Agaricus bisporus and its by-products as a source of valuable extracts and bioactive compounds

Effects of power ultrasound treatment on the shelf life of button mushrooms: Digital image processing and microbial counting can reveal the effects

Edible button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the most common commercial-grade mushroom in the world. The shelf life of button mushrooms is limited to a range between two and four days because of enzymatic browning at medium ambient temperature if it is minimally processed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of power ultrasonics and its interaction with several treatments including H2O2 and O3 on increasing the storage quality of edible button mushroom by controlling enzymatic browning. A 100 W ultrasonic bath with a frequency between 20 and 35 kHz was used during the experiments. The storage quality was studied by examining the changes in color and microbial content over 12 days. The results obtained from the digital image processing and total microbial counting showed that the ultrasonic treatment for 6 min is an appropriate method for controlling the color preservation of mushrooms to improve their shelf life. The maximum changes in RGB band, HSV band, L*a*b* band, and microbial content of the mushroom samples under the ultrasonic treatment were equal to 7%, 12%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. Furthermore, having the color properties and microbial content of the samples, the artificial neural network (ANN) was capable of predicting their storage period with an MSE of 0.011.

Use of sugar mill wastewater for Agaricus bisporus cultivation: prediction models for trace metal uptake and health risk assessment

This study explored the sustainable use of treated sugar mill wastewater (SMW) to cultivate the White button (Agaricus bisporus J.E. Lange) mushroom and the attendant risk of trace metals accumulated in the fruiting bodies. The wheat straw substrate was loaded with a normal water supply and different doses of SMW to enhance its moisture and nutrient contents. The impact of the SMW amendment on A. bisporus yield, biological efficiency, and spawn-running time was assessed. Furthermore, the substrate properties (pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, etc.) based prediction models for trace metal uptake by A. bisporus fruiting bodies were developed using multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches. The results showed that maximum A. bisporus yield (158.42 ± 8.74 g/kg fresh substrate), biological efficiency (105.61 ± 3.97%), and minimum time of spawn-running (15 days) were observed in 75% SMW enrichment. For the prediction of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Zn trace metal uptake, the ANN models showed better performance in terms of R² (> 0.995), root means square error (RMSE < 0.075), model efficiency (ME > 0.99), and model normalized bias (MNB < 0.009), as compared with those of MLR models with R² (0.972), RMSE (< 0.441), ME (> 0.96), and MNB (< 0.034), respectively. On the other hand, the target hazard quotient (THQ) showed no significant health risk associated with the consumption of trace metal-contaminated A. bisporus in both adult and child groups. Thus, the findings of this study present a novel, safe, and sustainable method of A. bisporus cultivation along with treated agro-based wastewater management.

Polysaccharides and extracts from Agaricus brasiliensis Murill - A comprehensive review

Edible mushrooms have been increasingly introduced into the human diet, which has driven research into their functional properties. Thus, Agaricus brasiliensis Murill or Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a species native to the Brazilian biome, whose fruiting body has been used not only for dietary purposes, but also in the development of functional foods or as source of molecules of pharmacological interest. The bioactivity of ABM has been related to the presence of polysaccharides, although the contribution of other metabolites cannot be discharged. This work describes the polysaccharides isolation methodology and preparation of the extracts of ABM and their biological activities. Furthermore, it presents a general outline of its characterizations regarding composition, chemical structure and properties in solution. The ABM and its chemical constituents exhibit several biological activities that support their potential use for prevention or treatment of diseases with inflammatory background, such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. The mechanism of action of the extracts and polysaccharides from ABM is mainly related to a modulation of immune system response or reduction of inflammatory response. This review shows that the ABM has great potential in the pharmaceutical, biotechnological and food sectors that deserves additional research using standardized products.

Mushroom-Derived Medicine? Preclinical Studies Suggest Potential Benefits of Ergothioneine for Cardiometabolic Health

Medicinal use of mushrooms has been documented since ancient times, and in the modern world, mushrooms have a longstanding history of use in Eastern medicine. Recent interest in plant-based diets in Westernized countries has brought increasing attention to the use of mushrooms and mushroom-derived compounds in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Edible mushrooms are the most abundant food sources of the modified amino acid, ergothioneine. This compound has been shown to accumulate in almost all cells and tissues, but preferentially in those exposed to oxidative stress and injury. The demonstrated cytoprotectant effect of ergothioneine has led many to suggest a potential therapeutic role for this compound in chronic conditions that involve ongoing oxidative stress and inflammation, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the in vivo effects of ergothioneine and its underlying therapeutic mechanisms in the whole organism are not as clear. Moreover, there are no well-defined, clinical prevention and intervention trials of ergothioneine in chronic disease. This review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of ergothioneine and its potential as a Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine for the promotion of cardiometabolic health and the management of the most common manifestations of cardiometabolic disease.

Nutritional value and biological properties of Chilean wild and commercial edible mushrooms

The nutritional value and biological properties of 24 samples of Chilean edible mushrooms were evaluated. The nutritional value was determined by measuring moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents. The biological activity was determined by using antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant tests. The mushrooms showed high total carbohydrate (83.65-62.97 g/100 g dw) and crude protein (23.88-8.56 g/100 g dw) contents, but low fat contents (6.09-1.05 g/100 g dw). Ch₂Cl₂-extracts were more active against bacteria and fungi than MeOH-extracts. Ch₂Cl₂-extracts of B. loyo, C. lebre, L. edodes, M. conica and R. flava inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The Ch₂Cl₂-extracts of A. cylindracea, B. loyo, and G. gargal showed strong effects against fungi. R. flava showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The Chilean species B. loyo, C. lebre and G. gargal exhibited interesting nutritional value and biological properties, showing potential to be used as a dietary nutritional supplement.

Determining the amount of potentially bioavailable phenolic compounds and bioelements in edible mushroom mycelia of Agaricus bisporus, Cantharellus cibarius, and Lentinula edodes

Release of bioelements and phenolic compounds from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Cantharellus cibarius, and Lentinula edodes) enriched with zinc, selenium, l-phenylalanine, alone and as a mixture was examined using a simulated human gastrointestinal digestion method. Due to the extensive amount of data obtained, in order to interpret them more precisely in the work, the methods of chemometric analysis (Cluster Analysis-CA and Principal Compenent Analysis-PCA) were additionally applied. The results showed mycelium of L. edodes has the best health-promoting properties and addition of mixture to the media increased significantly the synthesis of p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acid (267 and 16.3 mg/100 g d.w.). After extraction into artificial digestive juices, 97.4 mg/100 g d.w. p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 15.6 mg/100 g d.w. of protocatechuic acid were released. The greatest amounts of Se and Zn were extracted from enriched A. bisporus mycelium (32.3 and 342 mg/100 g d.w., respectively). This study confirmed that mycelium might prevent nutritional deficiencies in the diet through use of functional foods.

Bacillus cereus liquid fertilizer was produced from Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater

During the Agaricus bisporus canning processes, a large number of water-soluble elements were dissolved into the processing hot water. This study was conducted to use the industrial wastewater of A. bisporus to prepare agricultural microbial fertilizer. In the work, the influence of 6 different liquid fermentation factors on the total biomass of living Bacillus cereus was evaluated with the one-factor-at-a-time method and the Plackett-Burman design. The total biomass of living B. cereus was most influenced by fermentation temperature, shaking speed, and inoculation volume, which were identified as the most critical independent variables for the B. cereus biomass. The approximate ranges of optimal fermentation conditions for the three key factors were identified by the path of steepest ascent. The center point of these factors were 24 ℃ of temperature, 250 rpm of shaking speed and 12 % inoculum amount, respectively. The Box-Behnken design was applied to derive a statistical model for optimizing the three fermentation factors for B. cereus biomass. After further optimizations based on statistical predictions, the optimum fermentation parameters for B. cereus cultured in the A. bisporus industrial wastewater were fermentation temperature of 24.8 °C, shaking speed of 234 rpm, inoculum dose of 12.2 % (v:v, %), industrial wastewater concentration of 4%, initial pH values of 6.5, loading liquid of 60 mL/250 mL, and culture time of 24 h. Culturing with the optimal fermentation conditions resulted in the biomass of B. cereus of 1.35 ± 0.02 × 10⁹ Obj/mL (N = 3), which was consistent with the predicted values (1.32 × 10⁹ Obj/mL) predicted by the corresponding regression models (p < 0.05), and more, was also far higher than that of the standard of agricultural bacterial fertilizers in People's Republic of China. Further, the results of field trial indicated that the of B. cereus liquid fertilizer can remarkably enhance the yield of Brassica chinensis L. It is practicable to make use of the industrial wastewater of A. bisporus to prepare the microbial fertilizer.

Effect-directed analysis and chemical identification of agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in white button mushroom

Obesity has a serious effect on human health. It relates to metabolic syndrome, including the associated disorders such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke and hyperemia. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important receptors to control fat metabolism in the human body. Because of the safety concerns of synthetic drugs targeting PPARs, ligands from natural sources have drawn interest. Earlier, we have found high PPAR activities in extracts from Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom, WBM). WBM contains a wide range of candidate compounds which could be agonists of PPARs. To identify which compounds are responsible for PPAR activation by WBM extracts, we used fractionation coupled to effect-directed analysis with reporter gene assays specific for all three PPARs for purification and LC/MS-TOF and NMR for compound identification in purified active fractions. Surprisingly, we identified the relatively common dietary fatty acid, linoleic acid, as the main ligand of PPARs in WBM. Possibly, the relatively low levels of linoleic acid in WBM are sufficient and instrumental in inducing its anti-obesogenic effects, avoiding high energy intake and negative health effects associated with high levels of linoleic acid consumption. However, it could not be excluded that a minor relatively potent compound contributes towards PPAR activation, while the anti-obesity effects of WBM may be further enhanced by receptor expression modulating compounds or compounds with completely PPAR unrelated modes of action.

Effect of the type and method of additives on the productivity of mushrooms grown in industrial conditions

The paper summarizes and analyzes the results of practical studies on the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus champignon mushrooms on a synthetic substrate with the introduction of organic additives into it – food and processing wastes: brewing waste, soybean and sunflower meal semolina. A yield analysis was carried out; indicators characterizing the quality of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms were studied; dependence of yield and quality of mushrooms on flush was demonstrated. It was noted that the preparation time of the substrate affects the number of flushes, respectively, and, correspondingly, on the yield of mushrooms: when growing mushrooms on a synthetic substrate prepared in the spring-summer period, two flushes are noted and, as a result, a higher yield is noted compared to mushrooms grown on a substrate prepared in the autumn-winter period. The study of the quality of fruit bodies showed that the use of additives increased the content of protein, fiber, fat and ash elements (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and magnesium). The results showed that the brewing waste is the best organic additive, which contributes not only to the growth of yield, but also to the improvement of the quality of cultured mushrooms. The study demonstrated that the quality of mushrooms obtained in the first flush exceeds the qualitative indicators of mushrooms grown in the second flush. The authors concluded that it is advisable to use organic waste (brewing waste, sunflower meal) as a substrate element when growing mushrooms in industrial conditions.

Addition of a mushroom by-product in oil-in-water emulsions for the microencapsulation of sunflower oil by spray drying

The by-product generated after ergosterol extraction from mushrooms (A. bisporus) is rich in polysaccharides (β-glucans) and proteins. The usefulness of this mushroom's by-product (MC) in oil microencapsulation by spray drying was evaluated partially replacing maltodextrin (13.5% w/w dry matter) and totally substituting Tween®20 with MC. Ergosterol was investigated as antioxidant. Non-Newtonian stable emulsions with mono-modal droplet size distributions were obtained with MC. Oil encapsulation efficiency was high (≥89%) and oil within microcapsules containing MC exhibited higher (p < 0.05) oxidative stability during spray drying. Powders containing MC exhibited larger particles (d₅₀27% larger), 12% lower solubility in water and perceptible color changes. During storage (35 °C 50% RH), conjugated dienes increased more slowly in microcapsules containing MC. Reductions up to 28% in linoleic acid were observed after 150 days. Ergosterol was 95% degraded after 150 days in powders with MC and totally degraded after 2 days in powders without MC.

Doxycycline transfer from substrate to white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and assessment of the potential consumer exposure

The presence of antibiotic residues in the food chain may pose a serious risk to human health. Locating and evaluating new sources of consumer exposure to antibiotic residues in food is a very important element of health protection. The possibility of doxycycline uptake from the substrate for mushroom cultivation by the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruit body was investigated. Mushrooms were experimentally cultivated on substrate contaminated with 8 different doxycycline concentrations in substrate and analyte concentrations in mushroom samples were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) The obtained results clearly indicated that doxycycline transfers from contaminated substrate to mushrooms at concentrations ranging from 0.87 to 72.3 µg/kg, depending on substrate contamination concentration level and order of harvesting.

Evaluation of nutritional values of wild mushrooms and spent substrate of Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fr

In Colombia, despite the great diversity of mushrooms, most are yet unknown from the taxonomic point of view, and even less known from their nutritional composition or their possible application to obtain value-added products from agro-waste. The mycelial growth of Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fr strain was investigated on agro-waste in culture media agar and correlation analyses were performed. The proximate and mineral element composition was determinate in wild mushrooms and spent substrate of L. crinitus, obtained in the solid-state fermentation. The evaluation of the mycelial growth of the L. crinitus strain confirmed that it can grow on agro-waste. The treatment T6 (Orange peel and brand) was determined to be the best for the mycelial growth of L. crinitus (0.0790 cm/h), T7 (Bran, Orange peel and rice husk) and T5 (Rice hush and orange peel) followed, with mycelial growth rates of 0.0753 cm/h and .0720 cm/h, respectively. The growth rate was positively correlated with C/N ratios but negatively correlated with Zn, N and protein. The combination of the agro-waste (T6, T7 and T5) were used to obtain the spent substrate and assess its nutritional potential. The results showed that wild mushrooms of L. crinitus had protein contents of 14.42%, and fiber of 57.18%. The spent substrate of L. crinitus increased their protein content (10.5–11.22%), fiber (44.1–56%) and nitrogen (1.64–1.28%). These advances are promising for the use of L. crinitus as degrader of agro-waste to obtain different products of food and agro-industrial interest.

Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Pleurotus pulmonarius against streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic wistar albino rats

The current research aims to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of Pleurotus pulmonarius, an edible basidiomycetes mushroom fungi in diabetic induced wistar albino rats. Mycelial Hot Water Extracts (HWE) and Acetone Extracts (AE) of Pleurotus pulmonarius was orally administrated to STZ-NA induced (55 mg/kilogram body weight) diabetic wistar albino rats at a concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks. The outcomes revealed that the HWE of Pleurotus pulmonarius resulted in a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in blood glucose level. A noteworthy (p < 0.001) reduction in serum lipid profile and elevation in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) after administration with HWE, also demonstrating the protective effects of HWE in diabetes-related complications. Besides all antidiabetic parameters, pathological morphology of the pancreas, liver and kidney are regularised. This observation indicated that HWE of Pleurotus pulmonarius possessed higher antidiabetic activity than AE. Besides, HWE also promoted a significant control of alpha amylase enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximum activity of 99.23% inhibition at 1000 µg/ml. The outcomes of the present study indicated that the HWE possesses a potential antidiabetic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, it can be used as a nontoxic complementary drug in the controlling of diabetes and related complications, thus providing scientific authentication of its use as an antidiabetic agent.

Assessment of yield and quality of double-spore champignon mushrooms

The article presents the results of experimental data characterizing the yield and quality of double-spore champignon mushrooms obtained by their cultivation on the substrate with the use of organic additives of plant and animal origin - waste of food and processing industries: sunflower husks, meat and buckwheat meal and coarse grains. The yield of mushrooms is estimated by periods of substrate preparation (winter and summer) and fruit-bearing waves. Higher yield of mushrooms of mushrooms of double-spore champignon was obtained on the substrate prepared in summer for two waves of fruiting. Assessment of the quality of mushrooms involved studying the content of protein, fiber, fat and ash elements (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and magnesium). The results show that sunflower husk and meat and bone meal are the best organic additives that not only increase the yield of mushrooms, but also their quality. The study shows that the quality of mushrooms obtained in the second wave is significantly higher than the quality of mushrooms obtained in the previous wave. Positive is the fact that the use of organic waste in industrial mushroom production contributes to the efficient management of, as a rule, little used by-products of food and processing industries.

Use of Agaricus bisporus mushroom in beef burgers: antioxidant, flavor enhancer and fat replacing potential

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of Agaricus bisporus mushroom as a natural antioxidant, fat/salt substitute and flavor enhancer in beef burger. Ten treatments were considered using a fractional factorial design (salt [0.5, 1.25 and 2.0%], fat [10, 15 and 20%] and mushroom content [0, 15 and 30%]). Treatments were characterized by instrumental and sensory measurements. The statistical design indicated that fat content had little influence on the results. The principal component analysis showed that the incorporation of mushrooms and salt modified the texture, moisture and water activity. Oxidative stability decreased as the salt content increased, at a low-fat content. Finally, the sensory profile was affected by the mushroom and salt contents, with the fat content exerting the least influence. Therefore, mushroom incorporation in beef burger may be a feasible strategy to reduce the fat content of beef burgers.

Graphical abstract