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Thiel E, Korfel A, Martus P, Kanz L, Griesinger F, Rauch M, Fischer L, Pietsch T, Bamberg M, Weller M. Should whole-brain radiotherapy be considered standard of care in newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma? The G-PCNSL-SG1 randomized phase IV trial. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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von Ammon K, Ausfeld-Hafter B, Baumgartner S, Beck A, von Bonin D, Déglon A, Fischer L, Frei-Erb M, Heusser P, Marian F, Pfister M, Spring B, Thurneysen A, Wolf U. Fifteen years of integrated academic complementary and alternative medicine—From public demand to a unique CAM chair in Bern, Switzerland. Eur J Integr Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2009.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jahnke K, Fischer L, Hummel M, Korfel A, Müller H, Stein H, Thiel E. 8700 Subclinical systemic disease and relapse pattern in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). EJC Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(09)71674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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104
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Fávaro-Moreira NC, Torres-Chávez KE, Fischer L, Tambeli CH. Peripheral estradiol induces temporomandibular joint antinociception in rats by activating the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2009; 164:724-32. [PMID: 19679171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that high physiological estradiol level during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle or systemic estradiol administration in ovariectomized rats decreases formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception. However, the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of estradiol are presently unknown. In this study, we used the temporomandibular joint formalin model in rats to investigate whether estradiol decreases nociception by a peripheral non-genomic mechanism, and if so, whether this mechanism is mediated by the activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway and of opioid receptors. The administration of estradiol into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint significantly reduced formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception in ovariectomized and diestrus but not in proestrus females. However, the administration of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780 into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint blocked the antinociceptive effect of serum estradiol in proestrus females, suggesting that the physiological effect of estradiol in nociception is mediated, at least in part, by a peripheral mechanism. The administration of estradiol into the ipisilateral temporomandibular joint did not affect formalin-induced nociception in male rats. The antinociceptive effect of temporomandibular joint estradiol administration in ovariectomized and diestrus females was mimicked by estradiol conjugated with bovine serum albumin, which does not diffuse through the plasma membrane, and was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. The administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (nitro-l-arginine) or of a guanylate cyclase inhibitor (1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiasolo (4,2-a) quinoxalin-1-one) into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint blocked the antinociceptive effect of estradiol and of estradiol conjugated with bovine serum albumin, while the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone had no effect. These findings suggest that estradiol decreases temporomandibular joint nociception in female rats through a peripheral non-genomic activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway.
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Berends P, Fischer L. Directed enzymatic hydrolysis of plant proteins for in situ flavour enhancement. CHEM-ING-TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200950637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jaindl K, Lutz-Wahl S, Hinrichs J, Fischer L. Kontinuierliche enzymatische Herstellung von Lactulose. CHEM-ING-TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200950305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fischer L, Korfel A, Pfeiffer S, Kiewe P, Volk H, Cakiroglu H, Widmann T, Thiel E. CXCL13 and CXCL12 in central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2071 Background: Homing of malignant lymphocytes to the CNS may play a role in the pathogenesis of CNS lymphoma. Recently, the expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR5 as well as their chemokine ligands CXCL12 and CXCL13 by tumor cells in primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) has been demonstrated. In this study, we evaluated CXCL12 and CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with CNS lymphoma. Methods: Samples from 30 patients with CNS lymphoma (23 with PCNSL and seven with secondary CNS lymphoma) and 40 controls (10 patients with other CNS malignancies and 30 without a malignant CNS disease) were examined. CXCL12 and CXCL13 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The grade of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption was estimated by the CSF/serum albumin ratio. Results: CNS lymphoma patients and controls did not differ in CXCL12 serum and CSF levels. Serum levels of CXCL13 were generally low. CXCL13 CSF levels, however, were high only in CNS lymphoma patients but not in controls (p < 0.0001). Chemokine levels in CSF and serum did not correlate. In CNS lymphoma CXCL13 concentration in CSF correlated with BBB disruption (R = 0.66, p = 0.003). Elevated CSF levels of CXCL12 and CXCL13 measured in seven CNS lymphoma patients decreased in five patients which responded to chemotherapy, and increased in two with lymphoma progression. Conclusions: Our results suggest a production of CXCL13 within the CNS of CNS lymphoma patients which decreases with response to therapy. Thus, CXCL13 may represent a marker for further diagnostic and prognostic studies. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Jacobsen GR, Thompson K, Spivack A, Fischer L, Wong B, Cullen J, Bosia J, Whitcomb E, Lucas E, Talamini M, Horgan S. Initial experience with transvaginal incisional hernia repair. Hernia 2009; 14:89-91. [PMID: 19367443 PMCID: PMC2815291 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-009-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural orifice surgery has evolved from a preclinical setting into a common occurrence at the University of California San Diego (UCSD). With close to 40 transvaginal cases, we have become comfortable with this technique and are exploring other indications. One of the perceived advantages in natural orifice surgery is the potential reduction in the incidence of hernia formation. Patients with abdominal wall hernias may be at increased risk of forming additional hernias at incision sites. In addition, patients with recurrent incisional hernias may, likewise, be at increased risk. We believe that reducing or eliminating abdominal wall incisions may be of benefit in the repair of abdominal wall hernias. Here, we describe what we believe to be the first natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgical (NOTES) approach to the repair of an abdominal wall hernia. METHODS The patient is a 38-year-old female with a painful recurrent umbilical hernia, previously repaired 8 years prior with a polypropylene-based mesh. The patient underwent a transvaginal recurrent umbilical hernia repair with one other 5-mm port in the abdomen for safety. RESULTS The patient had no intraoperative or postoperative complications. At 5 months follow up, the patient had no complaints, no evidence of hernia recurrence, and was very pleased with her result. CONCLUSIONS The repair of primary and incisional hernias of the ventral abdominal wall via a transvaginal approach is technically feasible, and the result of our initial case was exceptional. However, there are still significant obstacles which must be addressed before this approach can be widely utilized. These obstacles include safe entrance into the abdominal cavity via a transvaginal approach, the proper mesh to be placed during the repair, and the risk of infection.
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Knebel P, Fischer L, Huesing J, Hennes R, Büchler MW, Seiler CM. Randomized clinical trial of a modified Seldinger technique for open central venous cannulation for implantable access devices. Br J Surg 2009; 96:159-65. [PMID: 19160366 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Totally implantable access ports (TIAPs) are often used for patients who need permanent venous access. The primary success rate using direct open insertion is about 80 per cent, so rescue strategies are needed. This study compared the primary success rates of standard open insertion and a modified Seldinger technique. METHODS This randomized trial recruited 164 patients scheduled for primary implantation of a TIAP and compared two interventions. The primary endpoint was the success rate of the implantation technique. RESULTS The primary success rates were similar: 66 (80 per cent) of 82 patients who had standard open insertion versus 69 (84 per cent) of 82 patients undergoing the modified Seldinger method (P = 0.686). A logistic mixed regression analysis including treatment group, age, Karnofsky index, body mass index and surgeon's experience showed no advantage for the Seldinger method: odds ratio 1.30 (95 per cent confidence interval 0.62 to 2.70). TIAPs were eventually implanted successfully in 163 (99.4 per cent) of 164 patients. In 11 patients randomized to standard surgery, the Seldinger method was a successful rescue strategy. CONCLUSION The primary success rate was similar for both open insertion methods. The modified Seldinger method is useful if standard open insertion fails. REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN 52368201 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
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Pfister M, Fischer L. [The Treatment of the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS 1 and CRPS 2) of the Upper Limb with Repeated Local Anaesthesia to the Stellate Ganglion.]. PRAXIS 2009; 98:247-257. [PMID: 19266450 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157.98.5.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two female patients were referred to us with a complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) of the upper limb. One patient developed a CRPS type 1 after a radius fracture, the other presented a CRPS type 2 after a wrist trauma with a nerve injury of N. ulnaris. Both patients had progressive pain in spite of medical treatment (NSAID, Gabapentine, Calcitonine), physiotherapy, occupational therapy and osteopathy. In addition to pain they also showed the typical autonomic symptoms like oedema, hyperhidrosis, disturbances of skin colour and temperature and a severely limited motility of wrist and fingers. The clinical symptoms of both types of CRPS are identical and not restricted to the peripheral nerve distribution. The sympathetic nerve system is not only involved in the pain mechanism with reflectory processes in the segment and with the sympathetic afferent coupling, it also takes part in the neuroplasticity and in the neurogenic inflammation. The logical therapeutic intervention is therefore to normalize the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nerve systems with local anaesthetics. This regulation is done with injections to the stellate ganglion if upper limbs are affected (affections of lower limbs are treated with injections to the lumbar sympathetic trunk). Repeated injections to the stellate ganglion caused immediate improvement of pain and other symptoms in both patients.
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Müller-Stich BP, Reiter MA, Mehrabi A, Wente MN, Fischer L, Köninger J, Gutt CN. No relevant difference in quality of life and functional outcome at 12 months' follow-up-a randomised controlled trial comparing robot-assisted versus conventional laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:441-6. [PMID: 19165497 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present randomised pilot trial was designed to compare robot-assisted (RALF) and conventional laparoscopic fundoplication (CLF) focussing on post-operative quality of life (QOL) and functional outcome. Any long-lasting advantages for patients in this regard could be a justification for the use of RALF for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS Forty patients with GERD were randomised to either RALF or to CLF. During a follow-up period of 12 months, patients' QOL and functional outcome were investigated using disease-specific questionnaires. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the mean QOL (1.3 versus 1.1; P = 0.374) and functional outcome (1.27 versus 1.3; P = 0.913) between both groups. Minor side effects such as bloating and persistent diarrhoea were present in four patients of each group. CONCLUSION The present study did not show any benefit for RALF over CLF regarding QOL and functional outcome at 12 months' follow-up.
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Fischer L, Puri A, Sethi R, Dwivedi S, Narain V, Saran R, Puri V. Role of angiographic perfusion score to predict clinical outcomes in ACS patients undergoing PCI. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2009.05.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fischer L, Sterneck M, Broelsch E. Infektiöse Komplikationen nach Lebertransplantation. Visc Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1159/000187612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Fischer L, Martus P, Weller M, Klasen HA, Rohden B, Röth A, Storek B, Hummel M, Nägele T, Thiel E, Korfel A. Meningeal dissemination in primary CNS lymphoma: prospective evaluation of 282 patients. Neurology 2008; 71:1102-8. [PMID: 18824675 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000326958.52546.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of meningeal dissemination in primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is debated, and the reported frequency varies. We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic value of PCR in comparison with CSF cytomorphology and MRI for diagnosing meningeal dissemination in PCNSL. METHODS We evaluated 282 patients from a multicenter therapy study for PCNSL for the presence of meningeal dissemination: 205 with CSF cytomorphology, 171 with PCR of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes in CSF, and 217 with cranial MRI. RESULTS Meningeal dissemination was found in 33 of 205 patients (16%) by cytomorphology, in 19 of 171 (11%) patients evaluated by PCR, and in 8 of 217 patients (4%) by MRI. Considering either of these methods, the relative frequency of meningeal dissemination was 17.4% (49 of 282 patients). PCR was monoclonal in 6 of 19 (32%) samples with positive cytomorphology, 1 of 13 samples (8%) with suspicious cytology, and in 10 of 105 (10%) cytologically negative samples. In 11 samples with positive and 12 with suspicious cytology, PCR showed only a polyclonal pattern. The probability of meningeal dissemination detection was higher in cases with CSF pleocytosis (>5/microL) with an OR of 2.48 (95% CI 1.15-5.34, p = 0.018). CSF protein had no predictive value for meningeal dissemination detection. CONCLUSIONS We found a low rate of meningeal dissemination in primary CNS lymphoma in this large prospective study. The rate of discordant PCR and cytomorphologic results was high. Thus, the methods should be regarded as complementary. CSF pleocytosis had predictive value for meningeal dissemination detection.
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Schäfer WR, Fischer L, Hanjalic-Beck A, Deppert WR, Roth K, Zahradnik HP. Reproduktionstoxikologische Untersuchungen an Gewebe- und Zellkulturen von humanem Endometrium. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Mastbergen SC, Pollmeier M, Fischer L, Vianen ME, Lafeber FPJG. The groove model of osteoarthritis applied to the ovine fetlock joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:919-28. [PMID: 18203630 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Until now there have been no appropriate models for metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis (OA), even though OA in this joint is a significant medical and economic problem in horses. A good model would be useful to evaluate progression and treatment of OA, particularly in this joint. Therefore, we translated the canine Groove model to the ovine metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint. METHOD Cartilage surfaces of the metacarpal side of one fetlock joint were surgically damaged (grooved), followed by intermittent forced loading of the experimental joint. After 15 and 37 weeks, cartilage, synovial tissue and subchondral bone were analyzed by the use of macroscopy, histology, biochemistry and micro-CT. RESULTS Technically, the model was difficult to use because cartilage surfaces were very thin. Nonetheless, all macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical cartilage parameters demonstrated adverse changes in chondrocyte activity and matrix integrity. Decreased proteoglycan content suggested slow progression of cartilage degeneration over time, while synovial inflammation diminished. Impaired subchondral bone quality and osteophyte formation were found. Although osteophyte formation was progressive, subchondral bone changes diminished over time. CONCLUSION The canine Groove model appears to a limited extent transferable to the ovine fetlock joint. However, despite development of adverse changes consistent with early changes of OA, use of the Groove model in the ovine fetlock joint has technical limitations. Using larger animals, such as horses, may significantly improve the technical procedures and with that may provide a more reliable model of metacarpophalangeal OA that is based primarily on intrinsic cartilage damage, appropriate to evaluate the progression and treatment of OA in this particular joint.
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Fischer L, Tambeli C, Parada C. TRPA1-mediated nociception: Response to letter by Reeh. Neuroscience 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Korfel A, Fischer L, Martus P, Weller M, Klasen H, Rohden B, Röth A, Storek B, Hummel M, Thiel E. Prospective evaluation of meningeal involvement in primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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121
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Jahnke K, Korfel A, Bechrakis NE, Willerding G, Kraemer DF, Fischer L, Thiel E. Ifosfamide or trofosfamide in patients with intraocular lymphoma: Final report. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fischer L, Kleeff J, Esposito I, Hinz U, Zimmermann A, Friess H, Büchler MW. Clinical outcome and long-term survival in 118 consecutive patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Br J Surg 2008; 95:627-35. [PMID: 18306152 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to assess the clinical relevance of the World Health Organization and tumour node metastasis (TNM) classifications in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs). METHODS Prospectively collected data from 118 consecutive patients with a pNET receiving surgical intervention were analysed. RESULTS Forty-one patients had well differentiated neuroendocrine tumours, 64 had well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas and 13 had poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Five-year survival rates were 95, 44 and 0 per cent respectively (P < 0.001). There was no difference in survival after R0 and R1/R2 resections in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas (P = 0.905). In those with well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, any resection and having a clinically non-functional tumour significantly increased survival (P = 0.003 and P = 0.037 respectively). The TNM stage was I in 37 patients, II in 15 patients, III in 32 patients and IV in 34 patients. There were significant differences in 5-year survival between stage I and II (88 and 85 per cent respectively) and stage III and IV (31 and 42 per cent respectively) (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION Both classifications accurately reflect the clinical outcome of patients with pNET. The resection status may not be critical for long-term survival in patients with pNET.
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Goubier A, Fuhrmann L, Forest L, Cachet N, Evrad-Blanchard M, Juillard V, Fischer L. Superiority of needle-free transdermal plasmid delivery for the induction of antigen-specific IFNγ T cell responses in the dog. Vaccine 2008; 26:2186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wente M, Fischer L, Seiler C. Rekrutierende multizentrische chirurgische Studien in Deutschland. Chirurg 2008; 79:361-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00104-008-1508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Harps E, Helmke K, Ganschow R, Fischer L, Kemper MJ. Postoperative Intensivtherapie nach kombinierter Leber- und Nierentransplantation (KLNTX). Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1078793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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