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von Trotha JW, Vernier P, Bally-Cuif L. Emotions and motivated behavior converge on an amygdala-like structure in the zebrafish. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3302-15. [PMID: 25145867 PMCID: PMC4278443 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The brain reward circuitry plays a key role in emotional and motivational behaviors, and its dysfunction underlies neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and drug addiction. Here, we characterized the neuronal activity pattern induced by acute amphetamine administration and during drug-seeking behavior in the zebrafish, and demonstrate the existence of conserved underlying brain circuitry. Combining quantitative analyses of cfos expression with neuronal subtype-specific markers at single-cell resolution, we show that acute d-amphetamine administration leads to both increased neuronal activation and the recruitment of neurons in the medial (Dm) and the lateral (Dl) domains of the adult zebrafish pallium, which contain homologous structures to the mammalian amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Calbindin-positive and glutamatergic neurons are recruited in Dm, and glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons in Dl. The drug-activated neurons in Dm and Dl are born at juvenile stage rather than in the embryo or during adulthood. Furthermore, the same territory in Dm is activated during both drug-seeking approach and light avoidance behavior, while these behaviors do not elicit activation in Dl. These data identify the pallial territories involved in acute psychostimulant response and reward formation in the adult zebrafish. They further suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of amygdala-like structures in positive emotions and motivated behavior in zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob William von Trotha
- Institute of Neurobiology A. Fessard, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development, CNRS UPR3294, Team Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Avenue de la Terrasse, bldg 5, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Millot S, Cerqueira M, Castanheira MF, Øverli Ø, Martins CI, Oliveira RF. Use of conditioned place preference/avoidance tests to assess affective states in fish. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wong D, von Keyserlingk MAG, Richards JG, Weary DM. Conditioned place avoidance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to three chemicals used for euthanasia and anaesthesia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88030. [PMID: 24505365 PMCID: PMC3913715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are becoming one of the most used vertebrates in developmental and biomedical research. Fish are commonly killed at the end of an experiment with an overdose of tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS, also known as MS-222), but to date little research has assessed if exposure to this or other agents qualifies as euthanasia (i.e. a "good death"). Alternative agents include metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil. We use a conditioned place avoidance paradigm to compare aversion to TMS, clove oil, and metomidate hydrochloride. Zebrafish (n = 51) were exposed to the different anaesthetics in the initially preferred side of a light/dark box. After exposure to TMS zebrafish spent less time in their previously preferred side; aversion was less pronounced following exposure to metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil. Nine of 17 fish exposed to TMS chose not to re-enter the previously preferred side, versus 2 of 18 and 3 of 16 refusals for metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil, respectively. We conclude that metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil are less aversive than TMS and that these agents be used as humane alternatives to TMS for killing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Wong
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jeffrey G. Richards
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
The larval zebrafish is a model organism to study the neural circuitry underlying behavior. There exist, however, few examples of robust long-term memory. Here we describe a simple, unrestrained associative place-conditioning paradigm. We show that visual access to a group of conspecifics has rewarding properties for 6- to 8-day-old larval zebrafish. We use this social reward as an unconditioned stimulus and pair it with a distinct visual environment. After training, larvae exhibited spatial preference for the location previously paired with the social reward for up to 36 h, indicating that zebrafish larvae can exhibit long-term associative memory. Furthermore, incubation with a protein synthesis inhibitor or an NMDAR-antagonist impaired memory. In future experiments, this learning paradigm could be used to study the social interactions of larval zebrafish or paired with cell-specific metabolic labeling to visualize circuits underlying memory formation.
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The utility of the zebrafish model in conditioned place preference to assess the rewarding effects of drugs. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:375-83. [PMID: 23811781 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328363d14a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a significant public health concern both domestically and worldwide. The persistent use of substances regardless of aversive consequences forces the user to give higher priority to the drug than to normal activities and obligations. The harmful and hazardous use of psychoactive substances can lead to a dependence syndrome. In this regard, the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of reward-seeking behavior need to be fully understood in order to develop effective pharmacotherapies and other methods of treatment. Animal models are often implemented in preclinical screening for testing the efficacy of novel treatments. Several paradigms exist that model various facets of addiction including sensitization, tolerance, withdrawal, drug seeking, extinction, and relapse. Self-administration and, most notably, conditioned place preference (CPP) are relatively simple tests that serve as indicators of the aforementioned aspects of addiction by means of behavioral quantification. CPP is a commonly used technique to evaluate the motivational effects of compounds and experiences that have been associated with a positive or negative reward, which capitalizes on the basic principles of Pavlovian conditioning. During training, the unconditioned stimulus is consistently paired with a neutral set of environmental stimuli, which obtain, during conditioning, secondary motivational properties that elicit approach behavior in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. For over 50 years, rodents have been the primary test subjects. However, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is gaining favor as a valuable model organism in the fields of biology, genetics, and behavioral neuroscience. This paper presents a discussion on the merits, advantages, and limitations of the zebrafish model and its utility in relation to CPP.
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Neelkantan N, Mikhaylova A, Stewart AM, Arnold R, Gjeloshi V, Kondaveeti D, Poudel MK, Kalueff AV. Perspectives on zebrafish models of hallucinogenic drugs and related psychotropic compounds. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1137-50. [PMID: 23883191 DOI: 10.1021/cn400090q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among different classes of psychotropic drugs, hallucinogenic agents exert one of the most prominent effects on human and animal behaviors, markedly altering sensory, motor, affective, and cognitive responses. The growing clinical and preclinical interest in psychedelic, dissociative, and deliriant hallucinogens necessitates novel translational, sensitive, and high-throughput in vivo models and screens. Primate and rodent models have been traditionally used to study cellular mechanisms and neural circuits of hallucinogenic drugs' action. The utility of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) in neuroscience research is rapidly growing due to their high physiological and genetic homology to humans, ease of genetic manipulation, robust behaviors, and cost effectiveness. Possessing a fully characterized genome, both adult and larval zebrafish are currently widely used for in vivo screening of various psychotropic compounds, including hallucinogens and related drugs. Recognizing the growing importance of hallucinogens in biological psychiatry, here we discuss hallucinogenic-induced phenotypes in zebrafish and evaluate their potential as efficient preclinical models of drug-induced states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Neelkantan
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
- Departments of Physiology and
Pharmacology, International American University College of Medicine, Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, WI
| | - Alina Mikhaylova
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
- Departments of Physiology and
Pharmacology, International American University College of Medicine, Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, WI
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Raymond Arnold
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
- Departments of Physiology and
Pharmacology, International American University College of Medicine, Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, WI
| | - Visar Gjeloshi
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
| | - Divya Kondaveeti
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
| | - Manoj K. Poudel
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
- Departments of Physiology and
Pharmacology, International American University College of Medicine, Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, WI
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC) and ZENEREI Institute, 309
Palmer Court, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
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Kedikian X, Faillace MP, Bernabeu R. Behavioral and molecular analysis of nicotine-conditioned place preference in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69453. [PMID: 23894483 PMCID: PMC3722213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using mice and rats have demonstrated that nicotine induces a conditioned place preference (CPP), with more effective results obtained by using biased procedures. Zebrafish have also been used as a model system to identify factors influencing nicotine-associated reward by using an unbiased design. Here, we report that zebrafish exhibited putative nicotine biased CPP to an initially aversive compartment (nicotine-paired group). A counterbalanced nicotine-exposed control group did not show a significant preference shift, providing evidence that the preference shift in the nicotine-paired group was not due to a reduction of aversion for this compartment. Zebrafish preference was corroborated by behavioral analysis of several indicators of drug preference, such as time spent in the drug-paired side, number of entries to the drug-paired side, and distance traveled. These results provided strong evidence that zebrafish may actually develop a preference for nicotine, although the drug was administrated in an aversive place for the fish, which was further supported by molecular studies. Reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR analysis depicted a significant increase in the expression of α7 and α6 but not α4 and β2 subunits of the nicotinic receptor in nicotine-paired zebrafish brains. In contrast, zebrafish brains from the counterbalanced nicotine group showed no significant changes. Moreover, CREB phosphorylation, an indicator of neural activity, accompanied the acquisition of nicotine-CPP. Our studies offered an incremental value to the drug addiction field, because they further describe behavioral features of CPP to nicotine in zebrafish. The results suggested that zebrafish exposed to nicotine in an unfriendly environment can develop a preference for that initially aversive place, which is likely due to the rewarding effect of nicotine. Therefore, this model can be used to screen exogenous and endogenous molecules involved in nicotine-associated reward in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Kedikian
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Paula Faillace
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB)- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramón Bernabeu
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN- CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Braga MM, Rico EP, Córdova SD, Pinto CB, Blaser RE, Dias RD, Rosemberg DB, Oliveira DL, Souza DO. Evaluation of spontaneous recovery of behavioral and brain injury profiles in zebrafish after hypoxia. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:145-51. [PMID: 23867150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia can lead to motor and sensory impairments which can be dependent on the extent of infarcted regions. Since a better understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms involved in this injury is needed, the use of zebrafish as a cerebral hypoxia model has become quite promising because it could improve the knowledge about hypoxia-ischemia. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the spontaneous recovery of brain and behavioral impairments induced by hypoxia in adult zebrafish. Brain injury levels were analyzed by spectrophotometric measurement of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity by staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and behavioral profiles were assessed by the open tank test. The induction of hypoxia substantially decreased mitochondrial activity in the brain and impaired behavior. The spontaneous recovery of fish subjected to hypoxia was assessed after 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48h under normoxia. The quantification of brain injury levels showed a significant increase until 24h after hypoxia, but after 48h this effect was completely reversed. Regarding behavioral parameters, we verified that locomotor activity and vertical exploration were impaired by hypoxia and these effects were reversed after 3h under normoxia. Taken together, these results show that zebrafish exhibited transient cerebral and behavioral impairments when submitted to hypoxia, and 1h under normoxic conditions was insufficient to reverse both effects. Therefore, our data help to elucidate the time window of spontaneous recovery in zebrafish after hypoxia and also the behavioral phenotypes involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos M Braga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. The developing utility of zebrafish models for cognitive enhancers research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:263-71. [PMID: 23449968 PMCID: PMC3468880 DOI: 10.2174/157015912803217323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas cognitive impairment is a common symptom in multiple brain disorders, predictive and high-throughput animal models of cognition and behavior are becoming increasingly important in the field of translational neuroscience research. In particular, reliable models of the cognitive deficits characteristic of numerous neurobehavioral disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia have become a significant focus of investigation. While rodents have traditionally been used to study cognitive phenotypes, zebrafish (Danio rerio) are gaining popularity as an excellent model to complement current translational neuroscience research. Here we discuss recent advances in pharmacological and genetic approaches using zebrafish models to study cognitive impairments and to discover novel cognitive enhancers and neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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60
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Exploratory behaviour in the open field test adapted for larval zebrafish: impact of environmental complexity. Behav Processes 2012; 92:88-98. [PMID: 23123970 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel (standard) open field test adapted for larval zebrafish. We also developed and characterized a variant of the same assay consisting of a colour-enriched open field; this was used to assess the impact of environmental complexity on patterns of exploratory behaviours as well to determine natural colour preference/avoidance. We report the following main findings: (1) zebrafish larvae display characteristic patterns of exploratory behaviours in the standard open field, such as thigmotaxis/centre avoidance; (2) environmental complexity (i.e. presence of colours) differentially affects patterns of exploratory behaviours and greatly attenuates natural zone preference; (3) larvae displayed the ability to discriminate colours. As reported previously in adult zebrafish, larvae showed avoidance towards blue and black; however, in contrast to the reported adult behaviour, larvae displayed avoidance towards red. Avoidance towards yellow and preference for green and orange are shown for the first time, (4) compared to standard open field tests, exposure to the colour-enriched open field resulted in an enhanced expression of anxiety-like behaviours. To conclude, we not only developed and adapted a traditional rodent behavioural assay that serves as a gold standard in preclinical drug screening, but we also provide a version of the same test that affords the possibility to investigate the impact of environmental stress on behaviour in larval zebrafish while representing the first test for assessment of natural colour preference/avoidance in larval zebrafish. In the future, these assays will improve preclinical drug screening methodologies towards the goal to uncover novel drugs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
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Rosemberg DB, Braga MM, Rico EP, Loss CM, Córdova SD, Mussulini BHM, Blaser RE, Leite CE, Campos MM, Dias RD, Calcagnotto ME, de Oliveira DL, Souza DO. Behavioral effects of taurine pretreatment in zebrafish acutely exposed to ethanol. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:613-23. [PMID: 22634362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Taurine (TAU) is an amino sulfonic acid that plays protective roles against neurochemical impairments induced by ethanol (EtOH). Mounting evidence shows the applicability of zebrafish for evaluating locomotor parameters and anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes after EtOH exposure in a large scale manner. In this study, we assess the effects of TAU pretreatment on the behavior of zebrafish in the open tank after acute 1% EtOH (v/v) exposure (20 and 60 min of duration) and on brain alcohol contents. The exposure for 20 min exerted significant anxiolytic effects, which were prevented by 42, 150, and 400 mg/L TAU. Conversely, the 60-min condition induced depressant/sedative effects, in which the changes on vertical activity were associated to modifications on the exploratory profile. Although all TAU concentrations kept locomotor parameters at basal levels, 150 mg/L TAU, did not prevent the impairment on vertical activity of EtOH[60]. Despite the higher brain EtOH content detected in the 60-min exposure, 42, 150, and 400 mg/L TAU attenuated the increase of alcohol content in EtOH[60] group. In conclusion, our data suggest that both protocols of acute EtOH exposure induce significant changes in the spatio-temporal behavior of zebrafish and that TAU may exert a preventive role by antagonizing the effects induced by EtOH possibly due to its neuromodulatory role and also by decreasing brain EtOH levels. The hormetic dose-response of TAU on vertical exploration suggests a complex interaction between TAU and EtOH in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Rosemberg
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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62
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Brennan CH, Parker MO. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) models of substance abuse: Harnessing the capabilities. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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63
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Vernier P, Kyzar EJ, Maximino C, Tierney K, Gebhardt M, Lange M, Jesuthasan S, Stewart AM, Neuhauss SC, Robinson K, Norton W, Herculano AM, Cachat J, Tropepe V, Landsman S, Wisenden B, Bally-Cuif L, Kalueff AV. Time to recognize zebrafish ‘affective’ behavior. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Khor BS, Amar Jamil MF, Adenan MI, Chong Shu-Chien A. Mitragynine attenuates withdrawal syndrome in morphine-withdrawn zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28340. [PMID: 22205946 PMCID: PMC3244390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in treating drug addiction is the severity of opiate withdrawal syndrome, which can lead to unwanted relapse. Mitragynine is the major alkaloid compound found in leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, a plant widely used by opiate addicts to mitigate the harshness of drug withdrawal. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of mitragynine on anxiety behavior, cortisol level and expression of stress pathway related genes in zebrafish undergoing morphine withdrawal phase. Adult zebrafish were subjected to two weeks chronic morphine exposure at 1.5 mg/L, followed by withdrawal for 24 hours prior to tests. Using the novel tank diving tests, we first showed that morphine-withdrawn zebrafish display anxiety-related swimming behaviors such as decreased exploratory behavior and increased erratic movement. Morphine withdrawal also elevated whole-body cortisol levels, which confirms the phenotypic stress-like behaviors. Exposing morphine-withdrawn fish to mitragynine however attenuates majority of the stress-related swimming behaviors and concomitantly lower whole-body cortisol level. Using real-time PCR gene expression analysis, we also showed that mitragynine reduces the mRNA expression of corticotropin releasing factor receptors and prodynorphin in zebrafish brain during morphine withdrawal phase, revealing for the first time a possible link between mitragynine's ability to attenuate anxiety during opiate withdrawal with the stress-related corticotropin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng-Siang Khor
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Bukit Gambir, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Bukit Gambir, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Ilham Adenan
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Bukit Gambir, Penang, Malaysia
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Bukit Gambir, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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65
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Lucke-Wold B. The Varied Uses of Conditioned Place Preference in Behavioral Neuroscience Research: An Investigation of Alcohol Administration in Model Organisms. IMPULSE (COLUMBIA, S.C.) 2011; 2011. [PMID: 27284386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
Place conditioning procedures have been used to study human addiction to alcohol for the past several years. This experimental resource has been utilized successfully due to the fact that investigators can carefully manipulate the experimental design in order to explore specific hypotheses. Only three choices exist regarding animal response to place conditioning: aversion, preference, or no change. This review provides an in-depth analysis of five variables commonly adjusted or changed in place conditioning experiments with ethanol. These include: apparatus design, administration methods, choice of model organism, age of model organism, and model paradigms. It is suggested that the two-chamber design, the intragastric administration, the mouse model, the adolescent age group, and the pre-exposure to stress paradigm are the best current options available in place conditioning experiments with ethanol. The basis for evaluation used throughout this review is that investigators should adjust the variables employed in place conditioning experiments in a manner that most accurately represents and models complex human addiction to alcohol.
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