Characterization of nuclear neurokinin 3 receptor expression in rat brain

Ligand-induced translocation of the G-protein-coupled receptor, neurokinin 3 (NK3-R), to the nucleus of hypothalamic neurons was reported using antibodies (ABs) raised against the C-terminal region of NK3-R. The current work was undertaken to substantiate the ability of NK3-R to enter the nucleus and identify which portion of the NK3-R molecule enters the nucleus. ABs directed at epitopes in the N-terminal and second extracellular loop of the rat NK3-R molecule were used to evaluate western blots of whole tissue homogenates and nuclear fractions from multiple brain areas. Specificity of the protein bands recognized by these ABs was demonstrated using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with rat or human NK3-R. Both ABs prominently recognized a diffuse protein band of ∼56-65 kDa (56 kDa=predicted size) and distinct ∼70-kDa and 95-kDa proteins in homogenates of multiple brain areas. The ∼95-kDa protein recognized by the extracellular loop AB was enriched in nuclear fractions. Recognition of these proteins by ABs directed at different regions of the NK3-R supports their identification as NK3-R. The size differences reflect variable glycosylation and possibly linkage to different cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Recognition of protein bands by both ABs in nuclear fractions is consistent with the full-length NK3-R entering the nucleus. Hypotension increased the density of the ∼95-kDa band in nuclear fractions from the supraoptic nucleus indicating activity-induced nuclear translocation. Since NK3-R is widely distributed in the CNS, the presence of NK3-R in nuclei from multiple brain regions suggests that it may broadly influence CNS gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner.

Protective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 against amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has neuroprotective effects against ischemia, oxidation stress, and lipopolysaccharide, but its role on amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we exposed PC12 cells to Aβ25-35 for 26 h to induce neurotoxicity, and added exogenous BMP7 at 2 h to observe the neuroprotective effects. The protective mechanisms involved, mostly related to inhibition of cell apoptosis and oxidation stress, were analyzed. In rat in vivo experiments, we bilaterally injected Aβ1-40 into the basal forebrain to simulate neuropathological processes in AD, performed the Morris water maze test to evaluate the effect of Aβ on spatial learning and memory, and explored the change of endogenous BMP7 expression in the brain. The present study demonstrated that BMP7 prevented neuronal injuries in PC12 cells induced by Aβ25-35, including cell apoptosis and morphological impairment of dendrites as well as oxidation stress. BMP7 treatment significantly protected PC12 cells against Aβ25-35-induced injury and inhibited the increasing content of the Bax gene and the decreasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Aβ1-40 bilaterally injected into the rat basal forebrain obviously inhibited the rat's spatial learning ability and memory, and significantly induced downregulation of endogenous BMP7 in the basal forebrain while upregulating it in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that BMP7 has neuroprotective effects against Aβ, which may be mediated through inhibition of Bax gene expression during cell apoptosis and elevation of SOD activities during the oxidative stress response. On the other hand, endogenous BMP7 may have a potential self-modulation capacity through negative feedback between the region of the basal forebrain and the hippocampus as a protective cytokine.

High- and low-temperature manipulation during late incubation: effects on embryonic development, the hatching process, and metabolism in broilers

Temperatures continuously higher and lower than the standard incubation temperature by 3°C from embryonic d 16 until embryonic d 18.5 result in differential effects on embryonic development, the hatching process, and embryonic metabolism. Embryos in the high-temperature group were forced into a state of malnutrition by the temperature treatment, as reflected by reduced embryo growth and yolk consumption, resulting in a significantly lower chick weight at hatch. In addition, altered air cell and blood gases as well as a retarded hatching process further indicated reduced growth of embryos exposed to higher incubation temperatures during the latter part of incubation. In addition, hatchability was significantly reduced by the high-temperature treatment due to higher embryonic mortality during the treatment period and the hatching process. Levels of blood glucose, lactate, liver glycogen, plasma triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids indicated an altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism for the high-temperature group. Although the hatching process of embryos exposed to lower incubation temperatures was also significantly retarded, their embryonic development and growth were strikingly similar to those of the control group.

The feasibility of light microscopic measurements of intercellular spaces in squamous epithelium in the lower-esophagus of GERD patients

The study aims to determine whether light microscopy can be used to accurately measure the diameters of intercellular spaces between squamous epithelial cells in the lower esophagus, and whether changes in this outcome measure can be used as a diagnostic marker for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The study has two parts. Part 1 involves 42 asymptomatic controls and 119 patients with typical symptoms of GERD, including 58 with erosive esophagitis (EE), and 61 patients with nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD). All biopsies were taken from the lower esophagus. All samples were observed using an immersion objective, after which diameters were measured by computer-assisted morphometry. Part 2 involves 61 individuals who were randomly selected from part 1, including 19 controls, 13 with NERD and 29 with EE. Diameter measurements using both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed for samples of 61 individuals. Samples from a total of 61 individuals (31 male, 30 female, mean age 44.3 ± 16.0 years) were observed using both light microscopy and TEM. Both methods showed significant differences between control and disease groups; the outcomes from the two methods had a certain correlation (r = 0.605, P = 0.000). Morphometric analysis of all 161 individuals (83 males, 78 females, mean age 41.4 ± 15.7) showed mean diameters from light microscopy to be 0.58 ± 0.16 µm for controls, 1.07 ± 0.30 µm for NERD, and 1.29 ± 0.20 µm for EE; differences between control and disease groups were significant (P<0.05). The optimal cut-off value from receiver operator characteristic analysis was 0.85 µm. Diagnoses were validated using the combination of symptoms of GERD, endoscopy, and 24 h ambulatory pH monitoring as the gold standard. At the optimal cutoff, sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity was 100%. The diameters of the intercellular spaces in squamous epithelium of lower esophagus from controls and in patients with GERD can be quantitatively measured using light microscopy. Dilated diameters can serve as a sensitive, specific, and objective indicator for diagnosis of GERD.

Panax ginseng has anti-infective activity against opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting quorum sensing, a bacterial communication process critical for establishing infection

Virulent factors produced by pathogens play an important role in the infectious process, which is regulated by a cell-to-cell communication mechanism called quorum sensing (QS). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic human pathogen, which causes infections in patients with compromised immune systems and cystic fibrosis. The QS systems of P. aeruginosa use N-acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) as signal molecules. Previously we have demonstrated that Panax ginseng treatment allowed the animals with P. aeruginosa pneumonia to effectively clear the bacterial infection. We postulated that the ability to impact the outcome of infections is partly due to ginseng having direct effect on the production of P. aeruginosa virulence factors. The study explores the effect of ginseng on alginate, protease and AHL production. The effect of ginseng extracts on growth and expression of QS-controlled virulence factors on the prototypic P. aeruginosa PAO1 and its isogenic mucoid variant (PAOmucA22) was determined. Ginseng did not inhibit the growth of the bacteria, enhanced the extracellular protein production and stimulated the production of alginate. However, ginseng suppressed the production of LasA and LasB and down-regulated the synthesis of the AHL molecules. Ginseng has a negative effect on the QS system of P. aeruginosa, may explain the ginseng-dependent bacterial clearance from the animal lungs in vivo in our previous animal study. It is possible that enhancing and repressing activities of ginseng are mutually exclusive as it is a complex mixture, as shown with the HPLC analysis of the hot water extract. Though ginseng is a promising natural synergetic remedy, it is important to isolate and evaluate the ginseng compounds associated with the anti-QS activity.

Optical fiber microwire current sensor

We demonstrate a compact optical fiber microwire current sensor based on the Faraday effect with gigahertz frequency of current sensing capabilities.

Flk-1+ mesenchymal stem cells aggravate collagen-induced arthritis by up-regulating interleukin-6

The immunomodulatory ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be used to develop therapies for autoimmune diseases. Flk-1(+) MSCs are a population of MSCs with defined phenotype and their safety has been evaluated in Phase 1 clinical trials. We designed this study to evaluate whether Flk-1(+) MSCs conferred a therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of rheumatic arthritis, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Flk-1(+) MSCs, 1-2 x 10(6), were injected into CIA mice on either day 0 or day 21. The clinical course of arthritis was monitored. Serum cytokine profile was determined by cytometric bead array kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Flk-1(+) MSCs and splenocytes co-culture was conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms. Flk-1(+) MSCs did not confer therapeutic benefits. Clinical symptom scores and histological evaluation suggested aggravation of arthritis in mice treated with MSCs at day 21. Serum cytokine profile analysis showed marked interleukin (IL)-6 secretion immediately after MSC administration. Results of in vitro culture of splenocytes confirmed that the addition of Flk-1(+) MSCs promoted splenocyte proliferation and increased IL-6 and IL-17 secretion. Moreover, splenocyte proliferation was also enhanced in mice treated with MSCs at day 21. Accordingly, MSCs at low concentrations were found to promote lipopolysaccharide-primed splenocytes proliferation in an in vitro co-culture system. We propose that Flk-1(+) MSCs aggravate arthritis in CIA model by at least up-regulating secretion of IL-6, which favours Th17 differentiation. When Flk-1(+) MSCs are used for patients, we should be cautious about subjects with rheumatoid arthritis.

A comparative study on the LDA + U and hybrid functional methods on the description of the electronic structure of YTiO3 under high pressure

The electronic structures of YTiO3 under pressure have been studied with LDA + U (local density approximation + Hubbard parameter) and hybrid functional methods. From matching the experimental band gaps, the Hubbard U and hybrid functional mixing parameters were determined. It is found that both parameters vary with the pressure. Analysis of the electronic structures indicates that the description of the chemical bonding is also dependent on the method of choice.

Naringenin: a potential immunomodulator for inhibiting lung fibrosis and metastasis

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a high incidence of lung cancer and a worse prognosis for clinical treatment. A few molecules with antifibrosis properties have been shown promoting cancer progression in clinical trials. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a similar tendency in mice as in human beings and whether these mice models may be used to find new therapeutic agents with antifibrotic properties but not cancer-promoting properties. We used bleomycin to induce pulmonary fibrosis in mice with or without naringenin treatment and measured the immune-associated lymphocytes and their secreted cytokines using flow cytometry and ELISA from lung tissue. Both passive and spontaneous metastatic models in bleomycin-treated C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used to test the hypothesis that mice with pulmonary fibrosis could have an increased risk of lung cancer and associated cancer progression. Here, we show that mice with lung fibrosis challenged using tumors show an increased incidence of lung metastasis and shorter life spans compared with the mice without lung fibrosis. A fibrotic environment in the lung results in increased abundance of transforming growth factor-beta1 and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and a decreased proportion of activated effector T cells. This grave immunosuppressive environment favors tumor localization and growth. Naringenin significantly reduces lung metastases in mice with pulmonary fibrosis and increases their survival by improving the immunosuppressive environment through down-regulating transforming growth factor-beta1 and reducing regulatory T cells. Naringenin could be an ideal therapeutic agent in the treatment of both cancer and fibrosis.

Laryngeal constriction during hypoxic gasping and its role in improving autoresuscitation in two mouse strains

Laryngeal closure following hypoxic gasps has been documented, but its efficacy in improving autoresuscitation capacity is unknown. We studied SWR/J mice who normally cannot autoresuscitate and the C57/BLJ strain who can. We evaluated the effects of elevated end-inspiratory lung volume immediately following a gasp. We compared upper airway-intact mice with tracheostomized mice in which the vocal cords are bypassed. We used the techniques of repeated autoresuscitate trials to test autoresuscitation capability. Both SWR/J and C57/BLJ mice could maintain elevated lung volume immediately after a gasp (breath holding). Such breath holding increased autoresuscitation ability in C57/BLJ mice but did not in SWR/J mice. In SWR/J mice, the duration of the breath holds was less than that in the C57/BLJ mice. These findings indicate that gasp-associated breath holding improves autoresuscitation capability during repeated autoresuscitation trials. Also, they show that SWR/J mice have a deficiency in central nervous system mechanisms regulating glottic closure during hypoxic gasping.

Immune responses and enhanced disease resistance in Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy (Basilewsky), after oral administration of live or dead cells of Clostridium butyrium CB2

Clostridium butyrium CB2 isolated from chickens was tested as a potential fish probiotic in the Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy. Fish were fed live (CB), dead CB2 (D-CB) cells (10(8) cells g(-1)) or spent culture supernatant (SCS), for 30 days and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila. Survival was higher in both the CB and the CB-D fed groups, but the SCS group was not significantly different from the control. After feeding live or dead CB2 cells, there was increase in phagocytic activity of the head kidney macrophages, the lysozyme activity of serum and gut mucosa and immunoglobulin (Ig) level. The SCS group showed no obvious change in immune parameters. The results suggest that live or dead Clostridium butyrium CB2 has an immunomodulatory effect on fish.