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Partanen M, Tulkki J. Gravity generated by four one-dimensional unitary gauge symmetries and the Standard Model. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2025; 88:057802. [PMID: 40314783 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/adc82e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
The Standard Model of particle physics describes electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, which are three of the four known fundamental forces of nature. The unification of the fourth interaction, gravity, with the Standard Model has been challenging due to incompatibilities of the underlying theories-general relativity and quantum field theory. While quantum field theory utilizes compact, finite-dimensional symmetries associated with the internal degrees of freedom of quantum fields, general relativity is based on noncompact, infinite-dimensional external space-time symmetries. The present work aims at deriving the gauge theory of gravity using compact, finite-dimensional symmetries in a way that resembles the formulation of the fundamental interactions of the Standard Model. For our eight-spinor representation of the Lagrangian, we define a quantity, called the space-time dimension field, which enables extracting four-dimensional space-time quantities from the eight-dimensional spinors. Four U(1) symmetries of the components of the space-time dimension field are used to derive a gauge theory, called unified gravity. The stress-energy-momentum tensor source term of gravity follows directly from these symmetries. The metric tensor enters in unified gravity through geometric conditions. We show how the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity in the Weitzenböck gauge is obtained from unified gravity by a gravity-gauge-field-dependent geometric condition. Unified gravity also enables a gravity-gauge-field-independent geometric condition that leads to an exact description of gravity in the Minkowski metric. This differs from the use of metric in general relativity, where the metric depends on the gravitational field by definition. Based on the Minkowski metric, unified gravity allows us to describe gravity within a single coherent mathematical framework together with the quantum fields of all fundamental interactions of the Standard Model. We present the Feynman rules for unified gravity and study the renormalizability and radiative corrections of the theory at one-loop order. The equivalence principle is formulated by requiring that the renormalized values of the inertial and gravitational masses are equal. In contrast to previous gauge theories of gravity, all infinities that are encountered in the calculations of loop diagrams can be absorbed by the redefinition of the small number of parameters of the theory in the same way as in the gauge theories of the Standard Model. This result and our observation that unified gravity fulfills the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) symmetry and its coupling constant is dimensionless suggest that unified gravity can provide the basis for a complete, renormalizable theory of quantum gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Partanen
- Photonics Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, PO Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jukka Tulkki
- Engineered Nanosystems Group, School of Science, Aalto University, PO Box 12200, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Smith GP, Baker T, Birrer S, Collins CE, Ezquiaga JM, Goyal S, Hannuksela OA, Hemanta P, Hendry MA, Janquart J, Keitel D, Levan AJ, Lo RKL, More A, Nicholl M, Pastor-Marazuela I, Ponte Pérez AI, Ubach H, Uronen LE, Wright M, Zumalacarregui M, Bianco F, Çalişkan M, Chan JCL, Colangeli E, Gompertz BP, Haines CP, Hayes EE, Hu B, Lamb GP, Liu A, Mandhai S, Narola H, Nguyen QL, Poon JSC, Ryczanowski D, Seo E, Shajib AJ, Shan X, Tanvir N, Vujeva L. Multi-messenger gravitational lensing. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240134. [PMID: 40308122 PMCID: PMC12044380 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
We introduce the rapidly emerging field of multi-messenger gravitational lensing-the discovery and science of gravitationally lensed phenomena in the distant universe through the combination of multiple messengers. This is framed by gravitational lensing phenomenology that has grown since the first discoveries in the twentieth century, messengers that span 30 orders of magnitude in energy from high-energy neutrinos to gravitational waves, and powerful 'survey facilities' that are capable of continually scanning the sky for transient and variable sources. Within this context, the main focus is on discoveries and science that are feasible in the next 5-10 years with current and imminent technology including the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network of gravitational wave detectors, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and contemporaneous gamma/X-ray satellites and radio surveys. The scientific impact of even one multi-messenger gravitational lensing discovery will be transformational and reach across fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. We describe these scientific opportunities and the key challenges along the path to achieving them. This article therefore describes the consensus that emerged at the eponymous Theo Murphy meeting in March 2024, and also serves as an introduction to this Theo Murphy meeting issue.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham P. Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, EdgbastonB15 2TT, UK
- Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tessa Baker
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, PortsmouthPO1 3FX, UK
| | - Simon Birrer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794, USA
| | - Christine E. Collins
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum, Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jose Maria Ezquiaga
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Srashti Goyal
- Max-Planck-Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm14476, Germany
| | - Otto A. Hannuksela
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Martin A. Hendry
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Justin Janquart
- Center for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-NeuveB-1348, Belgium
- Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire, 3, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
| | - David Keitel
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, PortsmouthPO1 3FX, UK
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3–IEEC,Crta.Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Andrew J. Levan
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen6500 GL, The Netherlands
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rico K. L. Lo
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anupreeta More
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune411007, India
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba277-8583, Japan
| | - Matt Nicholl
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, UK
| | - Inés Pastor-Marazuela
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Helena Ubach
- Institut de Ciènciesdel Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués,1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura E. Uronen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Mick Wright
- Department of Physics, Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nikhef– National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park, 1098 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Zumalacarregui
- Max-Planck-Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm14476, Germany
| | - Federica Bianco
- University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 107 The Green, Newark, DE19716, USA
- University of Delaware, Joseph R. Biden School of Public Policy, Graham Hall, 184 Academy Street, Newark, DE19716, USA
- Vera C. Rubin Observatory, Tucson, AZ85719, USA
| | - Mesut Çalişkan
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD21218, USA
| | - Juno C. L. Chan
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Colangeli
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, PortsmouthPO1 3FX, UK
| | - Benjamin P. Gompertz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, EdgbastonB15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, EdgbastonB15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher P. Haines
- Instituto de Astronomía y Ciencias Planetarias de Atacama (INCT), Universidad de Atacama, Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Erin E. Hayes
- Institute of Astronomy and Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CambridgeCB3 0HA, UK
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Gavin P. Lamb
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2 Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, LiverpoolL3 5RF, UK
| | - Anna Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Soheb Mandhai
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, UK
| | - Harsh Narola
- Department of Physics, Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nikhef– National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Science Park, 1098 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quynh Lan Nguyen
- Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study, Phenikaa University, Hanoi12116, Vietnam
| | - Jason S. C. Poon
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Ryczanowski
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, EdgbastonB15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, PortsmouthPO1 3FX, UK
| | - Eungwang Seo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anowar J. Shajib
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637, USA
- Center for Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka1229, Bangladesh
- NHFP Einstein Fellow
| | - Xikai Shan
- Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Nial Tanvir
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, LeicesterLE1 7RH, UK
| | - Luka Vujeva
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ryczanowski D, Cooke J, Freeburn J, Gompertz B, Haines CP, Nicholl M, Smith G, Van Bemmel N, Zhang J. A follow-up strategy enabling discovery of electromagnetic counterparts to highly magnified gravitationally lensed gravitational waves. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240118. [PMID: 40308127 PMCID: PMC12044370 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Making an unambiguous detection of lensed gravitational waves (GWs) is challenging with current-generation detectors due to large uncertainties in sky localizations and other inferred parameter distributions. However, in the case of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers, this challenge can be overcome by detecting multiple images of its lensed kilonova (KN) counterpart, simultaneously confirming the lensing nature of the event and locating it precisely-further enabling a wealth of lensed multi-messenger science. Such a strategy demands answers to two key problems: (i) How can candidate lensed BNS events be identified fast enough to ensure the lensed KN is still detectable? (ii) What is the most economical observing strategy on telescope time for following up candidate lensed events to discover lensed KNe? In this article we discuss solutions to both points, specifically how GW detections of progenitors in the approximately 2.5-5 [Formula: see text] black hole 'mass gap' can be interpreted as candidate lensed BNS events, giving evidence for lensing from just a single detection, and we present a strategy that can actively be employed for follow-up of such events in the O4 run of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) and beyond.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ryczanowski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University of Portsmouth Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, PortsmouthPO1 3FX, UK
| | - Jeff Cooke
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Freeburn
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Gompertz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Paul Haines
- Instituto de Astronomía y Ciencias Planetarias de Atacama (INCT), Universidad de Atacama, Copiapo, Copayapu, Chile
| | | | - Graham Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB152TT, UK
- Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Wien, Wien1180, Austria
| | - Natasha Van Bemmel
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jielai Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Keitel D. False positives for gravitational lensing: the gravitational-wave perspective. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240128. [PMID: 40308119 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
For the first detection of a novel astrophysical phenomenon, scientific standards are particularly high. Especially in a multi-messenger context, there are also opportunity costs to follow-up observations on any detection claims. So in searching for the still-elusive lensed gravitational waves (GWs), care needs to be taken in controlling false positives. In particular, many methods for identifying strong lensing rely on some form of parameter similarity or waveform consistency, which under rapidly growing catalogue sizes can expose them to false positives from coincident but unlensed events if proper care is not taken. Searches for waveform deformations in all lensing regimes are subject to degeneracies; we need to mitigate between lensing, intrinsic parameters, insufficiently modelled effects such as orbital eccentricity, or even deviations from general relativity. Robust lensing studies also require understanding and mitigation of glitches and non-stationarities in the detector data. This article reviews sources of possible false positives (and their flip side: false negatives) in GW lensing searches and the main approaches the community is pursuing to mitigate them.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Keitel
- Departament de Física IAC3-IEEC, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
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5
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Kabel V, de la Hamette AC, Apadula L, Cepollaro C, Gomes H, Butterfield J, Brukner Č. Quantum coordinates, localisation of events, and the quantum hole argument. COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS 2025; 8:185. [PMID: 40313457 PMCID: PMC12040706 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-025-02084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
The study of quantum reference frames (QRFs) is motivated by the idea of taking into account the quantum properties of the reference frames used, explicitly or implicitly, in our description of physical systems. Like classical reference frames, QRFs can be used to define physical quantities relationally. Unlike their classical analogue, they relativise the notions of superposition and entanglement. Here, we explain this feature by examining how configurations or locations are identified across different branches in superposition. We show that, in the presence of symmetries, whether a system is in "the same" or "different" configurations across the branches depends on the choice of QRF. Hence, sameness and difference - and thus superposition and entanglement - lose their absolute meaning. We apply these ideas to the context of semi-classical spacetimes in superposition and use coincidences of four scalar fields to construct a comparison map between spacetime points in the different branches. This reveals that the localisation of an event is frame-dependent. We discuss the implications for indefinite causal order and the locality of interaction and conclude with a generalisation of Einstein's hole argument to the quantum context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Kabel
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne-Catherine de la Hamette
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Apadula
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlo Cepollaro
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Časlav Brukner
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Frauendiener J, Stevens C, Thwala S. Fully Nonlinear Gravitational Wave Simulations from Past to Future Null Infinity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:161401. [PMID: 40344101 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.161401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
We present the first numerical simulations of asymptotically flat space-times whose computational domain includes past and future null infinity. As an application, we explore the scattering of a gravitational wave in a black hole space-time. The study is conducted in the fully nonlinear regime using an initial boundary value problem formulation of Friedrich's generalized conformal field equations. We calculate the Bondi energy, Bondi news, and gravitational information at both past and future null infinity and discuss their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Frauendiener
- University of Otago, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Chris Stevens
- University of Canterbury, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Sebenele Thwala
- University of Canterbury, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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7
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Zhai RX, Sun CP. Quantum Thermodynamic Integrability for Canonical and Noncanonical Statistics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:160404. [PMID: 40344136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
We extend the Carathéodory principle of the second law to quantum thermodynamics, where energy levels depend on macroscopic variables such as volume and magnetic field. This extension introduces the concept of quantum thermodynamic integrability (QTI), providing an alternative foundation for statistical mechanics. QTI is characterized by the path independence of work and heat within the thermodynamic manifold, locally described by energy levels and specific thermodynamic parameters. Within this framework, temperature naturally emerges as an integrating factor, enabling the derivation of both canonical and noncanonical states from the entropy integrable equations based on QTI. Notably, noncanonical states, which become particularly significant outside the thermodynamic limit, reveal the existence of informational correlations in finite-size thermodynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R X Zhai
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - C P Sun
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
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Motohashi H. Resonant Excitation of Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:141401. [PMID: 40279588 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.141401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/27/2025]
Abstract
We elucidate that a distinctive resonant excitation between quasinormal modes (QNMs) of black holes emerges as a universal phenomenon at an avoided crossing near the exceptional point through high-precision numerical analysis and theory of QNMs based on the framework of non-Hermitian physics. This resonant phenomenon not only allows us to decipher a long-standing mystery concerning the peculiar behaviors of QNMs but also stands as a novel beacon for characterizing black hole spacetime geometry. Our findings pave the way for rigorous examinations of black holes and the exploration of new physics in gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Motohashi
- Kogakuin University, Division of Liberal Arts, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
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Oates S. False positives in gravitational wave campaigns: the electromagnetic perspective. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240120. [PMID: 40205868 PMCID: PMC11982926 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
The gamma-ray burst, 170817A, and kilonova, AT2017gfo, are so far the only secure electromagnetic (EM) counterparts to a gravitational wave (GW) signal (GW170817). Further associations are required to obtain a clear understanding of these compact binary mergers, including their formation and their contribution to the production of heavy elements in the Universe. With the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run currently underway, the hunt is on to find further EM counterparts to GW signals. However, GW localizations are large, typically tens to hundreds of square degrees. Finding the EM counterpart is not an easy task, given that within these areas, there will be a number of IR/optical/UV transient sources that are detected serendipitously and that are not necessarily related to the GW. Understanding how the light from these false positives evolves with time is important to rapidly confirm or rule out their association with the GW trigger. In this review, I discuss the steps involved in searching for the EM counterpart of a GW event, the false positives and how they can be quickly ruled out and why false positives are of interest even though they are contaminants to the GW-EM community.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Oates
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LancashireLA1 4YW, UK
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Vujeva L, Lo RKL, Ezquiaga JM, Chan JCL. lenscat: a public and community-contributed catalogue of known strong gravitational lenses. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240168. [PMID: 40205863 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
We present lenscat, a public and community-contributed catalogue of strong gravitational lenses found by electromagnetic surveys. The main objective of lenscat is to compile a simple, easy-to-access catalogue that can be used in a variety of lensing studies, such as facilitating the search for the host galaxy of a candidate strongly lensed transient event. We also provide a Python package to interact with tools commonly used by the community. This allows end users both with and without lensing expertise to obtain a list of known strong lenses within a given search area and to also rank them by their respective searched probabilities. Here, we exemplify this by cross-matching the gravitational wave joint sky localization region of an interesting pair of events, GW170104-GW170814. Other examples including cross-matching short gamma-ray bursts are given. Thanks to the open and simple infrastructure of lenscat, members of the lensing community can directly add newly found lenses from their own studies to help create a long-lasting catalogue that is as exhaustive and accessible as possible.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vujeva
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - R K L Lo
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - J M Ezquiaga
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - J C L Chan
- Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Nicholl M, Andreoni I. Electromagnetic follow-up of gravitational waves: review and lessons learned. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240126. [PMID: 40205861 PMCID: PMC11982929 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) has provided a new tool to study the Universe, with the scientific return enriched when combined with established probes: electromagnetic (EM) radiation and energetic particles. Since the groundbreaking detection in 2017 of merging neutron stars producing GW emission, a gamma-ray burst and an optical 'kilonova', the field has grown rapidly. At present, no additional neutron star mergers have been jointly detected in GW and EM radiation, but with upgrades in EM and GW facilities now is a chance to take stock of almost a decade of observations. We discuss the motivations for following up GW sources and the basic challenges of searching large areas for a rapidly evolving EM signal. We examine how the kilonova counterpart to GW170817 was discovered and the association confirmed, and outline some of the key physics enabled by this discovery. We then review the status of EM searches since 2017, highlighting areas where more information (in GW alerts or catalogs) can improve efficiency, and discuss what we have learned about kilonovae despite the lack of further multi-messenger detections. We discuss upcoming facilities and the many lessons learned, considering also how these could inform searches for lensed mergers.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Andreoni
- University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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12
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Uronen LE, Li T, Janquart J, Phurailatpam H, Poon J, Wempe E, Koopmans L, Hannuksela O. Finding black holes: an unconventional multi-messenger. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2025; 383:20240152. [PMID: 40205869 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
A rather clear problem has remained for astrophysicists studying black holes: localizing black holes. One of the recent theoretical ways proposed to identify black hole mergers' hosts is through multi-messenger gravitational lensing: matching the properties of a lensed host galaxy with those of a lensed gravitational wave (GW). This paper reviews the most recent literature and introduces some of the ongoing work on the localization of binary black holes (BBHs) and their host galaxies through lensing of GWs and their electromagnetically bright hosts.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Multi-messenger gravitational lensing (Part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elina Uronen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tian Li
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - Justin Janquart
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- NIKHEF, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Walloon Brabant, Belgium
- Royal Observatory of Belgium, Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Jason Poon
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ewoud Wempe
- Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Koopmans
- Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hannuksela
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Daniel A, Hallam A, Horner MD, Pachos JK. Optimally scrambling chiral spin-chain with effective black hole geometry. Sci Rep 2025; 15:9103. [PMID: 40097495 PMCID: PMC11914500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-92760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
There is currently significant interest in emulating the essential characteristics of black holes, such as their Hawking radiation or their optimal scrambling behavior, using condensed matter models. In this article, we investigate a chiral spin-chain, whose mean field theory effectively captures the behavior of Dirac fermions in the curved spacetime geometry of a black hole. We find that within the region of the chain that describe the interior of the black hole, strong correlations prevail giving rise to many-body chaotic dynamics. Employing out-of-time-order correlations as a diagnostic tool, we numerically compute the associated Lyapunov exponent. Intriguingly, we observe a linear increase in the Lyapunov exponent with temperature within the black hole's interior at low temperatures, indicative of optimal scrambling behavior. This contrasts with the quadratic temperature dependence exhibited by the spin-chain on the region outside the black hole. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between black hole geometry and quantum chaos, offering insights into fundamental aspects of quantum gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Daniel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Andrew Hallam
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matthew D Horner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Aegiq Ltd., Cooper Buildings, Arundel Street, Sheffield, S1 2NS, UK
| | - Jiannis K Pachos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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14
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Jin Z, Wang J, Xu Z, Yu L, Gui Y. Fiber-based radio frequency phase synchronization scheme without a time benchmark. OPTICS LETTERS 2025; 50:1941-1944. [PMID: 40085598 DOI: 10.1364/ol.555346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
We present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, fiber-optic radio frequency (RF) phase synchronization scheme utilizing frequency division multiplexing, eliminating the need for a time reference. The method begins by generating two homologous RF signals with an integer multiple frequency relationship. These signals are then modulated onto the same laser carrier through intensity modulation. A phase detector with a 2π rad range is used to measure phase variations in the lower frequency signal induced by the fiber link. An optical delay line compensates for the fiber-induced delay, locking the phase between the reference signal and the reflected signal. Consequently, the phase of the higher frequency signal is synchronized due to its harmonic relationship with the lower frequency signal. Phase synchronization over 50 km fiber spools with accuracy of less than 2 ps is demonstrated. This simple and scalable approach is well-suited for distributed applications that require high-precision time and frequency synchronization, such as in distributed phase array radar and radio telescope array.
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15
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Alaverdian M, Bern Z, Kosmopoulos D, Luna A, Roiban R, Scheopner T, Teng F. Conservative Spin-Magnitude Change in Orbital Evolution in General Relativity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:101602. [PMID: 40153627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/30/2025]
Abstract
We show that physical scattering observables for compact spinning objects in general relativity can depend on additional degrees of freedom in the spin tensor beyond those described by the spin vector alone. The impulse, spin kick, and leading-order waveforms exhibit such a nontrivial dependence. A signal of this additional structure is the change in the magnitude of the spin vector under conservative Hamiltonian evolution, similar to our previous studies in electrodynamics. These additional degrees of freedom describe dynamical mass multipoles of compact objects and decouple for black holes. We also show that the conservative impulse, spin kick, and change of the additional degrees of freedom are encoded in the eikonal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Alaverdian
- Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Zvi Bern
- University of California at Los Angeles, Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kosmopoulos
- Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andres Luna
- Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Radu Roiban
- Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Trevor Scheopner
- University of California at Los Angeles, Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Fei Teng
- Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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16
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Bai W, Feng W, Wang P, Zhang Z, Zhao G. Research on Interferometric Tilt Sensor for Vibration Isolation Platform. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:1777. [PMID: 40292855 PMCID: PMC11946149 DOI: 10.3390/s25061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2025] [Revised: 03/05/2025] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Low-frequency seismic vibrations extremely limit the performance of ground simulation facilities for space-borne gravitational wave detections, which need to be substantially suppressed. Active vibration systems are thus required. However, the tilt-translation coupling of inertial sensors strongly limits the performance of vibration isolation platforms in the low frequency range, which requires a precise measurement of the low-frequency tilt signal. This study compares two methods for the tilt signal measurement: the differential-mode method and the direct method. The differential-mode method estimates tilt signals by analyzing differential motion between two inertial sensors, while the direct method utilizes an interferometric tilt sensor (ITS) which consists of a suspended rotational beam system and an interferometer for the readout. Experimental results show that ITS achieves a lower noise floor. Its noise floor is dominated by the thermal-mechanical noise below 0.25 Hz and the readout noise of the interferometer above 0.25 Hz. The findings highlight the potential of ITS for improving the performance of vibration isolation platforms in the low-frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guoying Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China
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17
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Adamo T, Klisch S. The KLT Kernel in Twistor Space. COMMUNICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS 2025; 406:79. [PMID: 40060711 PMCID: PMC11882733 DOI: 10.1007/s00220-025-05254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/12/2025]
Abstract
The double copy relationship between Yang-Mills theory and general relativity can be stated in terms of a field theory Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) momentum kernel, which maps two colour-ordered gluon amplitudes to a graviton amplitude at tree-level. These amplitudes can also be written in compact, helicity-graded representations on twistor space which include the famous Parke-Taylor and Hodges formulae in the maximal helicity violating sector. However, a double copy formulation of these helicity-graded formulae has proved elusive. In this paper, we use graph-theoretic methods to obtain an explicit double copy representation of the tree-level, helicity graded S-matrix of general relativity in terms of a KLT-like integral kernel in twistor space. This integral kernel glues together two colour-ordered integrands for tree-level gluon scattering on twistor space to produce tree-level graviton amplitudes, and admits a chiral splitting into positive and negative helicity degrees of freedom. Furthermore, the kernel can be inverted to obtain a new formula for the tree-level S-matrix of biadjoint scalar theory, which we verify using recursion relations. We also derive extensions of this integral kernel to graviton scattering in anti-de Sitter space and self-dual radiative spacetimes, commenting on their potential double copy interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Adamo
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
| | - Sonja Klisch
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
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18
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Trachenko K. Fundamental physical constants, operation of physical phenomena and entropy increase. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2025; 37:151501. [PMID: 39993380 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/adb9ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Approaching the problem of understanding fundamental physical constants (FPCs) started with discussing the role these constants play in high-energy nuclear physics and astrophysics. Condensed matter physics was relatively unexplored in this regard. More recently, it was realised that FPCs set lower or upper bounds on key condensed matter properties. Here, we discuss a much wider role played by FPCs in condensed matter physics: at given environmental conditions, FPCs set the observability and operation of entire physical effects and phenomena. We discuss structural and superconducting phase transitions and transitions between different states of matter, with implications for life processes. We also discuss metastable states, transitions between them, chemical reactions and their products. A byproduct of this discussion is that the order of magnitude of the transition temperature can be calculated from FPCs only. We show that the new states emerging as a result of various transitions increase the phase space and entropy. Were FPCs to take different values, these transitions would become inoperative at our environmental conditions and the new states due to these transitions would not emerge. This suggests that the current values of FPCs, by enabling various transitions and reactions which give rise to new states, promote entropy increase. Based on this entropy increase and the associated increase of statistical probability, we conjecture that entropy increase is a selection principle for FPCs considered to be variable in earlier discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trachenko
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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19
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Dax M, Green SR, Gair J, Gupte N, Pürrer M, Raymond V, Wildberger J, Macke JH, Buonanno A, Schölkopf B. Real-time inference for binary neutron star mergers using machine learning. Nature 2025; 639:49-53. [PMID: 40044889 PMCID: PMC11882463 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Mergers of binary neutron stars emit signals in both the gravitational-wave (GW) and electromagnetic spectra. Famously, the 2017 multi-messenger observation of GW170817 (refs. 1,2) led to scientific discoveries across cosmology3, nuclear physics4-6 and gravity7. Central to these results were the sky localization and distance obtained from the GW data, which, in the case of GW170817, helped to identify the associated electromagnetic transient, AT 2017gfo (ref. 8), 11 h after the GW signal. Fast analysis of GW data is critical for directing time-sensitive electromagnetic observations. However, owing to challenges arising from the length and complexity of signals, it is often necessary to make approximations that sacrifice accuracy. Here we present a machine-learning framework that performs complete binary neutron star inference in just 1 s without making any such approximations. Our approach enhances multi-messenger observations by providing: (1) accurate localization even before the merger; (2) improved localization precision by around 30% compared to approximate low-latency methods; and (3) detailed information on luminosity distance, inclination and masses, which can be used to prioritize expensive telescope time. Additionally, the flexibility and reduced cost of our method open new opportunities for equation-of-state studies. Finally, we demonstrate that our method scales to long signals, up to an hour in length, thus serving as a blueprint for data analysis for next-generation ground- and space-based detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Dax
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany.
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- ELLIS Institute Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephen R Green
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Gair
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nihar Gupte
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Michael Pürrer
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Center for Computational Research, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Vivien Raymond
- Gravity Exploration Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Jakob H Macke
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
- Machine Learning in Science, University of Tübingen & Tübingen AI Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alessandra Buonanno
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bernhard Schölkopf
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ELLIS Institute Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Spieksma TFM, Cardoso V, Carullo G, Della Rocca M, Duque F. Black Hole Spectroscopy in Environments: Detectability Prospects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:081402. [PMID: 40085871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 12/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
The ringdown phase following a binary black hole coalescence is a powerful tool for measuring properties of the remnant black hole. Future gravitational wave detectors will increase the precision of these measurements and may be sensitive to the environment surrounding the black hole. This work examines how environments affect the ringdown from a binary coalescence. Our analysis shows that for astrophysical parameters and sensitivity of planned detectors, the ringdown signal is indistinguishable from its vacuum counterpart, suggesting that ringdown-only analyses can reliably extract the (redshifted) mass and spin of the remnant black hole. These conclusions include models with spectral instabilities, suggesting that these are not relevant from an observational viewpoint. Deviations from inspiral-only estimates could then enhance the characterisation of environmental effects present during the coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F M Spieksma
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center of Gravity, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vitor Cardoso
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center of Gravity, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gregorio Carullo
- Niels Bohr Institute, Center of Gravity, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Della Rocca
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francisco Duque
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, (Albert Einstein Institute) Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Kuznetsov NV, Statsenko Y, Ljubisavljevic M. An Update on Neuroaging on Earth and in Spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1738. [PMID: 40004201 PMCID: PMC11855577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26041738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2025] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Over 400 articles on the pathophysiology of brain aging, neuroaging, and neurodegeneration were reviewed, with a focus on epigenetic mechanisms and numerous non-coding RNAs. In particular, this review the accent is on microRNAs, the discovery of whose pivotal role in gene regulation was recognized by the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Aging is not a gradual process that can be easily modeled and described. Instead, multiple temporal processes occur during aging, and they can lead to mosaic changes that are not uniform in pace. The rate of change depends on a combination of external and internal factors and can be boosted in accelerated aging. The rate can decrease in decelerated aging due to individual structural and functional reserves created by cognitive, physical training, or pharmacological interventions. Neuroaging can be caused by genetic changes, epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, inflammation, lifestyle, and environmental factors, which are especially noticeable in space environments where adaptive changes can trigger aging-like processes. Numerous candidate molecular biomarkers specific to neuroaging need to be validated to develop diagnostics and countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik V. Kuznetsov
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Yauhen Statsenko
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (M.L.)
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (M.L.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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22
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Baldes I, Dichtl M, Gouttenoire Y, Sala F. Ultrahigh-Energy Particle Collisions and Heavy Dark Matter at Phase Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:061001. [PMID: 40021161 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.061001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025]
Abstract
We initiate the study of "bubbletrons," by which we mean ultrahigh-energy collisions of the particle shells that generically form at the walls of relativistic bubbles in cosmological first-order phase transitions (PT). As an application, we calculate the maximal dark matter mass M_{DM} that bubbletrons can produce in a U(1) gauge PT, finding M_{DM}∼10^{5}/10^{11}/10^{15} GeV for PT scales v_{ϕ}∼10^{-2}/10^{3}/10^{9} GeV. Bubbletrons realize a novel link between ultrahigh-energy phenomena and gravitational waves sourced at the PT, from nanohertz to megahertz frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iason Baldes
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maximilian Dichtl
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Énergies, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Università di Bologna and INFN sezione di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Yann Gouttenoire
- Tel-Aviv University, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
- PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence & MITP, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Filippo Sala
- Università di Bologna and INFN sezione di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Bourg P, Macedo RP, Spiers A, Leather B, Bonga B, Pound A. Quadratic Quasinormal Mode Dependence on Linear Mode Parity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:061401. [PMID: 40021167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.061401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025]
Abstract
Quasinormal modes (QNMs) uniquely describe the dominant piece of the gravitational-wave ringdown of postmerger black holes. While the linear QNM regime has been extensively studied, recent work has highlighted the importance of second-perturbative-order, quadratic QNMs (QQNMs) arising from the nonlinear coupling of linear QNMs. Previous attempts to quantify the magnitude of these QQNMs have shown discrepant results. Using a new hyperboloidal framework, we resolve the discrepancy by showing that the QQNM/QNM ratio is a function not only of the black hole parameters but also of the ratio between even- and odd-parity linear QNMs: the ratio QQNM/QNM depends on what created the ringing black hole, but only through this ratio of even- to odd-parity linear perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bourg
- Radboud University, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Panosso Macedo
- Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Spiers
- University of Nottingham, School of Mathematical Sciences and School of Physics and Astronomy, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham Centre of Gravity, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Leather
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Béatrice Bonga
- Radboud University, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Pound
- University of Southampton, School of Mathematical Sciences and STAG Research Centre, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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24
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Liang H, Yi Z, Ling H, Luo K. Modeling and Simulation of Inter-Satellite Laser Communication for Space-Based Gravitational Wave Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:1068. [PMID: 40006296 PMCID: PMC11860092 DOI: 10.3390/s25041068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Space-based gravitational wave detection uses an equilateral triangular satellite constellation with inter-satellite laser heterodyne interferometry to measure displacement variations caused by gravitational waves. Inter-satellite laser communication is critical for data transmission, redundancy and clock synchronization, which suppresses clock noise and enhances detection sensitivity. This integrated approach ensures precise gravitational wave information extraction, supporting the high-accuracy requirements of space-based observatories. This study focuses on the modeling and simulation of inter-satellite laser communication for space-based gravitational wave detection. Based on the data-transmission requirements of such systems, the principles of inter-satellite laser communication are analyzed. The research includes the selection of pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes, the signal scheme design and the development of the mathematical models for signal transmission. A simulation model is subsequently constructed in Simulink to evaluate the system. The simulation results confirm the accuracy of the model's functionalities, including spreading, phase modulation, noise addition, phase demodulation and despreading. Additionally, the model achieves a data-transmission rate of 62.5 kbps with a bit error rate (BER) better than 10-6 when the modulation index exceeds 3.4×10-3, meeting the requirements for inter-satellite laser communication in space-based gravitational wave detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics and School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhaoxiang Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics and School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongling Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics and School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Kai Luo
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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25
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Goldman I, Mohapatra RN, Nussinov S, Shrock R. Effects of Neutron-Antineutron Transitions in Neutron Stars. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:052701. [PMID: 39983170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.052701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
We analyze effects of neutron-antineutron transitions in neutron stars, specifically on (i) cooling, (ii) rotation rate, and (iii) for binary pulsars, the increase in the orbital period. We show that these effects are negligibly small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Goldman
- Afeka College, Department of Physics, 6998812 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, School of Physics and Astronomy, 6195001 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rabindra N Mohapatra
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Shmuel Nussinov
- Tel Aviv University, School of Physics and Astronomy, 6195001 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Robert Shrock
- Stony Brook University, C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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26
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Basso MLW, Maziero J, Céleri LC. Quantum Detailed Fluctuation Theorem in Curved Spacetimes: The Observer Dependent Nature of Entropy Production. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:050406. [PMID: 39983166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
The interplay between thermodynamics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics has long intrigued researchers. Recently, important advances have been obtained in thermodynamics, mainly regarding its application to the quantum domain through fluctuation theorems. In this Letter, we apply Fermi normal coordinates to report a fully general relativistic detailed quantum fluctuation theorem based on the two point measurement scheme. We demonstrate how the spacetime curvature can produce entropy in a localized quantum system moving in a general spacetime. The example of a quantum harmonic oscillator living in an expanding universe is presented. This result implies that entropy production is strongly observer dependent and deeply connects the arrow of time with the causal structure of the spacetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L W Basso
- Federal University of ABC, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Santo André, SP, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Jonas Maziero
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Physics Department, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Roraima Avenue 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Céleri
- Federal University of Goiás, QPequi Group, Institute of Physics, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil
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27
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Yousefian M, Farhoudi M. Metric field as emergence of Hilbert space. Sci Rep 2025; 15:4521. [PMID: 39915464 PMCID: PMC11802777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2025] Open
Abstract
First, we explain some ambiguities of spacetime and metric field as fundamental concepts. Then, from the Unruh effect point of view and using the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction, we construct an operator as a quanta of acceleration that we call quantum acceleration operator (QAO). Thereupon, we investigate the relation between the vacuum of two different frames in the Minkowski space. Also, we show that the vacuum of each accelerated frame in the Minkowski space can be obtained by applying such a QAO to the Minkowski vacuum. Furthermore, utilizing these QAOs, we augment the Hilbert space and then extract the metric field of a general frame of the Minkowski spacetime. In this approach, these concepts emerge from the Hilbert space through the constructed QAOs. Accordingly, such an augmented Hilbert space includes quantum field theory in a general frame and can be considered as a fundamental concept instead of the classical metric field and the standard Hilbert space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysam Yousefian
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Farhoudi
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Zhang B, Corda C, Cai Q. The Information Loss Problem and Hawking Radiation as Tunneling. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 27:167. [PMID: 40003164 PMCID: PMC11854280 DOI: 10.3390/e27020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2025] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
In this paper, we review some methods that have tried to solve the information loss problem. In particular, we revisit the solution based on Hawking radiation as tunneling and provide a detailed statistical interpretation of the black hole entropy in terms of the quantum tunneling probability of Hawking radiation from the black hole. In addition, we show that black hole evaporation is governed by a time-dependent Schrödinger equation that sends pure states into pure states rather than into mixed states (Hawking had originally established that the final result would be mixed states). This is further confirmation of the fact that black hole evaporation is unitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Christian Corda
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Utica, NY 13502, USA;
| | - Qingyu Cai
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory, Hefei 230026, China
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29
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Ecker C, Gorda T, Kurkela A, Rezzolla L. Constraining the equation of state in neutron-star cores via the long-ringdown signal. Nat Commun 2025; 16:1320. [PMID: 39900914 PMCID: PMC11790964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Multimessenger signals from binary neutron star (BNS) mergers are promising tools to infer the properties of nuclear matter at densities inaccessible to laboratory experiments. Gravitational waves (GWs) from BNS merger remnants can constrain the neutron-star equation of state (EOS) complementing constraints from late inspiral, direct mass-radius measurements, and ab-initio calculations. We perform a series of general-relativistic simulations of BNS systems with EOSs constructed to comprehensively cover the high-density regime. We identify a tight correlation between the ratio of the energy and angular-momentum losses in the late-time portion of the post-merger signal, called the long ringdown, and the EOS at the highest pressures and densities in neutron-star cores. Applying this correlation to post-merger GW signals significantly reduces EOS uncertainty at densities several times the nuclear saturation density, where no direct constraints are currently available. Hence, the long ringdown can provide stringent constraints on material properties of neutron stars cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ecker
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tyler Gorda
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Aleksi Kurkela
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Luciano Rezzolla
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany.
- School of Mathematics Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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30
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Neukart F, Marx E, Vinokur V. Extending the QMM Framework to the Strong and Weak Interactions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 27:153. [PMID: 40003150 PMCID: PMC11854125 DOI: 10.3390/e27020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
We extend the Quantum Memory Matrix (QMM) framework, originally developed to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity by treating space-time as a dynamic information reservoir, to incorporate the full suite of Standard Model gauge interactions. In this discretized, Planck-scale formulation, each space-time cell possesses a finite-dimensional Hilbert space that acts as a local memory, or quantum imprint, for matter and gauge field configurations. We focus on embedding non-Abelian SU(3)c (quantum chromodynamics) and SU(2)L × U(1)Y (electroweak interactions) into QMM by constructing gauge-invariant imprint operators for quarks, gluons, electroweak bosons, and the Higgs mechanism. This unified approach naturally enforces unitarity by allowing black hole horizons, or any high-curvature region, to store and later retrieve quantum information about color and electroweak charges, thereby preserving subtle non-thermal correlations in evaporation processes. Moreover, the discretized nature of QMM imposes a Planck-scale cutoff, potentially taming UV divergences and modifying running couplings at trans-Planckian energies. We outline major challenges, such as the precise formulation of non-Abelian imprint operators and the integration of QMM with loop quantum gravity, as well as possible observational strategies-ranging from rare decay channels to primordial black hole evaporation spectra-that could provide indirect probes of this discrete, memory-based view of quantum gravity and the Standard Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Neukart
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Gebouw-BE-Vleugel, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (E.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Eike Marx
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (E.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Valerii Vinokur
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (E.M.); (V.V.)
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31
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Ocampo I, Alestas G, Nesseris S, Sapone D. Enhancing Cosmological Model Selection with Interpretable Machine Learning. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:041002. [PMID: 39951573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025]
Abstract
We propose a novel approach using neural networks (NNs) to differentiate between cosmological models, and implemented lime as an interpretability approach to identify the key features influencing our model's decisions. We show the potential of NNs to enhance the extraction of meaningful information from cosmological large-scale structure data, based on current galaxy-clustering survey specifications, for the cosmological constant and cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model and the Hu-Sawicki f(R) model. We find that the NN can successfully distinguish between ΛCDM and the f(R) models, by predicting the correct model with approximately 97% overall accuracy, thus demonstrating that NNs can maximize the potential of current and next generation surveys to probe for deviations from general relativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Ocampo
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - George Alestas
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Savvas Nesseris
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domenico Sapone
- Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Física, FCFM, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Calderón Bustillo J, Del Rio A, Sanchis-Gual N, Chandra K, Leong SHW. Testing Mirror Symmetry in the Universe with LIGO-Virgo Black-Hole Mergers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:031402. [PMID: 39927951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.031402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/11/2025]
Abstract
Certain precessing black-hole mergers produce gravitational waves with net circular polarization, understood as an imbalance between right- and left-handed amplitudes. According to the cosmological principle, such emission must average to zero across all binary mergers in our Universe to preserve mirror-reflection symmetry at very large scales. We present a new independent gravitational-wave test of this hypothesis. Using a novel observable based on the Chern-Pontryagin pseudoscalar, we measure the emission of net circular polarization across 47 black-hole mergers recently analyzed by [T. Islam et al., arXiv:2309.14473.] with a state-of-the art model for precessing black-hole mergers in general relativity. The average value obtained is consistent with zero. Remarkably, however, we find that at least 82% of the analyzed sources must have produced net circular polarization. Of these, GW200129 shows strong evidence for mirror asymmetry, with a Bayes factor of 12.6 or, equivalently, 93.1% probability. We obtain consistent (although stronger) results of 97.5% and 94.3%, respectively, using public results on this event from [M. Hannam et al., Nature (London) 610, 652 (2022).NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-022-05212-z] and performing our own parameter inference. This finding further implies evidence of astrophysical sources that can spontaneously emit circularly polarized photons by quantum effects. Forthcoming black-hole merger detections will enable stronger constraints on large-scale mirror asymmetry and the cosmological principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Calderón Bustillo
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Del Rio
- Universitat de Valencia, Departamento de Física Teórica and IFIC, -CSIC. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
- Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Departamento de Matematicas, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganes, Spain
| | - Nicolas Sanchis-Gual
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot (València), Spain
| | - Koustav Chandra
- Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, Department of Physics, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Samson H W Leong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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33
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Filzinger M, Caddell AR, Jani D, Steinel M, Giani L, Huntemann N, Roberts BM. Ultralight Dark Matter Search with Space-Time Separated Atomic Clocks and Cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2025; 134:031001. [PMID: 39927939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.134.031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/11/2025]
Abstract
We devise and demonstrate a method to search for nongravitational couplings of ultralight dark matter to standard model particles using space-time separated atomic clocks and cavity-stabilized lasers. By making use of space-time separated sensors, which probe different values of an oscillating dark matter field, we can search for couplings that cancel in typical local experiments. This provides sensitivity to both the temporal and spatial fluctuations of the field. We demonstrate this method using existing data from a frequency comparison of lasers stabilized to two optical cavities connected via a 2220 km fiber link [Schioppo et al., Nat. Commun. 13, 212 (2022)NCAOBW2041-172310.1038/s41467-021-27884-3], and from the atomic clocks on board the global positioning system satellites. Our analysis results in constraints on the coupling of scalar dark matter to electrons, d_{m_{e}}, for masses between 10^{-19} and 2×10^{-15} eV/c^{2}. These are the first constraints on d_{m_{e}} alone in this mass range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Filzinger
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ashlee R Caddell
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dhruv Jani
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Martin Steinel
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leonardo Giani
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nils Huntemann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Roberts
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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34
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Bagui E, Clesse S, De Luca V, Ezquiaga JM, Franciolini G, García-Bellido J, Joana C, Kumar Jain R, Kuroyanagi S, Musco I, Papanikolaou T, Raccanelli A, Renaux-Petel S, Riotto A, Ruiz Morales E, Scalisi M, Sergijenko O, Ünal C, Vennin V, Wands D. Primordial black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures. LIVING REVIEWS IN RELATIVITY 2025; 28:1. [PMID: 39867666 PMCID: PMC11758218 DOI: 10.1007/s41114-024-00053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
In the recent years, primordial black holes (PBHs) have emerged as one of the most interesting and hotly debated topics in cosmology. Among other possibilities, PBHs could explain both some of the signals from binary black hole mergers observed in gravitational-wave detectors and an important component of the dark matter in the Universe. Significant progress has been achieved both on the theory side and from the point of view of observations, including new models and more accurate calculations of PBH formation, evolution, clustering, merger rates, as well as new astrophysical and cosmological probes. In this work, we review, analyze and combine the latest developments in order to perform end-to-end calculations of the various gravitational-wave signatures of PBHs. Different ways to distinguish PBHs from stellar black holes are emphasized. Finally, we discuss their detectability with LISA, the first planned gravitational-wave observatory in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bagui
- Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP225, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Clesse
- Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP225, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valerio De Luca
- Center for Particle Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jose María Ezquiaga
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Franciolini
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1 Esplanade des Particules, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Juan García-Bellido
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Joana
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- Cosmology, Universe and Relativity at Louvain (CURL), Institute of Mathematics and Physics, University of Louvain, Chemin du Cyclotron 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Rajeev Kumar Jain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Sachiko Kuroyanagi
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Ilia Musco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Theodoros Papanikolaou
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, 11852 Athens, Greece
| | - Alvise Raccanelli
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1 Esplanade des Particules, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Fisica Galileo Galilei, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sébastien Renaux-Petel
- Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Antonio Riotto
- Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ester Ruiz Morales
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics-ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Scalisi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Olga Sergijenko
- Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnoho str., 27, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- AGH University of Krakow, Aleja Mickiewicza, 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University “Kyiv Mohyla Academy”, Skovorody str., 2, 04070 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Observatorna str., 3, 04053 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Caner Ünal
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel
- CEICO, FZU–Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Feza Gursey Institute, Bogazici University, Kandilli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vincent Vennin
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Wands
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX UK
| | - For the LISA Cosmology Working Group
- Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP225, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Particle Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1 Esplanade des Particules, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- Cosmology, Universe and Relativity at Louvain (CURL), Institute of Mathematics and Physics, University of Louvain, Chemin du Cyclotron 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012 India
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
- National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, 11852 Athens, Greece
- Dipartimento di Fisica Galileo Galilei, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
- Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Physics-ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
- Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnoho str., 27, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- AGH University of Krakow, Aleja Mickiewicza, 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University “Kyiv Mohyla Academy”, Skovorody str., 2, 04070 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Observatorna str., 3, 04053 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel
- CEICO, FZU–Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Feza Gursey Institute, Bogazici University, Kandilli, Istanbul, Turkey
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX UK
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35
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Trachenko K, Tello PG, Kauffman SA, Succi S. Extrinsic and intrinsic effects setting viscosity in complex fluids and life processes: the role of fundamental physical constants. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2025; 48:2. [PMID: 39751993 PMCID: PMC11698811 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-024-00467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Understanding the values and origin of fundamental physical constants, one of the grandest challenges in modern science, has been discussed in particle physics, astronomy and cosmology. More recently, it was realized that fundamental constants have a biofriendly window set by life processes involving motion and flow. This window is related to intrinsic fluid properties such as energy and length scales in condensed matter set by fundamental constants. Here, we discuss important extrinsic factors governing the viscosity of complex fluids operating in life processes due to collective effects. We show that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting viscosity need to be taken into account when estimating the biofriendly range of fundamental constants from life processes, and our discussion provides a straightforward recipe for doing this. Remarkably, the viscosity of a complex fluid such as blood with significant extrinsic effects is not far from the intrinsic viscosity calculated using the fundamental constants only, and we discuss the reason for this in terms of dynamics of contact points between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trachenko
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | | | - S A Kauffman
- Biochemistry and Biophysics (Emeritus), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - S Succi
- Center for Life Nano Science@La Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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36
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Daniel KJ, Smith JR, Ballmer S, Bristol W, Driggers JC, Effler A, Evans M, Hoover J, Kuns K, Landry M, Lovelace G, Lukinbeal C, Mandic V, Pham K, Read J, Russell JB, Schiettekatte F, Schofield RMS, Scholz CA, Shoemaker DH, Sledge P, Strunk A. Criteria for identifying and evaluating locations that could potentially host the Cosmic Explorer observatories. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2025; 96:014502. [PMID: 39785509 DOI: 10.1063/5.0242016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Cosmic Explorer is a next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave observatory that is being designed in the 2020s and is envisioned to begin operations in the 2030s together with the Einstein Telescope in Europe. The Cosmic Explorer concept currently consists of two widely separated L-shaped observatories in the United States, one with 40 km-long arms and the other with 20 km-long arms. This order of magnitude increase in scale with respect to the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observatories will, together with technological improvements, deliver an order of magnitude greater astronomical reach, allowing access to gravitational waves from remnants of the first stars and opening a wide discovery aperture to the novel and unknown. In addition to pushing the reach of gravitational-wave astronomy, Cosmic Explorer endeavors to approach the lifecycle of large scientific facilities in a way that prioritizes mutually beneficial relationships with local and Indigenous communities. This article describes the (scientific, cost and access, and social) criteria that will be used to identify and evaluate locations that could potentially host the Cosmic Explorer observatories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne J Daniel
- Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Joshua R Smith
- The Nicholas and Lee Begovich Center for Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - Stefan Ballmer
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Warren Bristol
- Department of Geography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | | | - Anamaria Effler
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - Matthew Evans
- MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Hoover
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Kevin Kuns
- MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Landry
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Geoffrey Lovelace
- The Nicholas and Lee Begovich Center for Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - Chris Lukinbeal
- Department of Geography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Vuk Mandic
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kiet Pham
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jocelyn Read
- The Nicholas and Lee Begovich Center for Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - Joshua B Russell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher A Scholz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - David H Shoemaker
- MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Piper Sledge
- Department of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Amber Strunk
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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37
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Cavalcante JP, Richartz M, da Cunha BC. Exceptional Point and Hysteresis in Perturbations of Kerr Black Holes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:261401. [PMID: 39879036 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.261401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
We employ the isomonodromic method to study linear scalar massive perturbations of Kerr black holes for generic scalar masses Mμ and generic black hole spins a/M. We find that the longest-living quasinormal mode and the first overtone coincide for (Mμ)_{c}≃0.370 4981 and (a/M)_{c}≃0.999 466 0. We also show that the longest-living mode and the first overtone change continuously into each other as we vary the parameters around the point of degeneracy, providing evidence for the existence of a geometric phase around an exceptional point. We interpret our findings through a thermodynamic analogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Cavalcante
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Física, 50670-901, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maurício Richartz
- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Mancarella M, Iacovelli F, Foffa S, Muttoni N, Maggiore M. Accurate Standard Siren Cosmology with Joint Gravitational-Wave and γ-Ray Burst Observations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:261001. [PMID: 39879018 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.261001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Joint gravitational-wave and γ-ray burst (GRB) observations are among the best prospects for standard siren cosmology. However, the strong selection effect for the coincident GRB detection, which is possible only for sources with small inclination angles, induces a systematic uncertainty that is currently not accounted for. We show that this severe source of bias can be removed by inferring the a priori unknown electromagnetic detection probability directly from multimessenger data. This leads at the same time to an unbiased measurement of the Hubble constant, to constrain the properties of GRB emission, and to accurately measure the viewing angle of each source. Our inference scheme is applicable to real data already in the small-statistics regime, a scenario that might become reality in the near future. Additionally, we introduce a novel likelihood approximant for gravitational-wave events which treats the dependence on distance and inclination as exact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mancarella
- CPT, Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Occhialini," , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Iacovelli
- Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Foffa
- Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Muttoni
- Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Michele Maggiore
- Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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39
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Guerra A, Teixeira da Costa R. Oscillations in Wave Map Systems and Homogenization of the Einstein Equations in Symmetry. ARCHIVE FOR RATIONAL MECHANICS AND ANALYSIS 2024; 249:9. [PMID: 39974554 PMCID: PMC11832623 DOI: 10.1007/s00205-024-02042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
In 1989, Burnett conjectured that, under appropriate assumptions, the limit of highly oscillatory solutions to the Einstein vacuum equations is a solution of the Einstein-massless Vlasov system. In a recent breakthrough, Huneau-Luk (Ann Sci l'ENS, 2024) gave a proof of the conjecture in U(1)-symmetry and elliptic gauge. They also require control on up to fourth order derivatives of the metric components. In this paper, we give a streamlined proof of a stronger result and, in the spirit of Burnett's original conjecture, we remove the need for control on higher derivatives. Our methods also apply to general wave map equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Guerra
- Institute for Theoretical Studies, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Teixeira da Costa
- Department of Mathematics, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
- Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
- Center for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA UK
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40
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Wang Y, Glick J, Deshpande T, DeRose K, Saraf S, Sachdeva N, Jiang K, Chen Z, Kovachy T. Robust Quantum Control via Multipath Interference for Thousandfold Phase Amplification in a Resonant Atom Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:243403. [PMID: 39750362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.243403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
We introduce a novel technique for enhancing the robustness of light-pulse atom interferometers against the pulse infidelities that typically limit their sensitivities. The technique uses quantum optimal control to favorably harness the multipath interference of the stray trajectories produced by imperfect atom-optics operations. We apply this method to a resonant atom interferometer and achieve thousandfold phase amplification, representing a 50-fold improvement over the performance observed without optimized control. Moreover, we find that spurious interference can arise from the interplay of spontaneous emission and many-pulse sequences and demonstrate optimization strategies to mitigate this effect. Given the ubiquity of spontaneous emission in quantum systems, these results may be valuable for improving the performance of a diverse array of quantum sensors. We anticipate our findings will significantly benefit the performance of matter-wave interferometers for a variety of applications, including dark matter, dark energy, and gravitational wave detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Natasha Sachdeva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Fundamental Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Q-CTRL, Quantum Applications and Algorithms Division, Santa Monica, California 90401, USA
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41
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Lam V, Oriti D. The quantum gravity seeds for laws of nature. EUROPEAN JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 39651489 PMCID: PMC11618139 DOI: 10.1007/s13194-024-00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the challenges that the standard (Humean and non-Humean) accounts of laws face within the framework of quantum gravity where space and time may not be fundamental. This paper identifies core (meta)physical features that cut across a number of quantum gravity approaches and formalisms and that provide seeds for articulating updated conceptions that could account for QG laws not involving any spatio-temporal notions. To this aim, we will in particular highlight the constitutive roles of quantum entanglement, quantum transition amplitudes and quantum causal histories. These features also stress the fruitful overlap between quantum gravity and quantum information theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lam
- Institute of Philosophy, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Daniele Oriti
- Depto. de Física Teórica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de las Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ludwigstrasse 31, 80333 München, Germany
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42
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Li P, Sun Z, Gao W, Cao B, Li Y, Li L, Wang L. Modeling and Simulation of Eddy Current Dissipation Magnetic Acceleration Noise of Space Inertial Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:7723. [PMID: 39686260 DOI: 10.3390/s24237723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
The magnetic acceleration noise (MAN) that stems from the eddy current dissipation of a test mass (TM) serves as an important source of noise for space inertial sensors. Given the problem that the eddy current dissipation magnetic acceleration noise (ECDMAN) of a cubic TM defies analytical solutions, an analytical model of ECDMAN for a spherical TM, which has the same volume as the cubic TM, is systematically derived on the basis of the principles of electromagnetism and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, and this model can be used as an approximate analytical model for the evaluation of this noise term. Based on the approximate analytical model, with the TM of the LISA Pathfinder (LPF) as the research object, this paper obtains a modification coefficient using the approach of combining the analytical method with the finite element method (FEM), and establishes a semi-analytical model of ECDMAN for the cubic TM. Using the parameters of the LPF's TM, the calculation error of the semi-analytical model is reduced by about 4.64% compared with the approximate analytical model. Finally, a generalized modeling approach for the semi-analytical model of ECDMAN is put forward, which is applicable to TMs with different parameters and can realize the real-time and rapid evaluation of ECDMAN during in-orbit experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxuan Li
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhiyin Sun
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Disaster Prevention and Reduction Equipment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China
| | - Bingzhang Cao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yunzhao Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Liyi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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43
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Karolinski N, Faraoni V. The Tolman-Ehrenfest criterion of thermal equilibrium in scalar-tensor gravity. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. C, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 2024; 84:1248. [PMID: 39634032 PMCID: PMC11611942 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The Tolman-Ehrenfest criterion for the thermal equilibrium of a fluid at rest in a static general-relativistic geometry is generalized to scalar-tensor gravity. Surprisingly, the gravitational scalar field, which fixes the strength of the effective gravitational coupling, does not play a role in determining thermal equilibrium. As a result, heat does not sink more in a gravitational field where gravity is stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numa Karolinski
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
| | - Valerio Faraoni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7 Canada
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44
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Neukart F, Brasher R, Marx E. The Quantum Memory Matrix: A Unified Framework for the Black Hole Information Paradox. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:1039. [PMID: 39766668 PMCID: PMC11726831 DOI: 10.3390/e26121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
We present the Quantum Memory Matrix (QMM) hypothesis, which addresses the longstanding Black Hole Information Paradox rooted in the apparent conflict between Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). This paradox raises the question of how information is preserved during black hole formation and evaporation, given that Hawking radiation appears to result in information loss, challenging unitarity in quantum mechanics. The QMM hypothesis proposes that space-time itself acts as a dynamic quantum information reservoir, with quantum imprints encoding information about quantum states and interactions directly into the fabric of space-time at the Planck scale. By defining a quantized model of space-time and mechanisms for information encoding and retrieval, QMM aims to conserve information in a manner consistent with unitarity during black hole processes. We develop a mathematical framework that includes space-time quantization, definitions of quantum imprints, and interactions that modify quantum state evolution within this structure. Explicit expressions for the interaction Hamiltonians are provided, demonstrating unitarity preservation in the combined system of quantum fields and the QMM. This hypothesis is compared with existing theories, including the holographic principle, black hole complementarity, and loop quantum gravity, noting its distinctions and examining its limitations. Finally, we discuss observable implications of QMM, suggesting pathways for experimental evaluation, such as potential deviations from thermality in Hawking radiation and their effects on gravitational wave signals. The QMM hypothesis aims to provide a pathway towards resolving the Black Hole Information Paradox while contributing to broader discussions in quantum gravity and cosmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Neukart
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Gebouw-BE-Vleugel, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (R.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Reuben Brasher
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (R.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Eike Marx
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (R.B.); (E.M.)
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45
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Gonzo R, Shi C. Scattering and Bound Observables for Spinning Particles in Kerr Spacetime with Generic Spin Orientations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:221401. [PMID: 39672109 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.221401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 12/15/2024]
Abstract
We derive the radial action of a spinning probe particle in Kerr spacetime from the worldline formalism in the first-order form, focusing on linear in spin effects. We then develop a novel covariant Dirac bracket formalism to compute the impulse and the spin kick directly from the radial action, generalizing some conjectural results in the literature and providing ready-to-use expressions for amplitude calculations with generic spin orientations. This allows, for the first time, to find new covariant expressions for scattering observables in the probe limit up to O(G^{6}s_{1}s_{2}^{4}). Finally, we use the action-angle representation to compute the fundamental frequencies for generic bound orbits, including the intrinsic spin precession, the periastron advance, and the precession of the orbital plane.
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46
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Buonanno A, Mogull G, Patil R, Pompili L. Post-Minkowskian Theory Meets the Spinning Effective-One-Body Approach for Bound-Orbit Waveforms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:211402. [PMID: 39642479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.211402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
Driven by advances in scattering amplitudes and worldline-based methods, recent years have seen significant progress in our ability to calculate gravitational two-body scattering observables. These observables effectively encapsulate the gravitational two-body problem in the weak-field and high-velocity regime [post-Minkowskian (PM)], with applications to the bound two-body problem and gravitational-wave modeling. We leverage PM data to construct a complete inspiral-merger-ringdown waveform model for nonprecessing spinning black holes within the effective-one-body (EOB) formalism SEOBNR-PM. This model is closely based on the highly successful SEOBNRv5 model, used by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration, with its key new feature being an EOB Hamiltonian derived by matching the two-body scattering angle in a perturbative PM expansion. The model performs remarkably well, showing a median mismatch against 441 numerical-relativity (NR) simulations that is somewhat lower than a similarly calibrated version of SEOBNRv5. Comparisons of the binding energy with NR also demonstrate better agreement than SEOBNRv5, despite the latter containing additional calibration to NR simulations.
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47
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Ianniccari A, Iovino AJ, Kehagias A, Pani P, Perna G, Perrone D, Riotto A. Deciphering the Instability of the Black Hole Ringdown Quasinormal Spectrum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:211401. [PMID: 39642516 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.211401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
The spectrum of the quasinormal modes of the gravitational waves emitted during the ringdown phase following the merger of two black holes is of primary importance in gravitational astronomy. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to small disturbances of the system, thus potentially jeopardizing the predictions of the gravitational-wave observables. We offer an analytical and intuitive explanation of such an instability and its properties based on the transfer matrix approach of quantum mechanics. We also give a simple interpretation of the fact that the prompt ringdown response in the time domain and the black hole greybody factor receive parametrically small corrections, thus being robust observables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A J Iovino
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Gravitational Wave Science Center, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Fisica, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - G Perna
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Gravitational Wave Science Center, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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48
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Berghofer P, François J. Dressing vs. Fixing: On How to Extract and Interpret Gauge-Invariant Content. FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS 2024; 54:72. [PMID: 39568628 PMCID: PMC11573829 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-024-00809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
There is solid consensus among physicists and philosophers that, in gauge field theory, for a quantity to be physically meaningful or real, it must be gauge-invariant. Yet, every "elementary" field in the Standard Model of particle physics is actually gauge-variant. This has led a number of researchers to insist that new manifestly gauge-invariant approaches must be established. Indeed, in the foundational literature, dissatisfaction with standard methods for reducing gauge symmetries has been expressed: Spontaneous symmetry breaking is deemed conceptually dubious, while gauge fixing suffers the same limitations and is subject to the same criticisms as coordinate choices in General Relativity. An alternative gauge-invariant proposal was recently introduced in the literature, the so-called "dressing field method" (DFM). It is a mathematically subtle tool, and unfortunately prone to be confused with simple gauge transformations, hence with standard gauge fixings. As a matter of fact, in the physics literature the two are often conflated, and in the philosophy community some doubts have been raised about whether there is any substantial difference between them. Clarifying this issue is of special significance for anyone interested in both the foundational issues of gauge theories and their invariant formulation. It is thus our objective to establish as precisely as possible the technical and conceptual distinctions between the DFM and gauge fixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berghofer
- Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 26/5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J François
- Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 26/5, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Masaryk University - MUNI, Kotlářská 267/2, Veveří, Brno Czech Republic
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49
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Le Corre S. Milky Way could invalidate the hypothesis of exotic matter and favor a gravitomagnetic solution to explain dark matter. Sci Rep 2024; 14:27526. [PMID: 39528675 PMCID: PMC11555388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a very general mathematical and physical expression of the rotation speed at the end of the galaxy (far from the vast majority of the galaxy's baryonic mass) obtained from General Relativity without non-baryonic matter. We show the excellent agreement with measurements obtained for the Milky Way published in a recent article which confirms a significantly faster decline in the circular velocity curve at outer galactic radii up to 30 kpc compared to the inner parts. This relation comes from Linearized General Relativity (GRL). Some papers argue that the GRL solution cannot explain dark matter (DM). We demonstrate that this conclusion is too premature because they only consider mass currents of the galaxies which is not the most general theoretical solution. And because this GRL explanation suffers from the same defects as exotic matter, only direct measurement of the Lense-Thirring effect can objectively reject this solution. Current experiments are not yet precise enough to test this solution. But meanwhile, if the relevance of this expression were confirmed for most galaxies, this would strongly challenge exotic matter to explain DM and could drastically change the point of view on the DM component. Two known physical fields (contrary to an exotic matter) which are until now neglected or rather underestimated would then explain DM. The DM mystery would then consist for theory in understanding how the values of these fields can be larger than expected and for observation in being able to measure these two fields with sufficient precision. In addition, these fields allow obtaining the TULLY-FISHER relation and the MOND theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Le Corre
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 16, BP 2142, 1016, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
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Vañó-Viñuales A, Valente T. Height-function-based 4D reference metrics for hyperboloidal evolution. GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION 2024; 56:135. [PMID: 39524193 PMCID: PMC11541382 DOI: 10.1007/s10714-024-03323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Hyperboloidal slices are spacelike slices that reach future null infinity. Their asymptotic behaviour is different from Cauchy slices, which are traditionally used in numerical relativity simulations. This work uses free evolution of the formally-singular conformally compactified Einstein equations in spherical symmetry. One way to construct gauge conditions suitable for this approach relies on building the gauge source functions from a time-independent background spacetime metric. This background reference metric is set using the height function approach to provide the correct asymptotics of hyperboloidal slices of Minkowski spacetime. The present objective is to study the effect of different choices of height function on hyperboloidal evolutions via the reference metrics used in the gauge conditions. A total of 10 reference metrics for Minkowski are explored, identifying some of their desired features. They include 3 hyperboloidal layer constructions, evolved with the non-linear Einstein equations for the first time. Focus is put on long-term numerical stability of the evolutions, including small initial gauge perturbations. The results will be relevant for future (puncture-type) hyperboloidal evolutions, 3D simulations and the development of coinciding Cauchy and hyperboloidal data, among other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vañó-Viñuales
- CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico IST, Universidade de Lisboa UL, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Valente
- CENTRA, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico IST, Universidade de Lisboa UL, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049 Lisbon, Portugal
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