study of candidemia

Two new species related to Candida glabrata, i.e., Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis, have been proposed. The occurrence of these species among isolates collected in a Spanish mycology reference laboratory in 2008-2009 was reviewed. In addition, strains recovered as part of an active population-based surveillance of candidemia conducted in Barcelona between 2002 and 2003 were also analyzed. Among 143 clinical isolates received in 2008-2009, three (2%) were identified as C. bracarensis and none as C. nivariensis through sequencing of their ribosomal DNA. Of the 31 strains initially identified as C. glabrata in the 2002-2003 population-based study (0.38 cases/100,000 population), none were found to belong to these related new species. Results from in vitro susceptibility studies of C. bracarensis isolates were comparable to those found with C. glabrata. Since new and cryptic species have been described, periodic surveillance including the use of molecular identification methods seems to be necessary in order to determine their frequency, geographical distribution and susceptibility profile.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome and flexor hallucis longus tendon hypertrophy

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) defines an entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches, within the tarsal tunnel. Numerous etiologies have been described explaining this entrapment, including trauma, space-occupying lesions, foot deformities, etc. We present an unreported cause of a space-occupying lesion in the etiology of TTS, namely the combination of a hypertrophic long distally extended muscle belly of the flexor hallucis longus and repetitive ankle motion. Surgical debulking of the muscle belly in the posterior ankle compartment resolved all symptoms.

A common pattern of brain MRI imaging in mitochondrial diseases with complex I deficiency

OBJECTIVE

To identify a consistent pattern of brain MRI imaging in primary complex I deficiency. Complex I deficiency, a major cause of respiratory chain dysfunction, accounts for various clinical presentations, including Leigh syndrome. Human complex I comprises seven core subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 38 core subunits encoded by nuclear DNA (nDNA). Moreover, its assembly requires six known and many unknown assembly factors. To date, no correlation between genotypes and brain MRI phenotypes has been found in complex I deficiencies.

DESIGN AND SUBJECTS

The brain MRIs of 30 patients carrying known mutation(s) in genes involved in complex I were retrospectively collected and compared with the brain MRIs of 11 patients carrying known mutations in genes involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex as well as 10 patients with MT-TL1 mutations.

RESULTS

All complex I deficient patients showed bilateral brainstem lesions (30/30) and 77% (23/30) showed anomalies of the putamen. Supratentorial stroke-like lesions were only observed in complex I deficient patients carrying mtDNA mutations (8/19) and necrotising leucoencephalopathy in patients with nDNA mutations (4/5). Conversely, the isolated stroke-like images observed in patients with MT-TL1 mutations, or the corpus callosum malformations observed in PDH deficient patients, were never observed in complex I deficient patients.

CONCLUSION

A common pattern of brain MRI imaging was identified with abnormal signal intensities in brainstem and subtentorial nuclei with lactate peak as a clue of complex I deficiency. Combining clinico-biochemical data with brain imaging may therefore help orient genetic studies in complex I deficiency.

Long-term follow-up of neuromyelitis optica with a pediatric onset

BACKGROUND

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare inflammatory disease. Average age at onset is 35 years. Few data exist on patients with pediatric-onset NMO (p-NMO), with disease onset before age 18 years. We report the clinical and paraclinical features and long-term outcome of patients with p-NMO and compare them with a large adult-onset NMO (a-NMO) cohort.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective, multicenter study of patients with p-NMO in pediatric and adult medical centers. We identified 125 patients with NMO (12 p-NMO; 113 a-NMO) fulfilling the 2006 criteria. Data were collected using hospital files and standardized assessment forms for NMO.

RESULTS

Patients with p-NMO were followed up during a mean 19.3 years. Median age at onset was 14.5 years (4.1-17.9) with a female:male ratio of 3:1. Three patients (25%) fulfilled Paty criteria for multiple sclerosis on first brain MRI, including one patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Median interval between onset and residual Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 4 was 20.7 years, score 6 was 26 years, and score 7 was 28.7 years. Median interval between onset and residual visual loss ≤1/10 was 1.3 years. Compared with a-NMO, p-NMO showed a longer time to EDSS scores 4 and 6, largely explained by the severity of the first myelitis in the a-NMO group. Time to first treatment was longer in the p-NMO group (13.1 vs 3.4 years).

CONCLUSION

Patients with p-NMO can present a diffuse inflammatory process on first brain MRI and have a longer time to disability than patients with a-NMO.

Efficacy and uptake of soil-applied imidacloprid in the control of Asian citrus psyllid and a citrus leafminer, two foliar-feeding citrus pests

The systemic neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid, Admire Pro, was applied to 3- and 4-yr-old nonbearing 'Rio Red' grapefruit, Citrus x paradisi Macfad., trees in 2006 and 2007, respectively, to determine its effects in the control of two major citrus pests, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and a citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Young flush shoots were randomly collected weekly for 13 and 11 wk in 2006 and 2007, respectively, to determine the infestation levels and densities of immature stages of both Asian citrus psyllid and P. citrella. Additional flush shoot samples were collected in 2007 and titers of imidacloprid in leaf tissue were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Soil application of imidacloprid significantly reduced the infestation levels and densities of both pests on flush shoots, starting from the second week post application. The effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide were similar in both years. Analysis of imidacloprid concentration in leaf tissue showed a gradual increase during the first 3 wk, and titers remained well above 200 ppb for 11 wk postapplication. Significant positive correlations were obtained between imidacloprid titers in leaf tissue and the percentage of control levels achieved for both pests. A high level of suppression of both P. citrella and Asian citrus psyllid populations on citrus trees was associated with imidacloprid titer in leaf tissue >200 ppb, which was reached 2 wk after soil treatment. Although soil application of imidacloprid did not provide rapid knockdown of Asian citrus psyllid and P. citrella populations, it resulted in chronic residues in leaf tissue and long-term suppression of both pests.

Indications of proton-dominated cosmic-ray composition above 1.6 EeV

We report studies of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray composition via analysis of depth of air shower maximum (X(max)), for air shower events collected by the High-Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) observatory. The HiRes data are consistent with a constant elongation rate d<X(max)>/d[log(E)] of 47.9+/-6.0(stat)+/-3.2(syst) g/cm2/decade for energies between 1.6 and 63 EeV, and are consistent with a predominantly protonic composition of cosmic rays when interpreted via the QGSJET01 and QGSJET-II high-energy hadronic interaction models. These measurements constrain models in which the galactic-to-extragalactic transition is the cause of the energy spectrum ankle at 4x10(18) eV.

Neuromyelitis optica in France: a multicenter study of 125 patients

BACKGROUND

There have been few epidemiologic studies on neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and none used the recent 2006 diagnostic criteria. Here we describe the clinical, laboratory, MRI, and disability course of NMO in a French cohort of 125 patients.

METHODS

We performed an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. Data were collected from September 2007 through August 2008, corresponding to the endpoint of the study. We identified 125 patients fulfilling the 2006 NMO criteria. Selection was made using hospital files and a specific clinical questionnaire for NMO.

RESULTS

Mean age at onset was 34.5 years (range 4-66) with a mean disease duration of 10 +/- 7.8 years at the endpoint. The patients were mainly (87%) Caucasian, with a female:male ratio of 3:1. In 90% of cases, the association of optic neuritis, longitudinal extensive myelitis, and a Paty-negative initial brain MRI was sufficient to fulfill the supportive criteria. Eighty-eight percent of patients were treated with immunosuppressive therapies. Median delay from onset to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 4 was 7 years; score 6, 10 years; and score 7, 21 years. The first episode of myelitis was immediately followed by an EDSS score > or = 4 in 37.3% of cases, and a severe residual visual loss was observed in 22% of patients after the first episode of optic neuritis. Multivariate analysis did not reveal any predictors of a poor evolution other than a high number of MRI brain lesions at diagnosis, which were predictive of a residual visual acuity < or = 1/10.

CONCLUSIONS

Our demographic data provide new data on disability in patients with neuromyelitis optica, most of whom were receiving treatment.

Milk supplemented with immune colostrum: protection against rotavirus diarrhea and modulatory effect on the systemic and mucosal antibody responses in calves experimentally challenged with bovine rotavirus

Group A bovine rotavirus (BRV) is the major cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide. As a preventive strategy, we evaluated the protection and immunomodulation in two groups of BRV-inoculated calves. All calves received control colostrum (CC; VN=65,536; IgG(1)=16,384) prior to gut closure followed by the milk supplemented with immune colostrum (VN=1,048,576; IgG(1)=262,144), twice a day, for 14 days. Calves received milk supplemented with 0.8% immune colostrum [(Gp 1) VN=16,384; IgG(1)=4096] or milk supplemented with 0.4% immune colostrum [(Gp 2) VN=1024; IgG(1)=1024]. Calves receiving CC or colostrum deprived calves (CD) fed antibody (Ab) free milk served as controls (Gp 3 and 4). Calves were inoculated with virulent BRV IND at 2 days of age. Group 1 calves (milk IgG(1) 4096) showed 80% protection against BRV diarrhea and significantly reduced virus shedding. At 21 post-inoculation days (PID), the antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses of Gp 1 calves were limited mainly to duodenal and jejunal lamina propria (LP) with limited or no responses in systemic sites (spleen and PBL) and mesenteric lymph nodes. The profile of serum and fecal Ab responses as well as the ASC responses was also modulated by the presence of passive IgG(1) Abs and probably other colostrum components, toward higher titers of IgA Ab in serum and feces and a greater number of IgA ASC in the proximal intestine, reflecting positive modulation by colostrum toward this isotype associated with optimal protection of the intestinal mucosa. After challenge, at PID 21, all calves in Gp 1 and 2 were fully protected against diarrhea and only 1 of 5 calves in Gp 1 shed virus asymptomatically, indicating that the passive Ab treatment for 14 days was effective in protecting most of the animals after a first and a second virus exposure. The final outcome was a positive modulation of the mucosal immune responses and a high protection rate against diarrhea and virus shedding during the period of peak susceptibility to BRV infection.