51
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Dong J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Feng J. Operando Imaging of Chemical Activity on Gold Plates with Single-Molecule Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200187. [PMID: 35084097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Classical electrochemical characterization tools cannot avoid averaging between the active reaction sites and their support, thus obscuring their intrinsic roles. Single-molecule electrochemical techniques are thus in high demand. Here, we demonstrate super-resolution imaging of Ru(bpy)3 2+ based reactions on Au plates using single-molecule electrochemiluminescence microscopy. By converting electrochemical signals into optical signals, we manage to achieve the ultimate sensitivity of single-entity chemistry, that is directly resolving the single photons from individual electrochemical reactions. High spatial resolution, up to 37 nm, further enables mapping Au chemical activity and the reaction kinetics. The spatiotemporally resolved dynamic structure-activity relationship on Au plates shows that the restructuring of catalysts plays an important role in determining the reactivity. Our approach may lead to gaining new insights towards evaluating and designing electrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Dong
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ziqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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52
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Li M, Ye KH, Qiu W, Wang Y, Ren H. Heterogeneity between and within Single Hematite Nanorods as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5247-5252. [PMID: 35298886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structural nature of the active sites in electrocatalysis is central to discovering general design rules for better catalysts in fuel cells and electrolyzers. Nanostructures are widely used as electrocatalysts, but the location and structure of the active sites within the nanostructure are often unknown. This information is hidden in conventional bulk measurements due to ensemble averaging, hindering direct structure-activity correlation. Herein, we use a single-entity electrochemical approach to reveal the heterogeneity in electrocatalysts via scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Using hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorods as the model catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the electrocatalytic activity is measured at individual nanorods. Finer mapping within a single nanorod shows that the OER activity is consistently higher at the body portion vs the tip of the nanorod. Our results directly suggest the benefit of synthesizing longer hematite nanorods for better OER performance. The origin of the enhanced local activity is explained by the larger fraction of {001} facet exposed on the body compared to the tip. The finding goes beyond OER on hematite nanorods, highlighting the critical role of single-entity activity mapping and colocalized structural characterization in revealing active sites in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kai-Hang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weitao Qiu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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53
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Synthesis of Co4S3/Co9S8 nanosheets and comparison study toward the OER properties induced by different metal ion doping. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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54
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Tunable angle-dependent electrochemistry at twisted bilayer graphene with moiré flat bands. Nat Chem 2022; 14:267-273. [PMID: 35177786 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring electron transfer dynamics across solid-liquid interfaces is fundamental to the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy. Stacking atomically thin layers with a small azimuthal misorientation to produce moiré superlattices enables the controlled engineering of electronic band structures and the formation of extremely flat electronic bands. Here, we report a strong twist-angle dependence of heterogeneous charge transfer kinetics at twisted bilayer graphene electrodes with the greatest enhancement observed near the 'magic angle' (~1.1°). This effect is driven by the angle-dependent tuning of moiré-derived flat bands that modulate electron transfer processes with the solution-phase redox couple. Combined experimental and computational analysis reveals that the variation in electrochemical activity with moiré angle is controlled by a structural relaxation of the moiré superlattice at twist angles of <2°, and 'topological defect' AA stacking regions, where flat bands are localized, produce a large anomalous local electrochemical enhancement that cannot be accounted for by the elevated local density of states alone.
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55
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Guo SX, Bentley CL, Kang M, Bond AM, Unwin PR, Zhang J. Advanced Spatiotemporal Voltammetric Techniques for Kinetic Analysis and Active Site Determination in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:241-251. [PMID: 35020363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusElectrochemical reduction of the greenhouse gas CO2 offers prospects for the sustainable generation of fuels and industrially useful chemicals when powered by renewable electricity. However, this electrochemical process requires the use of highly stable, selective, and active catalysts. The development of such catalysts should be based on a detailed kinetic and mechanistic understanding of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), ideally through the resolution of active catalytic sites in both time (i.e., temporally) and space (i.e., spatially). In this Account, we highlight two advanced spatiotemporal voltammetric techniques for electrocatalytic studies and describe the considerable insights they provide on the eCO2RR. First, Fourier transformed large-amplitude alternating current voltammetry (FT ac voltammetry), as applied by the Monash Electrochemistry Group, enables the resolution of rapid underlying electron-transfer processes in complex reactions, free from competing processes, such as the background double-layer charging current, slow catalytic reactions, and solvent/electrolyte electrolysis, which often mask conventional voltammetric measurements of the eCO2RR. Crucially, FT ac voltammetry allows details of the catalytically active sites or the rate-determining step to be revealed under catalytic turnover conditions. This is well illustrated in investigations of the eCO2RR catalyzed by Bi where formate is the main product. Second, developments in scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) by the Warwick Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group provide powerful methods for obtaining high-resolution activity maps and potentiodynamic movies of the heterogeneous surface of a catalyst. For example, by coupling SECCM data with colocated microscopy from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) or atomic force microscopy, it is possible to develop compelling correlations of (precatalyst) structure-activity at the nanoscale level. This correlative electrochemical multimicroscopy strategy allows the catalytically more active region of a catalyst, such as the edge plane of two-dimensional materials and the grain boundaries between facets in a polycrystalline metal, to be highlighted. The attributes of SECCM-EBSD are well-illustrated by detailed studies of the eCO2RR on polycrystalline gold, where carbon monoxide is the main product. Comparing SECCM maps and movies with EBSD images of the same region reveals unambiguously that the eCO2RR is enhanced at surface-terminating dislocations, which accumulate at grain boundaries and slip bands. Both FT ac voltammetry and SECCM techniques greatly enhance our understanding of the eCO2RR, significantly boosting the electrochemical toolbox and the information available for the development and testing of theoretical models and rational catalyst design. In the future, it may be possible to further enhance insights provided by both techniques through their integration with in situ and in operando spectroscopy and microscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minkyung Kang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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56
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Dong J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Feng J. Operando Imaging of Chemical Activity on Gold Plates with Single‐Molecule Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Dong
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Xu
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ziqing Zhang
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
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Hill CM, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Velázquez JM, Whittaker-Brooks L. Multi-dimensional designer catalysts for negative emissions science (NES): bridging the gap between synthesis, simulations, and analysis. iScience 2022; 25:103700. [PMID: 35036879 PMCID: PMC8749188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative emissions technologies will play a critical role in limiting global warming to sustainable levels. Electrocatalytic and/or photocatalytic CO2 reduction will likely play an important role in this field moving forward, but efficient, selective catalyst materials are needed to enable the widespread adoption of these processes. The rational design of such materials is highly challenging, however, due to the complexity of the reactions involved as well as the large number of structural variables which can influence behavior at heterogeneous interfaces. Currently, there is a significant disconnect between the complexity of materials systems that can be handled experimentally and those that can be modeled theoretically with appropriate rigor and bridging these gaps would greatly accelerate advancements in the field of Negative Emissions Science (NES). Here, we present a perspective on how these gaps between materials design/synthesis, characterization, and theory can be resolved, enabling the rational development of improved materials for CO2 conversion and other NES applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jesús M. Velázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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58
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Modern applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy in the analysis of electrocatalytic surface reactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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59
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Elnagar MM, Jacob T, Kibler LA. Cathodic corrosion of Au in aqueous methanolic alkali metal hydroxide electrolytes: Notable role of water. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Ulm Germany
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60
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Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Meloni GN, Morris P, Lemineur JF, McPherson IJ, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. Hybrid scanning electrochemical cell microscopy-interference reflection microscopy (SECCM-IRM): tracking phase formation on surfaces in small volumes. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:122-148. [PMID: 34909815 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the combination of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) to produce a compelling technique for the study of interfacial processes and to track the SECCM meniscus status in real-time. SECCM allows reactions to be confined to well defined nm-to-μm-sized regions of a surface, and for experiments to be repeated quickly and easily at multiple locations. IRM is a highly surface-sensitive technique which reveals processes happening (very) close to a substrate with temporal and spatial resolution commensurate with typical electrochemical techniques. By using thin transparent conductive layers on glass as substrates, IRM can be coupled to SECCM, to allow real-time in situ optical monitoring of the SECCM meniscus and of processes that occur within it at the electrode/electrolyte interface. We first use the technique to assess the stability of the SECCM meniscus during voltammetry at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode at close to neutral pH, demonstrating that the meniscus contact area is rather stable over a large potential window and reproducible, varying by only ca. 5% over different SECCM approaches. At high cathodic potentials, subtle electrowetting is easily detected and quantified. We also look inside the meniscus to reveal surface changes at extreme cathodic potentials, assigned to the possible formation of indium nanoparticles. Finally, we examine the effect of meniscus size and driving potential on CaCO3 precipitation at the ITO electrode as a result of electrochemically-generated pH swings. We are able to track the number, spatial distribution and morphology of material with high spatiotemporal resolution and rationalise some of the observed deposition patterns with finite element method modelling of reactive-transport. Growth of solid phases on surfaces from solution is an important pathway to functional materials and SECCM-IRM provides a means for in situ or in operando visualisation and tracking of these processes with improved fidelity. We anticipate that this technique will be particularly powerful for the study of phase formation processes, especially as the high throughput nature of SECCM-IRM (where each spot is a separate experiment) will allow for the creation of large datasets, exploring a wide experimental parameter landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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61
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Blount B, Juarez G, Wang Y, Ren H. iR drop in scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:149-162. [PMID: 34877955 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electrochemical mapping techniques, e.g., scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), have been increasingly used to study the local electrochemistry in electrocatalysis. Its capability for local electrochemistry mapping helps to reveal the heterogeneity in the electrode kinetics and mechanisms, which are otherwise averaged out in ensemble measurements. Accurate determination of the electrode kinetics requires the careful assessment of the ohmic potential drop in the solution, i.e., the iR drop. Herein, the iR drop in SECCM experiments is assessed. We showed that the iR drop in single-barrel SECCM can be estimated using the solution conductivity and pipette geometry, or the mass transfer limiting current without the assumption of pipette geometry. For dual-barrel SECCM, we developed a method of measuring the solution resistance directly, which can be used to compensate for the iR drop and the potential shift in the experiments. These methods offer a convenient way to estimate and compensate for the iR drop in SECCM, allowing the more accurate measurement of local electrode kinetics for the determination of local mechanisms in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Blount
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Gabriel Juarez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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62
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Liu DQ, Kang M, Perry D, Chen CH, West G, Xia X, Chaudhuri S, Laker ZPL, Wilson NR, Meloni GN, Melander MM, Maurer RJ, Unwin PR. Adiabatic versus non-adiabatic electron transfer at 2D electrode materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7110. [PMID: 34876571 PMCID: PMC8651748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
2D electrode materials are often deployed on conductive supports for electrochemistry and there is a great need to understand fundamental electrochemical processes in this electrode configuration. Here, an integrated experimental-theoretical approach is used to resolve the key electronic interactions in outer-sphere electron transfer (OS-ET), a cornerstone elementary electrochemical reaction, at graphene as-grown on a copper electrode. Using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, and co-located structural microscopy, the classical hexaamineruthenium (III/II) couple shows the ET kinetics trend: monolayer > bilayer > multilayer graphene. This trend is rationalized quantitatively through the development of rate theory, using the Schmickler-Newns-Anderson model Hamiltonian for ET, with the explicit incorporation of electrostatic interactions in the double layer, and parameterized using constant potential density functional theory calculations. The ET mechanism is predominantly adiabatic; the addition of subsequent graphene layers increases the contact potential, producing an increase in the effective barrier to ET at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Liu
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007 China
| | - Minkyung Kang
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217 Australia
| | - David Perry
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Chang-Hui Chen
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Geoff West
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Xue Xia
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Shayantan Chaudhuri
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK ,grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Zachary P. L. Laker
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Neil R. Wilson
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Marko M. Melander
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, (YN) FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
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63
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Ma Y, Wang D. Revealing Electrical Double-Layer Potential of Substrates by Hysteresis Ion Transport in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15821-15825. [PMID: 34816713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electrical double layer (EDL) at solid-liquid interfaces is key to interfacial transport and reaction processes and numerous emerging applications exploiting such processes. Herein, by studying hysteresis ion-transport processes in nanopipettes near charged substrates, we found the resulting cross-point potential (Vcp) to represent the surface potential of both nanopipettes and substrates. After the subtraction of Vcp in bulk solution, the remaining ΔVcp shows excellent exponential decay with respect to the separation distance from the substrates and agrees very well with the classical double-layer theory. The revealed new hysteresis ion transport in nanopipettes would provide a new way for the simple and direct EDL imaging of various interfaces of interest with nanoscale resolution in scanning ion conductance microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Ma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
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64
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Single Co 3O 4 Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313137. [PMID: 34884941 PMCID: PMC8658644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry allows for assessing electrocatalytic activities of individual material entities such as nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, it becomes possible to consider intrinsic electrochemical properties of nanocatalysts when researching how activity relates to physical and structural material properties. Conversely, conventional electrochemical techniques provide a normalized sum current referring to a huge ensemble of NPs constituting, along with additives (e.g., binders), a complete catalyst-coated electrode. Accordingly, recording electrocatalytic responses of single NPs avoids interferences of ensemble effects and reduces the complexity of electrocatalytic processes, thus enabling detailed description and modelling. Herein, we present insights into the oxygen evolution catalysis at individual cubic Co3O4 NPs impacting microelectrodes of different support materials. Simulating diffusion at supported nanocubes, measured step current signals can be analyzed, providing edge lengths, corresponding size distributions, and interference-free turnover frequencies. The provided nano-impact investigation of (electro-)catalyst-support effects contradicts assumptions on a low number of highly active sites.
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65
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Plaza-Mayoral E, Sebastián-Pascual P, Dalby KN, Jensen KD, Chorkendorff I, Falsig H, Escudero-Escribano M. Preparation of high surface area Cu‐Au bimetallic nanostructured materials by co‐electrodeposition in a deep eutectic solvent. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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66
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Chung J, Hertler P, Plaxco KW, Sepunaru L. Catalytic Interruption Mitigates Edge Effects in the Characterization of Heterogeneous, Insulating Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18888-18898. [PMID: 34735140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blocking electrochemistry, a subfield of nanochemistry, enables nondestructive, in situ measurement of the concentration, size, and size heterogeneity of highly dilute, nanometer-scale materials. This approach, in which the adsorptive impact of individual particles on a microelectrode prevents charge exchange with a freely diffusing electroactive redox mediator, has expanded the scope of electrochemistry to the study of redox-inert materials. A limitation, however, remains: inhomogeneous current fluxes associated with enhanced mass transfer occurring at the edges of planar microelectrodes confound the relationship between the size of the impacting particle and the signal it generates. These "edge effects" lead to the overestimation of size heterogeneity and, thus, poor sample characterization. In response, we demonstrate here the ability of catalytic current amplification (EC') to reduce this problem, an effect we term "electrocatalytic interruption". Specifically, we show that the increase in mass transport produced by a coupled chemical reaction significantly mitigates edge effects, returning estimated particle size distributions much closer to those observed using ex situ electron microscopy. In parallel, electrocatalytic interruption enhances the signal observed from individual particles, enabling the detection of particles significantly smaller than is possible via conventional blocking electrochemistry. Finite element simulations indicate that the rapid chemical kinetics created by this approach contributes to the amplification of the electronic signal to restore analytical precision and reliably detect and characterize the heterogeneity of nanoscale electro-inactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chung
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Phoebe Hertler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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67
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Nie W, Wang X, Wang Z, Gao Y, Chen R, Liu Y, Li C, Fan F. Identifying the Role of the Local Charge Density on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of the Photoelectrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10829-10836. [PMID: 34726399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of surface charges in the catalytic reaction is of great importance to fundamental science in photoelectrochemistry (PEC). However, spatial heterogeneities of charge transfer sites and catalytic sites at the electrode/electrolyte interface obscures the surface reaction process. Herein, we quantified the relationship between the local catalytic current of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the surface charge density using operando spatially resolved photovoltage microscopy on the Pt/Ti array on the p-Si photoelectrode. We found that the Pt/Ti islands on the p-Si surface worked as the main charge collect areas but as the sole catalytic sites to drive the PEC hydrogen evolution. Based on the achievements of identifying the local photocurrent and photovoltage on a single Pt/Ti island, we found that the local HER current can be linearly regulated by the charge density at reactive sites by concurrently adjusting the bias potential and the spacings of the Pt/Ti islands. These results emphasize the significant impact of the surface charge density on the catalytic activity in photoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
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68
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Nie W, Zhu Q, Gao Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen R, Fan F, Li C. Visualizing the Spatial Heterogeneity of Electron Transfer on a Metallic Nanoplate Prism. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8901-8909. [PMID: 34647747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The involvement between electron transfer (ET) and catalytic reaction at the electrocatalyst surface makes the electrochemical process challenging to understand and control. Even ET process, a primary step, is still ambiguous because it is unclear how the ET process is related to the nanostructured electrocatalyst. Herein, locally enhanced ET current dominated by mass transport effect at corner and edge sites bounded by {111} facets on single Au triangular nanoplates was clearly imaged. After decoupling mass transport effect, the ET rate constant of corner sites was measured to be about 2-fold that of basal {111} plane. Further, we demonstrated that spatial heterogeneity of local inner potential differences of Au nanoplates/solution interfaces plays a key role in the ET process, supported by the linear correlation between the logarithm of rate constants and the potential differences of different sites. These results provide direct images for heterogeneous ET, which helps to understand and control the nanoscopic electrochemical process and electrode design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
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69
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Brunet Cabré M, Paiva AE, Velický M, Colavita PE, McKelvey K. Electrochemical kinetics as a function of transition metal dichalcogenide thickness. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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70
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Chen Y, Yang S, Liu H, Zhang W, Cao R. An unusual network of α-MnO2 nanowires with structure-induced hydrophilicity and conductivity for improved electrocatalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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71
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Wang J, Zhang T, Xia K, Huang C, Liu L, Wang J. Bioinspired Neuron-like Adsorptive Networks for Heavy Metal Capture and Tunable Electrochemically Mediated Recovery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45077-45088. [PMID: 34510886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques have garnered increasing attention as a heavy metal remediation platform for pollutant mitigation and sustainable recycling. Inspired by the biological signal-transfer mode, biomimic neuron-like hierarchical adsorptive networks were constructed by interweaving one-dimensional manganese oxide nanowires into polyaniline-decorated hollow structural metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The prepared biomimic neuron adsorbent exhibits good adsorption capacity toward cations (Pb2+) and oxyanions (Cr2O72-) at the neutral state; tunable cation/oxyanion desorption can be electrochemically switched at the oxidized and reduced states, respectively, where the biomimic neuron-like hierarchical adsorptive networks facilitated electron transfer and benefited substantial redox reactions. The combination of simulations and calculations demonstrates that the curvature-induced polarization in a hollow MOF structure enhances the desorption efficiencies by improving the redox processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface, which facilitate the promising implementation in terms of water economy and downstream waste sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kangxuan Xia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, United States
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (Cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lizhi Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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72
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Stumm C, Kastenmeier M, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Sandbeck DJ, Bochmann S, Mayrhofer KJ, Bachmann J, Cherevko S, Brummel O, Libuda J. Model electrocatalysts for the oxidation of rechargeable electrofuels - carbon supported Pt nanoparticles prepared in UHV. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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73
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Saha P, Rahman MM, Hill CM. Borohydride oxidation electrocatalysis at individual, shape‐controlled Au nanoparticles. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Saha
- Department of Chemistry University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | | | - Caleb M. Hill
- Department of Chemistry University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
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74
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Dong C, Huang RW, Chen C, Chen J, Nematulloev S, Guo X, Ghosh A, Alamer B, Hedhili MN, Isimjan TT, Han Y, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM. [Cu 36H 10(PET) 24(PPh 3) 6Cl 2] Reveals Surface Vacancy Defects in Ligand-Stabilized Metal Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11026-11035. [PMID: 34255513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precise identification and in-depth understanding of defects in nanomaterials can aid in rationally modulating defect-induced functionalities. However, few studies have explored vacancy defects in ligand-stabilized metal nanoclusters with well-defined structures, owing to the substantial challenge of synthesizing and isolating such defective metal nanoclusters. Herein, a novel defective copper hydride nanocluster, [Cu36H10(PET)24(PPh3)6Cl2] (Cu36; PET: phenylethanethiolate; PPh3: triphenylphosphine), is successfully synthesized at the gram scale via a simple one-pot reduction method. Structural analysis reveals that Cu36 is a distorted half cubic nanocluster, evolved from the perfect Nichol's half cube. The two surface copper vacancies in Cu36 are found to be the principal imperfections, which result in some structural adjustments, including copper atom reconstruction near the vacancies as well as ligand modifications (e.g., substitution, migration, and exfoliation). Density functional theory calculations imply that the above-mentioned defects have a considerable influence on the electronic structure and properties. The modeling suggests that the formation of defective Cu36 rather than the perfect half cube is driven by the enlargement of the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the nanocluster. The structural evolution induced by the surface copper atom vacancies provides atomically precise insights into the defect-induced readjustment of the local structure and introduces new avenues for understanding the chemistry of defects in nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Dong
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ren-Wu Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Saidkhodzha Nematulloev
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xianrong Guo
- Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atanu Ghosh
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badriah Alamer
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Hedhili
- Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayirjan T Isimjan
- Hydrogen Platform, Catalysis Department, SABIC-CRD at KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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75
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Ren Y, Wang H, Zhang T, Ma L, Ye P, Zhong Y, Hu Y. Designed preparation of CoS/Co/MoC nanoparticles incorporated in N and S dual-doped porous carbon nanofibers for high-performance Zn-air batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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76
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Mariano RG, Kang M, Wahab OJ, McPherson IJ, Rabinowitz JA, Unwin PR, Kanan MW. Microstructural origin of locally enhanced CO 2 electroreduction activity on gold. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1000-1006. [PMID: 33737727 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the bulk structure of a material affects catalysis on its surface is critical to the development of actionable catalyst design principles. Bulk defects have been shown to affect electrocatalytic materials that are important for energy conversion systems, but the structural origins of these effects have not been fully elucidated. Here we use a combination of high-resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction to visualize the potential-dependent electrocatalytic carbon dioxide [Formula: see text] electroreduction and hydrogen [Formula: see text] evolution activity on Au electrodes and probe the effects of bulk defects. Comparing colocated activity maps and videos to the underlying microstructure and lattice deformation supports a model in which CO2 electroreduction is selectively enhanced by surface-terminating dislocations, which can accumulate at grain boundaries and slip bands. Our results suggest that the deliberate introduction of dislocations into materials is a promising strategy for improving catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Matthew W Kanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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77
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Bentley CL. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy for the study of (nano)particle electrochemistry: From the sub‐particle to ensemble level. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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78
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Yang Y, Ren Z, Zhou S, Wei M. Perspectives on Multifunctional Catalysts Derived from Layered Double Hydroxides toward Upgrading Reactions of Biomass Resources. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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79
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Tong M, Sun F, Xie Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Tian C, Wang L, Fu H. Operando Cooperated Catalytic Mechanism of Atomically Dispersed Cu−N
4
and Zn−N
4
for Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14005-14012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang Laboratory Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang Laboratory Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Chungui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Honggang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
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80
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Tong M, Sun F, Xie Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Tian C, Wang L, Fu H. Operando Cooperated Catalytic Mechanism of Atomically Dispersed Cu−N
4
and Zn−N
4
for Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Fanfei Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang Laboratory Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang Laboratory Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Chungui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Honggang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
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81
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Yang P, Yue C, Yang Y, Wang J, Hao Y, Huang H, Zhu J, Yue G, Zhao X, Yang L. Electrospun NiMo nanobelts self-supported electrodes for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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82
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Linnemann J, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Linnemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kannasoot Kanokkanchana
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, ZEMOS, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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83
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Zhao W, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection of single entities. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5720-5736. [PMID: 34168801 PMCID: PMC8179668 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), is an electrochemically induced production of light by excited luminophores generated during redox reactions. It can be used to sense the charge transfer and related processes at electrodes via a simple visual readout; hence, ECL is an outstanding tool in analytical sensing. The traditional ECL approach measures averaged electrochemical quantities of a large ensemble of individual entities, including molecules, microstructures and ions. However, as a real system is usually heterogeneous, the study of single entities holds great potential in elucidating new truths of nature which are averaged out in ensemble assays or hidden in complex systems. We would like to review the development of ECL intensity and imaging based single entity detection and place emphasis on the assays of small entities including single molecules, micro/nanoparticles and cells. The current challenges for and perspectives on ECL detection of single entities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China +86-25-89687294 +86-25-89687294
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China +86-25-89687294 +86-25-89687294
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China +86-25-89687294 +86-25-89687294
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84
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Elnagar MM, Hermann JM, Jacob T, Kibler LA. An affordable option to Au single crystals through cathodic corrosion of a wire: Fabrication, electrochemical behavior, and applications in electrocatalysis and spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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85
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Yuan T, Wei W, Jiang W, Wang W. Vertical Diffusion of Ions within Single Particles during Electrochemical Charging. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3522-3528. [PMID: 33560133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the trajectory of ionic transport and diffusion within single electroactive nanomaterials is critical for understanding the charging kinetics and capacity fading associated with ion batteries, with implications for rational design of excellent-performance electrode materials. While the horizontal pathway of mass transport has been feasibly investigated by optical superlocalization methods and electron microscopes, determination on the vertical trajectory has proven a more challenging task. Herein, we developed dual-angle total internal reflection microscopy by simultaneously introducing different angle-dependent illumination depths to trace the optical centroid shifts of nano-objects in the vertical dimension. We first demonstrated the proof of concept by resolving the vertical moving trails of a nanosphere doing Brownian motion and subsequently explored the picture of mass transport in the interior of single Prussian blue (PB) particles during electrochemical cycling. The results indicated that the vertical centroids of single PB particles remained unchanged when ions were inserted or extracted, suggesting an outside-in ionic transport pathway instead of bottom-up trajectory that one would intuitively expect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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86
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Lemineur JF, Ciocci P, Noël JM, Ge H, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Imaging and Quantifying the Formation of Single Nanobubbles at Single Platinum Nanoparticles during the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2643-2653. [PMID: 33523639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While numerous efforts have been made toward the design of sustainable and efficient nanocatalysts of the hydrogen evolution reaction, there is a need for the operando observation and quantification of the formation of gas nanobubbles (NBs) involved in this electrochemical reaction. It is achieved herein through interference reflection microscopy coupled to electrochemistry and optical modeling. In addition to analyzing the geometry and growth rate of individual NBs at single nanocatalysts, the toolbox offered by superlocalization and quantitative label-free optical microscopy allows analyzing the geometry (contact angle and footprint with surface) of individual NBs and their growth rate. It turns out that, after a few seconds, NBs are steadily growing while they are fully covering the Pt nanoparticles that allowed their nucleation and their pinning on the electrode surface. It then raises relevant questions related to gas evolution catalysts, such as, for example, does the evaluation of NB growth at the single nanocatalyst really reflect its electrochemical activity?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Hongxin Ge
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
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87
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Wang Z, Lee C. Knife-edge interferogram analysis for corrosive wear propagation at sharp edges. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:1373-1379. [PMID: 33690581 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel noncontact measurement and inspection method based on knife-edge diffraction theory for corrosive wear propagation monitoring at a sharp edge. The degree of corrosion on the sharp edge was quantitatively traced in process by knife-edge interferometry (KEI). The measurement system consists of a laser diode, an avalanche photodiode, and a linear stage for scanning. KEI utilizes the interferometric fringes projected on the measurement plane when the light is incident on a sharp edge. The corrosion propagation on sharp edges was characterized by analyzing the difference in the two interferometric fringes obtained from the control and measurement groups. By using the cross-correlation algorithm, the corrosion conditions on sharp edges were quantitatively quantified into two factors: lag and similarity for edge loss and edge roughness, respectively. The KEI sensor noise level was estimated at 0.03% in full scale. The computational approach to knife-edge diffraction was validated by experimental validation, and the computational error was evaluated at less than 1%. Two sets of razor blades for measurement and control groups were used. As a result, the lag will be increased at an edge loss ratio of 1.007/µm due to the corrosive wear, while the similarity will be decreased at a ratio of 5.4×10-4/µm with respect to edge roughness change. Experimental results showed a good agreement with computational results.
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88
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Wei BY, Xie DT, Lai SQ, Jiang Y, Fu H, Wei D, Han B. Electrochemically Tuned Oxidative [4+2] Annulation and Dioxygenation of Olefins with Hydroxamic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3182-3188. [PMID: 33058402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work represents the first [4+2] annulation of hydroxamic acids with olefins for the synthesis of benzo[c][1,2]oxazines scaffold via anode-selective electrochemical oxidation. This protocol features mild conditions, is oxidant free, shows high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, broad substrate scope of both alkenes and hydroxamic acids, and is compatible with terpenes, peptides, and steroids. Significantly, the dioxygenation of olefins employing hydroxamic acid is also successfully achieved by switching the anode material under the same reaction conditions. The study not only reveals a new reactivity of hydroxamic acids and its first application in electrosynthesis but also provides a successful example of anode material-tuned product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Tai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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89
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Ren H, Edwards MA. Stochasticity in Single-Entity Electrochemistry. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021; 25:100632. [PMID: 33102927 PMCID: PMC7584144 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most electrochemical processes are stochastic and discrete in nature. Yet experimental observables, e.g., i vs E, are typically smooth and deterministic, due to many events/processes, e.g., electron transfers, being averaged together. However, when the number of entities measured approaches a few or even one, stochasticity frequently emerges. Yet all is not lost! Probabilistic and statistical interpretation can generate insights matching or superseding those from macroscale/ensemble measurements, revealing phenomena that were hitherto averaged over. Herein, we review recent literature examples of stochastic processes in single-entity electrochemistry, highlighting strategies for interpreting stochasticity, contrasting them with macroscale measurements, and describing the insights generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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90
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91
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Chen X, Wang W, Chen X, Liao X, Lyu Z, Liu K, Xie S. Structure-intensified PtCoRh spiral nanowires as highly active and durable electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2632-2638. [PMID: 33496302 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt)-based nanocatalysts with a high density of surface atomic steps hold great prospects in electrocatalysis. However, the structural instability under harsh redox conditions is still a rigorous challenge. Here, we demonstrate that ternary PtCoRh alloyed spiral nanowires (SNWs), which have the advantages of one-dimensional nanowires, alloy synergy, surface atomic steps, and anti-corrosive Rh incorporation, can serve as active and robust MOR electrocatalysts in acidic media. The results showed that the Pt77Co11Rh12 SNWs delivered the highest mass activity (1.48 A mg-1) and specific activity (4.76 mA cm-2), as well as the best durability in the long-term MOR test, compared with the Pt85Co10Rh5 and Pt85Co15 SNWs and Pt black. Further inspections of the morphology, composition, and electronic structure revealed that the incorporated Rh atoms not only stabilized the highly rugged SNWs and the easily leaching Co atoms but also delicately tuned the electron transfer among the three metallic elements, leading to the enhancement of MOR activity, structural stability and anti-CO-poisoning ability. Our work provides a rational strategy for the development of highly efficient and durable alcohol oxidation electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xinyan Liao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zixi Lyu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Shuifen Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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92
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Kranz C, Wächtler M. Characterizing photocatalysts for water splitting: from atoms to bulk and from slow to ultrafast processes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1407-1437. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview on characterisation techniques for light-driven redox-catalysts highlighting spectroscopic, microscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kranz
- Ulm University
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Department Functional Interfaces
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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93
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Daviddi E, Shkirskiy V, Kirkman PM, Robin MP, Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Nanoscale electrochemistry in a copper/aqueous/oil three-phase system: surface structure-activity-corrosion potential relationships. Chem Sci 2020; 12:3055-3069. [PMID: 34164075 PMCID: PMC8179364 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Practically important metal electrodes are usually polycrystalline, comprising surface grains of many different crystallographic orientations, as well as grain boundaries. In this study, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is applied in tandem with co-located electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to give a holistic view of the relationship between the surface structure and the electrochemical activity and corrosion susceptibility of polycrystalline Cu. An unusual aqueous nanodroplet/oil (dodecane)/metal three-phase configuration is employed, which opens up new prospects for fundamental studies of multiphase electrochemical systems, and mimics the environment of corrosion in certain industrial and automotive applications. In this configuration, the nanodroplet formed at the end of the SECCM probe (nanopipette) is surrounded by dodecane, which acts as a reservoir for oil-soluble species (e.g., O2) and can give rise to enhanced flux(es) across the immiscible liquid–liquid interface, as shown by finite element method (FEM) simulations. This unique three-phase configuration is used to fingerprint nanoscale corrosion in a nanodroplet cell, and to analyse the interrelationship between the Cu oxidation, Cu2+ deposition and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) processes, together with nanoscale open circuit (corrosion) potential, in a grain-by-grain manner. Complex patterns of surface reactivity highlight the important role of grains of high-index orientation and microscopic surface defects (e.g., microscratches) in modulating the corrosion-properties of polycrystalline Cu. This work provides a roadmap for in-depth surface structure–function studies in (electro)materials science and highlights how small variations in surface structure (e.g., crystallographic orientation) can give rise to large differences in nanoscale reactivity. Probing Cu corrosion in an aqueous nanodroplet/oil/metal three-phase environment revealed unique patterns of surface reactivity. The electrochemistry of high-index facets cannot be predicted simply from the low-index {001}, {011} and {111} responses.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Daviddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | | | | | - Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK .,School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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94
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Wei B, Xie D, Lai S, Jiang Y, Fu H, Wei D, Han B. Electrochemically Tuned Oxidative [4+2] Annulation and Dioxygenation of Olefins with Hydroxamic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang‐Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐Tai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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95
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Soares CO, Rodríguez O, Buvat G, Duca M, Garbarino S, Guay D, Denuault G, Tavares AC. Sampled current voltammetry for kinetic studies on materials unsuitable for rotating discs or microelectrodes: Application to the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic medium. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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96
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Bentley CL, Agoston R, Tao B, Walker M, Xu X, O'Mullane AP, Unwin PR. Correlating the Local Electrocatalytic Activity of Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Thin Films with Microscopic Composition, Structure, and Porosity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44307-44316. [PMID: 32880446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film electrodes, produced by coating a conductive support with a thin layer (nanometer to micrometer) of active material, retain the unique properties of nanomaterials (e.g., activity, surface area, conductivity, etc.) while being economically scalable, making them highly desirable as electrocatalysts. Despite the ever-increasing methods of thin-film deposition (e.g., wet chemical synthesis, electrodeposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc.), there is insufficient understanding on the nanoscale electrochemical activity of these materials in relation to structure/composition, particularly for those that lack long-range order (i.e., amorphous thin-film materials). In this work, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is deployed in tandem with complementary, colocated compositional/structural analysis to understand the microscopic factors governing the electrochemical activity of amorphous molybdenum sulfide (a-MoSx) thin films, a promising class of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. The a-MoSx thin films, produced under ambient conditions by electrodeposition, possess spatially heterogeneous electrocatalytic activity on the tens-of-micrometer scale, which is not attributable to microscopic variations in elemental composition or chemical structure (i.e., Mo and/or S bonding environments), shown through colocated, local energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. A new SECCM protocol is implemented to directly correlate electrochemical activity to the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) in a single measurement, revealing that the spatially heterogeneous HER response of a-MoSx is predominantly attributable to variations in the nanoscale porosity of the thin film, with surface roughness ruled out as a major contributing factor by complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM). As microscopic composition, structure, and porosity (ECSA) are all critical factors dictating the functional properties of nanostructured materials in electrocatalysis and beyond (e.g., battery materials, electrochemical sensors, etc.), this work further cements SECCM as a premier tool for structure-function studies in (electro)materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Roland Agoston
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Binglin Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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97
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Abstract
We present the results of acid–base experiments performed at the single ion (H+ or OH−) limit in ∼6 aL volume nanopores incorporating electrochemical zero-mode waveguides (E-ZMWs). At pH 3 each E-ZMW nanopore contains ca. 3600H+ ions, and application of a negative electrochemical potential to the gold working electrode/optical cladding layer reduces H+ to H2, thereby depleting H+ and increasing the local pH within the nanopore. The change in pH was quantified by tracking the intensity of fluorescein, a pH-responsive fluorophore whose intensity increases with pH. This behavior was translated to the single ion limit by changing the initial pH of the electrolyte solution to pH 6, at which the average pore occupancy 〈n〉pore ∼3.6H+/nanopore. Application of an electrochemical potential sufficiently negative to change the local pH to pH 7 reduces the proton nanopore occupancy to 〈n〉pore ∼0.36H+/nanopore, demonstrating that the approach is sensitive to single H+ manipulations, as evidenced by clear potential-dependent changes in fluorescein emission intensity. In addition, at high overpotential, the observed fluorescence intensity exceeded the value predicted from the fluorescence intensity-pH calibration, an observation attributed to the nucleation of H2 nanobubbles as confirmed both by calculations and the behavior of non-pH responsive Alexa 488 fluorophore. Apart from enhancing fundamental understanding, the approach described here opens the door to applications requiring ultrasensitive ion sensing, based on the optical detection of H+ population at the single ion limit. Visualizing dynamic change in the number of protons during electroreduction of protons in attoliter volume zero-mode waveguides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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98
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Yule LC, Daviddi E, West G, Bentley CL, Unwin PR. Surface microstructural controls on electrochemical hydrogen absorption at polycrystalline palladium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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99
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Bentley CL, Kang M, Unwin PR. Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (SECCM) in Aprotic Solvents: Practical Considerations and Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11673-11680. [PMID: 32521997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many applications in modern electrochemistry, notably electrosynthesis and energy storage/conversion take advantage of the "tunable" physicochemical properties (e.g., proton availability and/or electrochemical stability) of nonaqueous (e.g., aprotic) electrolyte media. This work develops general guidelines pertaining to the use of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) in aprotic solvent electrolyte media to address contemporary structure-electrochemical activity problems. Using the simple outer-sphere Fc0/+ process (Fc = ferrocene) as a model system, high boiling point (low vapor pressure) solvents give rise to highly robust and reproducible electrochemistry, whereas volatile (low boiling point) solvents need to be mixed with suitable low melting point supporting electrolytes (e.g., ionic liquids) or high boiling point solvents to avoid complications associated with salt precipitation/crystallization on the scanning (minutes to hours) time scale. When applied to perform microfabrication-specifically the electrosynthesis of the conductive polymer, polypyrrole-the optimized SECCM set up produces highly reproducible arrays of synthesized (electrodeposited) material on a commensurate scale to the employed pipet probe. Applying SECCM to map electrocatalytic activity-specifically the electro-oxidation of iodide at polycrystalline platinum-reveals unique (i.e., structure-dependent) patterns of surface activity, with grains of specific crystallographic orientation, grain boundaries and areas of high local surface misorientation identified as potential electrocatalytic "hot spots". The work herein further cements SECCM as a premier technique for structure-function-activity studies in (electro)materials science and will open up exciting new possibilities through the use of aprotic solvents for rational analysis/design in electrosynthesis, microfabrication, electrochemical energy storage/conversion, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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100
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Wei W, Yuan T, Jiang W, Gao J, Chen HY, Wang W. Accessing the Electrochemical Activity of Single Nanoparticles by Eliminating the Heterogeneous Electrical Contacts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14307-14313. [PMID: 32787250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While single nanoparticle electrochemistry holds great promise for establishing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of electroactive nanomaterials, as it removes the heterogeneity among individuals, successful SAR studies remain rare. When one nanoparticle is seen to exhibit better performance than the others, it is often simply attributed to better activity of the particular individual. By taking the ion insertion reaction of Prussian blue nanoparticles as an example, here we show that the electrical contact between nanoparticles and electrode, a previously overlooked factor, was greatly distinct from one nanoparticle to another and significantly contributed to the apparent heterogeneity in the reactivity and cyclability. An individual nanoparticle with intrinsically perfect structure (size, facet, crystallinity, and so on) could be completely inactive, simply due to poor electrical contacts, which blurred the SAR and likely caused failures. We further proposed a sputter-coating method to enhance the electrical contacts by depositing an ultrathin platinum layer onto the sample. Such an approach was routinely adopted in scanning electron microscopy to improve the electron mobility between nanoparticles and substrate. Elimination of heterogeneous contacts ensured that the electrochemical activity of single nanoparticles can be accessed and further correlated with their structural features, thus paving the way for single nanoparticle electrochemistry to deliver on its promises in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tinglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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