Millimeter-sized Bi2S3@polyacrylonitrile hybrid beads for highly efficient iodine capture

Chemisorption of iodine by forming BiI₃was the main capturing mechanism of Bi₂S₃@PAN for iodine.

Chyme Reinfusion Is Associated with Lower Rate of Postoperative Ileus in Crohn's Disease Patients After Stoma Closure

BACKGROUND

The rate of postoperative ileus following stoma closure is high in patients with Crohn's disease and temporary enterostomy.

AIMS

To evaluate the effect of chyme reinfusion on postoperative outcomes including ileus in these patients.

METHODS

Patients were screened from January 2012 to December 2017 and divided into chyme reinfusion group (n = 33) and non-chyme reinfusion group (n = 84). The following 30-day postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses and propensity score matching were performed to identify risk factors for these postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS

The incidence of postoperative ileus was significantly lower in the chyme reinfusion than in non-chyme reinfusion group, which had been confirmed by the results after matching (3/26 vs 11/26, p = 0.012). The rate of postoperative diarrhea was significantly lower in the chyme reinfusion group compared with non-chyme reinfusion group, whereas the difference was not significant after matching (2/26 vs 6/26, p = 0.191). Additionally, the postoperative length of stay was significantly shorter in the chyme reinfusion than in non-chyme reinfusion group before and after propensity score matching. In the multivariate analysis, chyme reinfusion was an independent protective factor for postoperative ileus (odds ratio 0.218; 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.95; p = 0.042) and for postoperative length of stay (coefficient - 0.191; 95% confidence interval - 0.350 to - 0.032, p = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

Chyme reinfusion was associated with lower rate of postoperative ileus and shorter length of stay following stoma closure in Crohn's patients with temporary ileostomy. Further randomized clinical trial between patients with or without chyme reinfusion was needed to confirm these conclusions.

Insight into the Adsorption-Interaction Mechanism of Cr(VI) at the Silica Adsorbent Surface by Evanescent Wave Measurement

The investigation of adsorption performance at the adsorbent surface can help to reveal the treatment mechanism and improve the treatment efficiency of adsorption technology for heavy metal ions (HMIs). This work developed a methodology to investigate the adsorption behavior of HMI Cr(VI) at the silica surface by confined near-field evanescent wave (CNFEW) measurement. A silica optical fiber (SOF) was used as the adsorption substrate and light waveguide element to integrate both Cr(VI) adsorption and CNFEW production on its surface. According to the sensitive CNFEW response, the adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) was in situ monitored and real-time evaluated. The thermodynamic information of adsorption equilibrium constant (K_ads) and adsorption free energy (ΔG) and dynamic information of the apparent adsorption rate (v_ads) and adsorption time (t_ads) were obtained through Langmuir isotherm and kinetic fitting, respectively. Different reaction performances between Cr(VI) and adsorption sites were successfully differentiated, evaluated, and characterized. A site-decided-mechanism was therefore presented to describe the surface interaction process for Cr(VI), which including fast adsorption on type I Si-O^- site through electrostatic attraction with [Formula: see text] and slow adsorption on type II Si-OH site through coordinative interaction with ΔG_SiOH-Cr(VI)^II = -26.18 kJ mol^-1. The adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) at the SOF silica surface was furthermore verified by zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared investigation, and fluorescence imaging. Unlike conventional ex situ or in bulk detection, the present CNFEW-based approach targets the "localized" adsorption of Cr(VI) adsorbed to the solid adsorbent surface. Consequently, our work favorably constructs a surface platform and provides new insights on understanding the adsorption mechanism for HMIs.

Quantum yields of singlet oxygen of tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin in different solvents

The singlet oxygen quantum yields of photosensitizers in different solvents are very important for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, we investigated the singlet oxygen quantum yields of tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) in various solvents by the iodide method. Results indicate that TCPP has different singlet oxygen formation efficiency in different solvents. When compared to TCPP dissolved in water, TCPP showed higher singlet oxygen yields in methanol and ethanol, but lower singlet oxygen yields in DMF under identical conditions. In particular, TCPP rapidly precipitated in acetone after potassium iodide added in the solution. The salting out effect of TCPP by potassium iodide in acetone was confirmed by re-dissolving the precipitation in water and the characteristic absorption of TCPP was measured. The phenomenon of salting out for TCPP in acetone suggests that acetone is not a good solvent for singlet oxygen generation when evaluated by the iodide method.

In Situ Measurement of Depletion Caused by SDBS Micelles on the Surface of Silica Particles Using Optical Tweezers

Dual-trap optical tweezers have been used to directly measure the interaction forces between two silica particles upon controlling the concentration of the ionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). By capturing two silica particles in one spot optical trap and one linear optical trap and controlling the linear trap to bring one particle to approach another sufficiently closer, the interaction forces between these two particles can be measured as the separation distance changes. Results showed that with increasing concentrations of SDBS, the interaction force between the two silica particles emerges at closer surface distance between two silica particles. Only repulsive force exists between silica particles below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of SDBS and it could be well-fitted using the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. However, the depletion attraction force appears above the cmc of SDBS which is induced by the generation of SDBS micelles. By in situ measurement of the interaction force between two silica particles in the presence of different concentrations of SDBS, the depletion force can be quantitatively calculated.

Alternatively spliced down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) controls innate immunity in crab

Alternatively-spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding molecules, called Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), have been widely detected as components of the arthropod immune system. Although its ability to specifically bind pathogens and enable phagocytosis of bacteria has been elucidated, the signal transduction mechanisms or effectors that activate post-Dscam-binding pathogens remain poorly characterized. Here, we reveal the alternative splicing exons of Dscam's cytoplasmic tail and its isoforms in the hemocytes of crab (Eriocheir sinensis), showing that the expression of Dscam was acutely induced after an immune challenge, which suggested its functioning for innate immunity. Significantly decreased expression levels of antimicrobial molecular peptides (AMPs) were detected in Dscam-silenced crab hemocytes in vitro, which coincided with their vulnerability to infection by Staphylococcus aureus and higher bacterial concentrations occurring in Dscam-silenced crabs in vivo Further experimental investigation demonstrated that Dscam-regulated AMP expression via the Src homology (SH)3-binding domain in the first constant exon translated protein of the cytoplasmic tail bound with the SH3 domain of the Dock, an SH3/SH2 adaptor protein required for axon guidance. Dock promoted extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation via indirect binding and then regulated dorsal phosphorylation and translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, subsequently promoting AMP expression for the effective removal of bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this comprehensive study is the first to highlight the critical role of the alternatively-spliced Dscam cytoplasmic tail in antimicrobial control activity. It also suggests possible cross-talk occurring between Dscam and other pattern recognition receptors.

Developmental neurotoxicity of reserpine exposure in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio)

Reserpine is widely used for treatment of hypertension and schizophrenia. As a specific inhibitor of monoamine transporters, reserpine is known to deplete monoamine neurotransmitters and cause decreased movement symptoms. However, how zebrafish larvae respond to reserpine treatment is not well studied. Here we show that swimming distance and average velocity are significantly reduced after reserpine exposure under various stimulatory conditions. Using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis, decreased levels of monoamines (e.g. dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) were detected in reserpine-treated larvae. Moreover, reserpine treatment significantly reduced the number of dopaminergic neurons, which was identified with th (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) in situ hybridization in the preoptic area. Interestingly, dopaminergic neuron development-associated genes, such as otpa, otpb, wnt1, wnt3, wnt5 and manf, were downregulated in reserpine treated larvae. Our data indicates that 2 mg/L reserpine exposure induces dopaminergic neuron damage in the brain, demonstrating a chemical induced depression-like model in zebrafish larvae for future drug development.

Entry of Challenge Virus Standard (CVS) -11 into N2a cells via a clathrin-mediated, cholesterol-, dynamin-, pH-dependent endocytic pathway

Background

Rabies virus (RABV), a member of Lyssavirus of Rhabdoviridae family, is a kind of negative-strand RNA virus. The zoonosis caused by RABV leads to high mortality in animals and humans. Though with the extensive investigation, the mechanisms of RABV entry into cells have not been well characterized.

Methods

Chemical inhibitors and RNA interference (RNAi) were used to analysis RABV internalization pathway. The expression level of viral N protein was examined by quantitative PCR and western blot, and the virus infection in the cells was visualized by fluorescence microscopy.

Results

We firstly examined the endocytosis pathway of the challenge virus standard (CVS) -11 strain in N2a cells. Chlorpromazine treatment and knockdown of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) significantly reduced viral entry, which proved clathrin was required. Meanwhile neither nystatin nor knocking down caveolin-1 (Cav1) in N2a cells had an effect on CVS-11 infection, suggesting that caveolae was independent for CVS-11 internalization. And when cholesterol of cell membrane was extracted by MβCD, viral infection was strongly impacted. Additionally by using the specific inhibitor dynasore and ammonium chloride, we verified that dynamin and a low-pH environment were crucial for RABV infection, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that CVS-11 entered N2a cells through a clathrin-mediated, cholesterol-, pH-, dynamin-required, and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1186-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibition attenuates the portal hypertensive syndrome via modulation of mesenteric angiogenesis and arterial hyporeactivity in rats

AIM

NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays key roles in the development of portal hypertension (PHT) and represents a potential therapeutic method. The objective of this study was to investigate whether pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity could ameliorate PHT in rats.

METHOD

PHT model was established by partial portal vein ligation (PPVL). Rats were treated with 30 mg/kg GKT137831 (the most specific Nox1/4 inhibitor) or vehicle daily by gavage for 14 days beginning at the day of PPVL or sham operation (SO). Hemodynamics, severity of portal-systemic shunting, vascular contractility, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR-2, CD31, AKT, phospho-AKT (p-AKT, at Ser473), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and phospho-eNOS (p-eNOS, at Ser1177) expressions were evaluated. Nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative stress in mesenteric arteries, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both mesenteric tissues and arteries were measured.

RESULT

Inhibition of NOX1/4 with GKT137831 significantly decreased cardiac index, increased portal flow resistance, reduced portal pressure (PP), portal blood flow, mesenteric angiogenesis and portal-systemic shunting (PSS) in PPVL rats. GKT137831 reduced the production of H2O2, down regulated mesenteric angiogenesis markers (CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGFR-2 expression. Compared with controls), the mesenteric artery contraction to norepinephrine (NE) was impaired in PPVL rats, which was reversed by exposure to GKT137831. In addition, GKT137831 markedly decrease NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production in mesenteric arteries, and reduced NO production by decreasing the level of phosphor-AKT and eNOS.

CONCLUSION

Inhibition of NOX1/4 decreased PP, ameliorated hyperdynamic circulation, mesenteric angiogenesis and arterial hyporesonse in portal hypertensive rats. Pharmacological inhibition of NOX1/4 activity may be a potential treatment for PHT-related complications.

Identification of volatile compounds and odour activity values in quinoa porridge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

BACKGROUND

Quinoa porridge is becoming popular among Asian for its nutritional values; hence, it is important to understand its aroma characteristics.

RESULTS

Volatile compounds in porridge of 30 quinoa varieties were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with headspace-solid phase micro-extraction. In total, 53 volatile compounds were detected and grouped into 14 alkanals, four alcohols, seven ketones, 10 alkanes, 10 acids and esters, and eight heterocycles. The relative content of alkanes (22.97%), acids and esters (44.33%) was comparatively high, although alkanals (11.75%) may dominate the aroma. Most of the compounds were similar with respect to types and numbers, although they varied in amount, whereas 11 compounds varied significantly among different varieties. The 30 varieties could be divided into eight groups based on the concentrations of volatile compounds, although the same varieties would be divided into four groups if based on the relative odour activity values of twelve variable aroma compounds.

CONCLUSION

Nine compounds were identified as the main contributors to the quinoa porridge aroma, including hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, nonanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one. Heptanal, benzeneacetaldehyde and decanal may play roles in harmonizing the overall aroma. It is also interesting to note that 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, with a slightly fatty aroma, showed a high content in all varieties. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preparation of a selective flocculant for treatment of oily wastewater produced from polymer flooding and its flocculant mechanism

There are residual polymers in the oily wastewater produced from polymer flooding (OWPF); keeping the residual polymer in the water during the flocculation is meaningful and challenging. In this paper, a selective flocculant (denoted as PDC10) which can remove the oil while keeping partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) in water was prepared by copolymerization of decyl two methyl vinylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C10MVBA) and dimethyl aminopropyl methacryamide (DMAPMA). By using oil removal and HPAM retention as evaluation indexes, the synthesis condition of PDC10 was optimized. The optimum PDC10 exhibited oil removal of 98.0% and HPAM retention of 80.5%. Its HPAM retention is much higher than that of a regular cationic flocculant. Measurements of zeta potential, interfacial tension, interfacial dilational modulus and a dual polarization interferometry (DPI) test were carried out for investigating the flocculation mechanism of PDC10. The mechanism of PDC10 was that it can bridge and flocculate oil droplets by electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction. It also preferred to distribute at the interface, and its interaction with HPAM in bulk water was weak, which confirms its selective flocculation properties.

Long noncoding RNA TSPOAP1 antisense RNA 1 negatively modulates type I IFN signaling to facilitate influenza A virus replication

Although the expression of thousands of host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be regulated by viral infection, the number of lncRNAs with experimentally verified function is limited. In this study, the expression of host lncRNA TSPOAP1-AS1 was significantly induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, also increased TSPOAP1-AS1 expression. RNA fractionation revealed that TSPOAP1-AS1 was a nucleocytoplasmic lncRNA, and an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was detected after IAV infection. The nuclear factor-κB signaling acting as a critical factor in the transcription of TSPOAP1-AS1 was determined through the use of pharmacological and genetic approaches. Functionally, overexpression of TSPOAP1-AS1 resulted in a significant increase in IAV replication. In contrast, the abolition of TSPOAP1-AS1 by RNA interference restricted viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TSPOAP1-AS1 negatively modulated the IAV-induced Ifnb1 transcription, interferon-sensitive response element (ISRE) activation, and downstream interferon-stimulated genes expression. Collectively, our data provides evidence for the host lncRNA utilized by viruses to support its replication.

Dietary nucleotides can directly stimulate the immunity of zebrafish independent of the intestinal microbiota

In this study, we firstly tested the effects of dietary nucleotides on the disease resistance and innate immunity of zebrafish. Further, we investigated the role of intestinal microbiota in the nucleotides-induced immunostimulatory effect by using a germ-free zebrafish model and microbiota transfer technique. Fish were fed control or nucleotides (NT)-supplemented diets (at 0.05%,0.1%, 0.15% or 0.2%, m/m) for 4 weeks, followed by immersion challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-1. The results showed that 0.1% NT group enhanced the resistance of zebrafish against A. hydrophila infection. We further observed that the relative expressions of mucin, claudin16, occlusin1, hepcidin, defensin beta-like, myeloperoxidase (Mpo), and serum amyloid A (Saa) increased in the 0.1% NT group compared with control (P < 0.05), indicating that dietary nucleotides enhanced the physical barrier and mucosal immunity in the intestine of zebrafish. Moreover, ROS level in the head kidney was significantly increased in NT fed zebrafish versus control (P < 0.05), indicating enhanced systematic immunity. Furthermore, dietary NT significantly elevated the relative expressions of mpo, saa and the ROS activity in germ-free zebrafish, while germ-free zebrafish colonized with NT-altered microbiota had no significant difference in the relative expressions of mpo, saa and the ROS activity compared with the control microbiota-colonized fish, suggesting that the immunostimulatory effect of dietary NT is mediated by direct action of NT and does not involve the microbiota. Consistently, dietary NT can protect germ-free zebrafish from pathogenic infection, whereas germ-free zebrafish colonized with NT microbiota showed no difference in disease resistance compared with control microbiota colonized counterparts. Together, these results indicated that the immunostimulatory and disease protection effect of dietary nucleotides in zebrafish was mediated by direct action of the nucleotides, and does not involve the intestinal microbiota.

Role of PUMA in the methamphetamine-induced migration of microglia

In this study, we demonstrated that PUMA was involved in the microglial migration induced by methamphetamine. PUMA expression was examined by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. BV2 and HAPI cells were pretreated with a sigma-1R antagonist and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitors, and PUMA expression was detected by western blotting. The cell migration in BV2 and HAPI cells transfected with a lentivirus encoding red fluorescent protein (LV-RFP) was also examined using a wound-healing assay and nested matrix model and cell migration assay respectively. The molecular mechanisms of PUMA in microglial migration were validated using a siRNA approach. The exposure of BV2 and HAPI cells to methamphetamine increased the expression of PUMA, reactive oxygen species (ROS), the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways and the downstream transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways. PUMA knockdown in microglia transfected with PUMA siRNA attenuated the increased cell migration induced by methamphetamine, thereby implicating PUMA in the migration of BV2 and HAPI cells. This study demonstrated that methamphetamine-induced microglial migration involved PUMA up-regulation. Targeting PUMA could provide insights into the development of a potential therapeutic approach for the alleviation of microglia migration induced by methamphetamine.

Gas-Sensing Mechanism of Silica with Photonic Bandgap Shift

Two physical models, the replacing model and the filling model, have been proposed to explain the mechanism of the effective-refractive-index change of photonic crystals (PCs). Theoretically, the photonic bandgap (PBG) would shift when PCs are exposed to different environments, which leads to a change of the effective refractive index of PCs. However, the mechanism of effective-refractive-index change is distinct when PCs are placed in different gases or vapors. Here, silica PCs were successfully fabricated by a self-assembly method. The PBG of silica PCs exhibit similar redshifts in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and in small-molecule gases. We propose a replacing model to elaborate silica PCs exposed to VOCs and a filling model to explain silica PCs exposed to small-molecule gases. Additionally, the redshift of PBG was transformed into the volume fraction of adsorbed gas in order to achieve selective sensing of silica PCs. The approach could be exploited for applications in sensing.

Characterizing the composition and evolution of firework-related components in air aerosols during the Spring Festival

To examine the impacts of fireworks, size-resolved PM samples were collected using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer before, during and after the Spring Festival in a megacity in Chengdu, China. Chemical composition and atmospheric behavior of urban particles were studied. Ten major single particle types were resolved with ART-2a algorithm including elemental and organic carbon (ECOC), EC, OC, levoglucosan (LEV), high molecular weight organic molecules (HOM), hard metal (HM), K rich, Na rich and SiO₃^-. The average OC/EC ratios decreased in the order AY (4.7) > overall (4.1) > NY (4.0) > BY period (3.6), indicating that many organic pollutants had been generated after the Spring Festival. The concentrations of many species exhibited an increasing trend during the firework period, and the SOR and NOR showed a strong increase in NY period. SOR and NOR had a slight positive relationship with fireworks activity but no obvious relationship with temperature.

Recycle of oil waste via hydrophobic sponge prepared from toner waste

In this paper a hydrophobic sponge was prepared by solvent free coating of thermosetting toner from a laser printer via simple heating. The sponge was used for oil-water mixture and emulsion separation. The sponge had good separation performance for the oil-water mixture. In dynamic oil recovery study, the sponge had a flux up to thousands L/(m²·h) for kerosene and n-hexane. For the water-in-petroleum emulsion with 60% water content, the final water content could be brought down to 1.7-5.0% after 2 cycles of operation. While for the water-in-kerosene emulsion with low water content of 10%, the recovered oil had water content below 1.0%. The study revealed a potential industrial utilization of toner waste, which was beneficial to the emission reduction, and a facile way for fast separation of light oil from water, which was beneficial to the oil waste treatment.