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Abstract
In engineering situations, we usually have a large amount of prior knowledge that needs to be taken into account when processing data. Traditionally, the Bayesian approach is used to process data in the presence of prior knowledge. Sometimes, when we apply the traditional Bayesian techniques to engineering data, we get inconsistencies between the data and prior knowledge. These inconsistencies are usually caused by the fact that in the traditional approach, we assume that we know the exact sample values, that the prior distribution is exactly known, etc. In reality, the data is imprecise due to measurement errors, the prior knowledge is only approximately known, etc. So, a natural way to deal with the seemingly inconsistent information is to take this imprecision into account in the Bayesian approach - e.g., by using fuzzy techniques. In this paper, we describe several possible scenarios for fuzzifying the Bayesian approach. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between the estimated imprecise parameters. In this paper, to implement the corresponding fuzzy versions of the Bayesian formulas, we use straightforward computations of the related expression - which makes our computations reasonably time-consuming. Computations in the traditional (non-fuzzy) Bayesian approach are much faster - because they use algorithmically efficient reformulations of the Bayesian formulas. We expect that similar reformulations of the fuzzy Bayesian formulas will also drastically decrease the computation time and thus, enhance the practical use of the proposed methods.
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Weidemann F, Niemann M, Störk S, Breunig F, Beer M, Sommer C, Herrmann S, Ertl G, Wanner C. Long-term outcome of enzyme-replacement therapy in advanced Fabry disease: evidence for disease progression towards serious complications. J Intern Med 2013; 274:331-41. [PMID: 23586858 PMCID: PMC4282332 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term effects of enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) in Fabry disease are unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether ERT in patients with advanced Fabry disease affects progression towards 'hard' clinical end-points in comparison with the natural course of the disease. METHODS A total of 40 patients with genetically proven Fabry disease (mean age 40 ± 9 years; n = 9 women) were treated prospectively with ERT for 6 years. In addition, 40 subjects from the Fabry Registry, matched for age, sex, chronic kidney disease stage and previous transient ischaemic attack (TIA), served as a comparison group. The main outcome was a composite of stroke, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death. Secondary outcomes included changes in myocardial left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and replacement fibrosis, change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), new TIA and change in neuropathic pain. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.0 years (bottom and top quartiles: 5.1, 7.2), 15 events occurred in 13 patients (n = 7 deaths, n = 4 cases of ESRD and n = 4 strokes). Sudden death occurred (n = 6) only in patients with documented ventricular tachycardia and myocardial replacement fibrosis. The annual progression of myocardial LV fibrosis in the entire cohort was 0.6 ± 0.7%. As a result, posterior end-diastolic wall thinning was observed (baseline, 13.2 ± 2.0 mm; follow-up, 11.4 ± 2.1 mm; P < 0.01). GFR decreased by 2.3 ± 4.6 mL min(-1) per year. Three patients experienced a TIA. The major clinical symptom was neuropathic pain (n = 37), and this symptom improved in 25 patients. The event rate was not different between the ERT group and the untreated (natural history) group of the Fabry Registry. CONCLUSION Despite ERT, clinically meaningful events including sudden cardiac death continue to develop in patients with advanced Fabry disease.
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Kalmar P, Hauer A, Petnehazy T, Beer M, Wießpeiner UJ, Riccabona M. Ungewöhnlich große, segmental zirkuläre, vaskuläre Malformation des Ileums bei weiblichem Kleinkind. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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104
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Wießpeiner UJ, Kalmar P, Pilhatsch A, Lackner H, Trop M, Wanz U, Beer M, Riccabona M. Gluteale Verätzung als seltene Komplikation im Rahmen einer Magnetresonanz-Untersuchung in Narkose. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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105
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Gübitz M, Hubmann H, Sorantin E, Beer M, Riccabona M. Zwilling mit dysplastischer linker Niere bei Schimmelpenning-Syndrom. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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106
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Wech T, Pickl W, Tran-Gia J, Ritter C, Beer M, Hahn D, Köstler H. Whole-heart cine MRI in a single breath-hold--a compressed sensing accelerated 3D acquisition technique for assessment of cardiac function. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013; 186:37-41. [PMID: 23996623 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1350521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to perform functional MR imaging of the whole heart in a single breath-hold using an undersampled 3 D trajectory for data acquisition in combination with compressed sensing for image reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements were performed using an SSFP sequence on a 3 T whole-body system equipped with a 32-channel body array coil. A 3 D radial stack-of-stars sampling scheme was utilized enabling efficient undersampling of the k-space and thereby accelerating data acquisition. Compressed sensing was applied for the reconstruction of the missing data. A validation study was performed based on a fully sampled dataset acquired by standard Cartesian cine imaging of 2 D slices on a healthy volunteer. The results were investigated with regard to systematic errors and resolution losses possibly introduced by the developed reconstruction. Subsequently, the proposed technique was applied for in-vivo functional cardiac imaging of the whole heart in a single breath-hold of 27 s. The developed technique was tested on three healthy volunteers to examine its reproducibility. RESULTS By means of the results of the simulation (temporal resolution: 47 ms, spatial resolution: 1.4 × 1.4 × 8 mm, 3 D image matrix: 208 × 208 × 10), an overall acceleration factor of 10 has been found where the compressed sensing reconstructed image series shows only very low systematic errors and a slight in-plane resolution loss of 15 %. The results of the in-vivo study (temporal resolution: 40.5 ms, spatial resolution: 2.1 × 2.1 × 8 mm, 3 D image matrix: 224 × 224 × 12) performed with an acceleration factor of 10.7 confirm the overall good image quality of the presented technique for undersampled acquisitions. CONCLUSION The combination of 3 D radial data acquisition and model-based compressed sensing reconstruction allows high acceleration factors enabling cardiac functional imaging of the whole heart within only one breath-hold. The image quality in the simulated dataset and the in-vivo measurement highlights the great potential of the presented technique for an efficient assessment of cardiac functional parameters.
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Moennig V, Becher P, Beer M. Classical swine fever. DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICALS 2013; 135:167-74. [PMID: 23689894 DOI: 10.1159/000178522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever is a serious and economically important transboundary disease threatening pig production globally. The infection may occur in backyard pigs, feral pig populations and domestic pigs. Whereas there are proven control strategies for the latter pig population, control in backyard pigs with poor biosecurity settings or in wild boar populations of high density still poses a problem in some parts of the world. Laboratory diagnostic methods, efficacious vaccines and contingency plans are in place in most industrialised countries. So far modified live vaccines (MLV) are still the first choice for rapid and reliable immune protection. Since antibodies elicited by conventional MLV cannot be distinguished from antibodies after natural infection, considerable efforts are put into the development of a live marker vaccine accompanied by a serological test. Nevertheless, some remaining gaps with respect to the diagnosis of and vaccination against classical swine fever have been identified.
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Beer M. Modern-MRI von Herz und Gefäß. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1346101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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109
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Beer M. Große Gefäße inklusive Anlagevarianten. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1346135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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110
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Neubauer H, Silwedel C, Wirth C, Beer M, Pabst T, Hahn D. Das eingeblutete Lymphangiom in der diffusionsgewichteten MRT: Differentialdiagnostik der sonografisch echogenen Raumforderung. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1346210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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111
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most common cause of death from skin cancer. Wide surgical excision of localized melanoma in its primary stages remains the main curative therapy. Identifying patients at an early tumour stage is therefore one of the most significant steps for treatment. In the last decades, molecular pathology rapidly established itself in melanoma research. We present new molecular methods, their significance and their application, especially focusing on BRAF( V600) mutation and BRAF-inhibiting tumor targeting therapy. Resistance to tumor targeting therapies and cell line experiments, which have evidenced a sub population with stem cell properties, illustrate melanoma heterogeneity. Efforts to develop drugs that target more than a single target gene are currently underway.
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Conraths FJ, Peters M, Beer M. Schmallenberg virus, a novel orthobunyavirus infection in ruminants in Europe: potential global impact and preventive measures. N Z Vet J 2012; 61:63-7. [PMID: 23215779 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2012.738403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In autumn 2011, Schmallenberg virus was the first orthobunyavirus detected in Europe. The virus belongs to the Simbu serogroup. Like other orthobunyaviruses, it is apparently transmitted by arthropod vectors, primarily by biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Ruminants and new-world camelids (alpacas) are susceptible to infection. Adult animals may develop mild disease, if any. However, transplacental infection can lead to severe congenital malformations such asarthrogryposis, malformation of the vertebral column (kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis, torticollis) and of the skull (macrocephaly, brachygnathia inferior) as well as variable malformations of the brain (hydranencephaly, porencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, hypoplasia of the brain stem) and of the spinal cord in lambs, goat kids and calves. The infection spread rapidly over large parts of North-Western Europe. Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom were affected in the transmission season 2011/2012. The disease has re-emerged, at least in France, Germany and the United Kingdom during the vector-active season in 2012 and recently spread to Austria, Finland, Poland, Switzerland and Sweden. It remains to be seen whether the infection will establish permanently in the affected area. Measures have been proposed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to help countries free from Schmallenberg virus to avoid the introduction of the infection without imposing inappropriate trade barriers. The aim of this article is to provide a state-of-the-art review on Schmallenberg virus 1 year after its first detection.
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Eblé PL, Geurts Y, Quak S, Moonen-Leusen HW, Blome S, Hofmann MA, Koenen F, Beer M, Loeffen WLA. Efficacy of chimeric Pestivirus vaccine candidates against classical swine fever: protection and DIVA characteristics. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:437-446. [PMID: 23238022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently no live DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccines against classical swine fever (CSF) are available. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chimeric pestivirus vaccine candidates (CP7_E2alf, Flc11 and Flc9) are able to protect pigs against clinical signs, and to reduce virus shedding and virus transmission, after a challenge with CSF virus (CSFV), 7 or 14 days after a single intramuscular vaccination. In these vaccine candidates, either the E2 or the E(rns) encoding genome region of a bovine viral diarrhoea virus strain were combined with a cDNA copy of CSFV or vice versa. Furthermore, currently available serological DIVA tests were evaluated. The vaccine candidates were compared to the C-strain. All vaccine candidates protected against clinical signs. No transmission to contact pigs was detected in the groups vaccinated with C-strain, CP7_E2alf and Flc11. Limited transmission occurred in the groups vaccinated with Flc9. All vaccine candidates would be suitable to stop on-going transmission of CSFV. For Flc11, no reliable differentiation was possible with the current E(rns)-based DIVA test. For CP7_E2alf, the distribution of the inhibition percentages was such that up to 5% false positive results may be obtained in a large vaccinated population. For Flc9 vaccinated pigs, the E2 ELISA performed very well, with an expected 0.04% false positive results in a large vaccinated population. Both CP7_E2alf and Flc9 are promising candidates to be used as live attenuated marker vaccines against CSF, with protection the best feature of CP7_E2alf, and the DIVA principle the best feature of Flc9.
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Neubauer H, Evangelista L, Prelog M, Koestler H, Hahn D, Beer M. Kontrastmittelfreie Synovialitis-Bildgebung mit diffusionsgewichteter MRT: erste Ergebnisse. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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115
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Wirth C, Beissert A, Beer M. Wertigkeit der funktionellen MR-Urografie in der klinischen Routine. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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116
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Platzer I, Beissert A, Beer M, Wirth C. Off-label Einsatz von SonoVue in der Miktionsurosonografie (MUS) – Kontrastmittelsicherheit. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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117
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Hiemer P, Klotz D, Wirth C, Beer M. Qualitative und semiquantitative sonographische Elastografie der Schilddrüse – erste Ergebnisse. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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118
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Neubauer H, Hassold N, Winkler B, Kreissl MC, Koestler H, Hahn D, Beer M. Ins Schwarze treffen mit Diffusionsbildgebung: auch bei Rhabdomyosarkommetastasen in den extraokulären Augenmuskeln. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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119
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Damiani AM, Kalthoff D, Beer M, Müller E, Osterrieder N. Serological survey in dogs and cats for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:549-52. [PMID: 22898303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A serological survey for the detection of antibodies to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was carried out in a population of dogs and cats in Germany. A total of 1150 sera collected in 2010 and 2011 were screened using an ELISA targeting anti-nucleoprotein NP antibodies. Those initially screened positive samples were subsequently tested for antibodies to N1 neuraminidase followed by a virus neutralization test using A/Bayern/74/2009 strain. A prevalence of A(H1N1)pdm09-specific antibodies of 0.13% and 1.93% was estimated among dogs and cats, respectively. Evidence of exposure to other influenza A virus subtypes was also observed.
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Petritsch B, Köstler H, Machann W, Horn M, Weng A, Goltz J, Hahn D, Niemann M, Weidemann F, Wanner C, Beer M. Non-invasive Determination of Myocardial Lipid Content in Fabry Disease by 1H-MR Spectroscopy. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012; 184:1020-5. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1313059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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121
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Globig A, Fereidouni SR, Harder TC, Grund C, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC, Starick E. Consecutive natural influenza a virus infections in sentinel mallards in the evident absence of subtype-specific hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:395-402. [PMID: 22816511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dabbling ducks, particularly Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) have been frequently and consistently reported to play a pivotal role as a reservoir of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV). From October 2006 to November 2008, hand-raised Mallard ducks kept at a pond in an avifaunistically rich area of Southern Germany served as sentinel birds in the AIV surveillance programme in Germany. The pond was regularly visited by several species of dabbling ducks. A flock of sentinel birds, consisting of the same 16 individual birds during the whole study period, was regularly tested virologically and serologically for AIV infections. Swab samples were screened by RT-qPCR and, if positive, virus was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Serum samples were tested by the use of competitive ELISA and hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay. Sequences of full-length hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes were phylogenetically analysed. Four episodes of infections with Eurasian-type AIV occurred in August (H6N8), October/November (H3N2, H2N3) 2007, in January (H3N2) and September (H3N8) 2008. The HA and NA genes of the H3N2 viruses of October 2007 and January 2008 were almost identical rendering the possibility of a re-introduction of that virus from the environment of the sentinel flock highly likely. The HA of the H3N8 virus of September 2008 belonged to a different cluster. As a correlate of the humoral immune response, titres of nucleocapsid protein-specific antibodies fluctuated in correlation with the course of AIV infection episodes. However, no specific systemic response of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies could be demonstrated even if homologous viral antigens were used. Besides being useful as early indicators for the circulation of influenza viruses in a specific region, the sentinel ducks also contributed to gaining insights into the ecobiology of AIV infection in aquatic wild birds.
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Platzer IA, Neubauer H, Beer M. [Tracking juvenile colonic polyps with hydro-sonograph and hydro-MRI]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012; 184:744-5. [PMID: 22661386 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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123
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Neubauer H, Platzer I, Deinlein F, Schlegel PG, Köstler H, Hahn D, Beer M. Diffusionsgewichtete MRT bei pädiatrischen muskuloskelettalen Tumoren: erste Ergebnisse. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1311245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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124
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Beer M. Late Gadolinium Enhancement und T1 Mapping. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1310993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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125
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Neubauer H, Wirth C, Morbach H, Prelog M, Köstler H, Hahn D, Beer M. Knochenmarködem und Synovialitis in der diffusionsgewichteten MRT bei pädiatrischen Patienten. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1311246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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