51
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Nikolić AR, Petri ET, Klisurić OR, Ćelić AS, Jakimov DS, Djurendić EA, Penov Gaši KM, Sakač MN. Synthesis and anticancer cell potential of steroidal 16,17-seco-16,17a-dinitriles: Identification of a selective inhibitor of hormone-independent breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:703-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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One-step synthesis of azole- and benzazole-based sulfonamides in aqueous media. Mol Divers 2015; 19:283-92. [PMID: 25613859 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several benzazoles (benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzimidazoles) and azoles (1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thiones and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles) bearing a sulfonamide moiety were efficiently prepared via the reactions of dimethyl (arylsulfonyl) dithioimidocarbonate derivatives and their 2-aminobenzene precursors, thiosemicarbazides, and amidoximes, respectively, in the presence of K(2)CO(3) as a base in aqueous ethanol (25%) as a green media in moderate to excellent yields.
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Filgueira CS, Benod C, Lou X, Gunamalai PS, Villagomez RA, Strom A, Gustafsson JÅ, Berkenstam AL, Webb P. A screening cascade to identify ERβ ligands. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2014; 12:e003. [PMID: 25422593 PMCID: PMC4242290 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of effective high throughput screening cascades to identify nuclear receptor (NR) ligands that will trigger defined, therapeutically useful sets of NR activities is of considerable importance. Repositioning of existing approved drugs with known side effect profiles can provide advantages because de novo drug design suffers from high developmental failure rates and undesirable side effects which have dramatically increased costs. Ligands that target estrogen receptor β (ERβ) could be useful in a variety of diseases ranging from cancer to neurological to cardiovascular disorders. In this context, it is important to minimize cross-reactivity with ERα, which has been shown to trigger increased rates of several types of cancer. Because of high sequence similarities between the ligand binding domains of ERα and ERβ, preferentially targeting one subtype can prove challenging. Here, we describe a sequential ligand screening approach comprised of complementary in-house assays to identify small molecules that are selective for ERβ. Methods include differential scanning fluorimetry, fluorescence polarization and a GAL4 transactivation assay. We used this strategy to screen several commercially-available chemical libraries, identifying thirty ERβ binders that were examined for their selectivity for ERβ versus ERα, and tested the effects of selected ligands in a prostate cancer cell proliferation assay. We suggest that this approach could be used to rapidly identify candidates for drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly S Filgueira
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cindy Benod
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaohua Lou
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Prem S Gunamalai
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rosa A Villagomez
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anders Strom
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anders L Berkenstam
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Webb
- Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (CSF, CB, XL, PSG, RAV, ALB, PW) and Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston (AS, JAG, ALB, PW), Houston, Texas, USA
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Liu X, Giguère V. Inactivation of RARβ inhibits Wnt1-induced mammary tumorigenesis by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2014; 12:e004. [PMID: 25422594 PMCID: PMC4242291 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) has been proposed to act as a tumor suppressor in
breast cancer. In contrast, recent data have shown that RARβ promotes ERBB2-induced mammary
gland tumorigenesis through remodeling of the stromal compartment and activation of
cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, it is currently unknown whether RARβ oncogenic
activity is specific to ERBB2-induced tumors, or whether it influences the initiation and
progression of other breast cancer subtypes. Accordingly, we set out to investigate the involvement
of RARβ in basal-like breast cancer using mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-wingless-related
integration site 1 (Wnt1)-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis as a model system. We found that
compared with wild type mice, inactivation of Rarb resulted in a lengthy delay in
Wnt1-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis and in a significantly slower tumor growth
rate. Ablation of Rarb altered the composition of the stroma, repressed the
activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and reduced the recruitment of inflammatory cells and
angiogenesis. Reduced expression of IGF-1 and activity of its downstream signaling pathway
contribute to attenuate EMT in the Rarb-null tumors. Our results show that, in the
absence of retinoid signaling via RARβ, reduced IGF-1 signaling results in suppression of
epithelial-mesenchymal transition and delays tumorigenesis induced by the Wnt1
oncogene. Accordingly, our work reinforces the concept that antagonizing RARβ-dependent
retinoid signaling could provide a therapeutic avenue to treat poor outcome breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Liu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, 1160 Pine Avenue West, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3 (XL, VG) and Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Oncology, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6 (VG), Canada
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, 1160 Pine Avenue West, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3 (XL, VG) and Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Oncology, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6 (VG), Canada
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Selective ligands of estrogen receptor β discovered using pharmacophore mapping and structure-based virtual screening. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1333-41. [PMID: 25176400 PMCID: PMC4186986 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To discover novel ligands of estrogen receptor (ER) β using pharmacophore mapping and structure-based screening. METHODS A computer-aided strategy combining pharmacophore mapping and structure-based screening was used to screen the Maybridge and Enamine databases. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to detect the activity and selectivity of the chosen compounds. The transcriptional activities of the chosen compounds were demonstrated with luciferase reporter assays. The anti-proliferative effects of ER antagonists against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were examined using MTT assay, and the mechanisms of action were analyzed with flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. RESULTS Through in silico screen, 95 compounds were chosen for testing in Y2H assay, which led to 20 potent ligands, including 10 agonists, 8 antagonists and 2 partial agonists with EC50 or IC50 values at μmol/L. Furthermore, 6 agonists exhibited absolute selectivity for ERβ, and 3 agonists showed higher selectivity for ERβ. The agonists 1g and 1h (10, 25, and 50 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased ER transcriptional activities, whereas the antagonists 2a and 2d (10, 25, and 50 μmol/L) caused dose-dependent inhibition on the activities. The antagonists and partial agonists at 100 μmol/L suppressed the proliferation of ERα positive MCF-7 cells and ERβ positive MDA-MB-231 cells, but were more effective against MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with antagonists 2a and 2d (25 and 50 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased the population of cells in the S phase. Both 2a and 2d treatment dose-dependently decreased the expression levels of cyclin A and CDK2. Meanwhile, the downregulation of cyclin E was only caused by 2d, while 2a treatment did not cause significant changes in the protein levels of cyclin E. CONCLUSION The selective ligands discovered in this study are promising drug candidates to be used as molecular probes to explore the differences between ERα and ERβ.
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Design and synthesis of azaisoflavone analogs as phytoestrogen mimetics. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:107-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ng HW, Perkins R, Tong W, Hong H. Versatility or promiscuity: the estrogen receptors, control of ligand selectivity and an update on subtype selective ligands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8709-42. [PMID: 25162709 PMCID: PMC4198987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110908709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of versatile receptors. They regulate an enormity of processes starting in early life and continuing through sexual reproduction, development, and end of life. This review provides a background and structural perspective for the ERs as part of the nuclear receptor superfamily and discusses the ER versatility and promiscuity. The wide repertoire of ER actions is mediated mostly through ligand-activated transcription factors and many DNA response elements in most tissues and organs. Their versatility, however, comes with the drawback of promiscuous interactions with structurally diverse exogenous chemicals with potential for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Even when interacting with endogenous hormones, ER actions can have adverse effects in disease progression. Finally, how nature controls ER specificity and how the subtle differences in receptor subtypes are exploited in pharmaceutical design to achieve binding specificity and subtype selectivity for desired biological response are discussed. The intent of this review is to complement the large body of literature with emphasis on most recent developments in selective ER ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen Ng
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Roger Perkins
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Pinto C, Grimaldi M, Boulahtouf A, Pakdel F, Brion F, Aït-Aïssa S, Cavaillès V, Bourguet W, Gustafsson JA, Bondesson M, Balaguer P. Selectivity of natural, synthetic and environmental estrogens for zebrafish estrogen receptors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:60-9. [PMID: 25106122 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish, Danio rerio, is increasingly used as an animal model to study the effects of pharmaceuticals and environmental estrogens. As most of these estrogens have only been tested on human estrogen receptors (ERs), it is necessary to measure their effects on zebrafish ERs. In humans there are two distinct nuclear ERs (hERα and hERβ), whereas the zebrafish genome encodes three ERs, zfERα and two zfERβs (zfERβ1 and zfERβ2). In this study, we established HeLa-based reporter cell lines stably expressing each of the three zfERs. We first reported that estrogens more efficiently activate the zfERs at 28°C as compared to 37°C, thus reflecting the physiological temperature of zebrafish in wildlife. We then showed significant differences in the ability of agonist and antagonist estrogens to modulate activation of the three zfER isotypes in comparison to hERs. Environmental compounds (bisphenol A, alkylphenols, mycoestrogens) which are hER panagonists and hERβ selective agonists displayed greater potency for zfERα as compared to zfERβs. Among hERα selective synthetic agonists, PPT did not activate zfERα while 16α-LE2 was the most zfERα selective compound. Altogether, these results confirm that all hER ligands control in a similar manner the transcriptional activity of zfERs although significant differences in selectivity were observed among subtypes. The zfER subtype selective ligands that we identified thus represent new valuable tools to dissect the physiological roles of the different zfERs. Finally, our work also points out that care has to be taken in transposing the results obtained using the zebrafish as a model for human physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale U896, Institut Régional de Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale U896, Institut Régional de Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - François Brion
- Unité Écotoxicologie In Vitro et In Vivo, INERIS, Parc ALATA, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Sélim Aït-Aïssa
- Unité Écotoxicologie In Vitro et In Vivo, INERIS, Parc ALATA, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale U896, Institut Régional de Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - William Bourguet
- U1054, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048, Université Montpellier 1 et 2, 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale U896, Institut Régional de Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France.
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Sa R, Fang L, Huang M, Li Q, Wei Y, Wu K. Evaluation of interactions between urokinase plasminogen and inhibitors using molecular dynamic simulation and free-energy calculation. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9113-9. [PMID: 24984238 DOI: 10.1021/jp5064319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The binding modes of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with five inhibitors (1-(7-sulfonamidoisoquinolinyl) guanidine derivatives) were predicted based on molecular dynamic simulations. MM/PBSA free-energy calculations and MM/GBSA free-energy decomposition analyses were performed on the studied complexes. The calculated binding free energies are reasonably consistent with the experimental results. The free-energy decomposition analyses elucidate the different contributions of the energy of some favorable residues in the interactions between protein and ligand of each complex. The results indicate that the inhibitors mainly interact with the S1 pocket of uPA, wherein the hydrogen bonds and the interactions between guanidines and the corresponding residues play an important role. Moreover, hydrogen bond analyses show the water-mediated hydrogen-bond network near the S1 pocket between uPA, and the ligand probably leads to excellent selectivity of these inhibitors on uPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjian Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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Rajanarendar E, Venkateshwarlu P, Ramakrishna S, Nagaraju D. A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Novel Isoxazolyl-Benzo[d]Pyrazino[2,1-b] [1,3]Oxazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saini Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry; Kakatiya University; Warangal AP 506 009 India
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Nicholls A. Confidence limits, error bars and method comparison in molecular modeling. Part 1: the calculation of confidence intervals. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:887-918. [PMID: 24899109 PMCID: PMC4175406 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry is a largely empirical field that makes predictions with substantial uncertainty. And yet the use of standard statistical methods to quantify this uncertainty is often absent from published reports. This article covers the basics of confidence interval estimation for molecular modeling using classical statistics. Alternate approaches such as non-parametric statistics and bootstrapping are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicholls
- OpenEye Scientific Software, Inc., 9 Bisbee Court, Suite D, Santa Fe, NM, 87508, USA,
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63
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Yao PL, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Targeting estrogen receptor-β for the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:182-5. [PMID: 24464730 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential for targeting estrogen receptor (ER)-β in various cancer models has been gaining considerable attention in recent years. In this issue of the journal, Chaudhary and colleagues demonstrate markedly decreased ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin cancer in a mouse model using a highly specific ER-β agonist, ERB-041. The mechanisms that underlie this strong inhibitory effect are mediated by inhibition of proinflammatory signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The changes in EMT were due in part to modulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Collectively, the results from these studies provide important new insights into the mechanisms by which the ER-β agonist ERB-041 inhibits UVB-induced skin cancer and opens the door for future studies that could examine combinatorial approaches for UVB-dependent skin cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802.
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Rastinejad F, Huang P, Chandra V, Khorasanizadeh S. Understanding nuclear receptor form and function using structural biology. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:T1-T21. [PMID: 24103914 PMCID: PMC3871882 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a major transcription factor family whose members selectively bind small-molecule lipophilic ligands and transduce those signals into specific changes in gene programs. For over two decades, structural biology efforts were focused exclusively on the individual ligand-binding domains (LBDs) or DNA-binding domains of NRs. These analyses revealed the basis for both ligand and DNA binding and also revealed receptor conformations representing both the activated and repressed states. Additionally, crystallographic studies explained how NR LBD surfaces recognize discrete portions of transcriptional coregulators. The many structural snapshots of LBDs have also guided the development of synthetic ligands with therapeutic potential. Yet, the exclusive structural focus on isolated NR domains has made it difficult to conceptualize how all the NR polypeptide segments are coordinated physically and functionally in the context of receptor quaternary architectures. Newly emerged crystal structures of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-retinoid X receptor α (PPARγ-RXRα) heterodimer and hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α homodimer have recently revealed the higher order organizations of these receptor complexes on DNA, as well as the complexity and uniqueness of their domain-domain interfaces. These emerging structural advances promise to better explain how signals in one domain can be allosterically transmitted to distal receptor domains, also providing much better frameworks for guiding future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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Wang P, McInnes C, Zhu BT. Structural characterization of the binding interactions of various endogenous estrogen metabolites with human estrogen receptor α and β subtypes: a molecular modeling study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74615. [PMID: 24098659 PMCID: PMC3786999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used the molecular docking approach to study the binding interactions of various derivatives of 17β-estradiol (E2) with human estrogen receptor (ER) α and β. First, we determined the suitability of the molecular docking method to correctly predict the binding modes and interactions of two representative agonists (E2 and diethylstilbesterol) in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of human ERα. We showed that the docked structures of E2 and diethylstilbesterol in the ERα LBD were almost exactly the same as the known crystal structures of ERα in complex with these two estrogens. Using the same docking approach, we then characterized the binding interactions of 27 structurally similar E2 derivatives with the LBDs of human ERα and ERβ. While the binding modes of these E2 derivatives are very similar to that of E2, there are distinct subtle differences, and these small differences contribute importantly to their differential binding affinities for ERs. In the case of A-ring estrogen derivatives, there is a strong inverse relationship between the length of the hydrogen bonds formed with ERs and their binding affinity. We found that a better correlation between the computed binding energy values and the experimentally determined logRBA values could be achieved for various A-ring derivatives by re-adjusting the relative weights of the van der Waals interaction energy and the Coulomb interaction energy in computing the overall binding energy values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Campbell McInnes
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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Brogi S, Papazafiri P, Roussis V, Tafi A. 3D-QSAR using pharmacophore-based alignment and virtual screening for discovery of novel MCF-7 cell line inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:344-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kshirsagar UA, Parnes R, Goldshtein H, Ofir R, Zarivach R, Pappo D. Aerobic Iron-Based Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Enables Efficient Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Coumestrol-Based Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Chemistry 2013; 19:13575-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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68
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Discovery of natural estrogen receptor modulators with structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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69
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Hu G, Wang J. Ligand selectivity of estrogen receptors by a molecular dynamics study. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 74:726-35. [PMID: 23694906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) have different physiological functions and expression levels in different tissues. ERα and ERβ are highly homologous and have only two residue substitutions in the binding pocket. This high similarity at the active site stimulates the interests for discovering subtype selective ligands. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method have been carried out to analyze the basis of selectivity of three ligands (659, 818 and 041). The calculated binding free energies show that all the ligands bind more tightly to ERβ than to ERα. The dominant free energy components of selectivity for 659 are similar to that for 041, but different from that for 818. The decompositions of free energy contributions and structural analysis imply that there are eight residues primarily contributing to the selectivity for 659, five residues for 041, as well as two residues for 818. The structural analysis implies that two residue substitutions in binding packet cause the position of 659 in ERβ-659 complex to shift relative to that in ERα-659 complex and also cause the conformational changes of other residues in the binding pocket. The higher selectivity for 041 is mainly caused by three residues, Ile373 (Met421), His475 (His524) and Leu476 (Leu525).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, China; Department of Physics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, China.
| | - Jihua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, China; Department of Physics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, China.
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70
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Rodríguez JJ, Filipiak K, Maslyk M, Ciepielski J, Demkowicz S, de Pascual-Teresa S, Martín-Santamaría S, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ramos A. Towards β-selectivity in functional estrogen receptor antagonists. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:7334-46. [PMID: 22847655 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan and benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene frameworks, a series of ligands with different basic side chains (BSCs) has been synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. Also, their binding modes have been modelled using docking techniques. It was found that the introduction of a BSC in these systems brings about a decrease of affinity for both estrogen receptors α and β in an in vitro competitive binding assay. However, two full antagonists of the estrogen receptor β (9c and 9f) have been discovered, with potency in the low micromolar concentration in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay, and completely devoid of activity against the α receptor at the same concentration range. Differences in the ERα/ERβ binding modes have also been rationalized with the help of molecular modelling techniques. This interesting functional profile could be used to elucidate the physiological role of each ER subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Juan Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28668-Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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71
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Demkowicz S, Filipiak K, Maslyk M, Ciepielski J, de Pascual-Teresa S, Martín-Santamaría S, Pascual-Teresa BD, Ramos A. New clicked full agonists of the estrogen receptor β. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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72
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Aljaar N, Malakar CC, Conrad J, Frey W, Beifuss U. Reaction of 1-Nitroso-2-naphthols with α-Functionalized Ketones and Related Compounds: The Unexpected Formation of Decarbonylated 2-Substituted Naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]oxazoles. J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3022956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayyef Aljaar
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für
Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart,
Germany
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73
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Baker ME, Chandsawangbhuwana C. 3D models of MBP, a biologically active metabolite of bisphenol A, in human estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46078. [PMID: 23056236 PMCID: PMC3464279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A [BPA] is a widely dispersed environmental chemical that is of much concern because the BPA monomer is a weak transcriptional activator of human estrogen receptor α [ERα] and ERβ in cell culture. A BPA metabolite, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene [MBP], has transcriptional activity at nM concentrations, which is 1000-fold lower than the concentration for estrogenic activity of BPA, suggesting that MBP may be an environmental estrogen. To investigate the structural basis for the activity of MBP at nM concentrations and the lower activity of BPA for human ERα and ERβ, we constructed 3D models of human ERα and ERβ with MBP and BPA for comparison with estradiol in these ERs. These 3D models suggest that MBP, but not BPA, has key contacts with amino acids in human ERα and ERβ that are important in binding of estradiol by these receptors. Metabolism of BPA to MBP increases the spacing between two phenolic rings, resulting in contacts between MBP and ERα and ERβ that mimic those of estradiol with these ERs. Mutagenesis of residues on these ERs that contact the phenolic hydroxyls will provide a test for our 3D models. Other environmental chemicals containing two appropriately spaced phenolic rings and an aliphatic spacer instead of an estrogenic B and C ring also may bind to ERα or ERβ and interfere with normal estrogen physiology. This analysis also may be useful in designing novel chemicals for regulating the actions of human ERα and ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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74
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Shen J, Jiang J, Kuang G, Tan C, Liu G, Huang J, Tang Y. Discovery and structure–activity analysis of selective estrogen receptor modulators via similarity-based virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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75
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Zhu X, Wei Y. An efficient synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles using cerium(III) chloride/sodium iodide as catalyst. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2012-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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76
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Xi C, Wang F, Zhao P. Copper-Catalyzed Domino Reaction of Heteroallenes towards Benzo-Heterocycle Compounds. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-11-sr(p)6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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77
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Zheng Y, Wang C, Li C, Qiao J, Zhang F, Huang M, Ren W, Dong C, Huang J, Zhou HB. Discovery of novel SERMs with a ferrocenyl entity based on the oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene scaffold and evaluation of their antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cells. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9689-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26226f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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78
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Böttcher J, Jestel A, Kiefersauer R, Krapp S, Nagel S, Steinbacher S, Steuber H. Key factors for successful generation of protein-fragment structures requirement on protein, crystals, and technology. Methods Enzymol 2011; 493:61-89. [PMID: 21371587 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381274-2.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, fragment-based approaches have evolved as a predominant strategy in lead discovery. The availability of structural information on the interaction geometries of binding fragments is key to successful structure-guided fragment-to-lead evolution. In this chapter, we illustrate methodological advances for protein-fragment crystal structure generation in order to offer general lessons on the importance of fragment properties and the most appropriate crystallographic setup to evaluate them. We analyze elaborate protocols, methods, and clues applied to challenging complex formation projects. The results should assist medicinal chemists to select the most promising targets and strategies for fragment-based crystallography as well as provide a tutorial to structural biologists who attempt to determine protein-fragment structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jark Böttcher
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, Martinsried, Germany
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79
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Yuan P, Liang K, Ma B, Zheng N, Nussinov R, Huang J. Multiple-targeting and conformational selection in the estrogen receptor: computation and experiment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:137-49. [PMID: 21443691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conformational selection is a primary mechanism in biomolecular recognition. The conformational ensemble may determine the ability of a drug to compete with a native ligand for a receptor target. Traditional docking procedures which use one or few protein structures are limited and may not be able to represent a complex competition among closely related protein receptors in agonist and antagonist ensembles. Here, we test a protocol aimed at selecting a drug candidate based on its ability to synergistically bind to distinct conformational states. We demonstrate, for the case of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ), that the functional outcome of ligand binding can be inferred from its ability to simultaneously bind both ERα and ERβ in agonist and antagonist conformations as calculated docking scores. Combining a conformational selection method with an experimental reporter gene system in yeast, we propose that several phytoestrogens can be novel estrogen receptor β selective agonists. Our work proposes a computational protocol to select estrogen receptor subtype selective agonists. Compared with other models, present method gives the best prediction in ligands' function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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80
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Seredynski AL, Ball GF, Balthazart J, Charlier TD. Specific activation of estrogen receptor alpha and beta enhances male sexual behavior and neuroplasticity in male Japanese quail. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18627. [PMID: 21533185 PMCID: PMC3077394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two subtypes of estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, have been identified in humans and numerous vertebrates, including the Japanese quail. We investigated in this species the specific role(s) of each receptor in the activation of male sexual behavior and the underlying estrogen-dependent neural plasticity. Castrated male Japanese quail received empty (CX) or testosterone-filled (T) implants or were daily injected with the ER general agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES), the ERα-specific agonist PPT, the ERβ-specific agonist DPN or the vehicle, propylene glycol. Three days after receiving the first treatment, subjects were alternatively tested for appetitive (rhythmic cloacal sphincter movements, RCSM) and consummatory aspects (copulatory behavior) of male sexual behavior. 24 hours after the last behavioral testing, brains were collected and analyzed for aromatase expression and vasotocinergic innervation in the medial preoptic nucleus. The expression of RCSM was activated by T and to a lesser extent by DES and PPT but not by the ERβagonist DPN. In parallel, T fully restored the complete sequence of copulation, DES was partially active and the specific activation of ERα or ERβ only resulted in a very low frequency of mount attempts in few subjects. T increased the volume of the medial preoptic nucleus as measured by the dense cluster of aromatase-immunoreactive cells and the density of the vasotocinergic innervation within this nucleus. DES had only a weak action on vasotocinergic fibers and the two specific ER agonists did not affect these neural responses. Simultaneous activation of both receptors or treatments with higher doses may be required to fully activate sexual behavior and the associated neurochemical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore L. Seredynski
- Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gregory F. Ball
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacques Balthazart
- Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry D. Charlier
- Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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81
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Balaji, Muthiah R, Sabarinath, Ramamurthy, Chandrasekharan. Descriptor analysis of estrogen receptor β-selective ligands using 2-phenylquinoline, tetrahydrofluorenone and 3-hydroxy 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one scaffolds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:831-42. [PMID: 21438712 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.566219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) selective ligands have attracted much attention recently in the design of anti-cancer drugs that are devoid of the common side effects of estrogen. Structural studies of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and β revealed that there were considerable differences in their ligand-binding cavity and in their volume. Hence, the present study has hypothesized that size and shape descriptors can influence the affinity/selectivity of the ligands towards ERβ. To prove the same, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses were carried out using multiple regression analysis on 2-phenylquinoline, tetrahydrofluorenone and 3-hydroxy-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one series. Results indicate that increased lipophilicity, decrease in ellipsoidal volume and width of substituents, presence of halogen atoms was essential for the ligands to have high affinity/selectivity towards ERβ. QSAR models obtained were both internally and externally validated. The study delineates that the size and shape descriptors are best modulators of ERβ affinity/selectivity. Docking studies were performed to support our QSAR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India
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82
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Möcklinghoff S, van Otterlo WAL, Rose R, Fuchs S, Zimmermann TJ, Dominguez Seoane M, Waldmann H, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L. Design and evaluation of fragment-like estrogen receptor tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands from a scaffold-detection approach. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2005-11. [PMID: 21381753 DOI: 10.1021/jm1011116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A library of small tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands, previously identified via structure- and chemistry-based hierarchical organization of library scaffolds in tree-like arrangements, has been generated as novel estrogen receptor agonistic fragments via traditional medicinal chemistry exploration. The approach described has allowed for the rapid evaluation of a structure-activity relationship of the ligands concerning estrogen receptor affinity and estrogen receptor β subtype selectivity. The structural biological insights obtained from the fragments aid the understanding of larger analogues and constitute attractive starting points for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möcklinghoff
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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83
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Möcklinghoff S, Rose R, Carraz M, Visser A, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L. Synthesis and crystal structure of a phosphorylated estrogen receptor ligand binding domain. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2251-4. [PMID: 20922740 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möcklinghoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, NL
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84
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Mu Y, Peng S, Zhang A, Wang L. Role of pocket flexibility in the modulation of estrogen receptor alpha by key residue arginine 394. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:330-336. [PMID: 21038436 DOI: 10.1002/etc.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol derivatives, with similar structures as estradiol (E2) or estradiol metabolites, have been recognized to have detrimental health effects on wildlife and humans. However, data at the molecular level about interactions of these compounds with biological targets are still lacking. Herein, a flexible docking approach was used to characterize the molecular interaction of nine estradiol derivatives with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the ligand-binding domain. All ligands were docked in the buried hydrophobic cavity of the steroid hormone pocket. In addition, the plasticity of an active site was also identified by reversing amino acid arginine 394 for better ligand-receptor binding affinity. Finally, bioassays based on genetically modified yeast strains were used to validate the quality of molecular simulation because of their rapidity and high sensitivity. The experimental findings about logarithm values of the median effective concentration (EC50) value had a linear correlation with computational binding affinity from molecular docking, which described a pattern of interaction between estradiol derivatives and ER. The estrogenic activity of all compounds, although more or less lower than E2, was proved to possess high severe environmental risks. Considering the sidechain flexibility in the ligand binding pocket, 17α-ethylestradiol-3-cyclopentylether was reported to correlate highly significantly with known induced fit conformational changes based upon proof-of-principle calculations on human ERα with the preservation of a strong salt bridge between glutamic acid 353 and arginine 394.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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85
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Fu XM, Wang P, Zhu BT. Characterization of the estradiol-binding site structure of human pancreas-specific protein disulfide isomerase: indispensable role of the hydrogen bond between His278 and the estradiol 3-hydroxyl group. Biochemistry 2010; 50:106-15. [PMID: 21080683 DOI: 10.1021/bi101451g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E(2)), a female sex hormone, has important biological functions. Human pancreas-specific protein disulfide isomerase (PDIp), a protein folding catalyst, was recently found to be able to bind E(2). Here we report the characterization of its E(2)-binding site by using biochemical methods coupled with molecular modeling tools. Analysis of various truncated PDIp proteins showed that the b-b' fragment contains an intact E(2)-binding site that has the same binding affinity as the full-length PDIp protein, with apparent K(d) values of approximately 170 nM. Computational modeling and docking analyses revealed that the E(2)-binding site in the b-b' fragment is located in a hydrophobic pocket composed mainly of the b' domain and partially of the b domain. The hydrogen bond, formed between the 3-hydroxyl group of E(2) (donor) and PDIp's His278 (acceptor), is indispensable for its binding. By contrast, the 17β-hydroxyl group of E(2) is of negligible importance for E(2) binding. This binding model was jointly confirmed by a series of experiments, such as selective mutation of the binding site amino acid residues and selective modification of the ligand structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Miao Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
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86
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Top S, Efremenko I, Rager MN, Vessières A, Yaswen P, Jaouen G, Fish RH. Synthetic and Mechanistic Pathways of Cis and Trans-Hydroxytamoxifen Drug Derivatives Reacting with Cp*Rh Complexes that involve η1-N, η2-N,O, η1-O, and η6 Bonding Modes, via a Novel N-π Rearrangement; Relative Binding Affinities and Computer Docking Studies of Cis and Trans-η6-Cp*Rh-Hydroxytamoxifen Complexes at the Estrogen, ERα and ERβ Receptors, and Growth Inhibition to Breast Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2010; 50:271-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1019372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siden Top
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR 7223, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Irena Efremenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marie Noelle Rager
- Laboratoire de RMN, Ecole Nationale Supérieure De Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F 75213 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anne Vessières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR 7223, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Paul Yaswen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR 7223, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Richard H. Fish
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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87
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Shanle EK, Xu W. Selectively targeting estrogen receptors for cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1265-76. [PMID: 20708050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate growth and development through the action of two distinct estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, which mediate proliferation and differentiation of cells. For decades, ERα mediated estrogen signaling has been therapeutically targeted to treat breast cancer, most notably with the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen. Selectively targeting ERs occurs at two levels: tissue selectivity and receptor subtype selectivity. SERMs have been developed with emphasis on tissue selectivity to target ER signaling for breast cancer treatment. Additionally, new approaches to selectively target the action of ERα going beyond ligand-dependent activity are under current investigation. As evidence of the anti-proliferative role of ERβ accumulates, selectively targeting ERβ is an attractive approach for designing new cancer therapies with the emphasis shifted to designing ligands with subtype selectivity. This review will present the mechanistic and structural features of ERs that determine tissue and subtype selectivity with an emphasis on current approaches to selectively target ERα and ERβ for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Shanle
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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88
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Leitman DC, Paruthiyil S, Vivar OI, Saunier EF, Herber CB, Cohen I, Tagliaferri M, Speed TP. Regulation of specific target genes and biological responses by estrogen receptor subtype agonists. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:629-36. [PMID: 20951642 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic effects are mediated through two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ. Estrogens are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat menopausal conditions, but by non-selectively triggering both ERα and ERβ pathways in different tissues they can cause serious adverse effects. The different sizes of the binding pockets and sequences of their activation function domains indicate that ERα and ERβ should have different specificities for ligands and biological responses that can be exploited for designing safer and more selective estrogens. ERα and ERβ regulate different genes by binding to different regulatory elements and recruiting different transcription and chromatin remodeling factors that are expressed in a cell-specific manner. ERα-selective and ERβ-selective agonists have been identified that demonstrate that the two ERs produce distinct biological effects. ERα and ERβ agonists are a promising new approach for treating specific conditions associated with menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Leitman
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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89
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Mosslemin MH, Fazlinia A. An Efficient Procedure for the Synthesis of Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole Derivatives Using a H2O2/SiO2-FeCl3 System. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426501003598630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Fazlinia
- a Department of Chemistry , Islamic Azad University–Yazd Branch , Yazd, Iran
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90
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Matsushima A, Liu X, Okada H, Shimohigashi M, Shimohigashi Y. Bisphenol AF is a full agonist for the estrogen receptor ERalpha but a highly specific antagonist for ERbeta. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1267-72. [PMID: 20427257 PMCID: PMC2944088 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol AF has been acknowledged to be useful for the production of CF3-containing polymers with improved chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Because of the lack of adequate toxicity data, bisphenol AF has been nominated for comprehensive toxicological characterization. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the relative preference of bisphenol AF for the human nuclear estrogenic receptors ERalpha and ERbeta and the bisphenol A-specific estrogen-related receptor ERRgamma, and to clarify structural characteristics of receptors that influence bisphenol AF binding. METHODS We examined receptor-binding activities of bisphenol AF relative to [3H]17beta-estradiol (for ERalpha and ERbeta) and [3H]bisphenol A (for ERRgamma). Functional luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to assess receptor activation in HeLa cells. RESULTS We found that bisphenol AF strongly and selectively binds to ERs over ERRgamma. Furthermore, bisphenol AF receptor-binding activity was three times stronger for ERbeta [IC50 (median inhibitory concentration) = 18.9 nM] than for ERalpha. When examined using a reporter gene assay, bisphenol AF was a full agonist for ERalpha. In contrast, it was almost completely inactive in stimulating the basal constitutive activity of ERbeta. Surprisingly, bisphenol AF acted as a distinct and strong antagonist against the activity of the endogenous ERbeta agonist 17beta-estradiol. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that bisphenol AF could function as an endocrine-disrupting chemical by acting as an agonist or antagonist to perturb physiological processes mediated through ERalpha and/or ERbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Matsushima
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Shimohigashi
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System of Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shimohigashi
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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91
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Shen J, Tan C, Zhang Y, Li X, Li W, Huang J, Shen X, Tang Y. Discovery of potent ligands for estrogen receptor beta by structure-based virtual screening. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5361-5. [PMID: 20553023 DOI: 10.1021/jm100369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With virtual screening based on a structure optimized through molecular dynamics (MD) and bioassays, 18 potent ligands of estrogen receptor (ER) beta were discovered from 70 purchased compounds here. Among them, dual profile was observed in two ligands (1a and 1b), as agonists for ERbeta and antagonists for ERalpha, and they might serve as lead compounds for selective ER modulators. The results also suggest that structures optimized through MD are applicable to lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bissantz
- Discovery Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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93
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Estrogen receptor beta-selective agonists stimulate calcium oscillations in human and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11791. [PMID: 20668547 PMCID: PMC2910705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are used extensively to treat hot flashes in menopausal women. Some of the beneficial effects of estrogens in hormone therapy on the brain might be due to nongenomic effects in neurons such as the rapid stimulation of calcium oscillations. Most studies have examined the nongenomic effects of estrogen receptors (ER) in primary neurons or brain slices from the rodent brain. However, these cells can not be maintained continuously in culture because neurons are post-mitotic. Neurons derived from embryonic stem cells could be a potential continuous, cell-based model to study nongenomic actions of estrogens in neurons if they are responsive to estrogens after differentiation. In this study ER-subtype specific estrogens were used to examine the role of ERα and ERβ on calcium oscillations in neurons derived from human (hES) and mouse embryonic stem cells. Unlike the undifferentiated hES cells the differentiated cells expressed neuronal markers, ERβ, but not ERα. The non-selective ER agonist 17β-estradiol (E2) rapidly increased [Ca2+]i oscillations and synchronizations within a few minutes. No change in calcium oscillations was observed with the selective ERα agonist 4,4′,4″-(4-Propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (PPT). In contrast, the selective ERβ agonists, 2,3-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN), MF101, and 2-(3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-vinyl-1,3 benzoxazol-5-ol (ERB-041; WAY-202041) stimulated calcium oscillations similar to E2. The ERβ agonists also increased calcium oscillations and phosphorylated PKC, AKT and ERK1/2 in neurons derived from mouse ES cells, which was inhibited by nifedipine demonstrating that ERβ activates L-type voltage gated calcium channels to regulate neuronal activity. Our results demonstrate that ERβ signaling regulates nongenomic pathways in neurons derived from ES cells, and suggest that these cells might be useful to study the nongenomic mechanisms of estrogenic compounds.
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94
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Mohler ML, Narayanan R, Coss CC, Hu K, He Y, Wu Z, Hong SS, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Estrogen receptor beta selective nonsteroidal estrogens: seeking clinical indications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:507-34. [PMID: 20302450 DOI: 10.1517/13543771003657164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Nonsteroidal estrogens have been known since the 1930s. However, the relatively recent (1996) discovery of estrogen receptor subtype beta (ERbeta) suggested a possible paradigm shift away from SERM-like selectivity. Selective ERbeta agonism would potentially allow expansion of estrogenic targeting into new indications (discussed herein) currently precluded by the thrombogenic and hyperproliferative effects of nonselective estrogens. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW ERbeta agonist design has been very successful. Pharmacophores for ERbeta selective nonsteroidal estrogens are generally diphenolic compounds that achieve an inter-phenolic distance and geometry similar to 17beta-estradiol with few restraints on the nature of the element linking the phenols (or phenol mimetics). The tremendously chemodiverse ERbeta agonist patent literature is reviewed, segregating the agonists into structurally similar compounds based on their interphenolic linking elements. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A comprehensive understanding of the chemotype landscape of this field and an assessment of its maturation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Subtype selective ERbeta agonist therapy seems very promising. However, more clinical testing is needed to firmly establish its therapeutic potential. At this point, ERbeta is a promising target in search of an indication.
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95
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Huang P, Chandra V, Rastinejad F. Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology and therapeutics. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:247-72. [PMID: 20148675 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As ligand-regulated transcription factors, the nuclear hormone receptors are nearly ideal drug targets, with internal pockets that bind to hydrophobic, drug-like molecules and well-characterized ligand-induced conformational changes that recruit transcriptional coregulators to promoter elements. Yet, due to the multitude of genes under the control of a single receptor, the major challenge has been the identification of ligands with gene-selective actions, impacting disease outcomes through a narrow subset of target genes and not across their entire gene-regulatory repertoire. Here, we summarize the concepts and work to date underlying the development of steroidal and nonsteroidal receptor ligands, including the use of crystal structures, high-throughput screens, and rational design approaches for finding useful therapeutic molecules. Difficulties in finding selective receptor modulators require a more complete understanding of receptor interdomain communications, posttranslational modifications, and receptor-protein interactions that could be exploited for target gene selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Center for Molecular Design, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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96
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Poutiainen PK, Venäläinen TA, Peräkylä M, Matilainen JM, Väisänen S, Honkakoski P, Laatikainen R, Pulkkinen JT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phenolic 4,5-dihydroisoxazoles and 3-hydroxy ketones as estrogen receptor α and β agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3437-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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97
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Shen G, Bao W. Synthesis of Benzoxazole and Benzimidazole Derivatives via Ligand-Free Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of o-Halophenols or o-Haloanilines with Carbodiimides. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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98
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Wang P, Wen Y, Han GZ, Sidhu PK, Zhu BT. Characterization of the oestrogenic activity of non-aromatic steroids: are there male-specific endogenous oestrogen receptor modulators? Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1796-807. [PMID: 19888961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endogenous oestrogens have important biological functions in men as well as in women. Because 17beta-oestradiol and oestrone are also formed in the male body, these aromatic oestrogens are generally thought to be responsible for exerting the required oestrogenic functions in the male. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that some of the non-aromatic steroids that are androgen precursors or metabolites with hydroxyl groups at C-3 and/or C-17 positions may also be able to serve as ligands for the oestrogen receptors (ER) in the male. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A total of sixty non-aromatic steroids (selected from families of androstens, androstans, androstadiens, oestrens and oestrans) were analysed for their ability to bind and activate the human ERalpha and ERbetain vitro and in cultured cells. KEY RESULTS Six of the non-aromatic steroids, that is, 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol, 5alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol, 5(10)-oestren-3alpha,17beta-diol, 5(10)-oestren-3beta,17beta-diol, 4-oestren-3beta,17beta-diol and 5alpha-oestran-3beta,17beta-diol, were found to have physiologically relevant high binding affinity ( approximately 50% of that of oestrone) for human ERalpha and ERbeta. These non-aromatic steroids also activated the transcriptional activity of human ERs and elicited biological responses (such as growth stimulation) in two representative ER-positive human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and LNCaP) with physiologically relevant potency and efficacy. Molecular docking analysis of these six active compounds showed that they could bind to ERalpha and ERbeta in a manner similar to that of 17beta-oestradiol. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide evidence for the possibility that some of the endogenous androgen precursors or metabolites could serve as male-specific ER ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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99
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Shen J, Li W, Liu G, Tang Y, Jiang H. Computational insights into the mechanism of ligand unbinding and selectivity of estrogen receptors. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10436-44. [PMID: 19583238 DOI: 10.1021/jp903785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ER) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, and two subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, have been identified to date. The differentiated functions and receptor expressions of ERalpha and ERbeta made it attracted to discover subtype-specified ligands with high selectivity. However, these two subtypes are highly homologous and only two residues differ in the ligand binding pocket. Therefore, the mechanism of ligand selectivity has become an important issue in searching selective ligands of ER subtypes. In this study, steered molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the unbinding pathways of two selective ERbeta ligands from the binding pocket of both ERalpha and ERbeta, which demonstrated that the pathway between the H11 helix and the H7 approximately H8 loop was the most probable for ligand escaping. Then potentials of mean force for ligands unbinding along this pathway were calculated in order to gain insights into the molecular basis for energetics of ligand unbinding and find clues of ligand selectivity. The results indicated that His524/475 in ERalpha/ERbeta acted as a "gatekeeper" during the ligand unbinding. Especially, the H7 approximately H8 loop of ERbeta acted as a polar "transmitter" that controlled the ligand unbinding from the binding site and contributed to the ligand selectivity. Finally, the mechanism of ligand selectivity of ER subtypes was discussed from a kinetic perspective and suggestions for improving the ligand selectivity of ERbeta were also presented. These findings could be helpful for rational design of highly selective ERbeta ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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100
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Minutolo F, Macchia M, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Estrogen receptor β ligands: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:364-442. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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