101
|
Wu W, Guan R, Liao X, Yan X, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Bimodal Visualization of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in Lysosomes with a Two-Photon Iridium(III) Phosphorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10266-10272. [PMID: 31291720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a fundamental signaling molecule that shows complex effects on the catabolic autophagy process, which is closely linked with lysosomal function. In this study, a new lysosome-targeted, pH-independent, and two-photon phosphorescent iridium(III) complex, Ir-BPDA, has been investigated for endogenous NO detection and imaging. The rational design of the probe, as the addition of the morpholine moieties and the substitution of a benzyl group in the amino group in Ir-BPDA, facilitates its accumulation in lysosomes and makes the reaction product with NO, Ir-BPDA-NO, insusceptible in its phosphorescence intensity and lifetime against pH changes (pH 4-10), well suited for lysosomal NO detection (pH 4-6). Furthermore, Ir-BPDA exhibits a fast and 50-fold response to NO in phosphorescence intensity and a two-photon cross-section as high as 60 GM after the reaction, as well as a notably increased phosphorescence lifetime from 200.1 to 619.6 ns. Thus, accompanied by its photostability, Ir-BPDA enabled the detection of NO in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and zebrafish model, revealing the endogenous lysosomal NO distribution during inflammation in vivo by means of both TPM and PLIM imaging techniques.
Collapse
|
102
|
Liu Z, Wang J, Qiu K, Liao X, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Fabrication of red blood cell membrane-camouflaged Cu 2-xSe nanoparticles for phototherapy in the second near-infrared window. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6523-6526. [PMID: 31099806 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03148k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cu2-xSe nanoparticles (Cu2-xSeNPs) were camouflaged with a red blood cell membrane (RBC) to create nanoparticles with improved biocompatibility, longer blood retention times, excellent absorption properties, superior photothermal conversion efficiency (67.2%) and singlet oxygen production capabilities for the synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window.
Collapse
|
103
|
Huang L, Hu C, Chao H, Wang R, Lu H, Li H, Chen H. miR-29c regulates resistance to paclitaxel in nasopharyngeal cancer by targeting ITGB1. Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
104
|
Xu L, Zhang PP, Fang XQ, Liu Y, Wang JQ, Zhou HZ, Chen ST, Chao H. A ruthenium(II) complex containing a p-cresol group induces apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and reactive oxygen species production. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 191:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
105
|
Zhang P, Chen H, Huang H, Qiu K, Zhang C, Chao H, Zhang Q. A viscosity-sensitive iridium(iii) probe for lysosomal microviscosity quantification and blood viscosity detection in diabetic mice. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3990-3997. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel viscosity-sensitive iridium probe enables the detection of cancer and diabetes.
Collapse
|
106
|
Yu B, Rees TW, Liang J, Jin C, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. DNA interaction of ruthenium(ii) complexes with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3914-3921. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DNA interaction properties of four Ru(ii) complexes with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline derivatives were investigated by spectral titration, gel electrophoresis (GAR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Collapse
|
107
|
Li J, Chen H, Zeng L, Rees TW, Xiong K, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. Mitochondria-targeting cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes for tumor hypoxic imaging and therapy. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The organometallic anthraquinone iridium(iii) complexes display an efficient turn-on phosphorescence response to hypoxia. The complexes can induce cell apoptosis in HeLa cells via mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-3 activation making them excellent candidates as theranostic agents for hypoxic cancer cells.
Collapse
|
108
|
Dawu W, Chao H, Kaiting L, Lan S, Xiaohua P, Dingqun B. Pain correlates with social integration in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional survey. J Rehabil Med 2019; 51:506-512. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
109
|
Ke L, Zhang C, Liao X, Qiu K, Rees TW, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Ji L, Chao H. Mitochondria-targeted Ir@AuNRs as bifunctional therapeutic agents for hypoxia imaging and photothermal therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10273-10276. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods with surfaces modified by iridium(iii)-azo complexes (Ir@AuNRs) were developed as mitochondria-targeted bifunctional therapeutic agents for hypoxia-imaging and photothermal therapy.
Collapse
|
110
|
Yuan B, Liu J, Guan R, Jin C, Ji L, Chao H. Endoplasmic reticulum targeted cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as efficient photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6408-6415. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of ER-targeted cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes with a gradually extended conjugated area in the main ligand were effective PDT photosensitizers and triggered ER-stress induced apoptosis in cancer cell lines.
Collapse
|
111
|
Zeng L, Li J, Zhang C, Zhang YK, Zhang W, Huang J, Ashby CR, Chen ZS, Chao H. An organoruthenium complex overcomes ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance via multiple mechanisms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3833-3836. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An organoruthenium complex, RuF, via multiple mechanisms, exhibited effective anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo for surmounting multidrug resistance mediated by the ABCG2 transporter.
Collapse
|
112
|
Qiu K, Chen Y, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Organelle-targeting metal complexes: From molecular design to bio-applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
113
|
Qiu K, Wang J, Rees TW, Ji L, Zhang Q, Chao H. A mitochondria-targeting photothermogenic nanozyme for MRI-guided mild photothermal therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:14108-14111. [PMID: 30499994 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Iridium complexes were used as a mitochondria-targeting agent to modify the surface of a photothermogenic nanozyme Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Ir@Fe3O4 NPs). Upon NIR irradiation, Ir@Fe3O4 NPs increase the localized temperature to 42 °C which accelerates the catalysis of ˙OH production from H2O2 resulting in excellent mild photothermal therapy.
Collapse
|
114
|
Jiang L, Chao H, Wang P, Chen Y. Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) of Hysterectomy/Bilateral Salpingo-Oophrectomy with Large Ovarian Teratoma for Female-To-Male Transgender Men. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.09.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
115
|
Cui ZY, Li L, Wang Y, Chao H, Huang Z. [A survey of sleep quality of employed nurses in military hospitals]. ZHONGHUA LAO DONG WEI SHENG ZHI YE BING ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LAODONG WEISHENG ZHIYEBING ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES 2018; 35:578-581. [PMID: 29081124 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-9391.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the sleep quality of the employed nurses in three grade A tertiary military hospitals in Beijing, China and its influential factors and to provide a reference for improving the sleep quality of employed nurses. Methods: From January 2014 to January 2017, a questionnaire survey was carried out to investigate the sleep quality of 253 employed nurses in three grade A tertiary military hospitals in Beijing, China using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a general status questionnaire. The results were compared with the adult norms to analyze the influential factors for sleep quality of the employed nurses. Results: The global PSQI score of the 253 employed nurses was 7.76 ± 3.53. Their global PSQI score and PSQI component scores were significantly higher than the adults norms (P<0.05) . And 54.94% of the employed nurses had poor sleep quality; they had high scores of daytime dysfunction (1.39±0.83) , sleep latency (1.67±0.94) , sleep quality (1.33±0.88) , and sleep time (1.23±0.78) . The one-way analysis of variance showed that the sleep quality of the employed nurses was associated with nursing age, educational background, professional title, whether to have children, frequency of night shifts, and department (P<0.05) . The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for sleep quality of the employed nurses were technical secondary school education (OR=4.292) and emergency department and intensive care unit (OR=2.582) ; the protective factors for sleep quality of the employed nurses were outpatient department and assistant department (OR=0.312) , no children (OR=0.318) , and no night shift (OR=0.332) . Conclusion: The employed nurses in military hospitals have poorer sleep quality than the normal adults. The influential factors for sleep quality of employed nurses are educational background, department, whether to have children, and frequency of night shifts.
Collapse
|
116
|
Chen Y, Tseng Y, Shih J, Chao H. P3.01-15 Efficacy of Paclitaxel Plus TS1 Against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated. J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
117
|
Chen Q, Jin C, Shao X, Guan R, Tian Z, Wang C, Liu F, Ling P, Guan JL, Ji L, Wang F, Chao H, Diao J. Super-Resolution Tracking of Mitochondrial Dynamics with An Iridium(III) Luminophore. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802166. [PMID: 30350549 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Combining luminescent transition metal complex with super-resolution microscopy is an excellent strategy for the long-term visualization of the dynamics of subcellular structures in living cells. However, it remains unclear whether iridium(III) complexes are applicable for a particular type of super-resolution technique, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), to image subcellular structures. Herein, an iridium(III) dye, to track mitochondrial dynamics in living cells under SIM is described. The dye demonstrates excellent specificity and photostability and satisfactory cell permeability. While using SIM to image mitochondria, an ≈80 nm resolution is achieved that allows the clear observation of the structure of mitochondrial cristae. The dye is used to monitor and quantify mitochondrial dynamics relative to lysosomes, including fusion involved in mitophagy, and newly discovered mitochondria-lysosome contact (MLC) under different conditions. The MLC remains intact and fusion vanishes when five receptors, p62, NDP52, OPTN, NBR1, and TAX1BP1, are knocked out, suggesting that these two processes are independent.
Collapse
|
118
|
Guan R, Chen Y, Zeng L, Rees TW, Jin C, Huang J, Chen ZS, Ji L, Chao H. Oncosis-inducing cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5183-5190. [PMID: 29997872 PMCID: PMC6000986 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncosis is a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD), which differs from apoptosis in both morphological changes and inner pathways, and might hold the key to defeating a major obstacle in cancer therapy - drug-resistance, which is often a result of the intrinsic apoptosis resistance of tumours. However, despite the fact that the term "oncosis" was coined and used much earlier than apoptosis, little effort has been made to discover new drugs which can initiate this form of cell death, in comparison to drugs inducing apoptosis or any other type of PCD. So herein, we present the synthesis of a series of mitochondria-targeting cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes, which activated the oncosis-specific protein porimin and calpain in cisplatin-resistant cell line A549R, and determined their cytotoxicity against a wide range of drug-resistant cancer types. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes are the very first metallo-components to induce oncosis in drug-resistant cancer cells.
Collapse
|
119
|
Zhou Z, Liu J, Rees TW, Wang H, Li X, Chao H, Stang PJ. Heterometallic Ru-Pt metallacycle for two-photon photodynamic therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5664-5669. [PMID: 29760069 PMCID: PMC5984529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802012115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As an effective and noninvasive treatment of various diseases, photodynamic therapy (PTD) relies on the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and oxygen to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that can damage malignant tissue. Much attention has been paid to covalent modifications of the photosensitizers to improve their photophysical properties and to optimize the pathway of the photosensitizers interacting with cells within the target tissue. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a supramolecular heterometallic Ru-Pt metallacycle via coordination-driven self-assembly. While inheriting the excellent photostability and two-photon absorption characteristics of the Ru(II) polypyridyl precursor, the metallacycle also exhibits red-shifted luminescence to the near-infrared region, a larger two-photon absorption cross-section, and higher singlet oxygen generation efficiency, making it an excellent candidate as a photosensitizer for PTD. Cellular studies reveal that the metallacycle selectively accumulates in mitochondria and nuclei upon internalization. As a result, singlet oxygen generated by photoexcitation of the metallacycle can efficiently trigger cell death via the simultaneous damage to mitochondrial function and intranuclear DNA. In vivo studies on tumor-bearing mice show that the metallacycle can efficiently inhibit tumor growth under a low light dose with minimal side effects. The supramolecular approach presented in this work provides a paradigm for the development of PDT agents with high efficacy.
Collapse
|
120
|
Liu J, Zhang C, Rees TW, Ke L, Ji L, Chao H. Harnessing ruthenium(II) as photodynamic agents: Encouraging advances in cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
121
|
Quental L, Raposinho P, Mendes F, Santos I, Navarro-Ranninger C, Alvarez-Valdes A, Huang H, Chao H, Rubbiani R, Gasser G, Quiroga AG, Paulo A. Combining imaging and anticancer properties with new heterobimetallic Pt(ii)/M(i) (M = Re, 99mTc) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:14523-14536. [PMID: 28164201 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report on the development of new metal-based anticancer agents with imaging, chemotherapeutic and photosensitizing properties. Hence, a new heterobimetallic complex (Pt-LQ-Re) was prepared by connecting a non-conventional trans-chlorido Pt(ii) complex to a photoactive Re tricarbonyl unit (LQ-Re), which can be replaced by 99mTc to allow for in vivo imaging. We describe the photophysical and biological properties of the new complexes, in the dark and upon light irradiation (DNA interaction, cellular localization and uptake, and cytotoxicity). Furthermore, planar scintigraphic images of mice injected with Pt-LQ-Tc clearly showed that the radioactive compound is taken up by the excretory system organs, namely liver and kidneys, without significant retention in other tissues. All in all, the strategy of conjugating a chemotherapeutic compound with a PDT photosensitizer endows the resulting complexes with an intrinsic cytotoxic activity in the dark, driven by the non-classical platinum core, and a selective activity upon light irradiation. Most importantly, the possibility of integrating a SPECT imaging radiometal (99mTc) in the structure of these new heterobimetallic complexes might allow for in vivo non-invasive visualization of their tumoral accumulation, a crucial issue to predict therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
|
122
|
Zhang C, Qiu K, Liu C, Huang H, Rees TW, Ji L, Zhang Q, Chao H. Tracking mitochondrial dynamics during apoptosis with phosphorescent fluorinated iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12907-12913. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphorescent fluorinated Ir(iii) complexes, which exhibit low cytotoxicity, excellent photostability and specificity of mitochondria-targeting, were used for tracking mitochondrial dynamics during apoptosis.
Collapse
|
123
|
Qiu K, Ke L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Rees TW, Ji L, Diao J, Chao H. Tracking mitochondrial pH fluctuation during cell apoptosis with two-photon phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2421-2424. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon phosphorescent Ir(iii) complexes containing two morpholine moieties were developed for monitoring the mitochondrial pH fluctuation during apoptosis.
Collapse
|
124
|
Ouyang C, Chen L, Rees TW, Chen Y, Liu J, Ji L, Long J, Chao H. A mitochondria-targeting hetero-binuclear Ir(iii)–Pt(ii) complex induces necrosis in cisplatin-resistant tumor cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6268-6271. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A hetero-binuclear Ir(iii)–Pt(ii) complex can selectively accumulate in the mitochondria to induce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and evoke cellular events consistent with necrosis in A549R cells.
Collapse
|
125
|
Zou S, Li G, Rees TW, Jin C, Huang J, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. Interfering with DNA High-Order Structures using Chiral Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 24:690-698. [PMID: 29112314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, it was found that DNA can undergo B-Z transformational changes and compaction in the presence of DNA intercalators such as ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. The link between B-Z transition and condensation is weak but can be strengthened under certain circumstances with slight alterations to the structures of the ruthenium(II) complexes. Here, following on from previous research, this work reports a series of ruthenium(II) complexes with imidazophenanthroline ligands, which vary in size and planarity. The complexes exhibit distinct effects on DNA structures, ranging from little impact to the transformation of DNA secondary structures to the formation of higher-order DNA structures. Further studies on DNA morphological changes induced by chiral ruthenium(II) complexes are observed by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Collapse
|