Ultrasensitive Displacement Noise Measurement of Carbon Nanotube Mechanical Resonators

Mechanical resonators based on a single carbon nanotube are exceptional sensors of mass and force. The force sensitivity in these ultralight resonators is often limited by the noise in the detection of the vibrations. Here, we report on an ultrasensitive scheme based on a RLC resonator and a low-temperature amplifier to detect nanotube vibrations. We also show a new fabrication process of electromechanical nanotube resonators to reduce the separation between the suspended nanotube and the gate electrode down to ∼150 nm. These advances in detection and fabrication allow us to reach [Formula: see text] displacement sensitivity. Thermal vibrations cooled cryogenically at 300 mK are detected with a signal-to-noise ratio as high as 17 dB. We demonstrate [Formula: see text] force sensitivity, which is the best force sensitivity achieved thus far with a mechanical resonator. Our work is an important step toward imaging individual nuclear spins and studying the coupling between mechanical vibrations and electrons in different quantum electron transport regimes.

Droxinostat sensitizes human colon cancer cells to apoptotic cell death via induction of oxidative stress

Upregulation of histone acetylation plays a critical role in the dysregulation of transcription. It alters the structure of chromatin, which leads to the onset of cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors may therefore be a promising way to limit cancer progression. In this study, we examined the effects of droxinostat on the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells. Our results show that droxinostat effectively inhibited cell growth and colony-forming ability by inducing cellular apoptosis and ROS production in HT-29 cells. Notably, the apoptotic inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK significantly decreased the levels of cellular apoptosis and the antioxidant γ-tocotrienol (GT3) significantly decreased ROS production induced by droxinostat treatment. Z-VAD-FMK and GT3 also partially reversed the negative growth effects of droxinstat on HT-29 cells. GT3 treatment decreased cellular apoptosis and increased colony-forming ability upon droxinostat administration. Z-VAD-FMK treatment also partially decreased droxinostat-induced ROS production. Our findings suggest that the effects of droxinostat on colon cancer cells are mediated by the induction of oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death.

Development and antimicrobial application of plantaricin BM-1 incorporating a PVDC film on fresh pork meat during cold storage

AIMS

The aim of this study was to develop a plantaricin BM-1, a typical IIa bacteriocin produced by Lactocacillus plantarumBM-1, for active polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) films and to determine the antimicrobial effect of plantaricin BM-1 incorporated into a PVDC film on fresh pork during 7 days of storage at 4°C.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Plantaricin BM-1 solutions (20 480 AU ml^-1 ) that absorbed into the PVDC film increased gradually and reached maximum volumes during exposure for up to 20 h. When soaked in water, the released amount of plantaricin BM-1 from the active PVDC film reached a maximum at 20 h. The plantaricin BM-1 active PVDC film had an obvious antilisterial effect in culture medium and fresh pork inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, plantaricin BM-1-incorporated PVDC film was also significantly (P < 0·01) reduced to aerobic counts of approximately 1·5 log₁₀ CFU per g after 7 days of storage at 4°C in pork meat, and the pH and total volatile basic nitrogen of pork meat were significantly (P < 0·01, P < 0·05) lower than those of the control.

CONCLUSION

Plantaricin BM-1 active film has an excellent effect to prolong the shelf life of pork meat during cold storage.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The results of this study suggest a potential application of bacteriocin active film on meat preservation.

[An association of ulcerative colitis with tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15 gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients]

Objective: To explore the relationship between ulcerative colitis (UC) susceptibility and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member (TNFSF) 15 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes in Han nationality in Zhejiang province of China. Methods: A total of 408 UC patients and 574 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms of TNFSF15 (rs3810936, rs4263839, rs4979462) were examined by improved multiple ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. Analyses of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype were performed by Haploview 4.2 software in all study subjects. Results: The variant allele A and genotype (GA+AA) of rs4263839 were less frequent in UC patients than in controls (45.34% vs. 50.17%, P=0.035;68.38% vs. 76.66%, P=0.004). According to the severity and location of disease, UC patients were divided into different subgroups. After multiple comparison correction(α=0.012 5), the frequencies of variant allele A and genotype (GA+AA) of rs4263839 were lower in patients with severe UC than in the controls (37.69% vs. 50.17%, P=0.007; 60.00% vs. 76.66%, P=0.004). Similar findings were also drawn for patients with extensive colitis in contrast with the controls (42.22% vs. 50.17%, P=0.009; 63.33% vs. 76.66%, P<0.001). Furthermore, the haplotype analysis indicated that three SNPs above were in a strong LD. The frequency of haplotype TAC was lower in UC patients than in the controls(40.83% vs. 46.04%, P=0.023). Also it was less prevalent in patients with severe UC and patients with extensive colitis when compared with controls respectively (33.38% vs. 46.04%, P=0.005;37.22% vs. 46.04%, P=0.003). Conclusions: TNFSF15 (rs4263839) variation might not only reduce the risk of UC, but also affect the severity and lesion location of UC. The haplotype TAC formed by rs3810936, rs4263839 and rs4979462 might be related to a lower risk of UC, especially in patients with severe colitis or patients with extensive colitis.

DNA Checkpoint and Repair Factors Are Nuclear Sensors for Intracellular Organelle Stresses-Inflammations and Cancers Can Have High Genomic Risks

Under inflammatory conditions, inflammatory cells release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which cause DNA damage. If not appropriately repaired, DNA damage leads to gene mutations and genomic instability. DNA damage checkpoint factors (DDCF) and DNA damage repair factors (DDRF) play a vital role in maintaining genomic integrity. However, how DDCFs and DDRFs are modulated under physiological and pathological conditions are not fully known. We took an experimental database analysis to determine the expression of 26 DNA DDCFs and 42 DNA DDRFs in 21 human and 20 mouse tissues in physiological/pathological conditions. We made the following significant findings: (1) Few DDCFs and DDRFs are ubiquitously expressed in tissues while many are differentially regulated.; (2) the expression of DDCFs and DDRFs are modulated not only in cancers but also in sterile inflammatory disorders and metabolic diseases; (3) tissue methylation status, pro-inflammatory cytokines, hypoxia regulating factors and tissue angiogenic potential can determine the expression of DDCFs and DDRFs; (4) intracellular organelles can transmit the stress signals to the nucleus, which may modulate the cell death by regulating the DDCF and DDRF expression. Our results shows that sterile inflammatory disorders and cancers increase genomic instability, therefore can be classified as pathologies with a high genomic risk. We also propose a new concept that as parts of cellular sensor cross-talking network, DNA checkpoint and repair factors serve as nuclear sensors for intracellular organelle stresses. Further, this work would lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets and new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of metabolic diseases, inflammation, tissue damage and cancers.

Improved performance of quantitative collagen parameters versus standard histology in longitudinal assessment of nonadvanced liver fibrosis for chronic hepatitis B

Monitoring longitudinal nonadvanced fibrosis is a more common scenario in management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), for which, however, current evaluation methods generally lack sufficient performance. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to evaluate the performance of quantitative fibrous collagen parameters (q-FP) in the assessment. Data sets from a prior CHB trial (NCT00962533) with mostly mild-to-moderate fibrosis participants were used for this study. 301 subjects with paired liver biopsies were consecutively included. Of these, 139 subjects were used to establish the test and the rest for internal validation. Fibrosis change between baseline and week 104 of treatment was blindly assessed with q-FP and was compared with Ishak fibrosis staging. There were 70% and 93% subjects with Ishak F0-2 at baseline and week 104, respectively. For the test of the subjects, q-FP and Ishak staging showed no difference in determining the incidence of fibrosis regression (68% vs 67%; difference = 0.7%, P = 1.00). Q-FP demonstrated that the regression was independently associated with the antiviral efficacy endpoint (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.5, P = .005), but Ishak failed the detection (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.3, P = .24). Moreover, q-FP directly revealed a higher fibrosis-resistance to antiviral treatment in virus genotypes C vs B and in males vs females. These results were confirmed in the validation subjects. Additionally, a functional model built on the test subjects showed an accuracy of 82% in stratifying fibrosis reversibility of the validation subjects. In conclusion, q-FP could have improved efficiency and accuracy in the longitudinal assessment of mild-to-moderate CHB fibrosis, indicating a potential alternative to current evaluation methodologies.

Tuning the electrical and optical anisotropy of a monolayer black phosphorus magnetic superlattice

We investigate theoretically the effects of modulated periodic perpendicular magnetic fields on the electronic states and optical absorption spectrum in monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene). We demonstrate that different phosphorene magnetic superlattice (PMS) orientations can give rise to distinct energy spectra, i.e. tuning the intrinsic electronic anisotropy. Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC) develops a spin-splitting energy dispersion in this phosphorene magnetic superlattice. Anisotropic momentum-dependent carrier distributions along/perpendicular to the magnetic strips are demonstrated. The manipulations of these exotic electronic properties by tuning superlattice geometry, magnetic field and the RSOC term are addressed systematically. Accordingly, we find bright-to-dark transitions in the ground-state electron-hole pair transition rate spectrum and the PMS orientation-dependent anisotropic optical absorption spectrum. This feature offers us a practical way of modulating the electronic anisotropy in phosphorene by magnetic superlattice configurations and detecting this modulation capability by using an optical technique.

Cell therapy of a knee osteoarthritis rat model using precartilaginous stem cells

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect and mechanism of precartilaginous stem cells (PSCs) engraftment-inducing tissue repair in a knee osteoarthritis (OA) rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) model was constructed in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by partial removal of the medial meniscus of the right knee. PSCs were engrafted by injecting precartilaginous stem cells (PSCs) into the right knee cavity. At 4 and 8 weeks after model construction, the serum levels of interleukine (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to assess the histopathology of synovial membrane and cartilage. Western blot analysis was used to assess Notch1, Bcl-2 and Bax levels in the articular cartilage.

RESULTS

At 4 and 8 weeks, OA rats demonstrated significantly higher IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels than normal rats (p < 0.05), whereas PSCs treatment prominently attenuated IL-1β upregulation (p < 0.05). In OA rats, the number of chondrocytes dramatically decreased over time in OA rats, with disruption of chondrocytes organization and cell layers. PSCs alleviated the deterioration of cartilage, as evidenced by the relatively smooth articular surface, distinct tidemark and clear cell layers. The model and treatment groups demonstrated substantially higher Notch1 expression. The Bcl-2/Bax value in the OA rats was lower than the control group, while PSCs treatment led to increase in Bcl-2/Bax value.

CONCLUSIONS

PSCs treatment downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, alleviating osteoarthritis in the knee of rats. Notch1 signaling pathway plays an important role in this ameliorating effect of PSCs treatment.

Warthin's tumour in oral and maxillofacial regions: an 18-year retrospective study of 1084 cases in an eastern-Chinese population

There is little information in the English-language literature regarding Warthin's tumour (WT) in the eastern-Chinese population. A large retrospective study (1084 primary tumours over a period of 18years) was carried out to investigate the clinicopathological features (patients' gender, age and tumour location) of these tumours in this population. A total of 994 (91.7%) patients were male and 90 (8.3%) were female, with a male/female ratio of 11:1. The mean age was 56.48years (range 20-89years), with a peak incidence in the fifth to seventh decade (82.1%). The favorite primary site of the tumour was the parotid gland (n=1055), followed by intra-/peri-parotid lymph nodes (n=13), upper neck (n=10), submandibular gland (n=4) and upper lip (n=1). Multifocal WTs arose in 9.5% (103 patients) of cases whereas bilateral multifocal WTs were found in 0.65% (seven patients). In 24 (2.2%) patients, WT were found to coexist with other different types of neoplasm synchronously. The most common subtype of metaplasia was the squamous metaplasia (166/250, 66.4%). The usual treatment measure is (bilateral) superficial parotidectomy and the patients should be followed long term, in view of possible metachronous WT, even after prolonged time intervals.

Abstract P4-02-04: Quantitative MRI features analysis for differentiation of triple negative and HER2 positive subtypes of breast cancer

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate ability of quantitative analysis of MRI features to distinguish triple negative (TN) and HER2 positive (HER2+) subtypes of breast cancer, which have different biological characteristics, exhibiting different growth patterns and response to treatment.

Materials and Method: Breast cancer patients, who had MRI exam of the breast in our institution at the time of staging for breast carcinoma and who subsequently had surgery (segmentectomy or mastectomy) from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2015 were identified. All lesions were evaluated by radiologists in accordance with the BI-RADS lexicon. The patient's age, breast cancer histology, multifocality/multicentricity (MF/MC), lesion size, axillary lymphadenopathy (LAN), MRI morphologic and enhancement characteristics were documented. Quantitative MRI feature analysis was performed using shape, texture, and histogram based features. Machine-learning-based (Xgboost) models were used to predict subtypes, and Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was used to avoid model overfitting. Statistical significance was determined using the Student's t-test.

Results: Total of 105 patients, 51 patients with TN and 54 patients with HER2+ breast cancer were included in analysis. Mean age for TN was 50 (range 29-79)) years old and for HER2+ was 49 (range 25-70) years old. Axillary LAN and MF/MC disease was seen more commonly in HER2+ patients when compared to TN patients, but didn't reach statistical significance (13 vs 7, p=0.9; and 31 vs 20, p=0.06, respectively). Mass rim enhancement was associated with TN subtype and irregular mass enhancement was associated with HER2+ subtype of breast cancer (p&lt;0.05). Quantitative analysis showed that six out of the top 10 ranked MRI features: surface to volume ratio, difference variance, difference entropy, inverse difference moment, 75 percentile in histogram and sum average, were significantly different between these 2 subtypes with p&lt;0.05. When the significant features were incorporated to distinguish TN and HER+ subtypes, use of the top 2 features achieved the best accuracy on LOOCV of 0.69.

Conclusion: The quantitative MRI features show promise in distinguishing TN and HER2+ breast cancer subtypes reflecting their underlying biological characteristics and may be used as predictive quantitative biological markers. Further studies in a larger cohort evaluating associations with treatment response are underway.

FeatureIndexP-valueSurface to volume ratioShape30.005Difference VarianceGLCM110.005Difference EntropyGLCM100.009Inverse Difference MomentGLCM50.01875 percentile in histogramHistogram50.043Sum AverageGLCM60.044Median in histogramHistogram 30.08025 percentile in histogramHistogram 40.095VolumeShape10.104Max in histogramHistogram 10.105

Citation Format: Rauch GM, Li H, Zhu H, Adrada BE, Santiago L, Candelaria RP, Wang H, Leung J, Thompson A, Litton J, Wu Y, Lim B, Moulder S, Mittendorf EA, Yang W. Quantitative MRI features analysis for differentiation of triple negative and HER2 positive subtypes of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-04.

Abstract PD4-08: A microenvironment secretome screen reveals FGF2 as a mediator of resistance to anti-estrogens and PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors in ER+ breast cancer

Despite the clinical success of anti-estrogen therapies, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (PI3Ki), and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex I inhibitors (mTORC1i) for the treatment of patients with ER+ breast cancer, disease recurrence and progression are common. We found that a tumor transcriptional profile reflecting high stromal fibroblast content was associated with poor outcome in 3 cohorts of patients with ER+ breast cancer. We hypothesized that individual factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly contribute to drug resistance.

To test this hypothesis, we screened 297 recombinant secreted proteins for ability to confer resistance to the anti-estrogen fulvestrant in MCF-7 and T47D ER+ breast cancer cells. Screen results were validated, and expansion screening included the anti-estrogen tamoxifen, the PI3Ki pictilisib, and the mTORC1i everolimus in 4 cell lines. To identify hits are most likely to be relevant to ER+ breast cancer, a bioinformatics filter was developed utilizing gene and protein expression in human tissues relevant to the TMEs of ER+ breast cancer. After filtering, the top screening hit was fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which confers resistance to anti-estrogens, PI3Ki, and mTORC1i, and is highly expressed in tissues and cell types associated with ER+ breast cancer. FGF2 did not rescue cells from the CDK4/6i palbociclib or the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin, demonstrating pathway selectivity in the rescue phenotype. FGF2 rescued cells from anti-estrogen-, PI3Ki-, and mTORC1i-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via activation of FGFR signaling through FRS2a, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and downstream upregulation of cyclin D1 and degradation of Bim. FGF2-mediated anti-cancer effects were abrogated by co-treatment with the FGF2-neutralizing antibody GAL-F2, the pan-FGFR inhibitor PD-173074, the MEK inhibitor trametinib, or palbociclib. Cell cycle- and apoptosis-specific effects of FGF2 were abrogated by RNAi targeting cyclin D1 and Bim, respectively.

We generated a transcriptional signature of FGF2 response by RNA-seq of fulvestrant-treated MCF-7 and T47D cells treated +/- FGF2. In 3 cohorts of patients with ER+ breast cancer, a signature of FGF2 signaling was significantly associated with poor prognosis and predictive of anti-estrogen resistance, including in a multivariate analysis including age, tumor grade, tumor stage, and FGFR amplification status. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting FGF2 was confirmed in 3 mouse models of ER+ breast cancer: 1) FGF2 rescue MCF-7 xenografts from fulvestrant; 2) GAL-F2 synergized with fulvestrant to suppress growth of 59-2-HI murine mammary adenocarcinomas that recruit FGF2-secreting stroma; 3) GAL-F2 synergized with fulvestrant to induce regression of HCI-003 patient-derived xenografts. Therapeutic effects coincided with increased tumor cell apoptosis and decreased proliferation, but not changes in tumor vasculature. These findings warrant consideration of FGF2 as a novel therapeutic target in ER+ breast cancer.

Citation Format: Shee K, Hinds JW, Yang W, Hampsch RA, Patel K, Varn FS, Cheng C, Jenkins NP, Kettenbach AN, Demidenko E, Owens P, Lanari C, Faber AC, Golub TR, Straussman R, Miller TW. A microenvironment secretome screen reveals FGF2 as a mediator of resistance to anti-estrogens and PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors in ER+ breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD4-08.

Abstract PD2-09: Association of quantitative MRI features with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and treatment response prediction in HER2 positive subtype of breast cancer

Objectives: To evaluate associations between qualitative and quantitative MRI features and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) levels in HER2+ subtype of breast cancer, as potential prognostic non-invasive imaging markers for treatment response prediction.

Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of breast cancer patients who had MRI at staging, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2015 was performed. BI-RADS lexicon was used for lesion evaluation. Demographic, imaging, and pathologic data including TIL levels were documented. Quantitative MRI texture analysis was performed using 3 types of textural features (TF): local binary patterns (LBP), gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and threshold adjacency statistics (TAS). Associations between MRI quantitative TF, TIL levels, and pathologic complete response (pCR) were evaluated by Pearson correlation and logistic regression.

Results: There were 50 HER2+ patients (median age 51 years, range 29-59) with pretreatment MRI and TIL status for analysis; 27 patients had pCR at surgery. Qualitative MRI analysis showed that mass rim-enhancement (p&lt;0. 05) and fast early enhancement kinetics (p&lt;0.01) were associated with higher TIL levels. No association between qualitative MRI features and pCR was found. Nine TF significantly correlated with pCR (p&lt;0.05): angular 2nd moment (GLCM), 75 percentile (LBP), standard deviation (GLCM), adjacency 0-5 (TAS). This is indicative of association of tumor heterogeneity with pCR. Three TF were significantly associated with high TIL levels (p&lt;0.05): standard deviation, adjacency 1 and 2. Additional four TF had high association with TIL (p&lt;0.1): sum entropy, adjacency 0, 3 and 4. These findings showed that increased heterogeneity, complexity and entropy were associated with high TIL level. Three TF were significantly associated with both, pCR and TIL (p&lt;0.05): 75 percentile, standard deviation, adjacency 8.

Conclusion: Quantitative tumor texture analysis based on statistical modeling showed specific nine TF indicative of tumor heterogeneity associated with pCR; and seven TF indicative of increased heterogeneity, complexity, and entropy associated with high TIL levels in HER2+ breast cancer. Analysis of associations of MRI quantitative TF with pCR and TIL in HER2+ breast cancer may help to develop prognostic non-invasive imaging markers for treatment response prediction.

Citation Format: Rauch GM, Zhu H, Li H, Adrada BE, Santiago L, Candelaria RP, Wang H, Leung J, Litton J, Wu Y, Murthy R, Mittendorf EA, Yang W. Association of quantitative MRI features with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and treatment response prediction in HER2 positive subtype of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-09.

Abstract P5-01-02: Quantitative assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with locoregional invasive breast cancer using Tc99m sestamibi molecular breast imaging - preliminary results

Purpose: To report preliminary data in a pilot study evaluating the ability of Tc99m sestamibi Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) to predict response and assess residual disease at the completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients.

Materials and Methods: Patients with localized, invasive breast cancer (T1-T4, N0-N3, M0) planned for NAC were enrolled in this prospective IRB approved clinical trial. All patients had digital mammography (DM), ultrasound (US), and MBI at baseline (T0), after 2 NAC cycles (T1), and at after NAC completion (T2). Tumor size and volume changes were compared with residual disease at surgery. MBI images were corrected for scatter and attenuation using a novel approach and regions of interest (ROI) were drawn over tumors to compute three quantitative MBI uptake metrics for correlation with pathologic response: tumor to background ratio (TBR), fractional activity uptake (FAU), and MBI-specific standardized uptake value (SUV). ROC analysis was performed.

Results: Patients (n=25) who completed NAC, had 75 imaging time points and had surgery, were included in this analysis. Median age was 49 years (range 31 -77). Eleven patients (11/25, 44%) had complete pathologic response (pCR). Absolute TBR values after 2 cycles (T1) and before surgery (T2) had highest correlation with pCR (AUC 0.81; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99, p=0.01, and AUC 0.78; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.97, p=0.015, respectively). Change in SUV after 2 cycles, Δ SUV1 (T1-T0), (AUC 0.84; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.00, p=0.01) and change in SUV prior to surgery, Δ SUV2 (T2-T0) (AUC 0.80; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.00, p=0.02), were most predictive of pCR. Tumor size and volume showed modest specificity for detecting residual disease, and was highest for MBI (79%), followed by MMG (64%), and lowest for US (55%).

Conclusion: Quantitative MBI metrics show promise for the prediction of pCR in breast cancer patients undergoing NAC. Establishment of quantitative metrics for the early prediction of tumor response during NAC of breast cancer patients may provide an alternate to influencing NAC choice early in the management algorithm. Further investigation with a larger sample size is warranted.

Citation Format: Rauch GM, Adrada BE, Kappadath C, Candelaria RP, Huang ML, Santiago L, Moseley T, Scoggins ME, Knudtson JD, Lopez BP, Hess KR, Krishnamurthy S, Moulder S, Valero V, Yang W. Quantitative assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with locoregional invasive breast cancer using Tc99m sestamibi molecular breast imaging - preliminary results [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-02.

Abstract P6-03-05: Risk of needle-track seeding with serial ultrasound guided biopsies in triple negative breast cancer

Background: Image-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the breast is a common procedure. In breast cancer patients (pts) undergoing core biopsies and surgical resection on the same day, the rate of tumor cell displacement along the needle track has been reported to be up to 50%. However, the clinical significance of this finding in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (pts) undergoing serial biopsies while receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is unknown. Here we report the incidence of needle-track seeding (NTS) in a cohort of TNBC pts enrolled on a molecular triaging protocol involving serial biopsies of the index breast lesion.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of 144 consecutive TNBC pts enrolled on a molecular triaging protocol at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Per protocol, all pts underwent a pre-treatment research biopsy and were initiated on anthracycline based NACT (AC). Pts with inadequate response to front-line NACT were encouraged to undergo additional biopsies of the index breast lesion prior to switching therapies. Serial breast ultrasound (US) was performed to monitor therapeutic response and incidental evidence of needle-track seeding noted on US was documented.

Results: Clinicopathological characteristics of the pts are summarized in Table 1. 89% (128/144) of pts had a diagnostic breast biopsy done at another center prior to presenting at MDACC. To date, we have performed 209 US guided biopsies of index breast lesions in 144 pts. 92% (193/209) of these biopsies were done mainly for research purposes. 1.4% (2/144) of pts were found to have evidence of NTS on follow up US. The first pt had a T1N0 (1.9cm), grade 3, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) at diagnosis. She underwent a diagnostic biopsy followed by a research biopsy before initiating AC. She was found to have NTS as well as progression of disease (PD) on follow up US after 2 cycles of AC. The second pt had a T2N0 (3cm), grade 3 IDC at diagnosis. She underwent a diagnostic biopsy at another center, followed by a research biopsy before initiating AC. Like the first pt, she was found to have NTS and PD on follow up US after 2 cycles of AC. Both pts are currently on neoadjuvant clinical trials of novel agents.

Conclusion: The rate of NTS detected on US in TNBC pts undergoing serial biopsies of index breast lesions while receiving NACT is low and further studies are needed to determine the impact of serial biopsies on long term outcomes in TNBC.

Table 1: Patient CharacteristicsCharacteristicN=144Age - Median (years, interquartile range)55 (46-62)Tumor Size Mean (cm, standard deviation)3.4 (2.2)T1 – n(%)35 (24)T2 – n(%)89 (62)T3 – n(%)19 (13)T4 – n(%)1 (1)Clinical Nodal Status Negative – n(%)74 (51)Positive – n(%)70 (49)Grade 1 – n(%)1 (1)2 – n(%)17 (12)3 – n(%)124 (86)Unknown – n(%)2 (1)Histologic Subtype Invasive ductal carcinoma – n(%)121 (84)Invasive lobular carcinoma – n(%)2 (1)Mixed ductal and lobular carcinoma – n(%)3 (2)Metaplastic carcinoma – n(%)13 (9)Not specified – n(%)5 (3)Laterality Right – n(%)72 (50)Left – n(%)72 (50)

Citation Format: Yam C, Santiago L, Candelaria RP, Adrada BE, Rauch GM, Hess KR, Litton JK, Piwnica-Worms H, Mittendorf EA, Ueno NT, Lim B, Murthy RK, Damodaran S, Helgason T, Huo L, Thompson AM, Gilcrease MZ, Symmans WF, Moulder SL, Yang W. Risk of needle-track seeding with serial ultrasound guided biopsies in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-03-05.

Abstract P1-07-22: Androgen receptor positivity is associated with nodal disease in triple negative breast cancer

Background: Gene expression profiling (GEP) has identified several molecularly distinct subtypes of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Currently, GEP-based molecular diagnostics are not routinely used in clinical decision making due to the lack of proven benefit, costs involved and long turnaround time. However, two molecularly distinct subtypes of TNBC, the luminal androgen receptor (AR) and mesenchymal subtypes, have surrogate CLIA-certified immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, AR and vimentin (VM), respectively, which have the potential for application in the clinic. Here we report the rates of AR and VM positivity and their association with clinicopathological characteristics in a cohort of TNBC pts receiving NACT.

Methods: As part of an ongoing molecular triaging protocol, 144 pts with stage I-III TNBC underwent a pretreatment biopsy for molecular characterization (MC) prior to initiating neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). IHC for AR and VM were performed using commercially available antibodies. AR+ and VM+ were defined as ≥10% and ≥50% staining, respectively. Pts were randomized 2:1 to know (intervention arm, n=93) and not know (control arm, n=51) the MC results. The charts of pts randomized to the intervention arm were reviewed. Categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Ordinal and continuous variables were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Student's t test as appropriate.

Results: 31% (29/93) and 16% (15/93) of pts were AR+ and VM+, respectively. Only 4% (4/93) of pts were both AR+ and VM+. Clinicopathological characteristics are summarized in Table 1. AR+ pts were more likely to have clinically node positive disease as compared to AR- pts (66% vs 34%, p=0.007). There were no significant differences in clinical tumor size or grade between AR+ and AR- pts. VM+ and VM- pts had similar clinicopathological characteristics.

Conclusion: Pts with AR+ TNBC were more likely to have node positive disease. The impact of AR+ on long term outcomes should be investigated in prospective studies.

Table 1: Association between patient characteristics and AR/VM status AR  VM   AR+ (n=29)AR- (n=64)p-valueVM+ (n=15)VM- (n=78)p-valueAge - Median (years, interquartile range)58 (48-65)52 (46-61)0.05855 (48-64)56 (47-62)0.88Clinical Tumor Size      Mean (cm, standard deviation)3.5 (1.8)3.0 (1.8)0.2872.7 (1.7)3.3 (1.9)0.31T1 – n(%)5 (17)21 (33)0.2307 (47)19 (24)0.098T2 – n(%)21 (72)36 (56) 7 (47)50 (64) T3 – n(%)3 (10)7 (11) 1 (7)9 (12) Clinical Nodal Status      Negative – n(%)10 (34)42 (66)0.0078 (53)44 (56)1.00Positive – n(%)19 (66)22 (34) 7 (47)34 (44) Grade      2 – n(%)6 (21)5 (8)0.0763 (20)8 (10)0.293 – n(%)23 (79)59 (92) 12 (80)70 (90) 

Citation Format: Yam C, Huo L, Hess KR, Litton JK, Yang W, Piwnica-Worms H, Mittendorf EA, Ueno NT, Lim B, Murthy RK, Damodaran S, Helgason T, Thompson AM, Santiago L, Candelaria RP, Rauch GM, Adrada BE, Symmans WF, Gilcrease MZ, Moulder SL. Androgen receptor positivity is associated with nodal disease in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-22.

Cardiac μ-opioid receptor contributes to opioid-induced cardioprotection in chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND

The therapeutic potential of cardiac μ-opioid receptors in ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during opioid-modulating diseases, such as heart failure, is unknown. We aimed to explore the changes of cardiac μ-opioid receptor expression during heart failure, and its role in opioid-induced cardioprotection.

METHODS

Rats received doxorubicin (DOX) or were subjected to coronary artery ligation to induce heart failure, or received normal saline (NS) as control. Hearts from NS or DOX rats were isolated and subjected to myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in an in vitro perfusion system. The opioid [D-Ala,²N-MePhe,⁴ Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), with a high μ-opioid receptor specificity, morphine, and remifentanil were administrated before I/R with or without opioid receptor antagonists, or an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor.

RESULTS

Cardiac μ-opioid receptor mRNA concentrations were 3.2 times elevated in DOX-treated rats compared with NS rats, while cardiac μ-opioid receptor protein concentrations showed 6.1- and 3.5-fold increases in DOX-treated and post-infarcted rats, respectively. DAMGO reduced I/R-caused infarct size, expressed as the ratio of area at risk, from 0.50 (0.04) to 0.25 (0.03) in failing rat hearts, but had no effect on infarct size in control hearts. DAMGO promoted phosphorylation of ERK and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β only in failing hearts. DAMGO-mediated cardioprotection was blocked by an ERK inhibitor. The μ-opioid receptor antagonist D-Pen-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) prevented morphine- and remifentanil-induced cardioprotection and phosphorylation of ERK and GSK-3β in failing hearts. In contrast, δ- and κ-opioid receptor selective antagonists were less potent than CTOP in the failing hearts.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiac μ-opioid receptors were substantially up-regulated during heart failure, which increased DAMGO-induced cardioprotection against I/R injury.

Site-specific electronic structure of imidazole and imidazolium in aqueous solutions

The electronic structures of aqueous imidazole and imidazolium solutions are studied in an atom- and site-specific fashion using soft X-ray spectroscopy.

Time-resolved diffraction of shock-released SiO2 and diaplectic glass formation

Understanding how rock-forming minerals transform under shock loading is critical for modeling collisions between planetary bodies, interpreting the significance of shock features in minerals and for using them as diagnostic indicators of impact conditions, such as shock pressure. To date, our understanding of the formation processes experienced by shocked materials is based exclusively on ex situ analyses of recovered samples. Formation mechanisms and origins of commonly observed mesoscale material features, such as diaplectic (i.e., shocked) glass, remain therefore controversial and unresolvable. Here we show in situ pump-probe X-ray diffraction measurements on fused silica crystallizing to stishovite on shock compression and then converting to an amorphous phase on shock release in only 2.4 ns from 33.6 GPa. Recovered glass fragments suggest permanent densification. These observations of real-time diaplectic glass formation attest that it is a back-transformation product of stishovite with implications for revising traditional shock metamorphism stages.

Our understanding of shock metamorphism and thus the collision of planetary bodies is limited by a dependence on ex situ analyses. Here, the authors perform in situ analysis on shocked-produced densified glass and show that estimates of impactor size based on traditional techniques are likely inflated.

Clinical evaluation for sublingual immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae drops in adult patients with allergic asthma

PURPOSE

The efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in house dust mite-induced allergic asthma (AA) have yet to be firmly established, especially in adult patients. Our objective is to evaluate the efficacy of SLIT with Dermatophagoides farinae drops in adult patients with AA.

METHODS

One hundred and thirty-four adult patient data with house dust mite (HDM)-induced AA who had been treated for 2 years were collected. These patient data that we collected were divided into the SLIT group (n = 85) and control group (n = 49). All patients were treated with low to moderate dose of inhaled glucocorticoid and long-acting β2 agonists. Patients in the SLIT group were further treated with D. farinae drops. Clinical scores including the total asthma symptom score (TASS), total asthma medicine score (TAMS), asthma control test (ACT), and peak flow percentage (PEF%) were assessed before treatment and at yearly visits. The presence of adverse events (AEs) were recorded once a month.

RESULTS

Before treatment, the PEF% in the SLIT group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). After 2 years, both treatments were effective in the clinical scores when compared with baseline values (all p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the SLIT group showed significantly lower TASS and TAMS (all p < 0.001) and higher ACT (p < 0.001) and PEF% (p < 0.05) when compared with the control group. No severe systemic AEs were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

SLIT with D. farinae drops plus pharmacotherapy is more effective than routine drug treatment in adult patients with AA.

[Effects of retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy and flexible-ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for complex upper ureteral calculi]

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (RPLU) and flexible-ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy (f-UHLL) for complicated upper ureteral calculi. Methods: A total of 45 cases of complicated upper ureteral calculi between March 2014 and January 2016 in Department of Urology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College were retrospectively analyzed, there were 32 males and 13 females, ranging from 27 to 45 years with an average age of (34.1±9.5) years. Of the 45 patients, 28 had ureteral distortion and 17 had concurrent ureteral stones in the lower or middle ipsilateral ureter. In those patients, 20 cases underwent f-UHLL, and 25 cases received RPLU. The stone size, operation time, hospital stay, stone clearance rates and postoperative fever rates between the two groups were compared with t test and χ(2)test. Results: The operation was successfully performed in all patients, no complications with leakage of urine or ureteral perforation occurred, and no significant difference in renal function between the two methods were founded in postoperative period. There was no significant difference in operation time((78.4±8.5) minuetes vs.(73.3±11.3) minuetes, t=0.61, P=0.67), time of double J tube removed ((33.8±3.4)days vs. (37.6±8.9) d, t=2.37, P=0.08) and ipsilateral renal glomerular filtration rates ((41.3±7.6)ml/minuetes vs.(40.5±7.1) ml/min, t=0.78, P=1.27) between the two groups. However, the hospitalization time ((5.9±1.7)days vs. (4.2±1.6) days, t=1.92, P=0.04), postoperative fever rates (4% vs.30%, χ(2)=5.72, P=0.03) and calculus clearance rates (100% vs. 75%, χ(2)=7.03, P=0.01) in RPLU were significantly higher than f-UHLL. Besides, 5 patients in the f-UHLL group had postoperative stone residue and were treated with extracorpore shock wave lithotripsy. Conclusions: Both RPLU and f-UHLL are safety and validity for complex upper ureteral calculi. RPLU can improve the rate of calculus removal and reduce the rate of postoperative fever.

SHP2 is required for BCR-ABL1-induced hematologic neoplasia

BCR-ABL1-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph⁺) hematologic neoplasms. Nevertheless, acquired TKI resistance remains a major problem in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and TKIs are less effective against Ph⁺ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). GAB2, a scaffolding adaptor that binds and activates SHP2, is essential for leukemogenesis by BCR-ABL1, and a GAB2 mutant lacking SHP2 binding cannot mediate leukemogenesis. Using a genetic loss-of-function approach and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models for CML and BCR-ABL1⁺ B-ALL, we show that SHP2 is required for BCR-ABL1-evoked myeloid and lymphoid neoplasia. Ptpn11 deletion impairs initiation and maintenance of CML-like myeloproliferative neoplasm, and compromises induction of BCR-ABL1⁺ B-ALL. SHP2, and specifically, its SH2 domains, PTP activity and C-terminal tyrosines, is essential for BCR-ABL1⁺, but not WT, pre-B cell proliferation. The MEK/ERK pathway is regulated by SHP2 in WT and BCR-ABL1⁺ pre-B cells, but is only required for the proliferation of BCR-ABL1⁺ cells. SHP2 is required for SRC family kinase (SFK) activation only in BCR-ABL1⁺ pre-B cells. RNAseq reveals distinct SHP2-dependent transcriptional programs in BCR-ABL1⁺ and WT pre-B cells. Our results suggest that SHP2, via SFKs and ERK, represses MXD3/4 to facilitate a MYC-dependent proliferation program in BCR-ABL1-transformed pre-B cells.

[Reversed halo sign: chest CT findings in 5 patients and cause analysis]

Objective: To describe diseases that may present with the reversed halo sign (RHS) on high-resolution CT, and therefore to improve the recognition of this thoracic radiological feature. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the HRCT scans and medical records of 5 patients who presented with RHS on chest CT from Peking University Third Hospital. With "reversed halo sign, fairy ring, atoll sign" as the Chinese and English keywords, 420 cases from the literatures were also reviewed through PubMed, Wanfang and CNKI databases until August 2015. Results: The 5 patients were all males, aging 19-55 years. The diagnosis of the diseases included cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (patient 1), pulmonary tuberculosis (patient 2), pulmonary infarction (patient 3), pulmonary edema (patient 4) and mycoplasma pneumonia (patient 5). Literature review showed that RHS was observed in 206 cases of infectious pulmonary diseases and 219 cases of noninfectious pulmonary diseases. Invasive fungal infection (including 59 cases of mucormycosis and 27 aspergillosis) and pulmonary tuberculosis (79 cases) predominated in infectious pulmonary diseases. However, in non-infectious pulmonary diseases, RHS was most frequently observed in organizing pneumonia (66%), sarcoidosis, lung cancer, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary edema and other interstitial lung diseases. There were some differences in the morphologic findings of RHS among invasive fungal infection, pulmonary tuberculosis and organizing pneumonia. In addition, our patient with mycoplasma pneumonia was the first case reported to present with RHS on HRCT. Conclusions: Although a wide spectrum of pulmonary diseases may present with RHS on chest CT, this sign is still a characteristic thoracic radiological feature, which is more commonly found in organizing pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and invasive fungal infection, and is helpful in differential diagnosis.