Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with selenium: an update on current clinical trials and preclinical findings

Enriched accumulation and biotransformation of selenium in the edible seaweed Laminaria japonica

Accumulations of selenium in kelp Laminaria japonica cultured in seawater was achieved by adding selenite (Na2SeO3) with or without N-P (NaNO3 + NaH2PO4) nutrients at different concentrations. Biotransformation of selenium in the kelp was investigated through measuring the selenium of biological samples and different biochemical fractionations. The results showed that the optimal selenite-enrichment concentration is 200 mg L(-1), which can allow the kelp to accumulate a total selenium content from 0.51 +/- 0.15 to 26.23 +/- 3.12 microg g(-1) of fresh weight (fw). Selenium composition analysis of kelp (control group) showed that selenium is present as organic selenium, which is up to 86.22% of the total selenium, whereas inorganic selenium is barely 4.85%. When L. japonica was exposed for 56 h in seawater containing 200 mg L(-1) Na2SeO3, the organic selenium was 16.70 microg g(-1) of fw (68.23%) and inorganic selenium was 4.71 microg g(-1) of fw (19.26%). The capability of accumulation of selenium was further enhanced by adding N-P nutrients to the selenite-enriched medium. Total selenium is increased to be 33.65 microg g(-1) of fw at optimal concentration of N-P nutrient (150 mg L(-1) NaNO3 and 25 mg L(-1) NaH2PO4), whereas the inorganic selenium was not increased and remained at 4.597 microg g(-1) of fw (13.36%), and the increased part of selenium was organic selenium. This implied that kelp L. japonica could effectively transform inorganic selenium into organic selenium through metabolism.