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Absence of Hikeshi, a nuclear transporter for heat-shock protein HSP70, causes infantile hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 25:366-370. [PMID: 28000699 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic leukoencephalopathies are a heterogeneous group of central nervous system disorders with white matter involvement. In a Finnish patient, we identified a novel homozygous disease-causing variant in HIKESHI, c.11G>C, p.(Cys4Ser), leading to hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy with periventricular cysts and vermian atrophy. A founder Ashkenazi-Jewish disease-causing variant recently linked Hikeshi and its heat-shock protective function to leukoencephalopathy. In our patient, clinical features of lower limb spasticity, optic atrophy, nystagmus, and severe developmental delay were similar to reported patients. Additional features included vermian atrophy, epileptic seizures, and an ovarian tumor. Structural modeling and protein analyses revealed that modified interactions inside Hikeshi's hydrophobic pockets induce protein instability. The patient's cells showed impaired nuclear translocation of HSP70 during heat shock, and decreased ERO1-Lα, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreductase. Overall, we show that: (1) the clinical spectrum associated with Hikeshi deficiency extends to leukoencephalopathy with vermian atrophy and epilepsy; (2) the cellular disease process involves both nuclear chaperone and ER functions.
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Lupo V, Aguado C, Knecht E, Espinós C. Chaperonopathies: Spotlight on Hereditary Motor Neuropathies. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:81. [PMID: 28018906 PMCID: PMC5155517 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) are a group of rare hereditary neuromuscular disorders characterized by an atrophy that affects peroneal muscles in the absence of sensory symptoms. To date, 23 genes are thought to be responsible for dHMN, four of which encode chaperones: DNAJB2, which encodes a member of the HSP40/DNAJ co-chaperone family; and HSPB1, HSPB3, and HSPB8, encoding three members of the small heat shock protein family. While around 30 different mutations in HSPB1 have been identified, the remaining three genes are altered in many fewer cases. Indeed, a mutation of HSPB3 has only been described in one case, whereas a few cases have been reported carrying mutations in DNAJB2 and HSPB8, most of them caused by a founder c.352+1G>A mutation in DNAJB2 and by mutations affecting the K141 residue in the HSPB8 chaperone. Hence, their rare occurrence makes it difficult to understand the pathological mechanisms driven by such mutations in this neuropathy. Chaperones can assemble into multi-chaperone complexes that form an integrated chaperone network within the cell. Such complexes fulfill relevant roles in a variety of processes, such as the correct folding of newly synthesized proteins, in which chaperones escort them to precise cellular locations, and as a response to protein misfolding, which includes the degradation of proteins that fail to refold properly. Despite this range of functions, mutations in some of these chaperones lead to diseases with a similar clinical profile, suggesting common pathways. This review provides an overview of the genetics of those dHMNs that share a common disease mechanism and that are caused by mutations in four genes encoding chaperones: DNAJB2, HSPB1, HSPB3, and HSPB8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lupo
- Molecular Basis of Human Diseases Program, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain; INCLIVA & IIS La Fe Rare Diseases Joint UnitsValencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguado
- Molecular Basis of Human Diseases Program, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain; INCLIVA & IIS La Fe Rare Diseases Joint UnitsValencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RedValencia, Spain
| | - Erwin Knecht
- Molecular Basis of Human Diseases Program, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain; INCLIVA & IIS La Fe Rare Diseases Joint UnitsValencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RedValencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Molecular Basis of Human Diseases Program, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain; INCLIVA & IIS La Fe Rare Diseases Joint UnitsValencia, Spain
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Modulation of Molecular Chaperones in Huntington’s Disease and Other Polyglutamine Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5829-5854. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lee JK, Wang B, Reyes M, Armstrong JS, Kulikowicz E, Santos PT, Lee JH, Koehler RC, Martin LJ. Hypothermia and Rewarming Activate a Macroglial Unfolded Protein Response Independent of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Piglets. Dev Neurosci 2016; 38:277-294. [PMID: 27622292 DOI: 10.1159/000448585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia provides incomplete neuroprotection after hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced brain injury in neonates. We previously showed that cortical neuron and white matter apoptosis are promoted by hypothermia and early rewarming in a piglet model of HI. The unfolded protein response (UPR) may be one of the potential mediators of this cell death. Here, neonatal piglets underwent HI or sham surgery followed by 29 h of normothermia, 2 h of normothermia + 27 h of hypothermia or 18 h of hypothermia + rewarming. Piglets recovered for 29 h. Immunohistochemistry for endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling-1 protein (ERN1), a marker of UPR activation, was used to determine the ratios of ERN1+ macroglia and neurons in the motor subcortical white matter and cerebral cortex. The ERN1+ macroglia were immunophenotyped as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes by immunofluorescent colabeling. Temperature (p = 0.046) and HI (p < 0.001) independently affected the ratio of ERN1+ macroglia. In sham piglets, sustained hypothermia (p = 0.011) and rewarming (p = 0.004) increased the ERN1+ macroglia ratio above that in normothermia. HI prior to hypothermia diminished the UPR. Ratios of ERN1+ macroglia correlated with white matter apoptotic profile counts in shams (r = 0.472; p = 0.026), thereby associating UPR activation with white matter apoptosis during hypothermia and rewarming. Accordingly, macroglial cell counts decreased in shams that received sustained hypothermia (p = 0.009) or rewarming (p = 0.007) compared to those in normothermic shams. HI prior to hypothermia neutralized the macroglial cell loss. Neither HI nor temperature affected ERN1+ neuron ratios. In summary, delayed hypothermia and rewarming activate the macroglial UPR, which is associated with white matter apoptosis. HI may decrease the macroglial endoplasmic reticulum stress response after hypothermia and rewarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA
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Azarnia Tehran D, Pirazzini M, Leka O, Mattarei A, Lista F, Binz T, Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Hsp90 is involved in the entry of clostridial neurotoxins into the cytosol of nerve terminals. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Oneda Leka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Histology and Molecular Biology Section; Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center; Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4 00184 Rome Italy
| | - Thomas Binz
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover; Institut für Physiologische Chemie OE4310; 30625 Hannover Germany
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
- National Research Institute of Neuroscience; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
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Rye CS, Chessum NEA, Lamont S, Pike KG, Faulder P, Demeritt J, Kemmitt P, Tucker J, Zani L, Cheeseman MD, Isaac R, Goodwin L, Boros J, Raynaud F, Hayes A, Henley AT, de Billy E, Lynch CJ, Sharp SY, Te Poele R, Fee LO, Foote KM, Green S, Workman P, Jones K. Discovery of 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidines as potent inhibitors of the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) stress pathway and CDK9. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1580-1586. [PMID: 27746890 PMCID: PMC5048338 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor that plays key roles in cancer, including providing a mechanism for cell survival under proteotoxic stress. Therefore, inhibition of the HSF1-stress pathway represents an exciting new opportunity in cancer treatment. We employed an unbiased phenotypic screen to discover inhibitors of the HSF1-stress pathway. Using this approach we identified an initial hit (1) based on a 4,6-pyrimidine scaffold (2.00 μM). Optimisation of cellular SAR led to an inhibitor with improved potency (25, 15 nM) in the HSF1 phenotypic assay. The 4,6-pyrimidine 25 was also shown to have high potency against the CDK9 enzyme (3 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Rye
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Nicola E A Chessum
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Scott Lamont
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Kurt G Pike
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Paul Faulder
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Julie Demeritt
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Paul Kemmitt
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Julie Tucker
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Lorenzo Zani
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Matthew D Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Rosie Isaac
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Louise Goodwin
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Joanna Boros
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Angela Hayes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Alan T Henley
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Emmanuel de Billy
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Swee Y Sharp
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Robert Te Poele
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Lisa O' Fee
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Kevin M Foote
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Stephen Green
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TG , UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , London SW7 3RP , UK . ;
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Chen HJ, Mitchell JC, Novoselov S, Miller J, Nishimura AL, Scotter EL, Vance CA, Cheetham ME, Shaw CE. The heat shock response plays an important role in TDP-43 clearance: evidence for dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2016; 139:1417-32. [PMID: 26936937 PMCID: PMC4845254 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Detergent-resistant, ubiquitinated and hyperphosphorylated Tar DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43, encoded by TARDBP) neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions are the pathological hallmark in ∼95% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ∼60% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration cases. We sought to explore the role for the heat shock response in the clearance of insoluble TDP-43 in a cellular model of disease and to validate our findings in transgenic mice and human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis tissues. The heat shock response is a stress-responsive protective mechanism regulated by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), which increases the expression of chaperones that refold damaged misfolded proteins or facilitate their degradation. Here we show that manipulation of the heat shock response by expression of dominant active HSF1 results in a dramatic reduction of insoluble and hyperphosphorylated TDP-43 that enhances cell survival, whereas expression of dominant negative HSF1 leads to enhanced TDP-43 aggregation and hyperphosphorylation. To determine which chaperones were mediating TDP-43 clearance we over-expressed a range of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and identified DNAJB2a (encoded by DNAJB2, and also known as HSJ1a) as a potent anti-aggregation chaperone for TDP-43. DNAJB2a has a J domain, allowing it to interact with HSP70, and ubiquitin interacting motifs, which enable it to engage the degradation of its client proteins. Using functionally deleted DNAJB2a constructs we demonstrated that TDP-43 clearance was J domain-dependent and was not affected by ubiquitin interacting motif deletion or proteasome inhibition. This indicates that TDP-43 is maintained in a soluble state by DNAJB2a, leaving the total levels of TDP-43 unchanged. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the levels of HSF1 and heat shock proteins are significantly reduced in affected neuronal tissues from a TDP-43 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This implies that the HSF1-mediated DNAJB2a/HSP70 heat shock response pathway is compromised in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Defective refolding of TDP-43 is predicted to aggravate the TDP-43 proteinopathy. The finding that the pathological accumulation of insoluble TDP-43 can be reduced by the activation of HSF1/HSP pathways presents an exciting opportunity for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jou Chen
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline C Mitchell
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jack Miller
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Agnes L Nishimura
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma L Scotter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caroline A Vance
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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58
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Protein aggregation and ER stress. Brain Res 2016; 1648:658-666. [PMID: 27037184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a common feature of the protein misfolding or conformational diseases, among them most of the neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are a major scourge, with scarce if any effective therapies at present. Recent research has identified ER stress as a major mechanism implicated in cytotoxicity in these diseases. Whether amyloid-β or tau in Alzheimer's, α-synuclein in Parkinson's, huntingtin in Huntington's disease or other aggregation-prone proteins in many other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a shared pathway of oligomerization and aggregation into amyloid fibrils. There is increasing evidence in recent years that the toxic species, and those that evoke ER stress, are the intermediate oligomeric forms and not the final amyloid aggregates. This review focuses on recent findings on the mechanisms and importance of the development of ER stress upon protein aggregation, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, and possible therapeutic approaches that are being examined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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59
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Zuo D, Subjeck J, Wang XY. Unfolding the Role of Large Heat Shock Proteins: New Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2016; 7:75. [PMID: 26973652 PMCID: PMC4771732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) of eukaryotes are evolutionarily conserved molecules present in all the major intracellular organelles. They mainly function as molecular chaperones and participate in maintenance of protein homeostasis in physiological state and under stressful conditions. Despite their relative abundance, the large HSPs, i.e., Hsp110 and glucose-regulated protein 170 (Grp170), have received less attention compared to other conventional HSPs. These proteins are distantly related to the Hsp70 and belong to Hsp70 superfamily. Increased sizes of Hsp110 and Grp170, due to the presence of a loop structure, result in their exceptional capability in binding to polypeptide substrates or non-protein ligands, such as pathogen-associated molecules. These interactions that occur in the extracellular environment during tissue injury or microbial infection may lead to amplification of an immune response engaging both innate and adaptive immune components. Here, we review the current advances in understanding these large HSPs as molecular chaperones in proteostasis control and immune modulation as well as their therapeutic implications in treatment of cancer and neurodegeneration. Given their unique immunoregulatory activities, we also discuss the emerging evidence of their potential involvement in inflammatory and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John Subjeck
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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60
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Fang DA, Duan JR, Zhou YF, Zhang MY, Xu DP, Liu K, Xu P. Molecular Characteristic, Protein Distribution and Potential Regulation of HSP90AA1 in the Anadromous Fish Coilia nasus. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7020008. [PMID: 26828521 PMCID: PMC4773752 DOI: 10.3390/genes7020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins play essential roles in basic cellular events. Spawning migration is a complex process, with significant structural and biochemical changes taking place in the adult gonad. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying migration reproductive biology remain undetermined. In this regard, a full length HSP90AA1 comprising 2608 nucleotides from the anadromous fish Coilia nasus was characterized, encoding 742 amino acid (aa) residues with potential phosphorylation sites. HSP90AA1 mRNA transcripts were detected in all organs, especially in the gonad. Furthermore, the greatest transcript levels were found during the developmental phase, while the lowest levels were found during the resting phase. In addition, the strongest immunolabeling positive signal was found in the primary spermatocyte and oocyte, with lower positive staining in secondary germ cells, and a weak or absent level in the mature sperm and oocyte. Interestingly, HSP90AA1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of germ cells. These results are important for understanding the molecular mechanism of anadromous migration reproductive biology. In combination with data from other fish species, the result of this present study may facilitate further investigations on the spawning migration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-An Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuejiali 69, Wuxi 214128, China.
| | - Jin-Rong Duan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
| | - Yan-Feng Zhou
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
| | - Min-Ying Zhang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
| | - Dong-Po Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuejiali 69, Wuxi 214128, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanshui Road 9, Wuxi 214128, China.
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61
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HSF1: Guardian of Proteostasis in Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:17-28. [PMID: 26597576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic instability is causally related to human diseases. In guarding proteome stability, the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-mediated proteotoxic stress response plays a pivotal role. Contrasting with its beneficial role of enhancing cell survival, recent findings have revealed a compelling pro-oncogenic role for HSF1. However, the mechanisms underlying the persistent activation and function of HSF1 within malignancy remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence reveals that oncogenic signaling mobilizes HSF1 and that cancer cells rely on HSF1 to avert proteomic instability and repress tumor-suppressive amyloidogenesis. In aggregate, these new developments suggest that cancer cells endure chronic proteotoxic stress and that proteomic instability is intrinsically associated with the malignant state, a characteristic that could be exploited to combat cancer.
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62
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McCarthy MM, Pickett LA, VanRyzin JW, Kight KE. Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain. Horm Behav 2015; 76:3-10. [PMID: 25917865 PMCID: PMC4620061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Discerning the biologic origins of neuroanatomical sex differences has been of interest since they were first reported in the late 60's and early 70's. The centrality of gonadal hormone exposure during a developmental critical window cannot be denied but hormones are indirect agents of change, acting to induce gene transcription or modulate membrane bound signaling cascades. Sex differences in the brain include regional volume differences due to differential cell death, neuronal and glial genesis, dendritic branching and synaptic patterning. Early emphasis on mechanism therefore focused on neurotransmitters and neural growth factors, but by and large these endpoints failed to explain the origins of neural sex differences. More recently evidence has accumulated in favor of inflammatory mediators and immune cells as principle regulators of brain sexual differentiation and reveal that the establishment of dimorphic circuits is not cell autonomous but instead requires extensive cell-to-cell communication including cells of non-neuronal origin. Despite the multiplicity of cells involved the nature of the sex differences in the neuroanatomical endpoints suggests canalization, a process that explains the robustness of individuals in the face of intrinsic and extrinsic variability. We propose that some neuroanatomical endpoints are canalized to enhance sex differences in the brain by reducing variability within one sex while also preventing the sexes from diverging too greatly. We further propose mechanisms by which such canalization could occur and discuss what relevance this may have to sex differences in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Neuroscience and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Neuroscience and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Neuroscience and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Katherine E Kight
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Neuroscience and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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63
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Editorial: Molecular neuroprotection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:105. [PMID: 25976597 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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