Prophylactic intra-arterial administration of fasudil hydrochloride for vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage

PURPOSE

We evaluated patients treated with prophylactic intra-arterial administration of fasudil hydrochloride (IAF) after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between August 1998 and December 2012, 92 patients with aneurysmal SAH were treated with IAF for angiographic vasospasm without ischemic symptoms after their follow-up angiography. Patients comprised 50 women and 42 men, aged 24-83 (mean 56.6) years. IAF consisted of 15 mg of fasudil hydrochloride dissolved in 20 ml physiological saline and injected through a catheter during approximately 15 min, after diagnostic angiography. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge and ischemic lesions resulting from vasospasm were assessed on computed tomography (CT) scan at discharge.

RESULTS

Forty-eight patients underwent surgical clipping and 44 patients underwent endovascular coiling. Angiographic improvement was observed in all patients (100 %). At discharge, 76 (83.0 %) of 92 patients showed good recovery on GOS. Nine patients developed progression of delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DIND) and three of these patients had ischemic lesions on CT scans. No patient had any significant changes in vital signs or any other adverse effects resulting from IAF.

CONCLUSION

IAF therapy was safe and effective for patients with vasospasm following SAH. Prophylactic IAF therapy may prevent symptomatic vasospasm.

Down-regulated expression of monocyte/macrophage major histocompatibility complex receptors in human and mouse monocytes by expression of their ligands

Mouse monocyte/macrophage major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptor 1 (MMR1; or MMR2) specific for H-2D(d) (or H-2K(d) ) molecules is expressed on monocytes from non-H-2D(d) (or non-H-2K(d) ), but not those from H-2D(d) (or H-2K(d) ), inbred mice. The MMR1 and/or MMR2 is essential for the rejection of H-2D(d) - and/or H-2K(d) -transgenic mouse skin onto C57BL/6 (H-2D(b) K(b) ) mice. Recently, we found that human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B44 was the sole ligand of human MMR1 using microbeads that had been conjugated with 80 types of HLA class I molecules covering 94·2% (or 99·4%) and 92·4% (or 96·2%) of HLA-A and B molecules of Native Americans (or Japanese), respectively. In the present study, we also explored the ligand specificity of human MMR2 using microbeads. Microbeads coated with HLA-A32, HLA-B13 or HLA-B62 antigens bound specifically to human embryonic kidney (HEK)293T or EL-4 cells expressing human MMR2 and to the solubilized MMR2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein; and MMR2(+) monocytes from a volunteer bound HLA-B62 molecules with a Kd of 8·7 × 10(-9)  M, implying a three times down-regulation of MMR2 expression by the ligand expression. H-2K(d) (or H-2D(d) ) transgene into C57BL/6 mice down-regulated not only MMR2 (or MMR1) but also MMR1 (or MMR2) expression, leading to further down-regulation of MMR expression. In fact, monocytes from two (i.e. MMR1(+) /MMR2(+) and MMR1(-) /MMR2(-) ) volunteers bound seven to nine types of microbeads among 80, indicating ≤ 10 types of MMR expression on monocytes. The physiological role of constitutive MMRs on monocytes possibly towards allogeneic (e.g. fetal) cells in the blood appears to be distinct from that of inducible MMRs on macrophages toward allografts in tissue.

Development of an antibacterial root canal filling system containing MDPB

An antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinum bromide (MDPB)-containing experimental, chemically cured primer was prepared to develop a new resin-based root canal filling system. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of the MDPB-containing primer (experimental primer [EP]) against Enterococcus faecalis and assessed the in vitro bonding and sealing abilities of the filling system, consisting of EP and a Bis-GMA-based sealer resin. Antibacterial effects of EP were evaluated by contact with planktonic or adherent bacteria for 30 or 60 sec, and the viable bacterial number was counted. The antibacterial effects against E. faecalis in dentinal tubules were also assessed, according to a root canal infection model. Bonding and sealing abilities of the experimental filling system were examined by microtensile bond strength tests and leakage tests based on fluid filtration methods. Significantly greater reduction in viable bacteria in planktonic and adherent form was obtained by short-period contact with EP compared with the control primer (without MDPB) or with the proprietary (Epiphany) primer (p < .05). Significantly greater bactericidal effects of the EP inside the dentinal tubule of root, as opposed to the control primer or Epiphany primer, were confirmed according to a root canal infection model (p < .05), and 100% killing of E. faecalis could be obtained by the application of EP after irrigation with a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. The experimental endodontic filling system demonstrated significantly greater bond strength to root dentin than Epiphany sealer system (Epiphany primer and Epiphany Root Canal Sealant; p < .05), showing formation of resin tags and a hybridized layer. Leakage tests clarified that the experimental system provided excellent sealing. This study confirmed that the MDPB-containing experimental antibacterial primer has the ability to effectively disinfect the root canal. Additionally, the experimental root canal filling system employing this primer and the Bis-GMA-based sealer resin is useful for achieving good sealing, suggesting its possible benefit for successful endodontic treatments.

Determination of a High Potential Barrier Hindering Internal Rotation from the Ground State Spectrum

We present an analysis of the rotational spectrum of ethylchloride-35Cl in the ground state. The 35Cl-hfs analysis was extended and the barrier to internal rotation determined from narrow splittings of high J-transitions.

Uptake and Accumulation of Exogenous Docosahexaenoic Acid by Chlorella

Tuna oil or its hydrolysate was added to a culture of Chlorella for its nutritional fortification as a feed for rotifer. Exogenous docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in its free form was taken up by the cells of Chlorella vulgaris strain K-22 and by other strains, but tuna oil was not taken up by the cells. Accumulated DHA was found by electron microscopy in the cells in oil droplets. All strains of Chlorella used in these experiments took up exogenous DHA into the cells. It seems that the structure of the cell wall did not affect the uptake of DHA into the Chlorella cells.

Effects of the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms

AIMS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) on established biofilms and biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Biofilm cell survival was measured using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence. In the presence of EGCg, the ATP level in cells of established biofilms was significantly decreased compared to the controls (P < 0·0001). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that EGCg damaged the cell membrane and cell wall of P. gingivalis. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy revealed that the proportion of dead cells was higher in biofilms treated with EGCg. Moreover, the effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of EGCg on P. gingivalis biofilm formation were dose-dependent (P < 0·0001).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that EGCg destroys established P. gingivalis biofilms and inhibits biofilm formation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Development of chemical control agents against oral biofilms is necessary, because oral biofilms can be only removed using mechanical debridement. This article indicates that EGCg may represent a novel antibiofilm agent that prevents infections involving bacterial biofilms such as periodontitis.