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Kabdaşlı I, Arslan-Alaton I, Ölmez-Hancı T, Tünay O. Electrocoagulation applications for industrial wastewaters: a critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2012.715390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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53
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Jiménez C, Sáez C, Martínez F, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Electrochemical dosing of iron and aluminum in continuous processes: A key step to explain electro-coagulation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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54
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Gamage NP, Rimer JD, Chellam S. Improvements in permeate flux by aluminum electroflotation pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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55
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56
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Zhang WM, Zhuang JX, Chen Q, Wang S, Song WG, Wan LJ. Cost-Effective Production of Pure Al13 from AlCl3 by Electrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xia Zhuang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190,
P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190,
P.R. China
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57
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Karhu M, Kuokkanen V, Kuokkanen T, Rämö J. Bench scale electrocoagulation studies of bio oil-in-water and synthetic oil-in-water emulsions. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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58
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Bazrafshan E, Kord Mostafapour F, Farzadkia M, Ownagh KA, Mahvi AH. Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by combined chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation process. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40108. [PMID: 22768233 PMCID: PMC3387025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouse wastewater contains various and high amounts of organic matter (e.g., proteins, blood, fat and lard). In order to produce an effluent suitable for stream discharge, chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation techniques have been particularly explored at the laboratory pilot scale for organic compounds removal from slaughterhouse effluent. The purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of treating cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater by combined chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation process to achieve the required standards. The influence of the operating variables such as coagulant dose, electrical potential and reaction time on the removal efficiencies of major pollutants was determined. The rate of removal of pollutants linearly increased with increasing doses of PACl and applied voltage. COD and BOD5 removal of more than 99% was obtained by adding 100 mg/L PACl and applied voltage 40 V. The experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical and electrochemical techniques for the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewaters. Consequently, combined processes are inferred to be superior to electrocoagulation alone for the removal of both organic and inorganic compounds from cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Bazrafshan
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Farzadkia
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Aldin Ownagh
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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59
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Al-Shannag M, Lafi W, Bani-Melhem K, Gharagheer F, Dhaimat O. Reduction of COD and TSS from Paper Industries Wastewater using Electro-Coagulation and Chemical Coagulation. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2011.634474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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60
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Pajootan E, Arami M, Mahmoodi NM. Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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61
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Mansouri K, Hannachi A, Abdel-Wahab A, Bensalah N. Electrochemically Dissolved Aluminum Coagulants for the Removal of Natural Organic Matter from Synthetic and Real Industrial Wastewaters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202188m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mansouri
- Department of Chemical
Engineering,
National School of Engineering of Gabes, University of Gabes, 6072 Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hannachi
- Department of Chemical
Engineering,
National School of Engineering of Gabes, University of Gabes, 6072 Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasr Bensalah
- Department of Chemical
Engineering,
National School of Engineering of Gabes, University of Gabes, 6072 Gabes, Tunisia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
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62
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Gamage NP, Chellam S. Aluminum electrocoagulation pretreatment reduces fouling during surface water microfiltration. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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63
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Velazquez-Peña S, Barrera-Díaz C, Linares-Hernández I, Bilyeu B, Martínez-Delgadillo SA. An Effective Electrochemical Cr(VI) Removal Contained in Electroplating Industry Wastewater and the Chemical Characterization of the Sludge Produced. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200968s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Velazquez-Peña
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM − UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km 14.5, Unidad El Rosedal, C.P. 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Carlos Barrera-Díaz
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM − UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km 14.5, Unidad El Rosedal, C.P. 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua, UAEMex. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km 14.5, C.P. 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Bryan Bilyeu
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, Drexel Drive, Box 22, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - S. A. Martínez-Delgadillo
- Depto. Energía, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana−Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Azcapotzalco, CP 07740, México D.F., México
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64
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Hanay Ö, Hasar H. Effect of anions on removing Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 189:572-576. [PMID: 21411225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the performance of electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes in the treatment of Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) containing aqueous solutions was investigated by depending on type of anion in solution, considering some operating conditions such as initial metal concentration and pH. Results obtained from synthetic wastewater showed that type of anion in solutions has a significant effect on the metal removal. The initial concentration of zinc influenced significantly the performance of electrocoagulation process as compared with the results obtained from Mn and Cu metals. Anions studied did not generate an important difference between pH variations. Best removals for three metals were achieved with increasing the pH in the presence of both anions. Total removals of copper and zinc reached almost 100% after 5 min at pH values > 7. At the end of the experiments for 35 min, the Mn removals were 85 and 80% in the presence of sulfate and chloride anions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Hanay
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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65
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Amani-Ghadim A, Aber S, Olad A, Ashassi-Sorkhabi H. Influence of anions on Reactive Red 43 removal in electrochemical coagulation process. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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66
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Phalakornkule C, Karakat B, Nuyut T, Ruttithiwapanich T. Investigation of electrochemical variables and performance of a continuous upflow electrocoagulation process in the treatment of Reactive Blue 140. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2010; 82:2325-2332. [PMID: 21214026 DOI: 10.2175/106143010x12681059116815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an investigation of electrochemical variables in the operation of a continuous upflow electrocoagulation process in treating textile wastewater. Reactive Blue 140, which is porphyrin-based, was used as a representative dye in the experiments. The optimal values of the design and operating parameters were found, from a batch mode, to be the following: iron anode, distance between electrodes of 8 mm, current density of at least 30 A/m2, and contact time of at least 5 minutes. These optimal values were used to design a continuous upflow electrocoagulation reactor. The pattern of liquid flow within the upflow reactor was studied using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program, which simulated the flow behavior inside the reactor using the finite volume method. For optimal parameter values, the water passing the electrode plates had a uniform distribution, and the reactor performance was satisfactory, with >90% color removal and energy consumption of approximately 1.4 kWh/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantaraporn Phalakornkule
- The Research and Technology Center for Renewable Products and Energy, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok, Thailand.
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67
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Gao S, Du M, Tian J, Yang J, Yang J, Ma F, Nan J. Effects of chloride ions on electro-coagulation-flotation process with aluminum electrodes for algae removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 182:827-834. [PMID: 20667652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electro-coagulation-flotation (ECF) is one of the most promising technologies that offers an attractive alternative to conventional coagulation and flotation. In this study, the effectiveness and mechanisms of algae removal by ECF process using aluminum electrodes was investigated in the presence of Cl(-) ions. The results showed that the addition of Cl(-) ions (1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0 mM) had a promoting effect on the algae removal in terms of both the cell density and chlorophyll-a, which could be attributed to the following two reasons. Firstly, active chlorine could be generated in the ECF when Cl(-) ions were present. The electrochemically generated active chlorine was demonstrated to be effective for the inactivation of algae cells with the aid of the electric field in the ECF. Secondly, the Cl(-) ions in the algae solution could enhance the release of Al(3+) from the aluminum electrodes in the ECF. Through SEM-EDX analysis, pitting corrosion and alleviated formation of oxide film by Cl(-) ions were observed on the anode surface. When considering that Cl(-) ions are universally present in natural waters, the effects of Cl(-) on ECF process for algae removal are of great significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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68
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Moisés TP, Patricia BH, Barrera-Díaz CE, Gabriela RM, Natividad-Rangel R. Treatment of industrial effluents by a continuous system: electrocoagulation--activated sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:7761-7766. [PMID: 20570506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A continuous system electrocoagulation--active sludge was designed and built for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The system included an electrochemical reactor with aluminum electrodes, a clarifier and a biological reactor. The electrochemical reactor was tested under different flowrates (50, 100 and 200 mL/min). In the biological reactor, the performance of different cultures of active sludge was assessed: coliform bacterial, ciliate and flagellate protozoa and aquatic fungus. Overall treatment efficiencies of color, turbidity and COD removal were 94%, 92% and 80%, respectively, under optimal conditions of 50 mL/min flowrate and using ciliate and flagellate protozoa. It was concluded that the system was efficient for the treatment of industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejocote-Pérez Moisés
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, 50200 Toluca, Mexico.
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69
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Gao S, Yang J, Tian J, Ma F, Tu G, Du M. Electro-coagulation-flotation process for algae removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 177:336-43. [PMID: 20042280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Algae in surface water have been a long-term issue all over the world, due to their adverse influence on drinking water treatment process as well as drinking water quality. The algae removal by electro-coagulation-flotation (ECF) technology was investigated in this paper. The results indicated that aluminum was an excellent electrode material for algae removal as compared with iron. The optimal parameters determined were: current density=1 mA/cm(2), pH=4-7, water temperature=18-36 degrees C, algae density=0.55 x 10(9)-1.55 x 10(9) cells/L. Under the optimal conditions, 100% of algae removal was achieved with the energy consumption as low as 0.4 kWh/m(3). The ECF performed well in acid and neutral conditions. At low initial pH of 4-7, the cell density of algae was effectively removed in the ECF, mainly through the charge neutralization mechanism; while the algae removal worsened when the pH increased (7-10), and the main mechanism shifted to sweeping flocculation and enmeshment. The mechanisms for algae removal at different pH were also confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. Furthermore, initial cell density and water temperature could also influence the algae removal. Overall, the results indicated that the ECF technology was effective for algae removal, from both the technical and economical points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, Hei Longjiang, China.
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70
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Phalakornkule C, Polgumhang S, Tongdaung W, Karakat B, Nuyut T. Electrocoagulation of blue reactive, red disperse and mixed dyes, and application in treating textile effluent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010; 91:918-926. [PMID: 20042267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of electrocoagulation in removing color from synthetic and real textile wastewater. Two representative dye molecules were selected for the synthetic dye wastewater: a blue reactive dye (Reactive Blue 140) and a disperse dye (Disperse Red 1). The electrochemical technique showed satisfactory color removal efficiency and reliable performance in treating both individual and mixed dye types. The removal efficiency and energy consumption data showed that, for a given current density, iron was superior to aluminum in treating both the reactive dye and the disperse dye. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg L(-1), the energy cost in achieving >95% color removal was on the order of 1 kWh m(-3) for both dyes. The effect of changing the initial pH of the samples on the removal efficiency and energy consumption was also studied. It was found that the design parameters used for the synthetic wastewater were less effective for treatment of real textile wastewater, with 1 in 5 tests on real wastewater failing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantaraporn Phalakornkule
- The Research and Technology Center for Renewable Products and Energy, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
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71
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Tchamango S, Nanseu-Njiki CP, Ngameni E, Hadjiev D, Darchen A. Treatment of dairy effluents by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:947-952. [PMID: 19900696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work sets out to examine the efficiency of an electrolytic treatment: electrocoagulation, applied to dairy effluents. The experiments were carried out using a soluble aluminium anode on artificial wastewater derived from solutions of milk powder. The flocks generated during this treatment were separated by filtration. The analysis of the filtrates showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by up to 61% while the removal of phosphorus, nitrogen contents, and turbidity were 89, 81 and 100%, respectively. An analogous treatment applied to phosphate and lactose solutions revealed that lactose was not eliminated, a fact that could account for the rather poor lowering of the COD. Compared to the chemical coagulation treatment with aluminium sulphate, the efficiency of the electrocoagulation technique was almost identical. However the wastewaters treated by electrocoagulation differed by the fact that they exhibited a lower conductivity and a neutral pH value (by contrast to the acid nature of the solution treated by the chemical coagulation). This result (low conductivity, neutral pH) tends to show that it may be possible to recycle the treated water for some industrial uses. Moreover, the electrocoagulation process uses fewer reagents: the mass of the aluminium anode dissolved during the treatment is lower compared to the quantity of the aluminium salt used in chemical coagulation. These two observations clearly show that the electrocoagulation technique is more performing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Tchamango
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Département de Chimie Inorganique, Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Yaoundé-1, BP 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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72
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Robić G, Miranda EA. Modeling of protein and phenolic compound removal from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 26:186-91. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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73
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Vepsäläinen M, Ghiasvand M, Selin J, Pienimaa J, Repo E, Pulliainen M, Sillanpää M. Investigations of the effects of temperature and initial sample pH on natural organic matter (NOM) removal with electrocoagulation using response surface method (RSM). Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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74
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Trompette JL, Vergnes H. On the crucial influence of some supporting electrolytes during electrocoagulation in the presence of aluminum electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:1282-1288. [PMID: 18790563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of some supporting electrolytes on aluminum electrode oxidation and pH variation during electrocoagulation of an unskimmed milk sample and a cutting oil emulsion has been investigated. Among the electrolytes studied, sulfate anions were found to be quite harmful both for electrical consumption and electrocoagulation efficiency. At the opposite, chloride and ammonium ions were particularly benefic respectively for aluminum corrosion and pH regulation, whereas sodium cations were observed to have a neutral role. The results indicate that electrocoagulation can be realized at low anodic potential even in the presence of sulfate ions when the [Cl(-)]/[SO(4)(2-)] ratio is around or greater than 1/10. The detrimental effect of sulfates on electrocoagulation efficiency can be thwarted by the use of the ammonium salt thanks to its related buffer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Trompette
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique UMR 5503, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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75
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Cañizares P, Jiménez C, Martínez F, Rodrigo MA, Sáez C. The pH as a key parameter in the choice between coagulation and electrocoagulation for the treatment of wastewaters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:158-164. [PMID: 18674858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it is studied the influence of the pH of the waste in the coagulation with aluminum by conventional and electrochemical dosing. To do that, the speciation of aluminum as a function of the pH has been characterized, and this information has been used to interpret the results obtained in the treatments (by both coagulation methods) of a synthetic oil-in-water emulsion and an actual effluent of a door-manufacturing factory. Results show that a simple change in the pH of the wastes can result in a significant change in the efficiency of the coagulation process, and that if the same pH conditions are found at the end of the treatment, the efficiencies of the solution-dosing and of the electrochemical dosing technologies are very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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76
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Gu Z, Liao Z, Schulz M, Davis JR, Baygents JC, Farrell J. Estimating Dosing Rates and Energy Consumption for Electrocoagulation Using Iron and Aluminum Electrodes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Zhaohui Liao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Matthew Schulz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Jake R. Davis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - James C. Baygents
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - James Farrell
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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77
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Huang CH, Chen L, Yang CL. Effect of anions on electrochemical coagulation for cadmium removal. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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78
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Khataee AR, Vatanpour V, Amani Ghadim AR. Decolorization of C.I. Acid Blue 9 solution by UV/Nano-TiO(2), Fenton, Fenton-like, electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation processes: a comparative study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:1225-1233. [PMID: 18524478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study makes a comparison between UV/Nano-TiO(2), Fenton, Fenton-like, electro-Fenton (EF) and electrocoagulation (EC) treatment methods to investigate the removal of C.I. Acid Blue 9 (AB9), which was chosen as the model organic contaminant. Results indicated that the decolorization efficiency was in order of Fenton>EC>UV/Nano-TiO(2)>Fenton-like>EF. Desired concentrations of Fe(2+) and H(2)O(2) for the abatement of AB9 in the Fenton-based processes were found to be 10(-4)M and 2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. In the case of UV/Nano-TiO(2) process, we have studied the influence of the basic photocatalytic parameters such as the irradiation time, pH of the solution and amount of TiO(2) nanoparticles on the photocatalytic decolorization efficiency of AB9. Accordingly, it could be stated that the complete removal of color, after selecting desired operational parameters could be achieved in a relatively short time, about 25 min. Our results also revealed that the most effective decomposition of AB9 was observed with 150 mg/l of TiO(2) nanoparticles in acidic condition. The effect of operational parameters including current density, initial pH and time of electrolysis were studied in electrocoagulation process. The results indicated that for a solution of 20 mg/l AB9, almost 98% color were removed, when the pH was about 6, the time of electrolysis was 8 min and the current density was approximately 25 A/m(2) in electrocoagulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khataee
- Water and Wastewater Treatment Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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79
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Removal of Biorefractory Compounds in Industrial Wastewater by Chemical and Electrochemical Pretreatments. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800560n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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80
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Kobya M, Delipinar S. Treatment of the baker's yeast wastewater by electrocoagulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 154:1133-1140. [PMID: 18082942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the laboratory-scale experiments, treatment of baker's yeast production wastewater has been investigated by electrocoagulation (EC) using a batch reactor. Effects of the process variables such as pH, electrode material (Fe and Al), current density, and operating time are investigated in terms of removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, and operating cost, respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies of COD, TOC and turbidity under optimal operating conditions, i.e., pH 6.5 for Al electrode and pH 7 for Fe electrode, current density of 70 A/m2 and operating time of 50 min were 71, 53 and 90% for Al electrode and 69, 52 and 56% for Fe electrode, respectively. Al electrode gave 4.4 times higher removal efficiency of turbidity than Fe electrode due to interference from color of dissolved iron. The operating costs for Al and Fe electrodes in terms of $/m3 or $/kg COD were 1.54 and 0.82, 0.51 and 0.27, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kobya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, 41400 Gebze, Turkey.
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81
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Karthik G, Kulangiappar K, Marken F, Kulandainathan MA. Electrochemically promoted Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Trompette J, Vergnes H, Coufort C. Enhanced electrocoagulation efficiency of lyophobic colloids in the presence of ammonium electrolytes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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83
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FENG QY, LI XD, CHENG YJ, MENG L, MENG QJ. Removal of Humic Acid from Groundwater by Electrocoagulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1006-1266(07)60136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Cañizares P, Jiménez C, Martínez F, Sáez C, Rodrigo MA. Study of the Electrocoagulation Process Using Aluminum and Iron Electrodes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fabiola Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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85
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86
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Cañizares P, Martínez F, Jiménez C, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Coagulation and Electrocoagulation of Wastes Polluted with Colloids. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390701446530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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87
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Cañizares P, Martínez F, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Break-up of oil-in-water emulsions by electrochemical techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 145:233-40. [PMID: 17196330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically-assisted technologies can be successfully applied to the treatment of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. In this work, it is studied the influence of the main parameters (electrical charge passed, pH, electrolyte, oil content and operation mode) in the efficiency of these processes, when aluminium electrodes are used. The pH was found to be the most significant parameter, and good removal efficiencies were only obtained for pHs in the range 5-9. The electrical charge passed was observed to be directly related to the aluminium supplied to the waste. For a given oil concentration it is required that a minimum electrical charge is passed to break-up the emulsion. Further increases in the electrical charge lead to increase in the COD removal. The influence of the oil concentration is related to that of the electrical charge passed: for a given dose of aluminium, the higher the oil content the lower the COD-removal efficiency. Likewise, to produce the break-up of the emulsion it is required a minimum dose of aluminium (electrical charge passed), lower doses do not attain the rupture of the emulsion. The type of electrolyte and its concentration were also found to influence the process efficiency. Better efficiencies were obtained in the treatment of chloride-containing wastes and for low concentration of electrolyte. The destabilization of the O/W emulsion was found to be favoured in the discontinuous operation mode. Bridging flocculation is a primary destabilization mechanism that can explain the experimental results obtained in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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88
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Aluminum electrocoagulation with peroxide applied to wastewater from pasta and cookie processing. Sep Purif Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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89
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Cañizares P, Martínez F, Jiménez C, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Comparison of the Aluminum Speciation in Chemical and Electrochemical Dosing Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie060824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fabiola Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Justo Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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90
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Cañizares P, Martínez F, Jiménez C, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Coagulation and electrocoagulation of wastes polluted with dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:6418-24. [PMID: 17120574 DOI: 10.1021/es0608390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dyes are common pollutants in a large variety of industrial wastewaters, and the treatment of these wastes by coagulation has been extensively studied in the literature. This work is focused on the comparison of the efficiencies of the chemical and the electrochemical coagulation processes with hydrolyzing aluminum salts, and it tries to determine the similarities or differences that exist between the two coagulation processes. To do this, Eriochrome Black T solutions were used as a model of dye-polluted wastewater, and experiments of both coagulation technologies were planned to meet the same operation conditions. The pH, the aluminum concentration, the type of electrolyte, and the mode of dosing of aluminum were found to influence the process. Moreover, the speciation of aluminum was found to be the key parameter to explain the results, in terms of the mechanisms previously proposed in the literature for dissolved organic matter coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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91
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Cañizares P, Martínez F, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Electrochemically Assisted Coagulation of Wastes Polluted with Eriochrome Black T. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie051432r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F. Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J. Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M. A. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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92
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Carmona M, Khemis M, Leclerc JP, Lapicque F. A simple model to predict the removal of oil suspensions from water using the electrocoagulation technique. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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93
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Cañizares P, Martínez F, Carmona M, Lobato J, Rodrigo MA. Continuous Electrocoagulation of Synthetic Colloid-Polluted Wastes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie050527q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F. Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M. Carmona
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J. Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M. A. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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