Breakfast habits, nutritional status and their relationship with academic performance in elementary school students of Tehran, Iran

Background

The aim of this study was to examine the breakfast habits, nutritional status and their relationship with academic performance in primary school students in Tehran, Iran.

Method

In this cross-sectional study 829 primary school children were included. Child Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated based on the objective measures of height and weight as well as adjusted for age and gender. Data on Breakfast habits and academic performance were collected by a valid checklist. For data analysis we used Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test using SPSS software, version 11.5; statistical significance was assumed if p-value is below the 0.05

Results

The average breakfast consumption per week was 5.5 times (days) with a standard deviation of 2.9. Based on the results, 30.9% of participants did not consume full breakfast (six times or less) and 69.1% had a complete one. In terms of academic grade level, 88.4% of the participants were in a high level, 10.3% in appropriate conditions and only 1.3% of the respondents required more effort (inappropriate). There was no significant correlation between breakfast consumption and academic status (p=0.73), nutritional status of the participants according to the academic performance status Individuals showed no statistically significant relationship (P=0.9).

Conclusion

Unlike previous studies, this study revealed no correlation between the academic grade level of elementary students with nutritional status and breakfast habits. It is suggested that according to the qualitative school scoring method, future studies are needed to assessing the students’ academic performance. Other parameters will be considered in addition to the average in order to provide a better perspective of students’ academic performance.

The presence of the child, the opportunity or a threat to marital satisfaction: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore if the presence of a child in the family was an opportunity or threat to the marital life.

METHODS

In this common qualitative content analysis, semi-structured interviews with 20 participants were conducted. All of the interviews were recorded and then transcribed. The data were categorized, and the main themes and sub-themes were extracted.

RESULTS

Twenty transcription were analysed. The data analysis led to the development of the first theme of "feeling evolution" with the category of "flourishing the motherhood sense," and the second theme of "strengthening the marital life" with the two categories of "the marital life stabilization" and "efforts for a common goal."

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of the child can lead to the feeling of development and stabilizing the marital life. Furthermore, the presence of the child can facilitate or hinder marital satisfaction. Given the challenges due to a lack of preparation of parents for childbirth, consultation and support by family members or the society can help with adaptation with this life period and increasing the positive effects of the presence of the child on parents' relationships and marital satisfaction.

The incidence and mortality rate of cervix cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Cervix cancer in Iran

Objective: Cervix Cancer (CC) is one of the major health problems among Iranian women and elsewhere around the world. Considering the importance of this cancer, the present study was conducted to determine the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of CC in Iran. Methods: A search was conducted using international databases (Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Embase and ISI/ web of knowledge), and national databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc). This systematic review was carried out according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) check list in 2018. Thereafter, Persian and English language papers referring to the ASIR and ASMR of CC in Iran were included. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers. The Joanna Briggs checklist was carried out to evaluate the quality of studies. Result: A total of 522 papers were obtained in the initial search of the databases, and 25 articles were included to the review by further refinement and screening. Based on the random-effect model, the ASIR and ASMR of CC in Iran was 2.14 per 100000, 95% CI (1.89 to 2.38) and 0.93 per 100000, 95% CI (0.81 to 1.05), respectively. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of CC in Iran was lower than other parts of the world. It should be noted that because of the high heterogeneity of the results of this study, we must judge with caution regarding the results.

The effectiveness of group training of cognitive behavioral therapy-based stress management on anxiety, hardiness and self-efficacy in female medical students

INTRODUCTION

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for anxiety, hardiness, and self-efficacy in female students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was an interventional study. A sample of 30 participants were selected through the available sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental (CBT) and control groups (each group, 15 female student). The data collection instrument was the Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire. The questionnaires of Beck Anxiety Inventory, Ahvaz Hardiness Inventory, and Schwartz's General Self-Efficacy Scale were completed by all participants in two stages (pretest and posttest). A 6-session protocol of cognitive behavioral group therapy was performed only on the experimental group. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene's F, Mbox, analysis of variance, and multivariate analysis of variance tests.

RESULTS

The intervention group showed that the mean of anxiety decreased, whereas (P < 0.001) the means of hardiness and self-efficacy increased in the posttest for the experimental group (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, hardiness, and self-efficacy. Therefore, through managing anxiety, the levels of hardiness and self-efficacy can be increased in students of university to be able to cope with the different challenges in their life.

Erratum to epidemiology, incidence and mortality of lung cancer and their relationship with the development index in the world

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.03.91.].

The relation between self-confidence and risk-taking among the students

INTRODUCTION

Self-confidence means recognizing your abilities, self-interest, and being aware of your feelings. Risk-taking is one of the personality traits that may be affected by confidence. It can be defined as behavior that increases the probability of negative consequences. Considering the importance of students' self-confidence and its relation with risk-taking, the aim of this study is to study the relation between self-confidence and risk-taking among the students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2017.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study was done on 363 students of TUMS by stratified sampling. The tool for collecting data is based on a self-confidence questionnaire and a risk-taking questionnaire developed by Moradi et al. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

The mean age of participants was 21.86 years and 54.5% of participants were girls and the rest were boys. No significant correlation was observed between risk-taking and self-confidence in students according to the Pearson's coefficient test (r = 0.05, P = 0.29).

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that there is no relation between self-confidence and risk-taking among students, and students who have higher self-confidence are not exposed to high risks. Therefore, we need more studies in different age groups to validate this exact relationship.

Do the Fertility Drugs Increase the Risk of Cancer? A Review Study

Aim: All over the world, many couples cannot conceive a child and have problems with pregnancy. Ovulation-inducing drugs are among the most important drugs used for the treatment of infertility. In recent years, there have been many debates about the relationship between fertility medication and cancer. Due to the lack of comprehensive study of this matter, and as understanding the relationship between the use of fertility drugs and cancer is of importance, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between infertility drugs and cancer in women. Materials and Methods: To determine the relationship between infertility treatment and cancer, a comprehensive search was carried out in databases such as; Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus using keywords words; "infertility," "ovulation induction," "cancer," "infertility treatment," "ART," "tumor," "controlled ovarian stimulation," "fertility agents," and "neoplasms." Full-text, English language, and original articles were included in this study. Results: In total, 81 articles were entered into the study. The relationship between fertility medications and breast, ovary, endometrial, uterus, colon, thyroid, skin, cervical, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cancers were studied. Although the relationship between fertility medications and cancer is theoretically justifiable, most studies have shown that risk of cancer will not increase after fertility treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study did not show that fertility medications increase the risk of cancer among users. In summary, the relationship between infertility treatment and cancer incidence remains an open question.

The relationship between self-regulation and educational performance in students

INTRODUCTION

Self-regulation and educational performance are among the most important topics to be discussed in schools and universities. The present study aimed to the relationship between self-regulation and educational performance among daughter students of police officers in Birjand City, Iran (public and Payame Noor) in 2017.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research is a correlational cross-sectional study. In total, 200 female students were selected using random sampling method. The Ryan and Connell's Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Durtaj's educational performance scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

The results showed that there is a significant correlation between self-regulation and educational performance among students of Payame Noor University, whereas it is not significant for public university students.

CONCLUSION

We can provide students with effective and useful tips to improve their academic achievement and performance by teaching them self-regulation skills. Therefore, the cornerstone of educational achievement in students should be in that way to achieve the desired educational performance and also increase their self-regulation.

The effectiveness of stress-management-based cognitive-behavioral treatments on anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative affect and hope

Background and objective: Anxiety sensitivity, positive and negative affection and hope are the important factors in promoting mental health of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of stress-management-based cognitive-behavioral treatments on anxiety sensitivity, hope, positive and negative affect in female students of Medical Sciences.

Materials and methods: This research was a trail study with pre-test, post-test and control group. A sample of 30 subjects, were selected by available sampling and were randomly assigned using Block Randomization Method of two groups (experimental and control groups). Schneider’s hope questionnaire, Watson’s positive and negative affect questionnaire, Clarke and Tolgman’s questionnaire, Reiss et al.’s anxiety sensitivity of the revised index questionnaire, were completed in two stages (pre-test and post-test) by all subjects. A 6-session protocol of cognitive-behavioral group treatment was performed only on the experimental group. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and MANOVA analysis of variance.

Results: Two experimental and control groups with the mean 22, standard deviationl. 13, average age is 22 years. Stress-management-based cognitive-behavioral treatments were effective on the level of anxiety sensitivity and hope (p <0.016), however, it had no significant positive effect on the amount of positive and negative affect (p <0.016).

Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral treatments are effective on anxiety sensitivity and hope. Therefore, stress-management-based cognitive-behavioral training can reduce students’ anxiety sensitivity and increase their hopes for coping with challenges.

Curcumin nanoemulsion as a novel chemical for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice

Background

The aim of this study was to prepare curcumin nanoemulsion (CR-NE) to solve the problems associated with poor water solubility and low bioavailability of CR and to test its efficiency in the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mouse models.

Materials and methods

CR-NE 1% was prepared using spontaneous emulsification by soybean as oil phase; a mixture of Tween 80 and Tween 85 as surfactant; ethanol as cosurfactant and distilled water. Particle size and zeta potential of NE were assessed using Nano-ZS90 dynamic light scattering. Stability testing of NE was assessed after storage for 2 months at room temperature. In vivo experiments were carried out using 50 BALB/c mice inoculated with virulent RH strain (type I) and 50 BALB/c mice inoculated with avirulent Tehran strain (type II) of Toxoplasma gondii and treated with CR-NE (1% w/v), CR suspension (CR-S, 1% w/v), and NE without CR (NE-no CR).

Results

The mean particle size and zeta potential of CR-NE included 215.66±16.8 nm and −29.46±2.65 mV, respectively, and were stable in particle size after a three freeze–thaw cycle. In acute phase experiment, the survival time of mice infected with RH strain of T. gondii and treated with CR-NE extended from 8 to 10 days postinoculation. The differences were statistically significant between the survival time of mice in CR-NE-treated group compared with negative control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, CR-NE significantly decreased the mean counts of peritoneum tachyzoites from 5,962.5±666 in negative control group to 627.5±73 in CR-NE-treated mice (P<0.001). Growth inhibition rates of tachyzoites in peritoneum of mice receiving CR-NE, CR-S, and NE-no CR included 90%, 21%, and 11%, respectively, compared with negative control group. In chronic phase experiment, the average number and size of tissue cysts significantly decreased to 17.2±15.6 and 31.5±6.26 µm, respectively, in mice inoculated with bradyzoites of T. gondii Tehran strain and treated with CR-NE compared with that in negative control group (P<0.001). Decrease of cyst numbers was verified by downregulation of BAG1 in treatment groups compared with negative control group with a minimum relative expression in CR-NE (1.12±0.28), CR-S (11.76±0.87), and NE-no CR (14.67±0.77), respectively, (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Results from the current study showed the potential of CR-S and CR-NE in treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mouse models for the first time. However, CR-NE was more efficient than CR-S, and it seems that CR-NE has a potential formula for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, especially in those with latent bradyzoites in brain.

The epidemiological and histological trend of bladder cancer in Iran

Introduction

Bladder cancer is the ninth common cancer in the world, the third common cancer among men in the Arabic and Western Asian countries, and the second in some regions of Iran (a country in the Middle East). There was no study on the epidemiological and histological trend of bladder cancer in Iran. This study aimed to the epidemiological and histological trend of bladder cancer in Iran.

Materials and Methods

In this study, data were extracted from annual cancer registry reports of Iranian Ministry of Health between 2003 and 2008. Standardized incidence rates were calculated using the world standard population and incidence rate was calculated by age groups, sex, and histological type. Data on epidemiologic trend and histology were analyzed using Joinpoint software package.

Results

A total of 23,291 cases were reported. Almost 17.70% (4127 cases) were women and 82.30% (19,170 cases) men. The sex ratio (male to female) was 4.65. Joinpoint analysis showed the significant increased trend of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) for both sexes. The annual percentage change of standardized incidence rate was 11.5 (confidence interval [CI]: 9.0-14.0) in women and 10.8 (CI: 8.0-13.6) in men. Two histological types of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), not otherwise specified and papillary TCC included 43.89% and 49.86% of all cancer cases, respectively.

Conclusion

According to this study the trend of ASIR of bladder cancer in Iran is rising, so it is necessary to conduct further researches in future to provide accurate information on the cancer and investigate related risk factors and implement prevention programs in Iran.

A comparison of the effects of ENTONOX inhalation and spinal anesthesia on labor pain reduction and apgar score in vaginal delivery: a clinical trial study

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of ENTONOX inhalation and spinal injection on the reduction of labor pain, the Apgar score of the neonates, and their side effects on new-born children and pregnant women.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present clinical trial study is conducted among the pregnant women in the maternity ward of a child delivery hospital in Iran. All Participants were divided in two groups ENTONOX Inhalation and Spinal Anesthesia. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was implemented to measure the pain level experienced by the participants during the procedure. Moreover, the Apgar scale was used to measure the general physical health of the neonates in both groups. In addition, the participants receiving ENTONOX were asked to report the side effects they underwent during gas inhalation. However, the participants in the spinal anesthesia were checked three times. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.

RESULTS

The findings showed that the spinal anesthesia technique was significantly more effective than gas inhalation in that it reduced as much as 3 points more than did the inhalation (P-value: 0.001). Moreover, the comparison of the mean Apgar scores showed that the mean Apgar score of the neonates of spinal anesthesia mothers was 0.36 point lower than that of the neonates in the gas inhalation group. However, this difference was not statistically significant at P- value = 0.06.

CONCLUSIONS

the result of the present study indicated that spinal anesthesia was more effective than ENTONOX inhalation in reducing the labor pain.

Cervical cancer in Iran: integrative insights of epidemiological analysis

Background: Cervical cancer is a common cancer among women around the world. Due to the geographical differences in incidence, mortality and risk factors of cervical cancer, it is necessary to conduct different studies in different countries. This review study is aimed to investigate the most important aspects of cervical cancer in Iran.

Methods: Reviewing papers without time limitation was conducted with the keywords cervical cancer, Cervix uteri cancer and Iran in their title or abstract. The databases of Medline, IranMedex, SID, ScienceDirect, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. The title and abstract of the papers were reviewed, in all, 51 full papers were reviewed.

Results: Based on published studies, the incidence of cervical cancer varies between different areas of Iran. The findings of this study demonstrated that there is a relationship between marital status, marriage age, and age of first pregnancy, smoking, and consumption of oral contraceptive pills, multiple sexual partners, family history, multiparty, and cervical cancer.

Conclusion: The results of this review showed that the incidence of cervical cancer in Iran is low; however, the risk factors associated with this cancer are not few, which could lead to the increase in the incidence of cervical cancer in the future.

Assessment of condition perception of educational -research environment and academic self-efficacy

INTRODUCTION

Academic self-efficacy is the learners' belief in their abilities in academic process. Perception of the educational-research environment is one of the effective factors on academic self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to examine the perception of educational-research environment and academic self-efficacy in students of the University of Tehran in 2016.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was done on 385 students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Samples were selected through stratified sampling method. Data were collected through questionnaires of perception of educational-research environment scale 24 and of academic self-efficacy scale 32 that reliability and validity of that were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

The mean age of participants was 25.31 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.94), and 56.1% of them were female and the rest were male. The mean perception of educational-research environment was 65.79 (SD = 13.13), and the mean academic self-efficacy was 107.44 (15.92). The Pearson's correlation test results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between perception of educational-research environment with academic self-efficacy (P = 0.001, r = 0.180).

CONCLUSION

There was a significant statistical relationship between perception of educational-research environment and academic self-efficacy. Students who have high perception of educational-research environment are high academic self-efficacy. Academic self-efficacy can be improved by improving perception of the educational-research environment.

Esophageal cancer in the world: incidence, mortality and risk factors

There is little about the incidence, mortality and risk factors of Esophageal cancer (EC) in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate, mortality and EC risk factors in the world. This review study was conducted on published English research by January 2017 with the search in by March 2018 by searching in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keywords "esophagus cancer," "epidemiology," "incidence," "mortality," "risk factor," " world." Based on the findings of this study, the geographical distribution of the EC differs according to subtitles, as AC is more prevalent in developed countries, while SCC is more prevalent in countries in Africa and East Asia. The most important risk factors for EC are the low intake of vegetables and fruits, drinking drinks and hot liquids, reducing the intake of nutritional supplements such as selenium and zinc, smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, past medical history, obesity and exposure to some environmental factors. According to the findings, it seems that the main cause of EC- is an undesirable lifestyle. Therefore, it is possible to improve the lifestyle and inform the community about EC risk factors and healthy lifestyle education.

The Incidence of Esophageal Cancer in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Esophageal Cancer (EC) is the eighth most common cancer in terms of incidence. Despite various studies, there is no general estimate of EC incidence in Iran. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate the incidence rates of EC in Iran. Method: A systematic search was conducted on all published studies of EC incidence using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of sciences, Google scholar, and four Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc) until November 2017. This systematic review was done according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Result: The database, grey literature searches, and hand searching yielded 346 potentially relevant studies. A total of 22 studies were included. The results of the random effect model were demonstrated the age-standardized rate (ASR) of EC was 25.05, 95% CI (20.84 to 29.26) among males and 22.93 95 % CI (18.97-26.88) among females. Conclusion: In comparison to other geographical locations, the incidence of EC is higher in Iran. However, organized system for collecting data of cancer is required to specify the incidence and trend of EC in Iran.

Disparity and trends in the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the world

Background: Lung Cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers in the international arena. The aim of this study was to investigate the geographical distribution of LC incidence and mortality in the world in 2012, as well as the trend of incidence and mortality of LC during 1975 to 2010 based on the gender. Methods: In the present study, we extracted the information on the incidence and mortality of LC in 184 countries from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Project GLOBOCAN, 2012). The present study categorized and presented the information on the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of LC based on the continents, world regions based on the development level and Human Development Index (HDI). ASIR and ASMR of LC expressed per 100,000 people. Results: The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in North America (ASIR=38.3 and ASMR=28.6), more developed regions (ASIR=30.8 and ASMR=24.2), and the WPRO region of the WHO (ASIR=32.8 and ASMR=28.5), and those regions with very high HDI (ASIR=31 and ASMR=23.9). Furthermore, the lowest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in Africa (ASIR=5 and ASMR=4.5), the less developed regions (ASIR=20 and ASMR=18), the AFRO region (ASIR=3.9 and ASMR=3.5), and regions with low HDI (ASIR=5.4 and ASMR=4.8). Conclusion: The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in North America, more developed regions, and the WPRO region of the WHO, and those regions with very high HDI. Most regions of the world had decreasing incidence and mortality of LC in men and increasing trend in women.

The relationship between health-promoting lifestyle and sleep quality in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND

Menopausal women are widely reported to have poor sleep quality and sleep problems. It is not clear whether increases in sleep disturbance are brought about by hormone changes associated with menopause or due to psychosocial and physical problems.

METHOD

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 menopausal women aged between 40 and 60 without any known severe illnesses in the city of Qaen, Iran, from April 2015 to May 2016. Data were collected by Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between health-promoting lifestyle and sleep quality in Iranian postmenopausal women. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Spearman and univariate logistic regression.

RESULT

The univariate logistic regression suggested that the physical activity dimension of lifestyle (OR = 1.095, 95% CI: 1.035-1.158, P < 0.006), non-smoking status (OR = 0.549, 95% CI: 0.331-0.912, P < 0.021) and occupation (women who were farmer compared with housewives) (OR = 0.239, 95% CI (0.074-0.775), P < 0.017) were associated with sleep quality.

CONCLUSION

Postmenopausal women in this study were at high risk for poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality was associated with low levels of physical activity, smoking and being a housewife compared to being a farmer. Therefore, there is an essential need to educate women about health-promoting behaviors including daily physical activity and avoiding smoking which are associated with quality of sleep.

The incidence of kidney cancer in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The incidence of kidney cancer from different areas of Iran was reported. Nevertheless, there is no available systematic reviews in this regard. Therefore, the present systematic review carried out to estimate the incidence rate of kidney cancer among Iranian people.

Method: This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) in September 2017. A search was concluded using Medline/ PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar for international papers and four national databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc) for Persian papers. The incidence rate of kidney cancer was calculated using random effect model.

Result: An aggregate of 159 papers were retrieved in the primary search of the databases. Further screening and advanced refinement of the retrieved studies produced 15 studies totally. The age-standardized rate (ASR) of kidney cancer was 1.94, 95% CI (1.62-2.55) and 1.36, 95 % CI (1.09-1.62) in males and females, respectively.

Conclusion: In comparison to other parts of the world, the incidence of kidney cancer was lower in Iran. Afterwards, further studies are necessary to outline the exact incidence rate and the trend of kidney cancer in Iran.

The relationship between Statins and the risk of lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer. There are annually around 1600000 of new cases and more than 1400000 deaths from this disease worldwide. Lung cancer accounted for 26% of death from cancer in females in the United States in 2012 and 29% of death from cancer in males. Statins are known as the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Statins are usually used as the cholesterol-lowering drugs. The recent studies have proved the benefits of Statins in reducing the mortality and incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke.

Geographical distribution of incidence and mortality of breast cancer and their association with Human Development Index in Europe

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer malignancy and the important reason for cancer-related mortality in females. The aim of this study was to evaluate the geographical distribution of occurrence and mortality of BC and their association with Human Development Index (HDI) in Europe in 2012. Methods: This was an ecologic study to evaluate the relation between Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of BC with HDI, using data of GLOBOCAN project and the HDI report. Using SPSS18 statistical analysis software the data of the study was analyzed; the significance level of the tests was considered as P 0.05. Results: The highest ASIR of BC was observed in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and the highest ASMR was found in the FYR Macedonia, Serbia, Belgium, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the ASIR of BC and HDI (r= 0.611, p≤ 0.001), life expectancy in birth (r= 0.706, p≤0.001), average education years (r=0.038, p=0.815) and gross national income per capita (r= 0.719, p≤0.001). Moreover, there was negative correlation between the ASMR of BC and HDI (r= 0.464, p= 0.003), life expectancy at birth (r= 0.416, p=0.008), average education years (r= 0.277, p= 0.083) and gross national income per capita (r= 0.255, p= 0.112). Moreover, it is expected that the number of incidence and mortality from BC is increased within 2012-2035 in European countries. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the ASIR of BC and HDI. Moreover, there is a negative correlation between ASMR of BC with HDI. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the importance of using HDI as factors affecting the ASIR and ASMR of BC.