Transcriptional biomarkers and mechanisms of copper-induced olfactory injury in zebrafish

Effect of acute copper sulfate exposure on olfactory responses to amino acids and pheromones in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Exposure of olfactory epithelium to environmentally relevant concentrations of copper disrupts olfaction in fish. To examine the dynamics of recovery at both functional and morphological levels after acute copper exposure, unilateral exposure of goldfish olfactory epithelia to 100 microM CuSO(4) (10 min) was followed by electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording and scanning electron microscopy. Sensitivity to amino acids (l-arginine and l-serine), generally considered food-related odorants, recovered most rapidly (three days), followed by that to catecholamines (3-O-methoxytyramine), bile acids (taurolithocholic acid) and the steroid pheromone, 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-sulfate, which took 28 days to reach full recovery. Sensitivity to the postovulatory pheromone prostaglandin F(2alpha) had not fully recovered even at 28 days. These changes in sensitivity were correlated with changes in the recovery of ciliated and microvillous receptor cell types. Microvillous cells appeared largely unaffected by CuSO(4) treatment. Cilia in ciliated receptor neurones, however, appeared damaged one day post-treatment and were virtually absent after three days but had begun to recover after 14 days. Together, these results support the hypothesis that microvillous receptor neurones detect amino acids whereas ciliated receptor neurones were not functional and are responsible for detection of social stimuli (bile acids and pheromones). Furthermore, differences in sensitivity to copper may be due to different transduction pathways in the different cell types.