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Gong H, Zhou H, Hodge S, Dyer JM, Hickford JG. Association of wool traits with variation in the ovine KAP1-2 gene in Merino cross lambs. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu N, Li H, Liu K, Yu J, Bu R, Cheng M, De W, Liu J, He G, Zhao J. Identification of skin-expressed genes possibly associated with wool growth regulation of Aohan fine wool sheep. BMC Genet 2014; 15:144. [PMID: 25511509 PMCID: PMC4272822 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sheep are valuable resources for the animal fibre industry. Therefore, identifying genes which regulate wool growth would offer strategies for improving the quality of fine wool. In this study, we employed Agilent sheep gene expression microarray and proteomic technology to compare the gene expression patterns of the body side (hair-rich) and groin (hairless) skins of Aohan fine wool sheep (a Chinese indigenous breed). Results Comparing the body side to the groin skins (S/G) of Aohan fine wool sheep, the microarray study revealed that 1494 probes were differentially expressed, including 602 more highly expressed and 892 less highly expressed probes. The microarray results were verified by means of quantitative PCR. Cluster analysis could distinguish the body side skin and the groin skin. Based on the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), 38 of the differentially expressed genes were classified into four categories, namely regulation of receptor binding, multicellular organismal process, protein binding and macromolecular complex. Proteomic study revealed that 187 protein spots showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in their respective expression levels. Among them, 46 protein entries were further identified by MALDI-TOF/MS analyses. Conclusions Microarray analysis revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes, many of which were possibly associated with wool growth. Several potential gene families might participate in hair growth regulation. Proteomic analysis also indentified hundreds of differentially expressed proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0144-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Hegang Li
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Ran Bu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Ming Cheng
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Wei De
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Guangling He
- State key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. .,Qingdao Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao, 266100, China. .,China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Khan I, Maldonado E, Vasconcelos V, O'Brien SJ, Johnson WE, Antunes A. Mammalian keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs) subgenomes: disentangling hair diversity and adaptation to terrestrial and aquatic environments. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:779. [PMID: 25208914 PMCID: PMC4180150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptation of mammals to terrestrial life was facilitated by the unique vertebrate trait of body hair, which occurs in a range of morphological patterns. Keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs), the major structural hair shaft proteins, are largely responsible for hair variation. Results We exhaustively characterized the KRTAP gene family in 22 mammalian genomes, confirming the existence of 30 KRTAP subfamilies evolving at different rates with varying degrees of diversification and homogenization. Within the two major classes of KRTAPs, the high cysteine (HS) subfamily experienced strong concerted evolution, high rates of gene conversion/recombination and high GC content. In contrast, high glycine-tyrosine (HGT) KRTAPs showed evidence of positive selection and low rates of gene conversion/recombination. Species with more hair and of higher complexity tended to have more KRATP genes (gene expansion). The sloth, with long and coarse hair, had the most KRTAP genes (175 with 141 being intact). By contrast, the “hairless” dolphin had 35 KRTAPs and the highest pseudogenization rate (74% relative to the 19% mammalian average). Unique hair-related phenotypes, such as scales (armadillo) and spines (hedgehog), were correlated with changes in KRTAPs. Gene expression variation probably also influences hair diversification patterns, for example human have an identical KRTAP repertoire as apes, but much less hair. Conclusions We hypothesize that differences in KRTAP gene repertoire and gene expression, together with distinct rates of gene conversion/recombination, pseudogenization and positive selection, are likely responsible for micro and macro-phenotypic hair diversification among mammals in response to adaptations to ecological pressures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-779) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Porous hydrogel of wool keratin prepared by a novel method: An extraction with guanidine/2-mercaptoethanol solution followed by a dialysis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liu N, Li H, Liu K, Yu J, Cheng M, De W, Liu J, Shi S, He Y, Zhao J. Differential expression of genes and proteins associated with wool follicle cycling. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5343-9. [PMID: 24847760 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are valuable resources for the wool industry. Wool growth of Aohan fine wool sheep has cycled during different seasons in 1 year. Therefore, identifying genes that control wool growth cycling might lead to ways for improving the quality and yield of fine wool. In this study, we employed Agilent sheep gene expression microarray and proteomic technology to compare the gene expression patterns of the body side skins at August and December time points in Aohan fine wool sheep (a Chinese indigenous breed). Microarray study revealed that 2,223 transcripts were differentially expressed, including 1,162 up-regulated and 1,061 down-regulated transcripts, comparing body side skin at the August time point to the December one (A/D) in Aohan fine wool sheep. Then seven differentially expressed genes were selected to validated the reliability of the gene chip data. The majority of the genes possibly related to follicle development and wool growth could be assigned into the categories including regulation of receptor binding, extracellular region, protein binding and extracellular space. Proteomic study revealed that 84 protein spots showed significant differences in expression levels. Of the 84, 63 protein spots were upregulated and 21 were downregulated in A/D. Finally, 55 protein points were determined through MALDI-TOF/MS analyses. Furthermore, the regulation mechanism of hair follicle might resemble that of fetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China,
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56
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Influence of feed restriction on the wool proteome: A combined iTRAQ and fiber structural study. J Proteomics 2014; 103:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Honda Y, Koike K, Kubo Y, Masuko S, Arakawa Y, Ando S. In vitro assembly properties of human type I and II hair keratins. Cell Struct Funct 2014; 39:31-43. [PMID: 24430440 DOI: 10.1247/csf.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple type I and II hair keratins are expressed in hair-forming cells but the role of each protein in hair fiber formation remains obscure. In this study, recombinant proteins of human type I hair keratins (K35, K36 and K38) and type II hair keratins (K81 and K85) were prepared using bacterial expression systems. The heterotypic subunit interactions between the type I and II hair keratins were characterized using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Gel electrophoresis showed that the heterotypic complex-forming urea concentrations differ depending on the combination of keratins. K35-K85 and K36-K81 formed relatively stable heterotypic complexes. SPR revealed that soluble K35 bound to immobilized K85 with a higher affinity than to immobilized K81. The in vitro intermediate filament (IF) assembly of the hair keratins was explored by negative-staining electron microscopy. While K35-K81, K36-K81 and K35-K36-K81 formed IFs, K35-K85 afforded tight bundles of short IFs and large paracrystalline assemblies, and K36-K85 formed IF tangles. K85 promotes lateral association rather than elongation of short IFs. The in vitro assembly properties of hair keratins depended on the combination of type I and II hair keratins. Our data suggest the functional significance of K35-K85 and K36-K81 with distinct assembly properties in the formation of macrofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Honda
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
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Tian Y, Di J, Huang X, Tian K, Wu W, Xu X, . H, Fu X, . M, . A. Selection of Housekeeping Genes for Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative RT-PCR in Skin of Fine-wool Sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2013.473.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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59
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Yu Z, Wildermoth JE, Wallace OAM, Gordon SW, Maqbool NJ, Maclean PH, Nixon AJ, Pearson AJ. Annotation of sheep keratin intermediate filament genes and their patterns of expression. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:582-8. [PMID: 21554405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Keratin IF (KRT) and keratin-associated protein genes encode the majority of wool and hair proteins. We have identified cDNA sequences representing nine novel sheep KRT genes, increasing the known active genes from eight to 17, a number comparable to that in the human. However, the absence of KRT37 in the type I family and the discovery of type II KRT87 in sheep exemplify species-specific compositional differences in hair KRT genes. Phylogenetic analysis of hair KRT genes within type I and type II families in the sheep, cattle and human genomes revealed a high degree of consistency in their sequence conservation and grouping. However, there were differences in the fibre compartmentalisation and keratinisation zones for the expression of six ovine KRT genes compared with their human orthologs. Transcripts of three genes (KRT40, KRT82 and KRT84) were only present in the fibre cuticle. KRT32, KRT35 and KRT85 were expressed in both the cuticle and the fibre cortex. The remaining 11 genes (KRT31, KRT33A, KRT33B, KRT34, KRT36, KRT38-39, KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86-87) were expressed only in the cortex. Species-specific differences in the expressed keratin gene sets, their relative expression levels and compartmentalisation are discussed in the context of their underlying roles in wool and hair developmental programmes and the distinctive characteristics of the fibres produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Yu
- Growth and Development Section, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Woods J, Harland D, Vernon J, Krsinic G, Walls R. Morphology and ultrastructure of antler velvet hair and body hair from red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Morphol 2010; 272:34-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Deb-Choudhury S, Plowman JE, Thomas A, Krsinic GL, Dyer JM, Clerens S. Electrophoretic mapping of highly homologous keratins: A novel marker peptide approach. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2894-902. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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